IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESOURCE ACCOUNTING
Zuzy Anna
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Padjadjaran University
suzyanna18@gmail.com
Akhmad Fauzi
Faculty of Economic and Management Bogor Agricultural University
fauziakhmad@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Optimal and sustainable fisheries industry can only be achieved with proper planning through
the implementation of appropriate management instruments as well. Fisheries resources
accounting is one of the planning instruments, which should be used as a main reference of
Fisheries Management Plan. In general, fisheries accounting provide insights for policy
makers on how the flow of the stocks of fish and its relation to changes in the dynamic of
natural and economic activity of fishing. The preparation of Indonesian Fisheries resource
accounting is an effort to implement the recommendation of Agenda 21 UNCED, as
formulated in the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA).
Besides, this is also a decree of Indonesian Law No. 32/2009 regarding the Management and
Environmental protection. The paper discusses the fisheries account, both physical and
monetary, for Pelagic and Demersal fish. The methods in use is the standard bio-economic
modeling, using fox algorithm for parameter estimation, and resource accounting method of
the System of National Accounts of FAO (2004), adapted to the data existing condition. The
results of the analysis, include measurement of standing stocks (physical assets account),
fishable biomass, depletion, as well as monetary account. Paper also provides suggestion for
management, as well as policy recommendation.
SUMMARY
Sustainable development is the key word in fisheries management globally.
Sustainability in the availability of stock, which has implications for the sustainability of the
industry, is a necessity for the welfare of the whole business. The concept of sustainability is
not just a concept on paper, but it is also a concept that needs to be implemented in real
programs and activities. Fisheries conditions in both the global level and national level, have
started worrying, characterized by increased overfishing in many waters around the world as
a result of increasing fishing capacity is one of the important driving force for implementing
sustainable fishing practices.
In order to achieve the development of sustainable fisheries Indonesia, many
management instruments has been implemented in Indonesia, such as biology-based
management by using the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), which concentrates on the
production at a sustainable level. As far as the evaluation of its implementation, it is
recognized that to date, operationally MSY instrument has not been implemented properly.
Implementation restrictions basically have not done, because it has not been interpreted in a
measurable inputs or outputs. Other policies are currently under measurement and analysis, is
related to the input, the capacity utilization (CU). This policy will become a complement to
the existing policy. At this time the mechanism is being sought in terms of the input
restrictions for areas considered to have excess capacity.
1
IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
Sustainability of fisheries is not only characterized by fishing in the path below the
MSY, and the composition of the input, which is also efficient (no over-capacity), but must
also be followed by a flow equilibrium stock of fish resources, with regard to economic
aspects. To find the flow of this fish stock resources, required an understanding of the
balance of economic (economic accounts) of fish resources. By using a balance of fish
resources, obtained a description and direction, on how the degree of extraction of fish
resources, and relation to the monetary flow generated, (monetary accounts) dynamically.
So far the calculation of the balance of the national economy on a macro scale, still
based on the calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), more emphasis on growth
indicators alone, and do not give the real picture in terms of aspects of natural resource
extraction. In terms of measurement indicators of development, has now developed a new
paradigm involves measurements that are considered closer to the real conditions, namely
system of economic and environmental accounting (SEEA), which was introduced by the
United Nations since the early 2000s.
This measurement has been widely applied to natural resources such as forestry,
energy and mineral resources. For fish resources, the account has not widely developed.
Indonesia has started making prototypes measurements of fish resources accounting in 2012,
in the territory of the North Coast of Java fishery management (Anna and Fauzi, 2013).
Various existing policies regarding fisheries, as mentioned earlier, require justification
databases regarding the economic accounting of fish resources. Measurement of the
economic accounting of fish resources has become crucial in conditions where fish resources
are already depleted due to improper policies and lack of optimal management and
supervision. Fisheries resources accounting can be used as a guide for sustainable fisheries
policy.
