Shikakeology: Designing Triggers for Behavior Change: Papers from the 2013 AAAI Spring Symposium
Study on Landscape Ostranenie from the
Perspective of Persons Exposed to “Sikake”
Chikahiro Hanamura
Osaka Prefecture University, Research Organization for the 21st Century
flwmoon@me.com
2. Theory of Landscape Osteranenie
Abstract
We have interpreted a landscape as something that is built
on the relationship between a person’s “self” and an environment around the person. Then, we have adopted ostranenie to the field of landscape study and defined it as
phenomenon in which the relationship is broken and revitalized with a certain catalyst and a new landscape is produced
in person’s mind based on the revitalized relationship. Our
study aimed to analyze our installation works from the three
perspectives: 1) a person, 2) an environment, both of which
were exposed to design tools, and 3) relationship between a
person and an environment, and to consider design tools in
relation with landscape ostranenie. From the analysis of
three cases, it was found that a landscape can be ostranenized if there is design for a person, an environment,
and/or the relationship between a person and an environment. From what has commonly been observed in the three
cases, we could come to the conclusion that if design is
made so that the relationship between a person and an environment can be destroyed and revitalized at the same time,
landscape ostranenie may occur without design for a person
or an environment.
“
2-1 Study Background
The word, “ostranenie” was proposed in the fields of linguistics and semiotics, and Viktor Shklovsky developed
the concept of ostranenie and defined it as “turning something that has become over-familiar into something revitalized”1). It has been thought that the concept of ostranenie
is of great importance in considering person’s awareness
toward an already familiar environment. Okada and others
adopted the ostranenie method used in the field of art into
their study on technoscape ostranenie, and sought an applicable method for physical space design2). Although their
study has been suggestive in considering the relationship
between ostranenie and design, it has not dealt with persons who actually behave differently and have different
awareness in an ostranenied environment. The landscape
that people envision in the mind should be taken into consideration when Sikake is used as a design tool.
Landscapes do not only refer to a physical environment
but also include the psychology of a person who is aware
of it and their signification of the einvironment3). Many
landscape studies have so far discussed the importance of
“perception, or Manazashi in Japanese” 4) of an environment, which includes person’s awareness of the environment by the use of visual sense and the psychology of a
person who become aware of it, as well as their implication
of it. Most of the studies have attributed landscape ostranenie to the transformation of a physical environment,
and only few attempts have been made so far at studying
landscapes from the viewpoint of Sikake, which may stimulate a person to enact a different behavior in an ostranenied environment.
In recent years, when there have been more concerns
over global environmental problems, it is necessary to
make the best of existing design tools and resources, while
reducing as much as possible any changes in environments
as part of city-building efforts. Under these circumstances,
it has been thought that it is of great significance to consider the possibility of producing Sikake which may stimulate
1. Introduction
Sikake” can be regarded a design tool set in a certain environment which stimulates a person to exhibit a different
behavior in the environment. It has been thought that before behaving differently in the environment, a person has
to undergo change in their cognition toward the surrounding environment. We have interpreted a landscape as
something which is built on the relationship between person’s “self” and “the surrounding environment”, and challenged ourselves to produce works based on the concept of
landscape ostranenie. In this study, we attempted to analyze some of our works from the viewpoint of a person
who experiences Sikake and then considered Sikake and
landscape ostranenie in landscape design from this respect.
Copyright © 2013, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
21
“environments”, and defined value production of
landscapes as turning a certain environments into a
landscape through self-interpretation of the environment.
With this definition, they conducted a series of studies on
the process for value production of landscapes. In their
a person
take aexplained
different behavior
in an ostranenied
envistudies,tothey
value production
of landscape,
ronment,
by
designing
a
catalyst
which
may
destroy
quoting the term “familiarization”, which means and
that
revitalize
between has
person’s
and an envionce a relationship
certain environment
been “self”
over-familiar
to a
ronment
theperson
same time.
person,atthe
tends to pay no or less attention to the
Yoshimura
et
al.5)
“landscapes”
environment and
be separated
less aware
or unaware from
of it.“enviThey
ronments”,
and
defined
value
production
of
landscapes
as
have mentioned that the person perceives the overturning
a
certain
environments
into
a
landscape
through
familiar environment again with a certain motive, and
self-interpretation
of the
Withand
this definition,
the environment
is environment.
defamiliarized
eventually
they
conducted
a
series
of
studies
on
the
process
for value
transforms to the landscape6).
production
of
landscapes.
