21st Annual ARC
PROGRAM REVIEW
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
Event Program
May 20-21, 2015
Day 1: Wednesday, May 20, 2015
8:00 Welcome & Introductions
Prof. Anna Stefanopoulou, ARC Director
Dr. Jennifer Hitchcock, Executive Director, Research and Technology
(20)
Integration, TARDEC
8:10 The Future of Army Mobility
Dr.
 David Gorsich, Chief Scientist, U.S. Army TARDEC
1
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 1 −( 1 + 1 + 1 ) 0full observability
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namely the
cell to cell heat conduction and the heat convection
coolant flow,
the former tends to have larger impact
through the
on the observability of the pack model. This may be related to
WPLQ
the fact that the cell to cell heat conduction is a two-way interfull observability condition. When the cell to cell conduction is
action, where the two adjacent cells can transfer heat between
missing, only 1 combination yields full observability. That comeach other. But the heat convection through the coolant flow is
bination would be placing the sensors at the 3th, 6th, 9th and
single directional, and only the previous cells along the coolant
12th cells. The sensors are actually evenly distributed along the
flow direction will affect the latter ones.
cluster, which agrees with intuition.
Consequently, greater cell to cell heat conduction will be faOf the two modeled thermal interconnections between cells,
Figure 11. OBSERVABILITY OF THE SAME SENSOR LOCATIONS
vored by the observability of the pack model. It is noted that
namely the cell to cell heat conduction and the heat convection
UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
great cell to cell heat conduction can also reduce the temperature
through the coolant flow, the former tends to have larger impact
gradient between cells in the pack and thus help contain the imon the observability of the pack model. This may be related to
balance between cells induced by temperature non-uniformity.
Table 3. NUMBER OF SENSOR POSITION COMBINATIONS GIVING
the fact that the cell to cell heat conduction is a two-way interHowever, on the negative side, in case of a single cell thermal
FULL OBSERVABILITY FOR A STRING WITH 12 CELLS AND 4 SENaction, where the two adjacent cells can transfer heat between
failure, e.g. local overheating, the great cell to cell heat conducSORS
each other. But the heat convection through the coolant flow is
tion will facilitate the spread of such failure to other cells in the
single directional, and only the previous cells along the coolant
pack. This is not desirable from the safety perspective.
flow direction will affect the latter ones.
Conditions
No. of combinations
Consequently, greater cell to cell heat conduction will be faFigure 11. OBSERVABILITY OF THE SAME SENSOR LOCATIONS
vored by the observability of the pack model. It is noted that
giving full observability
8 Conclusion
UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
great cell to cell heat conduction can also reduce the temperature
In thisgradient
paper, an
online cells
parameterization
methodology
for a the imFull interconnection
106/495
between
in the pack and
thus help contain
lumped thermal
of acells
cylindrical
ion battery
cell
balancemodel
between
inducedlithium
by temperature
non-uniformity.
Table 3. NUMBER OF SENSOR POSITION COMBINATIONS GIVING
Natural
convection
52/495
has been proposed,
and verified
simulation.
By usHowever, designed
on the negative
side, by
in case
of a single
cell thermal
FULL OBSERVABILITY FOR A STRING WITH 12 CELLS AND 4 SENing
online
parameterization
algorithm,
the
lumped
parameters
of conducNo cell
to
cell
conduction
1/495
failure, e.g. local overheating, the great cell to cell heat
SORS
the thermal
which cannot
be easily
measured
orother
calcu-cells in the
tionmodel,
will facilitate
the spread
of such
failure to
lated otherwise,
can be
identified
basedperspective.
on the curpack. This
is automatically
not desirable from
the safety
rent excitation of a real drive cycle and the resultant battery surNo. of combinations
ditions under differentConditions
scenarios, and the conclusion
is summaface temperatures. The identified parameters and the measured
rized in Table 3. The minimum number of sensors
thatobservability
gives full
cell surface temperature are adopted by an adaptive observer to
giving full
8 Conclusion
observability is 4.
estimate the unmeasurable core temperature of the cell. The estiIn this paper, an online parameterization methodology for a
Full
interconnection
106/495
mated core temperature can be used as a more useful and critical
As shown in Table 3, among all the 495 combinations of
lumped thermal model of a cylindrical lithium ion battery cell
reference for the on-board thermal management system and even
4 sensor locationsNatural
in a cell
string of 12, if there
is both circuconvection
52/495
has been proposed, designed and verified by simulation. By usthe vehicle power management system. The next step will be to
lated coolant convection and cell to cell conduction, referred to
ing online parameterization algorithm, the lumped parameters of
No cell toin
cell
conduction
1/495 will give
validate the model and the methodology with experiments. Over
as full interconnection
Table
3, 106 combinations
the thermal model, which cannot be easily measured or calcuthe battery lifetime, such online identification scheme can be refull observability. Under natural convection, where the coolant
lated otherwise, can be automatically identified based on the curset on a monthly or yearly basis to track varying parameters due
is not flowing between cells, only 52 combinations can satisfy
rent excitation of a real drive cycle and the resultant battery surditions under different scenarios, and the conclusion is summaface temperatures. The identified parameters and the measured
rized in Table 3. The minimum number of sensors that gives full
cell surface temperature are adopted by an adaptive observer to
observability is 4.