The objectives of the study are: a) Measuring balance sheet assets (physical assets
account) stock of resources for economically important fish in Indonesia, b) Measure the fish
resources that can be utilized (fishable biomass), c) Measuring monetary fisheries resource
accounting of economic important fish resources in Indonesia.
The output of this study is the measurability of the economic balance of Indonesia's
fishery resources, as the data base for fisheries management that is responsible and
sustainable. the scope of the analysis of the fish resources accounting in this study is limited
to the measurement of economically important fish, namely large pelagic, small pelagic and
demersal. The location of this study is the entire Regional Republic of Indonesia’s Fisheries
Management Area.
The methods of this study is standard bio-economic modeling, using fox
algorithm for parameter estimation, and resource accounting method of the System of
National Accounts of FAO (2004), adapted to the data existing condition. The account
consist of physical and monetary accounts, based on the components of: Standing stock
(fishable biomass), Actual production (the number of fish catch in a given year), Natural
growth, (the number of fish that grow naturally through reproduction or so-called natural
production surplus), Depletion (changes in production or the difference between the
conditions of sustainable production with actual production), IUU (Illegal, Unregulated and
Unreported) Fishing. In this study it is assumed to be 10% from the catch, and last but not
least is other changes (changes to fish stocks caused by external and internal factors, not the
result or IUU catches). Monetary account analysis is calculated by converting the physical
balance of the rent calculation unit, ie the ratio of rents and production per year. Rents
derived from the difference between total revenue and total cost.
2
IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
Data was obtain from secondary and primary sources as well as surveys in several
Indonesia’s Fisheries Management Area, collected includes (but not limited to): Series of
production per type of fish per fishing gear, series of trip, the number of labor in fisheries,
report on illegal fishing, economic data on price and cost.
This study can provide a detailed picture of the condition of the stock and fishery
flows, which is an aggregate of all Regional Fisheries Management in Indonesia. Stocks and
flows which can be determined quantitatively from Indonesia's fish resources accounting, is
the beginning of standing stock and its revisions throughout the year including the
production, growth, depletion, externalities due to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
Fishing (IUU), other changes, as well as the standing stock at the end of the year. From the
study also reveal that the overall condition of the stock of fish resources is still in surplus
condition, but the annual trend of these stocks conditions are vary.
On the estimating future trends of Indonesian fish resources physical account to 2017,
data analysis of Demersal fish resources indicate a trend of increasing production up to 2017.
While the stock has decreased from 2012 to 2017. For large Pelagic fish, production trend
will continue to rise, while standing stock decreased until 2017. For small Pelagic fish, the
relative trend of stock conditions tended to decrease, while production tends to increase.
Considering the Indonesian fisheries resource accounting, some policy implications
that are necessary for the sustainability of Indonesian fisheries, are: Management to stabilize
the stock to remain in a state of surplus, still required, either in the form of license restrictions
that are tailored with the standing stock of existing conditions, using an agreed management
regime. In the state of fish resources that still surpluses, there is still room for the utilization
development of fish resources of Indonesia both for Demersal fish, Large Pelagic fish, and
small Pelagic, for domestic investors. Development of these uses, should be strictly regulated
in the form of calculations the exact scale input, which is calculated from the amount of effort
that is still possible for the conditions of existing stock, by transforming effort, to the number
of boats and fishing gear according to its capacity
References
Anderson, L.G. 1977. The Economics of Fisheries Management. Baltimore, MD: John
Hopkins University Press.
Anna, Z. 2003. Model Embedded Dinamik Interaksi perikanan Pencemaran (Embedded
Dynamic Fisheries-Pollution Interaction Model). Doctoral Disertation, Department of
Coastal Resource Management, Bogor Agricultural Institute.
Anna, Z., and Akhmad Fauzi. 2013. Fisheries resources accounting in Java Sea. Paper
presented in The 5th National Conference of Capture fishery, IPB ICC Bogor
Indonesia, Mei 16th 2013.
Clark, C.W. 1990. Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal Management of Renewable
Resources. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cunningham, S., M.R. Dunn, and D. Whitmarsh. 1985 Fisheries Economics: An
Introduction. London: Mansell Publishing Limited.