In
their
studies,
they
explained
Their argument of landscapes based on
value
production of and
landscape,
quoting the term
“familiari“familiarization”
“defamiliarization”
processes
has
zation”,
which
means
that
once
a
certain
environment
has
been highly suggestive in the point that it dealt with
been
over-familiar
to aawareness
person, thetoward
person an
tends
to pay no
change
of persons’
over-familiar
or environment.
less attention We
to the
environment
and
be
less
or
thought, however, that thereaware
may be
unaware
of
it.
They
have
mentioned
that
the
person
perprocesses of landscape production other than those
ceives
the over-familiar
environment
again in
withwhich
a certain
proposed
by Yoshimura
and others
an
motive,
and
the
environment
is
defamiliarized
and
eventuenvironment that becomes familiarized or domesticated
ally
transforms
to the landscape6).
enters
the subconscious
of a person, and is perceived by
Their
argument
landscapes based On
on “familiarization”
a person throughofdefamiliarization.
this assumption,
and
“defamiliarization”
processes
has
been
we have conducted a series of studies highly
based suggeson the
tive
in
the
point
that
it
dealt
with
change
of persons’
concept of landscape ostranenie.
awareness
over-familiar
environment.
We
In onetoward
of our an
studies,
we investigated
the persons’
thought,
however,
that
there
may
be
processes
of
landscape
awareness toward an environment before Sikake was
production
other
those proposed
by the
Yoshimura
installed in
the than
environment,
and found
existenceand
of
others
in
which
an
environment
that
becomes
familiarized
three groups of persons: 1) a group of persons who had
or never
domesticated
of a person,
is
known enters
about the
it, subconscious
2) a group who
had notand
been
perceived
by
a
person
through
defamiliarization.
On
this
conscious of it because of domestication, and 3) a group
assumption,
we have
conducted
a seriesdomestication.
of studies based
on
who had been
aware
of it without
Next,
thewe
concept
of
landscape
ostranenie.
compared the awareness of each group before and
In one
of our
we investigated
after
Sikake
was studies,
incorporated,
and revealedthe
thatpersons’
persons
awareness
toward
an
environment
before
Sikake
was inenvisioned landscapes differently after incorporation,
stalled
in the environment,
foundawareness
the existence
of three
depending
on the degreeand
of their
before
it7).
groups
of
persons:
1)
a
group
of
persons
who
had
From this study, it is clear that, even exposed to the never
same
known
about
it, 2) a group
whosame
had not
been conscious
of
Sikake
incorporated
in the
environment,
persons
it become
because of
domestication,
and
3)
a
group
who
had
been
aware of it differently and behave differently
aware
of it without
Next,awareness
we compared
according
to thedomestication.
degree of their
of the
the
awareness
of
each
group
before
and
after
Sikake
was
inenvironment before incorporation.
corporated, and revealed that persons envisioned landscapes differently after incorporation, depending on the
degree
of their awareness
before using
it7). From
this study, it is
2-2 Landscape
Ostranenie
Sikake
clear that, even exposed to the same Sikake incorporated in
We have interpreted a landscape as something that is
the same environment, persons become aware of it differbuilt on the relationship between a person’s “self” and an
ently and behave differently according to the degree of
environment around the person. Then, we have adopted
their awareness of the environment before incorporation.
ostranenie to the field of landscape study and defined it
as phenomenon in which the relationship is broken and
2-2
Landscape Ostranenie using Sikake
revitalized with a certain catalyst and a new landscape is
We have interpreted a landscape as something that is built
on the relationship between a person’s “self” and an environment around the person. Then, we have adopted ostranenie to the field of landscape study and defined it as
phenomenon in which the relationship is broken and revitalized with a certain catalyst and a new landscape is produced in person’s mind based on the revitalized relation-
known differently and the environment becomes a
person’s landscape.