estimate the unmeasurable core temperature of the cell. The estimated core temperature can be used as a more useful and critical
As shown in Table 3, among all the 495 combinations of
reference for the on-board thermal management system and even
4 sensor locations in a cell string of 12, if there is both circuthe vehicle power management system. The next step will be to
lated coolant convection and cell to cell conduction, referred to
validate the model and the methodology with experiments. Over
as full interconnection in Table 3, 106 combinations will give
the battery lifetime, such online identification scheme can be refull observability. Under natural convection, where the coolant
set on a monthly or yearly basis to track varying parameters due
is not flowing between cells, only 52 combinations can satisfy
This event is free of charge
Register at
arc.engin.umich.edu
RSVP by May 5, 2015
8:45 Case Study 1: No driver? No problem: Mobility Across the Autonomy Spectrum in Unmanned Ground Vehicles
9:30 The University of Michigan Mobility Transformation Center
Dr. James Sayer, Deployment Director, MTC
10:00 Networking Break
10:45 Keynote
Dr. Robert Ambrose, Division Chief, Software, Robotics & Simulation,
Johnson Space Center - NASA
Dr. Hubertus Tummescheit, CEO, Modelon
Inquiries
12:00 pm Lunch
1:30 Keynote
Dr. Chris Atkinson, Program Director, ARPA-E
2:00 Case Study 2: Multi-objective Optimization and Thermal
Management of the Vehicle Power System
2:45 Technology Transfer Highlights in Thrust Area 3
Dr. David Lamb, Senior Technical Expert, U.S. Army TARDEC
Prof. K. K. Choi, University of Iowa
Prof. Nick Vlahopoulos, University of Michigan
3:15 - 5:30 Poster Session & Networking
Day 2: Thursday, May 21, 2015
8:00 Welcome
Prof. Bogdan Epureanu, ARC Associate Director
8:05 Insights in TARDEC’s Research Portfolio and Needs
Introduction by: Mr. Jeff Jaczkowski, Assistant Chief of Staff, External
Business Office, TARDEC
Mr. Steve Knott, Deputy Executive Director, Simulation, Integration &
Engineering, U.S. Army TARDEC
8:45 Technical Sessions 1
1A: Vehicle Dynamics & Controls, and Human Centered Modeling
1B: Vehicle Hybridization & Electrification – Energy Storage
(734) 764-6579
arc-event-inquiries@umich.edu
Venue
Chesebrough Auditorium
Chrysler Center, North Campus
The University of Michigan
2121 Bonisteel
Ann Arbor, MI 48109 -2092
In accordance with Cooperative Agreement
W56HZV-14-2-0001
U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development
and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
10:00 Networking Break
Organized by the
Automotive Research Center
A U.S. Army Center of Excellence for Modeling
and Simulation of Ground Vehicles
10:35 Technical Sessions 2
2A: Structures and Materials / Optimization and Reliability
2B: Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels
12:45 pm Closing Remarks and Award Presentation
Dr. David Gorsich, Chief Scientist, U.S. Army TARDEC
1:15 - 2:30 Post Review Networking
College of Engineering
21ST ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
SPEAKER INFORMATION
DR. JENNIFER HITCHCOCK was appointed to the Senior Executive Service in January 2011 as the
Executive Director for Research and Technology Integration (RTI) at the U.S. Army Research
Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) Tank Automotive Research Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC). She brings more than 21 years of technical leadership and managerial
experience in mobility and power and energy technologies, systems engineering, acquisition and
program management.
Dr. Hitchcock served as the Acting Director of RTI from April 2010 until her official appointment to the
SES and RTI Director in Jan. 2011. She is responsible for leading the research and integration of Army
ground vehicle mobility, power and energy, survivability, robotic and vehicle electronic architecture technologies. She is
responsible for ensuring concepts, analytics, analysis and system simulation are completed for all ground vehicle
technology integration to drive system integration solutions to meet emerging Army battlefield challenges. She leads more
than 500 associates in five technical business areas, and is the executive responsible for the planning, execution, funding
and selection of technology programs the Army will pursue to align and transition to acquisition programs.
DR. DAVID J. GORSICH was selected for a Scientific and Professional (ST) position in January 2009 and
serves as the Army’s Chief Scientist for Ground Vehicle Systems, with a technical specialization in
Modeling and Simulation (M&S). His current research interests are vehicle dynamics and structural
analysis, vehicle design/optimization, reliability, underbody blast analysis, terrain modeling, spatial
statistics, systems engineering methodologies and accreditation/validation of simulation methods.
Prior to his current role as the Chief Scientist at TARDEC, he served in various positions of progressing
responsibility in TARDEC, such as Acting Director for the Strategic Plans and Programs Office, Associate
Director for Modeling and Simulation, Team Leader in Robotics and Vehicle Intelligence, among others.
He also worked on assignments in Army Materiel Command (AMC), Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and
Acquisition (SARDA) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). In recognition of his service, he was awarded several
Commander’s Coins and the Commander’s Award for Civilian Service in 2003. Dr. Gorsich is a Fellow of the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE), and serves on the SAE Board of Directors, and Standards, and is Associate Editor for several
highly respected technical journals, such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Journal of Mechanical Design,
International Journal of Terramechanics, and International Journal for Reliability and Safety. He has published extensively
with more than 150 conference and journal articles, including more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals, such as
Transactions of SAE, International Journal of Vehicle Design, Journal of Mechanical Design, Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Contemporary Mathematics, Physical
Review, among others. He recently co-authored a book called “The TARDEC Story: Sixty-five Years of Innovation” which
traces the evolution of innovation in TARDEC to its current position as the center of excellence for ground vehicle
development and integration in the U.S. Army. He received his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 2000, his M.S. degree in Applied Mathematics from George Washington University in 1994 and
his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lawrence Technological University in 1990.
DR. JAMES R. SAYER is a research scientist in the Human Factors Group at the University of Michigan
Transportation Research Institute where he has conducted both basic and translational research in the
areas of driver assistance and advanced safety systems development, naturalistic driving behavior,
driver distraction, driver vision, and pedestrian conspicuity since 1993. He earned a Ph.D. and an M.S. in
industrial and systems engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Human
Factors Option, and a B.S. in psychology from the University of Michigan.
Dr. Sayer currently serves as the project manager of the Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot Model
Deployment, a U.S. Department of Transportation-sponsored program to demonstrate connectedvehicle technologies in a real-world, multimodal environment. The results of the Safety Pilot Model Deployment will be
used by the U.S. DOT to determine driver acceptance for, and evaluate the feasibility, scalability, security and device
interoperability of connected-vehicle technologies.
