Statistics and Risk
Management
Software Proficiency
Video URL:
jukebox.esc13.net/untdeveloper/Videos/Software%20Proficiency.mov
Vocabulary List:
Measure of Central Tendencies: the measurement of a relationship between
two variables.
Causality: the relationship between cause and effect.
Spreadsheet: a computer application used to calculate tabulated data.
Commercial Software: proprietary software products available for a cost.
Freeware: software available for no cost and with no limitations on use.
Shareware: software available on a trial basis or with limited functionality, with
the option to pay for a full version.
Contingency Table: a cross-tabulation of the frequencies of two variables
assigned to rows and columns.
Histogram: a type of graph in which the widths of rectangular bars represent
the limits of a class interval, or range of related values, and the heights of the
rectangular bars represent the frequency of each class. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
1
Resources:
The Importance of Business Statistics
In this article by Six Sigma the importance of the use of business
statistics is broken down for the non-statistician. The article touches on
the need for sampling and other statistical gathering strategies in the
business world.
http://www.sixsigmaonline.org/six-sigma-training-certificationinformation/the-importance-of-business-statistics.html
Statistical Thinking in a Technological Environment
Through their research Dani Ben-Avi and Alex Friedlander has
developed a method for teaching statistical thinking in a technological
environment. Developed mainly for seventh through ninth grades, their
method has activities, research projects, and thinking processes used
by the duo.
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/IASE/4.Ben-Zvi.pdf
Spreadsheet: Statistical Functions
This site defines each of the various Microsoft Excel functions available
to use in statistical calculations. The site also provides some information
and examples on how to select cells and ranges for calculations.
http://www.medcalc.org/manual/statistical_functions.php
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2
Software Proficiency Practice Test
Name:_____________________
Use the Internet to locate answers; compare with the key.
List the five types of information required in order to analyze data:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List the nine statistical tests which can be completed with this software.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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Software Proficiency Practice Test
LOG INTO SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE
You will first need to load the Analysis ToolPak:
File, Options, Add-ins
In the Manage box, select Excel Add-ins, Click Go
In the Add-Ins available box, select the Analysis ToolPak (make sure to
check the box), click OK
The ToolPak add-in will be located under DATA, Data Analysis
Check which options are available in your ToolPak:
1. ANOVA_____
2. Histogram_____
3. Chi-Square_____
4. T- Test_____
5. Z-Test_____
6. Sampling_____
Now, look under functions available. Go to Functions, More Functions,
Statistical functions. Identify with options are available under functions,
answering yes or no:
7. Chi-Square_____
8. Confidence_____
9. ANOVA_____
10. Z Test____
11. T Test_____
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4
Software Proficiency Practice Test KEY
List the five types of information required in order to analyze data:
1. Data Library
2. Dataset
3. Dependent Variable
4. Predictor Variable
5. Grouping Variable
List the nine statistical tests which can be completed with this software.
6. Descriptive
7. Histogram
8. Chi-Square Test
9. Box Plot
10. Stem and Leaf
11. Normal Quantile Plot
12. T-test/Confidence Interval
13. ANOVA
14. Correlation/Regression
Check which options are available in your ToolPak:
15. ANOVA_____ yes
16. Histogram_____ yes
17. Chi-Square_____ no
18. T- Test_____ yes
19. Z-Test_____ yes
20. Sampling_____ yes
Now, look under functions available. Go to Functions, More Functions, Statistical
functions. Identify with options are available under functions, answering yes or no:
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Chi-Square_____ yes
Confidence_____ yes
ANOVA_____ no
Z Test____ yes
T Test_____ yes
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Student Assignment
8.1a Software Proficiency
Name:_____________________
Your class just took an exam worth 100 points. There are 30 students in your class. The scores
were as follows.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Score
73
78
89
78
81
85
91
97
92
84
86
84
79
98
92
Student
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Using Excel create a new worksheet for this week’s assignment.
First enter the 1-30 cases in Column Aand the test Scores in Column B.
Next create a histogram type graph in the upper right of the worksheet.
Save your work. You will continue to add to it all this week.