Since landscape ostranenie occurs in the mentally in
people, we cannot create a specific landscape in persons’
mind. Therefore, it seems reasonable to analyze the
ship
(Figure
Seen from
viewpoint
of a trigger
person’s
approach
for1).designing
a the
catalyst
that may
“self”,
it
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be
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as
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landscape ostranenie in the mind, especially whenirrespective
whether ostranenie
an environment
is familiarized
consideringoflandscape
in relation
with Sikake.or
not,
a
person
physically
and
mentally
perceives
In this study, we regarded Sikake as a design the
toolenvior
ronment
which
the
person
has
already
known
differently
product which may turn a domesticated landscape into a
and
the environment
a person’s
ostranenied
one in abecomes
certain way.
Our landscape.
study aimed to
Since
landscape
ostranenie
occurs
in the mentally
analyze our works from the three perspectives:
1) ain
people,
we
cannot
create
a
specific
landscape
in
persons’
person, 2) an environment, both of which were exposed
mind.
Therefore,
it 3)
seems
reasonable
to analyze
apto design
tools, and
relationship
between
a persontheand
proach
for
designing
a
catalyst
that
may
trigger
landscape
an environment, and to consider design tools in relation
ostranenie
in the
mind, especially when considering landwith landscape
ostranenie.
scapeSpecifically,
ostranenie inwerelation
with
took as
theSikake.
subjectIntothis
be study,
studiedwe
regarded
Sikake
as
a
design
tool
or
product
which
turn
three of the works which we have produced with may
design
atools
domesticated
landscape
into
a
ostranenied
one
in
a
ceras part of our efforts to bring landscape ostranenie
tain
way.
Our
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aimed
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our
works
from
to people, and considered design tools from the threethe
three
perspectives: 1) a person, 2) an environment, both of
perspectives.
which were exposed to design tools, and 3) relationship between a person and an environment, and to consider design
tools in relation with landscape ostranenie.
3. Case studies
ofasworks
deigned
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Specifically,
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to be studied
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which we have
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ostranenie to people
part of our efforts to bring landscape ostranenie to people,
and
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from the three perspectives.
3-1 considered
Case 1 - Gulliver’s
Gulliver’s scope was produced in the workshops,
designed
to ostranenize
domesticated
landscape
in the
3. Case
studies ofa works
deigned
to bring
mind of persons, with the technique of reducing size of
landscape ostranenie to people
Figure
Figure1 1
3-1 Case 1 - Gulliver’s scope
Gulliver’s scope was produced in the workshops, designed
to ostranenize a domesticated landscape in the mind of persons, with the technique of reducing size of persons relative to an environment by using figures of one-87th of the
full size of human beings, usually used in model railways.
22
persons relative to an environment by using figures of
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With
purpose
encouraging
a person
to view
they
actually
viewed
the
environments
differently,
have
taken
pictures
inoftheir
domesticated
environments
Osaka
Prefecture.
“Fake
plants”,
or plants
artificially
differently,
this work
produced
with
art installation
innature
thiswas
work
was
produced
eventually
bringing
about
landscape
in their
towns
andwere
college
campuses.
made
ofdifferently,
plastics,
installed
inostranenie.
30 places with
alongart
a
3-2
Case
2in
- the
The
fourth
nature
troduced
mountains
in
Minou
City,
Osaka
Prefecinstallation
introduced
in
thewith
mountains
inin Minou
City,
The path
survey,
therich
participants
after
the
walking
in conducted
the of
mountains,
nature,
to
With
the plants”,
purpose
encouraging
a person
to
ture.
“Fake
or plants
artificially
made
of view
plastics,
Osaka
Prefecture.
“Fake
plants”,
or
plants
artificially
workshops,
showed
that
some
participants
reported
that
stimulate
viewers
to
ostranenize
landscapes
consisting
nature
differently,
thisplaces
work along
was aproduced
with in
art
were of
installed
in were
30
made
installed
inused
30walking
places path
along a the
3-2
2introduced
- The
fourth
nature
the Case
swing
in
the park
looked
different,
mainly
of plastics,
mountains
andinthey
nature.
installation
the often
mountains
in Minou
City,
mountains,
rich
in
nature,
to
stimulate
viewers
to
oswalking
path
in exhibition
the ofmountains,
rich
in
to
while
others
mentioned
that
they
not
realize
the
Visitors
topurpose
the
were
given
mapnature,
showing
With
the
encouraging
a aperson
to view
Osaka
Prefecture.