In the area of driver assistance systems Dr. Sayer has contributed to the development, evaluation, and deployment of
adaptive cruise control, collision warning, and collision avoidance systems in both passenger cars and commercial trucks
(including simulator, test-track, on-road, and field-operational testing). He has overseen the conduct of four field
21ST ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
operational tests involving several hundred drivers, accumulating over 1.2 million miles of naturalistic driving data. In the
area of driver distraction Dr. Sayer has conducted research on the effects of cell phones and other secondary behaviors on
driving performance, the frequency of secondary tasks, and driver self-regulation. His research interests related to driver
vision include the effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic glass coatings, window tinting, and defrosters/defoggers on visual
performance and driving behavior. On the topic of pedestrian conspicuity Dr. Sayer has performed multiple research
studies concerning the effects of retroreflective markings and safety garment design on the detection of pedestrians,
emergency responders and road construction workers.
DR. ROBERT AMBROSE received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in Mechanical
Engineering. He received his M.S. and B. S. degrees from Washington University in St. Louis. Dr.
Ambrose currently serves as the Division Chief of the Software, Robotics and Simulation Division at
NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston Texas, USA. The SR&S Division is responsible for flight
spacecraft software, space robotics and system simulations for human spaceflight missions. Within the
Division are five Branches responsible for managing on-orbit robotic systems for the International
Space Station, development of software for the Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle and future Human
Spaceflight systems, simulations for engineering development and training, hardware and software
GFE, hardware in the loop facilities for anomaly resolution and crew training, and the technology Branch for development
of new robotic systems. Dr. Ambrose also serves as a Principal Investigator for NASA’s Office of Chief Technologist (OCT),
overseeing research performed in the Human-Robotics Systems Project and other new starts. He co-chairs the OCT
Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems roadmap team for the agency’s technology program, and is the robotics
lead for the agency’s human spaceflight architecture study teams. Working with the Office of Science and Technology Policy
(OSTP), Dr. Ambrose is the Technical Point of Contact for NASA’s collaboration in the National Robotics Initiative (NRI). He is
married to Dr. Catherine G. Ambrose and lives in Houston Texas.
DR. HUBERTUS TUMMESCHEIT is the Chief Executive Officer of Modelon Inc., and one of the founders
of Modelon AB.
Dr. Tummescheit received his MSc in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Hamburg
Harburg, Germany in 1996, and his PhD in Automatic Control from the University of Lund, Sweden in
2002. He has been involved in the Design of the Modelica language from the beginning and is the
developer of a number of open source and commercial Modelica Libraries. In 2003 he worked as a
research scientist at United Technologies Research Center and returned to Sweden in 2004 to start
Modelon AB, the first company fully dedicated to tools and services based on Modelica. Modelon has
since grown to a global company with offices in Sweden, Germany, Japan and the US, and is a thought
leader in the area of model based engineering based on open standards. Dr. Tummescheit is active in the steering
committee for the Functional-Mockup-Interface standard definition, and is a board member of the Modelica Association.
Dr. Tummescheit has served as the CEO of Modelon AB from 2004 to 2012 and moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 2013 to
establish Modelon as a leading player in system simulation in the United States.
DR. CHRIS ATKINSON currently serves as a Program Director at the Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy (ARPA-E). His focus at ARPA-E includes improving the energy efficiency of advanced combustion
devices, and energy conversion and storage systems. Prior to joining ARPA-E, Dr. Atkinson founded an
advanced engine technology consultancy that performed research, development, and product
commercialization in the areas of engine control and calibration, fuel efficiency improvement, exhaust
emissions reduction, alternative fuel utilization, and hybrid electric vehicle development. Before that,
Dr. Atkinson held the rank of tenured professor in mechanical and aerospace engineering at West
Virginia University. He has conducted research on behalf of a number of government agencies and
automotive companies, has authored over 110 peer-reviewed publications and presentations, and holds one US patent. He
has received awards for research and teaching from the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, the Society of
Automotive Engineers, and the National Science Foundation. For several years, Dr. Atkinson was a member of the advisory
board of a major international engine academic research center, in addition to advising a start-up company.
He holds the degrees of B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Natal, South Africa, M.S. in Mechanical
Engineering from West Virginia University, and Sc.D. in Mechanical Engineering from MIT, with an emphasis in thermal
sciences.
21ST ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
MR. STEVE KNOTT currently serves as the Deputy Executive Director for Systems Engineering at the
Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC). He is responsible for
leading the strategic direction and execution of TARDEC’s core competencies of Systems Engineering,
Analytics, Physical Simulation & Test, Advanced Concepts, and Technical Planning. From 2007 to 2013,
Mr. Knott served as the Associate Director for Ground System Survivability in TARDEC’s Research and
Technology Integration (RTI) business area. During this assignment, he guided the Research and
Development (R&D) investments for platform integration and acquisition program transition in the
areas of armor development, blast mitigation, occupant protection, hit avoidance, laser protection, fire
protection, and mechanical countermine. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Knott served as the Project Manager for Long Term
Armor Strategy (LTAS) under the Program Executive Office for Combat Support and Combat Service Support (CS&CSS). In
this position, Mr. Knott had overall responsibility for the development, manufacturing, qualification testing and production
of new armored cabs for the FMTV & HEMTT tactical wheeled vehicle fleet. From 1997 to 2004, Mr. Knott was the Program
Manager for the Special Programs Office in TARDEC’s Research Business Group. He led all R&D and Test and Evaluation
(T&E) of integrated survivability suites for current and future force combat and tactical systems. During his 25-year career
with the Army, Mr. Knott has also served as the Chief Engineer for the Program Manager Advanced Technology Program, an
Army ACAT II program, focused on developing the Army’s next advanced scout vehicle. As a project engineer for TARDEC’s
Emerging Systems Division, he was responsible for hydraulic systems engineering and advanced mobility systems
analysis. Prior to his government service, Mr. Knott spent 6 years in private industry as a manufacturing engineer designing
rapid/agile manufacturing systems. Mr. Knott holds a B.S. and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Wayne State
University. He is also Level III-certified in three Army Acquisition Career Fields: Program Management; Systems Planning,
Research, Development & Engineering; and Test & Evaluation.