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Score
79
85
88
87
84
87
86
79
75
86
81
83
85
78
90
Student Assignment
8.1b Software Proficiency
Name:_____________________
Next using the Data Analysis Add-In, create a Histogram type graph in the upper right of the
worksheet.
Often Raw data needs to be categorized into bins so a histogram can be created. Example:
the grades you have can be divided into bins by grades…2 grades between 100 and 90, 8
grades between 89 and 80…..so forth. Excel using the histogram function will attempt to
divide our raw data into bins to accommodate a bell or normalized curve. Play with this
function and learn to use it well.
Look in the Analysis section of the Data tab. Click "Data Analysis" and highlight the
"Histogram" tool from the Analysis Tools box. Click "OK." You will need to specify an Input
Range and an Output Range. The Bin Range can be blanks. Select "Chart Output" in the
output options section to generate a histogram graph. Click "OK." If you end with a histogram
that looks like a bell curve you have done well. The bins will populate with what Excel thing
are good bins. It actually attempted to curse the resulting grades.
Again using the Data Analysis Add-In, create a Pie Chart type graph in the Lower right of the
worksheet.
Hint: Use the Histogram tool again and then change it to a pie chart. Right click on the
completed Histogram to change the chart type to pie.
Save your spreadsheet work. You will continue to add to it all week.
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Student Assignment
8.1c Software Proficiency
Name:_____________________
Below are the grades in a four point scale.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Grade
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
4
4
Student
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Grade
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
4
Add the grade point assignments into a Column C.
Perform a Chi-Best Fit test to see if the expected grades are significantly different from what is
expected of 33.33% for each group.
Using the Bin data and expected of 10 for each of the three groups what does a
=CHISQ.TEST(Actual Range , Expected Range) show. Was this an appropriate analysis test?
What assumption(s) are made? Does this really mean anything?
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Student Assignment
8.1d Software Proficiency
Name:_____________________
Below are the grades in a four point scale.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Gender
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
Student
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Gender
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
Using spreadsheet software, enter the Gender in column D and use a t-Test calculation to see if
there is a significant difference of grades between the female group and the males group of
students.
Copy the C & D columns to a new worksheet and then sort all of the 2 x 30 cells by Gender. The
use the formula =t.test(male grade range, female grade range,2,2) to get a result. What does the
result tell you?
For fun, “raise up” the score for all females students and see want happens to the t-Test results.
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Student Assignment
8.1e Software Proficiency
Name:_____________________
Below are the study times for each student.
Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Minutes
30
15
30
45
60
45
60
90
100
60
60
60
30
90
180
Student
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Minutes
15
45
60
30
15
45
45
15
30
30
60
45
30
45
120
Using spreadsheet software, enter the grades in column E and calculate the correlation
between the study times and exam scores.
Copy columns B & E to another worksheet and use the =CORREL(Grade Range, Study Time
Range) function. What does this tell you?
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10
Explore Activity:
Statistics Software vs. Spreadsheet – The spreadsheet has become the
go-to tool for numerical work in the 21st century. Spreadsheet programs
were designed to be a programmable calculator, but not really a tool for
statistical analysis. There are numerous add-ons to spreadsheet programs
that attempt to work around the limitations, but it is hard to beat actual
statistical software.
In your lessons, you were introduced to one free source, PSPP, which is
modeled after one of the standard professional software packages.
In order to proceed with this activity you will need to be able to install
software to your computer (or your teacher will need permission to install to
school computers).
Option 1 – Your assignments in these lessons involved using
spreadsheet software to analyze data. Repeat the analyses using real
statistical software.
Option 2 – Find a data set that is of interest to you and then conduct an
analysis using one of the statistical program offerings.
Copy the data into PSPP (or spreadsheet program) to investigate
whether doctors treat over-weight patients differently than normalweight patients. This is an opportunity to see statistics used in a reallife situation.
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Write a report about your set of data including:
a. A description of your data source (i.e. background on where you found
the data; the question of interest you are investigating, etc.).
b. An appropriate graph.
c. Descriptive statistics output from computer software (this would include
a report of the mean, standard deviation, and other relevant statistics).
d. An interpretation of the importance or relevance of the statistics with
regards to your question of interest.
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