“Fake
plants”,
or did
plants
artificially
tranenize
landscapes
consisting
mainly
of
mountains
and
stimulate
viewers
toplants
landscapes
consisting
presence
ofof such
a ostranenize
place
the
until
taking
30
locations
fakewere
and on
looked
atstreet
the
works
while
nature
this
work
was
with
arta
made
ofdifferently,
plastics,
installed
in produced
30
places
along
nature.Visitors
to the
exhibition
were
given
a map
showing
mainly
of
mountains
and
nature.
pictures,
even
though
they
use
the
street
every
day.
walking
along
the
path
with
the
map.
When
visitors
installation
introduced
in
the
mountains
in
Minou
City,
walking
path ofinfake
theplants
mountains,
rich atinthenature,
to
30 Visitors
locations
and
works
while
to suggest
the of
exhibition
werelooked
given
alandscapes
map
showing
ThesetoPrefecture.
results
thatplants”,
domesticated
came
the
place
fake
plants,
they
were
not
ablewere
to
Osaka
“Fake
or plants
artificially
stimulate
viewers
to
ostranenize
landscapes
consisting
walking
along
the
path
with
the
map.
When
visitors
came
30
locations
ofinfake
plants
and
atway.
theatworks
whilea
ostranenized
their
minds
in looked
a certain
distinguish
the
fake
plants
from
real
ones
firstalong
sight,
made
were
installed
in 30
mainly
of plastics,
mountains
and
nature.
to theof
place
of fake
plants,
theythe
were
not places
able
to distinguish
walking
along
the
path
with
map.
When
visitors
When
thethe
work
were were
analyzed
from
the
three
because
the
fake
plants
went
well
with
environment
walking
path
infrom
the real
mountains,
richan
inmap
nature,
to the
to
exhibition
given
asight,
showing
the Visitors
fake
plants
ones atthey
first
because
came
tothem.
the
place
of
fake
plants,
were
not
able
to
viewpoints,
figures
and
cameras
served
as
design
tools
around
Once
they
realized
the
existence
of
fake
stimulate
viewers
to
ostranenize
landscapes
consisting
30
locations
of
fakewell
plants
andanlooked
at the works
while
fake
plantsthe
went
with
environment
around
them.
distinguish
fake
plants
from
real
ones
at
first
sight,
which ofmay
influence
nothing
that
may
mainly
mountains
andpersons,
nature.
walking
along
the path
with thewhile
map.
When in
visitors
Once they
realized
the
existence
ofwith
fakean
plants
the envibecause
the
fake
plants
went
well
environment
change
an
environment
was
provided
in
this
workshop.
Visitors
to
the
exhibition
were
given
a
map
showing
came
to the
place ofthey
fakealso
plants,
they were
able growto
ronment,
however,
perceived
plantsnot
wildly
around
them.
Once
they
realized
the atexistence
of fake
Relationship
a person
and
environment
was
30
locations
ofbetween
fake
and
looked
theatworks
distinguish
the
fake plants
plants
from
real an
ones
first while
sight,
reflectedthe
infake
thethe
tasks
assigned
to participants,
including
walking
along
path
withwell
the
map. anWhen
visitors
because
plants
went
with
environment
placing
figures
in
an
environment
and
taking
pictures
came
to
the
place
of
fake
plants,
they
were
not
able
to
around them. Once they realized the existence of
fake
including the
(Tablefrom
1). real ones at first sight,
distinguish
thefigures
fake plants
In this
study,
we did
make
in the
because
the fake
plants
wentnot
well
withany
an change
environment
environments
but they
stimulated
to of
perceive
around
them. Once
realizedparticipants
the existence
fake
23 environments around them differently and to change
their involvement in the environments. As the result,
they actually viewed the environments differently,
Picture6
ing in the environment as part of the work, which brought
landscape ostranenie to the visitors (Pictures 5 to 8).
The analysis of this work from the three viewpoints
showed that the map showing 30 points was given to visitors as design for a person, fake plants functioned as design
products for an environment, and the design for
the relationship between a person and an environment the
30 points (Table2).