AWARDS COMMITTEE
MS. JILLYN ALBAN is currently an Electrical Engineer at the U.S Army Tank Automotive Research,
Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC). She is working with the Ground Domain Planning and
Integration group to develop the 30-year strategy and funding associated to the prioritization within the
strategy.
Prior to joining the GDPI team, Ms. Alban represented TARDEC as a Liaison Officer at Office of Assistant
Secretary of the Army (Acquisitions Logistics and Technology) where she was responsible for any TARDEC
related occurrence within Army Headquarters. She then moved to the Office of Secretary of Defense to
engage with the tri-service ground vehicle related efforts focusing on the ground vehicle platforms going
through the DoD acquisition cycle and energy and power technology development. Her final assignment in Washington DC
was with the Office of Naval Research (ONR) serving as a project engineer in Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare and
Combating Terrorism Department. At ONR she focused on the Survivability, Advanced Mobility and Maneuver Enablers
within the Maneuver Thrust.
Ms. Alban has a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a M.S. in Engineering Management from Oakland University as well. She
received the Army Research and Development Achievement Award for Ground Vehicle Control Aids for Improved Mobility
with Indirect Vision, Drive-By Wire Crew Stations. She is also an Army Acquisition Corps Member.
DR. BOGDAN EPUREANU is a professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan. He obtained
his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Duke University, 1999; Graduate Studies at University of
Valladolid, 1994; M.S. in Mechanical Engineering at Galati University, 1993; and Graduate Studies at
École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 1992. His research interests include structural health
monitoring and sensors based on nonlinear dynamics and chaos, linear and nonlinear reduced order
models, pattern formation and control of chaos, computer fluid dynamics of unsteady flows, and
nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics. Dr. Epureanu is the chair of this year’s Awards Committee.
21ST ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
DR. THOMAS MEITZLER received his B.S. and M.S. in Physics from Eastern Michigan University,
completed graduate coursework at the Univ. of Michigan, and received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering
from Wayne State University in Detroit. His doctoral dissertation in Electrical Engineering at Wayne
State Univ. was on Modern Methods for Computing the Probability of Target Detection in Cluttered
Environments. During the time from 1988 to present, Dr. Meitzler has been a research engineer at the
US Army TACOM Research and Engineering Center (TARDEC) in Survivability. For the U.S. Army, Dr.
Meitzler has been involved with the validation, verification, and development of electro-optical and
human visual acquisition models and atmospheric simulation. Dr. Meitzler was the principal scientist of
the TARDEC Visual Perception Laboratory and the principal investigator on a CRADA with GM and Ford M.C. to apply visual
acquisition models to vehicle conspicuity and novel sensors to automobile 360 degree safety. Dr. Meitzler has been the lead
on several CRADA’s with NASA’s Kennedy Space Center and with the Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons. He has authored/co-authored many papers in the area of Electro Optic system simulation and visual detection,
sensor validation, and non-destructive testing and evaluation of armor materials.
Dr. Meitzler is currently developing and integrating technologies for embedded health monitoring, armor NDE and
embedded signal detection His research interests include infrared sensor characterization, non-destructive testing, nano
electronics, and spintronics. Dr. Meitzler proposed a method for embedded armor health assessment that involves
piezoelectric transducers and nano electronics and built a laboratory around that idea. Dr. Meitzler is a Survivability Senior
Technical Expert.
MR. MARK RUPERSBURG currently works in Technology Business Development at General Dynamics
Land Systems (GDLS), a company he joined in 2004. He supports the pursuit of advanced programs and
develops collaborative relationships with outside businesses, universities, and other resources. He
works with internal programs to help identify enabling technologies and emerging technologies for
creating break-through new products.2 Mr. Rupersburg holds a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical
Engineering from Wayne State University (1979) and undertook graduate studies in Mechanical
Engineering, Dynamics at Stanford University (1982-1983). He previously founded two companies
Simulation Dynamics (1985-1994) and Emerging Technologies (1994-2004). Mr. Rupersburg serves on
the Business Advisory Board at the Macomb-Oakland University INCubator which provides entrepreneurial resources,
business solutions and proactive support to businesses in an effort to help startups on their path to success. He is also on
the Industry Process Control Board (IPCB), and the Education Subcommittee of Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow
(LIFT), a public-private partnership that will develop and deploy lightweight materials-manufacturing technologies, and
implement education and training programs to prepare the workforce.
DR. RAVI THYAGARAJAN serves as Deputy Chief Scientist at the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research,
Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), and was selected to the Researcher Review Board as a
Senior Technical Specialist in June 2012. His research pursuits are in the areas of underbody blast
modeling and design, occupant protection and fast-running modeling methodologies. He received his
Ph D in Applied Mechanics from Caltech in 1990, and has over 15 years of prior experience in the
automotive industry at Ford and Visteon. He is a past recipient of the Forest R. McFarland Award from
SAE, holds two patents and has co-authored over 40 technical papers.
DR. LAURENCE TOOMEY received his B.S. in Chemistry from State University of New York, College at
Fredonia in 1992 and Ph.D. in Chemistry from State University of New York, University at Buffalo in
1997. He joined US Army, Tank Automotive Research Development Engineering Center (TARDEC) in
Warren, Michigan in January 2010 where he works as an engineer on the Energy Storage team in the
Ground Vehicle Power & Mobility Directorate. He currently manages multiple programs focusing on
the development of advanced battery systems for military vehicle platforms. Prior to TARDEC, he held
the position of R&D Manager at Cobasys, Inc./SB LiMotive in Orion, Michigan developing NiMH and Liion battery systems for hybrid automotive applications. He also held a position of Senior Scientist at
Lithium Energy Associates, Inc. in Waltham, MA developing advance Li metal batteries for military applications. His research
interests include materials research to improve energy density, performance and safety characteristics of advanced energy
storage technologies.
21
ST
AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER ANNUAL PROGRAM REVIEW
CASE STUDY ABSTRACTS
CASE STUDY 1
No Driver? No Problem: Mobility Across the Autonomy Spectrum in Unmanned Group Vehicles
Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) of all sizes are invaluable assets for the Army. The Army has used more than
7,000 ground robots to date to secure the battlefield and autonomy-enabled systems are a key element of TARDEC’s 30year strategy. UGVs also have significant commercial potential. Ground robots can already help with performing tasks
ranging from cleaning floors to handling warehouse materials, and the race for developing and deploying self-driving cars
is heating up.