FAO. 2004. Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic
Accounting for Fisheries. Series F No. 97 (ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/97. 198 Pp
3
IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
Fauzi, A. 2010. Ekonomi perikanan, Teori, Kebijakan dan Pengelolaan (Fisheries economics:
Theory, Policy and Management). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Fauzi, A., and Zuzy Anna. 2003. Shifting Paradigm in Resource Accounting: Analisis
Trade-off Pembangunan dan Konservasi Melalui Kerangka Metodologi Resource
Accounting di Negara berkembang. Paper presented in the National conference of
Natural Resource Accounting III. Baturaden Purwokerto Desember 12-14th.
Fox, W.J. Jr. 1970. An Exponential Surplus Yield Model for Optimising Exploited Fish
Populations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99(1):80–88.
Harkness, J., and D. Bain. 2007. Fisheries accounts, a summary of current work in New
Zealand and Australia. Issue Paper For The London Group Meeting Rome,
1719 December 2007.
Hartwick, J. (1990). Natural Resources, National Accounting
Depreciation, Journal of Public Economics 43, 291-304.
and
Economi
Hung, N. M. (1993). Natural Resources, National Accounting, and Economic
Depreciation: Stock Effects. Journal of Public Economics 51: 379-389.
Hutton, T and U. R. Sumalia. 2002. Natural resource Accounting and South African
Fisheries: A Bio-Economic Assessment of the West Coast Deep-Sea Hake Fishery
with Reference to the Optimal Utilization and Management of the Resource. CEEPA
Discussion Paper Series.
Ilarina, V.R. and L.H. Amoro. 2000. Adaptation Of The Un SEEA Framework For The
Compilation Of The Philippine Marine Fishery Resource Account. A paper presented
in the International Workshop on Environmental and Economic Accounting, Westin
Philippine Plaza Hotel, Manila Philippines, 18-22 September 2000.
Maler, K. (1991). National Account and Environmental Resources. Environmental and
Resource Economics 1(1): 1-15.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 1995. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 1988 to 1995.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 1997. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 1996.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 1998. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 1997.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 1998.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2000. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 1999.
4
IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2001. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2000.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2002. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2001.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2003. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Maler, K. (1991). National Account and Environmental Resources.
Environmental and Resource Economics 1(1): 1-15.
Statistic of 2002.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2004. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2003.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2005. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2004.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2006. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2005.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2007. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2006.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2008. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2007.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2009. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2008.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2010. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2009.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2011. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2010.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2012. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2011.
Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia. 2013. Indonesian Capture
Fisheries Statistic of 2012.
Neumayer, Eric., 2000. Resource Accounting in Measures of Unsustainability:
Challenging the World Bank's Conclusion. Environmental and Resources Economics
15: 257-278. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
ONS. 2003. The Physical and Economic Accounts for UK Fisheries. Report ONS and
Eurostat.
Repetto, R. (2002). Creating asset accounts for a commercial fishery out of equilibrium:a
5
IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings
case study of the Atlantic sea scallop fishery. The Review of Income and Wealth, vol.
48, No. 2, pp. 245-259.
Statistical Office of Estonia. 2007. Final Report of the Grant Agreement No.
71401.2005.001-2005.293 Fish and Fisheries Account.
Schaefer, M.B. 1954. Some Aspects of the Dynamics of Populations Important to the
Management of the Commercial Marine Fisheries. Bulletin of the Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission 1(2):26–56.UN-FAO. 2004. Handbook of National
Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Fisheries.
Schaefer, M.B. 1957. A Study of the Dynamics of the Fishery for Yellowfin Tuna in the
Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission 2:247–85.
Theys, Jacques. 1989. Environmental Accounting in Development Policy: The French
Experience. in Ahmad Y., S. El Serafy and E.Lutz (eds). Environmental Accounting
for Sustainable Development. Washington DC. World Bank.
6