Picture7
Picture
7
Picture7
Table 2
Table2
In this
we designedhowever,
only a single
for a perplants
in work,
the environment,
they Sikake
also perceived
son,
or wildly
the map
to be in
given
to a person, as
butpart
there
plants
growing
the environment
of were
the
many
in the environment,
althoughtothey
too
work, Sikake
which brought
landscape ostranenie
the were
visitors
subtle
for 5visitors
(Pictures
to 8). to recognize them. It is thought, therefore, The
that analysis
change in
of visitors
an environof involvement
this work from
the threeinviewpoints
ment
withthat
the the
map,map
rather
than an30environment
showed
showing
points wasitself,
givenstimto
ulated
to ostranenize
a landscape.
visitorsa person
as design
for a person,
fake plants functioned as
design products for an environment, and the design for
the relationship between a person and an environment
the 30 points (Table2).
In this work, we designed only a single Sikake for a
person, or the map to be given to a person, but there were
many Sikake in the environment, although they were too
subtle for visitors to recognize them. It is thought,
therefore, that change in involvement of visitors in an
environment with the map, rather than an environment
itself, stimulated a personPicture5
to ostranenize a landscape.
Picture 5
Picture5after Clearing Fog
3-3 Case 3 – Shining Spring
Shining spring after clearing fog was an installation
art, targeted at inpatients, visitors, nurses, doctors, and
other hospital staff at the in-patients ward in two largescale hospitals with about 1,000 beds. It was exhibited at
the open ceiling space in Osaka City University Hospital
in March 2010, and Osaka Red Cross Hospital from
January to February 2012.
The hospital buildings have a square open ceiling
space, with its floor area of about 120m2 and 10- story
height, at their center, and have windows facing the open
ceiling space. The smoke machine was placed on the
Picture
6
Picture6
base of the open ceiling space
to make artificial fog, and
the snow machine and bubble machine were installed on
the rooftop of the buildings to make snow and bubbles
Picture6
fall down to the open ceiling space. While installation art
was performed, sound effects were also made in the
whole building. Installation art was performed for 30
minutes once a day. The open ceiling space was closed
to people, but anyone was able to look at the installation
art through the windows (Pictures 9 to 12).
The analysis of this work from the three viewpoints
showed that nothing was designed for a person, while a
serious of artificial phenomena including fog, snow,
bubbles, and sound were designed for an environment.
Relationship between a person and an environment was
Picture
Picture88
3-3 Case 3 – Shining Spring after Clearing Fog
Picture8
Shining spring after clearing
fog was an installation art,
Table2
targeted at inpatients, visitors, nurses, doctors, and other
plants
in thestaff
environment,
however,ward
they in
alsotwo
perceived
hospital
at the in-patients
large-scale
plants
wildly
growing
in
the
environment
as
part
of the
Table2
hospitals with about 1,000 beds. It was exhibited
at the
work,
which
brought
landscape
ostranenie
to
the
visitors
open ceiling space in Osaka City University Hospital in
plants
in the
they also perceived
(Pictures
to environment,
8).and Osaka however,
March 52010,
Red Cross Hospital from January
plants
wildly
growing
in
the
environment
as viewpoints
part of the
analysis
of this work from the three
to The
February
2012.
work,
which
brought
landscape
ostranenie
to
the
visitors
showed
the map
showing
pointsopen
was ceiling
given
to
The that
hospital
buildings
have 30
a square
space,
(Pictures
5
to
8).
visitors
as
design
for
a
person,
fake
plants
functioned
as
with its floor area of about 120m2 and 10- story height, at
The analysisfor
of this
work from and
the three
viewpoints
design
environment,
the the
design
for ceiling
their products
center, and an
have
windows facing
open
showed
that
the
map
showing
30
points
was
given to
thespace.
relationship
between
a
person
and
an
environment
The smoke machine was placed on the base of the
visitors
as design for a person, fake plants functioned as
theopen
30 points
ceiling(Table2).
space to make artificial fog, and the snow madesign
forweandesigned
environment,
the design
for
In products
this
onlyinstalled
aand
single
Sikake
for a of
chine
andwork,
bubble
machine were
on
the rooftop
the
relationship
between
a
person
and
an
environment
person,
or
the
map
to
be
given
to
a
person,
but
there
were
the buildings to make snow and bubbles fall down to the
the
30 points (Table2).
many
the environment,
althoughartthey
too
openSikake
ceilingin space.