When it comes to the level of autonomy of UGVs, there is a whole spectrum ranging from teleoperated vehicles with
no autonomy to fully autonomous vehicles that rely on on-board sensors and controllers only. Every level of autonomy has
its own advantages and challenges in terms of mobility, and understanding and improving each level’s mobility
capabilities is crucial for the successful design and appropriate selection of UGV operating modes.
This case study will highlight ongoing collaborative efforts in the ARC between academia, TARDEC, and industry to
understand and push the boundaries of level-of-autonomy versus mobility trade-offs. Three vehicle platforms (Superdroid,
mini Baja, and HMMWV) will be considered along with three modes of operation (teleoperation, shared control, and full
autonomy). Efforts that will be highlighted include (i) robust compensation of delays in teleoperation; (ii) increasing the
haptic scene analysis capability of human operators in shared control mode; (iii) identifying the best strategies to reconcile
human and controller inputs in shared control; (iv) full autonomy in unstructured environments without a priori
information; (v) cognitive modeling of human operators; and (vi) the role of model fidelity in simulation based evaluations
of UGV technologies.
Contributors:
Faculty: Drs. Tulga Ersal, Dawn Tilbury, Brent Gillespie, Jeffrey Stein (UM)
Students: Jiechao Liu, Yingshi Zheng, Justin Storms, Paul Boehm (UM)
TARDEC: Drs. Paramsothy Jayakumar, James Poplawski, Jaisankar Ramalingam
Industry: Dr. Mitchell Rohde (Quantum Signal)
Q & A moderated by Mr. Dave Gunter, Deputy Associate Director, Analytics, U.S. Army TARDEC
CASE STUDY 2
Multi-Objective Optimization and Thermal Management of the Vehicle Power System
Military vehicles have to face many challenges in modern warfare in order to fulfill their mission, of which
energy consumption and thermal management are only a few. In our case study, we will address these by developing a
unified, multi-physics hybrid electric vehicle simulation tool for the next-generation of military trucks. Our approach
has been enhanced with the addition of (a) a finite element electric machine model, (b) a holistic cooling system design
and control for the electrified powertrain, and (c) a high-fidelity battery aging model. The new capabilities will enable
development of a framework for a multi-variable, multi-objective optimization of the Vehicle Power System (VPS),
with consideration of typical military duty cycles.
Main highlights include: (i) Computationally-efficient electromagnetic and thermal models for electric machines.
Through the use of the model order reduction and scaling techniques, new electric machine models can be quickly
generated. These models are fast enough to be used in powertrain design and controls development and enable judging the
tradeoffs between best performance, high efficiency and heat rejection. (ii) A holistic supervisory thermal management is
proposed to simultaneously track the prescribed temperatures inside the battery pack, e-motors, and the IC engine coolant
and to minimize the auxiliary loses. (iii) Overall vehicle performance is evaluated through an implementable control
strategy for VPS which allows dealing with multiple criteria including complex mechanisms of battery fading.
Contributors:
Faculty: Drs. Andrej Ivanco, John Wagner (CU), Heath Hofmann (UM), Zoran Filipi (CU)
Students: Xinran (William) Tao (CU), Kan Zhou (UM), Xueyu Zhang (CU)
TARDEC: Dr. Denise Rizzo
Industry: Dr. Xiao Hu (ANSYS, Inc.)
Q & A moderated by Dr. Mark Brudnak, Senior Technical Expert, Physical Simulation & Test, TARDEC
21st Annual ARC Program Review – Technical Sessions
TECHNICAL SESSION 1 (8:45am – 10:00am)
May 21
1A: Vehicle Dynamics & Controls, and Human Centered Modeling
Session Leads: Dr. Paramsothy Jayakumar, Dr. Amandeep Singh
Location: Chesebrough Auditorium
1B: Vehicle Hybridization & Electrification – Energy Storage
Session Leads: Dr. Denise Rizzo, Dr. Yi Ding
Location: Chrysler Center, Room 133
8:45
Flexible Multibody Dynamics Approach for Tire Dynamics Simulation
PI: Hiroyuki Sugiyama
Nano-Materials Design for Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties
PI: Levi Thompson
9:10
A Hybrid Soft Soil Tire Model (HSSTM) for Vehicle Mobility and
Performance Analysis in Terramechanics Applications
PIs: Corina Sandu, Saied Taheri
Electro-Thermal Modeling of Large-Format Prismatic Cells
PI: Charles Monroe
9:35 –
10:00
Restraint System Optimization for Occupants in Tactical Vehicles
PI: Jingwen Hu
Energy-Conscious Warm-Up of Li-ion cells from Sub-zero Temperatures
PI: Anna Stefanopoulou
BREAK (10:00am – 10:35am)
TECHNICAL SESSION 2 (10:35am – 12:40pm)
May 21
2A: Structures and Materials / Optimization and Reliability
Session Leads: Dr. Matt Castanier, Dr. David Lamb
Location: Chesebrough Auditorium
2B: Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels
Session Leads: Dr. Pete Schihl, Ms. Sonya Zanardelli
Location: Chrysler Center, Room 133
10:35
Models for Predicting the Structural Dynamics of Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Battery Packs Accounting for Cell Properties under SOC and
Thermal Variability, PI: Bogdan Epureanu
Jet Fuel Surrogate Development for Diesel Combustion – Which Physical
Properties Should Be Emulated by the Surrogate?