While installation
waswere
performed,
In this
work,
wetodesigned
onlythem.
a single
Sikake
for a
subtle
for
visitors
recognize
It
is
thought,
sound effects were also made in the whole building. Instalperson,
or the map
to beingiven
to a person,
there were
therefore,
involvement
of but
visitors
an The
lation artthat
waschange
performed
for 30 minutes
once a inday.
many
Sikake
in
the
environment,
although
they
were too
environment
with
the
map,
rather
than
an
environment
open ceiling space was closed to people, but anyone was
subtle
for visitors
to recognize
them.a landscape.
It is thought,
itself,
to ostranenize
ablestimulated
to look ata person
the installation
art through the windows
therefore, that change in involvement of visitors in an
(Pictures 9 to
12).the map, rather than an environment
environment
with
The
analysis
of thistowork
from the
three viewpoints
itself,
stimulated
a person
ostranenize
a landscape.
3-3
Case
3 – Shining
Spring
afterforClearing
showed
that
nothing was
designed
a person, Fog
while a seShining
spring phenomena
after clearing
fog wasfog,
an installation
rious
of artificial
including
snow, bubbles,
art,and
targeted
at inpatients,
nurses, doctors, and
sound were
designedvisitors,
for an environment.
3-3
Case
3 – Shining
Spring
after ClearingRelationship
Fog
other
hospital
staff at
ward
two largebetween
a person
andthe
anin-patients
environment
wasincreated
by using
Shining
spring
after
clearing
fog
was
an
installation
scale
hospitals
with as
about
beds.
It was exhibited
a person
viewed
part1,000
of the
environment
as wellat as a
art,
targeted
at inpatients,
visitors,
nurses,
and
theperson
open
ceiling
space
in Osaka
City
University
Hospital
viewing
the environment
(Table
3).doctors,
other
hospital
staff
at
the
in-patients
ward
in
two
largein March 2010, and Osaka Red Cross Hospital from
scale
hospitals
with about
January
to February
2012. 1,000 beds. It was exhibited at
the open
ceiling
space
in Osaka
University
The hospital buildings
haveCity
a square
openHospital
ceiling
in
March
2010,
and
Osaka
Red
Cross
Hospital
from
space, with its floor area of about 120m2 and 10- story
January
to
February
2012.
24height, at their center, and have windows facing the open
Thespace.
hospital
have a square
open ceiling
ceiling
Thebuildings
smoke machine
was placed
on the
space,
with
its
floor
area
of
about
120m2
and
base of the open ceiling space to make artificial10fog,story
and
height,
at machine
their center,
havemachine
windowswere
facing
the open
the snow
andand
bubble
installed
on
art, targe
3-3
Case
other hos
Shini
scale hosp
art, targe
the open
other hos
in March
scale
hosp
January to
the open
The
in
March
space,
wi
January
height, atto
Thesp
ceiling
space,
base ofwi
th
height,
at
the snow
ceiling
sp
the roofto
base
of
th
fall down
the
wassnow
perf
the
roofto
whole
bu
fall
downo
minutes
was
perf
to people
whole
bu
art throug
minutes
The oa
to
people
showed th
art
througo
serious
The a
bubbles,
showed
Relationsth
serious
created ob
bubbles,
environm
Relations
environm
created b
environm
environm
person
environm
between
characte
unusual
From
landscap
person,
a person
been ob
conclusi
between
and revi
may occ
Picture11
This work successfully transformed appearance of the
environment with a series of artificial phenomena we designed, and triggered a person to ostranenize a landscape.
These phenomena urged a person not only to view the environment differently, but also to enactunusual behaviors,
such as approaching the window and looking at the work.
It can be said that these persons’ unusual behaviors also
worked as a Sikake for changing the appearance of the environment.
Picture 12
Picture12
4. Considerations
Table
3
Table3
This work successfully transformed appearance of
the environment with a series of artificial phenomena we
designed, and triggered a person to ostranenize a
landscape. These phenomena urged a person not only to
view the environment differently, but also to
enactunusual behaviors, such as approaching the window
and looking at the work. It can be said that these persons’
unusual behaviors also worked as a Sikake for changing
the appearance of the environment.
Picture 9
4. Considerations
The above-mentioned three cases were compared
and analyzed for consideration.
In Case 1, although there was nothing that was
designed for an environment, design was made for a
person to receive design tools and be actively involved in
the environment, specifically placing figures in an
environment and taking pictures of the environment
including the figures, which brought landscape
ostranenie to a person.