PI: Angela Violi
11:00
Light Weight Vehicle Structures that Absorb and Direct Destructive
Energy Away from the Occupant, PI: Nicholas Vlahopoulos
Reaction Pathway and Elementary Ignition Behavior of Surrogates for
JP-8 and Alternative JP-8 Fuels, PI: André Boehman
11:25
Design and Optimization of a Tank Track Pad Meta-Material
PI: Georges Fadel
Validation of JP-8 Surrogates in an Optical Engine
PI: Marcis Jansons
11:50
Reliable and Conservative Model Validation Approach Given a Lack of Simplified Combustion Mechanism for Low Cetane Number Diesel Fuels,
Test Data, PI: K. K. Choi
PI: Naeim Henein
12:15 – Advances in Time-Dependent Reliability for Random Vibrations,
Fatigue Life and Accelerated Life Testing of Vehicle Systems
12:40
PI: Zissimos Mourelatos
Bulk Modulus of Compressibility Measurements of Conventional and
Alternative Military Fuels
PI: André Boehman
Each presenter will have 20mins to speak, followed by a 5min Q&A.
ARC projects in their second/third year are required to give a technical talk, unless they are participating in a Case Study.
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TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS
Technical Session 1A – Vehicle Dynamics & Controls, and Human Centered Modeling
Session Leads: Drs. Paramsothy Jayakumar, Amandeep Singh
1A1: Flexible Multibody Dynamics Approach for Tire Dynamics Simulation
Quad members: Hiroyuki Sugiyama (PI), Hiroki Yamashita, The University of Iowa;
Paramsothy Jayakumar, U.S. Army TARDEC; Ryoji Hanada, Yokohama Rubber; SeeChew Soon, Caterpillar Inc.
High-fidelity tire models play an essential role in demonstrating off-road mobility capability in various operational
military scenarios. However, existing high-fidelity finite element tire models are not suited for use in the ground mobility
simulation due to the essential difference in formulations and solution procedures used in multibody dynamics and
nonlinear finite element codes. In this study, the three- dimensional physics-based high-fidelity tire model based on the
flexible multibody dynamics approach is proposed using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). To model
the fiber-reinforced rubber composite that characterizes structural properties of tires, ANCF laminated composite shell
element is developed and utilized in the ANCF tire model. The tire structural properties including the load- deflection
curve, the contact pressure, and the contact patch size are validated against the test data and LS-DYNA FE tire model.
Furthermore, the continuum deformable terrain model is developed using the new ANCF solid element proposed in this
study for ANCF tire-soil interaction simulation.
1A2: A Hybrid Soft Soil Tire Model (HSSTM) for Vehicle Mobility and Performance Analysis in
Terramechanics Applications
Quad members: Corina Sandu (PI), Shahyar Taheri (Co-PI), Shahyar Taheri, Virginia Tech;
David Gorsich, U.S. Army TARDEC; Brant Ross, MotionPort; Daniel Christ, Michelin Americas Research Company
Accurate and efficient tire models for deformable terrain operations are essential for performing vehicle simulations.
In order to model the dynamic behavior of the tire on soft soil, a lumped mass discretized tire model using Kelvin-Voigt
elements is developed, and optimized computationally. Model parameters are obtained using developed parameterization
procedures. The tests were performed on different terrains (such as sandy loam) and tire forces and moments, soil
sinkage, and tire deformation data were collected for various case studies. Furthermore, simulations at input conditions
similar to the test conditions were performed on a quarter car model, and results used for model validation. The results
have indicated the superiority of this model as compared to other lumped parameter models currently available.
1A3: Restraint System Optimization for Occupants in Tactical Vehicles
Quad members: Jingwen Hu (PI), Jonathan Rupp (Co-PI), Matthew Reed (Co-PI), University of Michigan;
Zissimos Mourelatos, Dorin Drignei, Oakland University; Rebekah Gruber, Risa Scherer, U.S. Army TARDEC;
Marianne Kump, Brian Hansen, TAKATA
The objective of this study is to optimize the restraint systems for tactical vehicle occupants using an innovative
combination of simulation and physical testing guided by calibration-based optimization. A full vehicle frontal crash test
and 20 sled tests have been conducted to understand vehicle kinematics, and quantify the effects from occupant body size
(5th/50th/95th), military gear (helmet/vest/tactical assault panel), seatbelt type (5point/3point), and advanced seatbelt
features (pretensioner/load limiter) on occupant kinematics and injury risks in frontal crashes. These tests have been used
to validate a set of finite element (FE) models of occupants, body armor, body borne gear, and restraints. A hybrid designspace exploration optimization method has also been developed to optimize the restraint systems.
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Technical Session 1B – Vehicle Hybridization & Electrification – Energy Storage
Session Leads: Drs. Denise Rizzo, Yi Ding
1B1: Nano-Materials Design for Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Quad members: Levi Thompson (PI), Siu on Tung, Ryan Franck, Krista Hawthorne, University of Michigan;
Yi Ding, U.S. Army TARDEC; Les Alexander, Navitas
Layered oxides are widely used in lithium ion batteries but their mechanical and thermal properties can lead to safety
and reliability (e.g. cycle life) challenges, in particular for military applications. Stresses induced in oxide particles on
repeated lithium insertion and extraction, for example, can cause mechanical fracture, a suspected contributor to capacity
fade and resistance increases. We hypothesized that the incorporation of pillaring agents between the layers would reduce
the strain caused by lithium insertion and enhance lithium diffusion thereby improving cycle-life, high rate capacities and
resistance to thermal runaway. This presentation will highlight our progress in the preparation of pillared V2O5 and MnO2.
We observed that capacities for the pillared materials were more than 60% higher than those for the unpillared materials
and the capacity retention and rate capabilities were also enhanced confirming that the introduction of pillars can
significantly enhance the capacity, cycle life and thermal stability of layered materials.
1B2: Electro-Thermal Modeling of Large-Format Prismatic Cells
Quad Members: Charles W. Monroe (PI), Jason Siegel, Anna Stefanopoulou, Howie Chu,
University of Michigan; Matt Castanier, Yi Ding, U.S. Army TARDEC; Dyche Anderson, Ford Motor Co.;
Aaron Knobloch, GE Global Research
The performance and cycle life of a large-format prismatic Li-ion cell may be impeded if it experiences significant
in-plane temperature variation during prolonged operation at high power. For large-format LFP cells, we have produced a
streamlined continuum multiphysics model that illustrates how the material properties of cell constituents and the heattransfer characteristics of the battery casing determine the temperature and charge-state distributions within the electrode
materials. The mechanistically-based cell model is sufficiently fast to allow parameter optimization based on thermal
measurements with IR thermometry during pulse charge/discharge experiments. An optimization has been performed to
establish the charge-state and temperature dependences of material properties in relatively young cells. Cells of various
ages are investigated to illustrate how (and which) material parameters vary most significantly with respect to cycling
history.