In Case 2, design was carefully made in the
environments so that Sikake
Picture were
10 not so outstanding,
and only the map to be given to a person was the design
for a person. However, appreciation of the work in the
mountains, which was designed to create relationship
between a person and an environment, worked as a very
important role in landscape ostranenie.
In Case 3, there was no design for a person, but
large-scale artificial phenomena were designed for an
environment, and stimulated a person to ostranenize a
landscape. Since people viewing the environment and a
person viewed by another person as part of the
environment were used as a design for the relationship
between a person and an environment, this work is
Picture 11
characterized by acceleration of landscape ostranenie by
unusual behaviors taken by a person.
From the analysis of these cases, it was found that a
landscape can be ostranenized if there is design for a
person, an environment, and/or the relationship between
a person and an environment. From what has commonly
been observed in the three cases, we could come to the
conclusion that if design is made so that the relationship
The above-mentioned three cases were compared and analyzed for consideration. Table3
In Case 1, although there was nothing that was designed
This work successfully transformed appearance of
for an environment, design was made for a person to rethe environment with a series of artificial phenomena we
ceive design tools and be
actively involved in the environTable3
designed, and triggered
a person to ostranenize a
ment, specifically placing figures in an environment and
landscape.
These
phenomenatransformed
urged a person
not only of
to
This work
successfully
appearance
taking pictures of the environment including the figures,
view
the environment
but also we
to
the
environment
with a seriesdifferently,
of artificial phenomena
which brought landscape
ostranenie to a person.
Table3
designed,
andbehaviors,
triggeredsuch
a as
person
to ostranenize
a
enactunusual
approaching
the window
In
Case
2,
design
was
carefully madeappearance
in the environwork
successfully
landscape.
These
phenomena
urged
a person
notpersons’
only of
to
and This
looking
at the
work. It cantransformed
be said
that these
ments
so that Sikake
were not
outstanding,
and only
the
the
environment
with
ofso
artificial
phenomena
view
the
environment
differently,
butfor changing
also we
to
unusual
behaviors
alsoa series
worked
as
a Sikake
map
to
be
given
to
a
person
was
the
design
for
a
person.
designed,
and
a as
person
to ostranenize
enactunusual
behaviors,
such
approaching
the windowa
the appearance
oftriggered
the environment.
However, These
appreciation
of theurged
work ainperson
the mountains,
landscape.
phenomena
notpersons’
only which
to
and looking at the work. It can be said that these
was
designed
to
create
relationship
between
a
person
and
view
the
environment
differently,
but
also
to
unusual behaviors also worked as a Sikake for changing
an
environment,
worked
as
a
very
important
role
in
landenactunusual
such as approaching the window
the appearancebehaviors,
of the environment.
scape
ostranenie.
Considerations
and
looking
at the4.
work.
It can be said that these persons’
In Case
3, there
was
no design
a person,
but largeunusual
behaviors
also
worked
as a for
Sikake
for changing
Theartificial
above-mentioned
three
cases
were
compared
scale
phenomena
were
designed
for
an
environthe appearance of the environment.
and
analyzed
for consideration.
ment,
and stimulated
a
person
to
ostranenize
a
landscape.
4. Considerations
In people
Case 1,
although
there was nothing
that viewed
was
Since
viewing
the environment
and a person
The
above-mentioned
three
cases
were
compared
designed
for
an
environment,
design
was
made
for
a as
by another person as part of the environment were used
and
analyzed
for
consideration.
person
to
receive
design
tools
and
be
actively
involved
in
Considerations
a design for the 4.
relationship
between a person and an enviInenvironment,
Casethis
1, work
although
there placing
was nothing
thatinwas
the
specifically
an of
ronment,
is characterized
byfigures
acceleration
The above-mentioned
threedesign
cases
wereenvironment
compared
designed
for
an
environment,
was
made
for
environment
and
taking
pictures
of
the
landscape ostranenie by unusual behaviors taken by a aperand
analyzedthe
for consideration.
person
design
and be brought
actively involved
in
including
figures,toolswhich
landscape
son. to receive
In
Case
1,person.
although
there placing
was nothing
thatin was
the
environment,
specifically
figures
an
ostranenie
to
a
From the analysis of these cases, it was found that a
designed
for and
an environment,
wasmade
made inforthe
a
environment
taking
pictures
of the
environment
In Case
was design
carefully
landscape
can2,be design
ostranenized
if there
is design
for a perperson
to receive
design
tools
and
be brought
actively
involved
in
including
the
figures,
which
landscape
environments
so
that
Sikake
were
not
so
outstanding,
son, an environment, and/or the relationship between a perthe
environment,
figures
in an
ostranenie
to amap
person.
and
tospecifically
be given
to placing
awhat
person
the design
sononly
and the
an
environment.