1B3: Energy-Conscious Warm-Up of Li-ion Cells from Sub-Zero Temperatures
Quad members: Anna Stefanopoulou (PI), Shankar Mohan, Youngki Kim, Jason Siegel, University of Michigan;
Yi Ding, U.S. Army TARDEC; Dyche Anderson, Ford Motor Co.
In this talk we formulate and solve the energy-conscious warm-up problem for Li-ion batteries. The most efficient
warm-up is achieved by self-heating, i.e., exploiting the increased internal resistance of Li-ion cells at sub-zero
temperatures to generate the minimum heat for increasing the cell’s temperature until the desired power can be delivered.
The allowable magnitude of currents evolves as the battery warms-up and have to always satisfy the battery
manufacturer’s voltage and current constraints. Our results provide a concrete quantification of the tradeoff between
efficiency and warm-up duration. As every optimal strategy, the most efficient warm-up strategy relies on accurate
knowledge of the battery characteristics which we estimate in real-time by developing a novel estimation technique for
the sub-zero battery overpotentials and the resistive losses.
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Technical Session 2A – Structures and Materials / Optimization and Reliability
Session Co-Chairs: Drs. Matt Castanier, David Lamb
2A1: Models for Predicting the Structural Dynamics of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Packs
Accounting for Cell Properties under SOC and Thermal Variability
Quad members: Bogdan I. Epureanu (PI), Jau-Ching Lu, University of Michigan; Matthew P. Castanier, David
Lamb, U.S. Army TARDEC; Ramesh Rebba, Thomas Wang, General Motors; Sungkwon Hong, Ford Motor Co.
The structural dynamics of battery packs can change significantly due to small changes in mechanical properties of
the cells (e.g., swelling, elastic modulus). That is because packs are periodic structures composed of nominally identical
cells, which makes the packs sensitive to small variations in cell properties. Cell properties vary frequently due to several
reasons, including changes in SOC and temperature. Hence, fast numerical methods are needed to predict pack vibration
and to design packing solutions to mitigate this sensitivity. Parametric reduced order models (PROMs) are constructed in
this work to capture effects of prestress and cell-to-cell structural variations, packing solutions, and nonlinear material
properties. PROMs are built only once and predict the pack dynamics without additional use of large FE models. PROMs
use inputs from phenomenological models for thermal and Li-ion intercalation swelling. Predictions obtained using
PROMs are validated by comparisons with results from time-expensive FEMs of the same system.
2A2: Light Weight Vehicle Structures that Absorb and Direct Destructive Energy Away from the
Occupant
Quad members: Nick Vlahopoulos (PI), Weiran Jiang, University of Michigan; Matt Castanier, Ravi Thyagarajan,
U.S. Army TARDEC; Nam Purush, BAE Systems
Pursuing occupant centric vehicle structures that provide safety from explosive threats while at the same time
make the operation of the vehicle comfortable and safe for the soldiers, comprises one of the main thrusts in the Army
S&T activities. In alignment with TARDEC interests a first order assessment method for the response of a multi-layer
panel to impulsive excitation has been developed. This research intends to provide a capability for rapidly assessing the
effectiveness of a large number of alternative materials and multi-layer configurations. The direction of the research in
employing the new simulation capability which is based on the reverberation matrix method for improving occupant
survivability will be discussed.
2A3: Design and Optimization of a Tank Track Pad Meta-Material
Quad members: Georges M. Fadel (PI), Zachary T. Satterfield, Neehar Kulkarni, Gang Li, Nicole Coutris,
Clemson University; Matthew Castanier, David Ostberg, U.S. Army TARDEC; Christopher V. Cardine,
General Dynamics
A meta-material with low hysteresis loss and a compliance comparable to a tank track pad elastomer is currently
being designed. Previous work extracted the nonlinear strain response under uniaxial compression which is the main
deformation mode the current elastomer experiences during each loading cycle. This nonlinear curve serves as the target
for the design of the meta-material being pursued. The unit cell of an elastic meta-material is designed by combining
structural components with different geometric nonlinearities. A parametric optimization process is then carried out on an
initial geometry to converge to the target material response. The optimized geometry closely meeting the requirement is
presented and compared to the original track pad under both uniform compression and wheel loading conditions.
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2A4: Reliable and Conservative Model Validation Approach Given a Lack of Test Data
Quad members: K. K. Choi (PI), Min-yeong Moon, Hyunkyoo Cho, Nicholas Gaul, University of Iowa; David
Lamb, David Gorsich, U.S. Army TARDEC
A simulation model cannot exactly represent the real physical system due to simplifications and idealizations. A new
model validation approach is proposed to provide reliable simulation-based design using a conservative estimation of
probability of failure given limited test data. With the uncertainty due to limited test data, estimated probability density
function (PDF) and probability failure are uncertain as well. In this method, at a user-specified conservativeness level, a
target output PDF and a conservative probability of failure are determined. Then a set of calibration parameters and model
bias are optimized to obtain a simulation model fit the target output PDF. A simply supported beam is used to
demonstrate that the proposed method provides a validated simulation model that yields reliability.
2A5: Advances in Time-Dependent Reliability for Random Vibrations, Fatigue Life and Accelerated Life
Testing of Vehicle Systems
Quad members: Zissimos P. Mourelatos (PI), Monica Majcher, Igor Baseski, Oakland University; Amandeep
Singh, Igor Baseski, U.S. Army TARDEC
Reliability usually degrades with time, increasing the product lifecycle cost. It is desirable to use accelerated testing
to predict vehicle reliability under dynamic loads using a few tests of short duration and available large-scale simulation
models. We utilize available tests to calibrate a simulation model which is then used to calculate the time-dependent
reliability of a vehicle fleet. In this talk, we will present recent advances in time-dependent reliability of linear vibratory
systems with random parameters excited by non-stationary random loads. Our approach combines principles of random
vibrations and time-dependent reliability using an integral equation involving up-crossing and joint up-crossing rates. The
proposed method has immediate applications in fatigue life prediction and accelerated life testing.