From
haswas
commonly
been
environment
and
takingappreciation
pictures
ofofthe
environment
In
Case
2,
design
was
carefully
made
in
the
for
a
person.
However,
the
work
the
observed in the three cases, we could come to theinconcluincluding
theso figures,
which
brought
landscape
environments
that
Sikake
not
so outstanding,
mountains,
was
designed
create
relationship
sion that if which
design
is made
so were
thattothe
relationship
between
ostranenie
to
a person.
and
only
the
map
to
be
given
to
a
person
was
the
design
between
a
person
and
an
environment,
worked
a very
a person and an environment can be destroyedas
and
revitalCase
2,
designappreciation
was
carefully
inin the
the
for
aInperson.
of themade
workmay
important
roleHowever,
in landscape
ostranenie.
ized
at the
same
time, landscape
ostranenie
occur
environments
sothere
that
Sikake
were
not
soa outstanding,
mountains,
which
was
designed
to
create
relationship
In
Case
3,
was
no
design
for
person,
but
without design for a person or an environment.
and
only athe
map to
to a were
person
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angiven
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worked
as design
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large-scale
artificial
phenomena
designed
an
for
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appreciation
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environment,
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a person
mountains,
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5.designed
Foresight
In CaseSince
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In general,
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In Case
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characterized
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ostranenie
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and taken
stimulated
a person
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unusual behaviors
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landscape.
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the environment
and
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work
Fromathe
analysis
these
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it wasthis
found
thatisaa
person
viewed
byostranenized
another ofperson
asis ostranenie
part
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characterized
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landscape
bya
landscape
can
if
there
design
25
environment
were taken
used by
as
design
for the relationship
unusual
aa person.
person, behaviors
an environment,
and/or
the relationship
between
between
atheperson
andof an
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work
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it was
found
that isa
a person
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has
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of iflandscape
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ostranenized
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the
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a common behavior in a familiar environment, they interpret the environment in a different way. In this study, we
regarded Sikake as a design tool or product which may destroy and revitalize a landscape that is produced through
the relationship between a person and a surrounding environment, and assessed the effectiveness of landscape ostranenie from the viewpoint of persons exposed to Sikakeand. In our future study, we will investigate relationship between a design technique or element and change in
human behavior.
Notes and References
1) Peter Steiner, 1984. Russian formalism:a metapoetics. Cornell
University Press, 216pp.
2)OKADA Masaaki, Ljahnicky Andrea, and NAKAMURA Yoshio, 1997. A Study on Interpretation of Technoscape with the
Concept of Ostranenie. journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 60(5)
3) Landscapes have been studied by researchers in the fields of
geography, landscape architecture, landscape planning, and others, such as Kevin Lynch, the author of “The Image of the City”,
Yi-Fu Tuan, who wrote “Space and Place: the Perspective of Experience”, and Augustin Berque, the author of “Nihon no fūkei,
Seiō no keikan : soshite zōkei no jidai “.
4) This study defines the term “perception (or Manazashi in Japanese)”, as subject’s awareness of an object by the use of visual
sense and consciousness of it that may lead to the generation of a
landscape. The perception includes subject’s psychological impression toward and implication of an object, as well as awareness of it by the use of senses, and refers to a specific cognition
structured as part of local culture.
5) UMAKI Tomoko, and YOSHIMURA Akiko, 2000. Study on
Landscape value Generation through Analysis of Diaries on Japanese Round-trip Gardens, journal of the Japanese Institute of
Landscape Architecture 63(5)
6) YOSHIMURA Akiko, 2004. A Study on the Value Production
of "the Archetypal Landscapes", journal of the Japanese Institute
of Landscape Architecture 67(5)
7 HANAMURA Chikahiro, 2013. The study for the landscape
foreignization based on the view change caused by the art installation, journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
76(5)
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