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Technical Session 2B – Internal Combustion Engines and Fuels
Session Leads: Dr. Pete Schihl, Ms. Sonya Zanardelli
2B1: Jet Fuel Surrogate Development for Diesel Combustion – Which Physical Properties Should be
Emulated by the Surrogate?
Quad members: Angela Violi (PI), Jason Martz, Doohyun Kim, University of Michigan; Peter Schihl, Eric Sattler,
U.S. Army TARDEC; Peter Attema, Detroit Diesel/Daimler
Fuel surrogate able to reproduce chemical and physical properties of real fuel is needed to achieve accurate CFD
simulations of internal combustion engines. In this work, we present our latest advancement in terms of surrogate
formulation that is able to emulate physical and chemical properties of conventional and alternative jet fuels. The
optimizer developed to produce fuel formulations has been improved to include a regression equation to predict the
Derived cetane Number of surrogate component mixtures.
In parallel, we have conducted reactive spray simulations, using a validated CFD code to determine the parametric
effects of liquid physical properties on the spray characteristics and ignition delay period of diesel combustion. This study
provides insights on the physical properties that should be emulated by the surrogates for diesel combustion.
2B2: Reaction Pathway and Elementary Ignition Behavior of Surrogates for JP-8 and Alternative JP-8
Fuels
Quad members: Andre Boehman (PI), Angela Violi, Jason Martz, Dongil Kang, University of Michigan; Eric
Sattler, U.S Army Tardec; Peter Attema, Detroit Diesel/Daimler
A modified CFR motored engine and an optically accessible spray constant volume combustion chamber are
employed to investigate how the chemical and physical properties of JP-8 surrogates affect the fundamental ignition
behavior as compared to a real JP-8 fuel. An observation of ignition behavior including critical compression ratio and
equivalence ratio, and % low temperature heat release are assessed using a motored engine, while physical and chemical
ignition delays are measured using a modified CID unit under a wide range of ambient air temperatures and oxygen
dilutions. In addition, global ignition behavior of alternative JP-8 fuels (ATJ, Camelina, Farnesane and S8) is investigated
and their binary mixtures are also developed to mimic combustion characteristics of practical JP-8 and diesel used in a
compressed ignition engine.
2B3: Validation of JP-8 Surrogates in an Optical Engine
Quad members: Marcis Jansons (PI), Xin Yu, Xi Luo, Andrew Abdul-Nour, Wayne State University; Peter Schihl,
U.S. Army TARDEC; Taylor Hansen, Controlled Power Technologies, Inc.
An experimental fuel surrogate validation approach is developed for a compression ignition application. The
agreement of both physical and chemical properties of surrogate and target jet fuels is examined in an optical engine
under temperature and pressure histories approaching those found in military engines. In-cylinder Mie scattering
measurements are applied to compare the liquid penetration lengths, early mixture formation and low temperature
reactivity are investigated using 2-D broadband chemiluminescence imaging, while high temperature ignition is examined
with OH chemiluminescence measurements. The optical diagnostics are combined with cylinder pressure-based
combustion analysis, including ignition delay and burn duration. Engine-out UHC, NO and soot emissions are also
compared at different intake conditions, injection pressures and injection strategies. The approach provides validation
data for the use of the surrogates in numerical combustion models.
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2B4: Simplified Combustion Mechanism for Low Cetane Number Diesel Fuels
Quad members: Naeim A. Henein (PI), K. Udayachal, M.Trivedi, S. Bodele, Wayne State University; Peter
Schihl, Laura Decker, U.S. Army TARDEC; Inderpal Singh, Detroit Diesel Co.
The goal of this project is to develop a simplified combustion mechanism for CFD simulation codes used in design,
operation and control of military engines using low cetane number (CN) fuels, such as Sasol. The mechanism is based on
a surrogate of three single-component fuels of known combustion mechanisms. The matching of the surrogate and the
basic fuel is for properties stated in the order of their importance: CN, volatility, density, heating value, H/C and
Threshold shooting index (TSI). The validation of CN is in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT). This is followed by
matching the autoignition and combustion characteristics in the single Cylinder PNGV research engine. Finally, a
comparison will be made between simulated and engine experimental results.
2B5: Bulk Modulus of Compressibility Measurements of Conventional and Alternative Military Fuels
Quad members: André Boehman (PI), Taemin Kim, University of Michigan; Eric Sattler, U.S. Army TARDEC; Peter
Attema, Daimler Trucks North America
The atmospheric density and isothermal bulk modulus of three conventional jet fuels (POSF 4658, POSF 6169,
POSF 10325), three alternative jet fuels (GEVO Alcohol to jet (ATJ), Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acidsCamelina(HEFA-Camelina), Amyris Farnesane), two UM jet fuel surrogates (UM1, UM2) and the ingredient components
of the UM surrogates (n-dodecane, iso-cetane, decalin, toluene, methylcyclohexane (MCH)) are measured at 313.15K
(40°C) with varying pressures up to 27.68MPa (4000psig). The density of UM2 matches that of the target fuel (POSF
4658) over the whole range of pressure of interest (0-4000psig). Measurement results of the ingredient compounds imply
that high density and bulk modulus of decalin compared to methyl cyclohexane (MCH) enabled UM2 to accurately
emulate the compressed liquid density of the target fuel.
Automotive Research Center
21st Annual Program Review
Poster Session:
Projects and Layout
Chrysler Center Gallery
Note: Posters with the “.A#"
designation are works of
Add-on projects, which are on
targeted or non-core funding.
21st Annual ARC Program Review – Internet Access & North Campus Map
21st Annual ARC Program Review
Venue: Chrysler Center – Chesebrough Auditorium
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21st Annual ARC Program Review - Chrysler Center Layout
Outdoor Lunch
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