AUSTRALIAN HOP MARKETERS PTY.
1979
Research
Report
LTD
AUSTRALIAN BOP MARKETERS PTY. LTD.
RESEARCH REPORT 1979.
PREFACE:
This Research Report documents part of the work in
hops research conducted by Australian Hop Marketers
Pty. Ltd. over the past year and outlines that work
proposed for the coming year. Most of the papers
included were initially written as internal papers
and tend to emphasise costs and commercial problems,
rather than academic and technical matters.
The report indicates something of the efforts being
made by Australian Hop Marketers Pty. Ltd. to improve
yields and returns to hop growers. I hope it will
also be of benefit to Brewers interested in reducing
freight costs and storage alpha acid loss and the
improvement of total alpha acid and hop quality.
M.G. CLEARY.
GENERAL MANAGER.
AUSTRALIAN HOP MARKETERS PTY. LTD.
CONTENTS
Research Programs 1979/'80.
Foliar Fertilizers, Report on the 1978/'79
PAGE
1
8
Trial.
Substitution of Soil-Applied Nitrogen with
10
Foliar Sprays.
Hormone Applications, Report on the 1978/'79
21
Trials.
Report on Miscellaneous Experiments,
29
Bushy Park Hop Nursery - 1979.
Antioxidants,Materials and Trials.
41
Vacuum Packed Pressed Hops, 1979 Report.
45
Vacunm Packing Pressed'Hops at High Density.
Whole Hop Pellets - 1979 Report.
Hop Growing in Tasmania. Some Notes on
49
57
64
Cultural Practices and Timing of Operations.
AUSTRALIAN HOP MARKETERS PTY. LTD.
HOPS RESEARCH 1979/80
I.J. Edwards
P.J. Versluys
SUMMARY:
A proposed hops research progranme is presented for 1979/80.
It consists of many routine and continuing experiments together
with the exploration of some new ideas which have a high risk,
but if successful could significantly improve the economics of
hop growing in Australia. These include a high intensity, low
budget, random breeding progranme, extensions of 1979 low trellis
experiments to include novel picking and cultural techniques,
trials to extend the harvest season with chemical sprays and
seme new propagation techniques.
A.H.M. Research 1979.
The following progranme of research is proposed for 1979/80.
1.
Hop Breeding
(IE)
With the appointment of Grahane Hughes to Carlton Jones, and the
sale of the Ringwood hop nursery by C.U.B., Australia no longer
conducts any breeding research into hops. On the other hand other
countries are rapidly advancing in this field with many conmercial
varieties now about the same alpha as Pride fo Ringwood (e.g. Wye
target 11%, Bullion 9-10%,) and experimental varieties around 15-16%
alpha. Since hops are generally brewed directly in proportion to
the alpha acid content, each 1% of alpha acid is worth approximately
25c/kg hops.
Traditional hop breeding prograimes usually test 300 - 400 new
varieties each year. Hops are selected from carefully controlled
crosses and are tested for storage stability, disease resistance,
alpha and beta acids, oils, vigour and time of maturity. The breed
ing progranme is generally expensive because of the labour involved
in monitoring all crosses, germinating seeds,
transplanting
seedlings two to three times, and analysing many parameters.
From discussions with hop breeders (P. Versluys, G. Hughes) and
observation of the new varieties arising fran breeding programmes,
it is apparent that hop breeding is more a matter of chance, than of
technique i.e. that there is no systematic method known of crossing
(apart from seme basic rules) that increases the liklehood of a new
successful variety arising.
What is proposed is that AHM, as part of its general research progranme,
plant a large number of seeds of Pride of Ringwood hops, selected
from a variety of sources to maximise the genetic variability (from
the male parent) and screen them primarily for alpha acid i.e a breed
ing progranme concentrating on cheapness, high numbers, and a single
parameter (alpha). Tne logic is based on the premise that a desirable
variety has a low probability of emerging, but that that probability
will be increased in proportion to the number of seedlings screened,
and not at all in preparation to the care taken in selecting crosses.
It is envisaged that from a breeding progranme costing $5,000/year in
analysis , materials and labour (mainly analysis) about 10,000 seed
ling/year will be screened for alpha. This will represent the number
of progeny tests arising fron about twenty years of conventional breed
ing and, with a high alpha parent to begin with, should show a real
chance of producing a 167<> alpha acid variety with acceptable vigour,
yield, flavour and storage stability characteristics.
2.
Low Trellis
(IE)
Tne small experimental area of low trellis yeilded up to 860kg/acre
for second year plants in 1979, with large cones formed virtually to
ground level. The yield would be expected to increase further for
third year plants, and for closer row spacings.
In the low trellis vines reach the wirework in December and then grow
under (80% of vines) or over the topwire and continue growing.
The growing tip is then subject to wind damage by being dashed against
the wire and adjacent vines.
Wind also moves the vines in the direct
ion of the prevailing wind direction, and they readily become tangled
in winds not strong enough to destroy the growing tip. If the growing
tip is killed, strong laterals emerge from the two to four topmost
pairs of buds, and these are also inclined to tangle.
Tangling of vines could be reduced by planting rows at right angles
to the prevailing westerly winds; also by increasing the separation
between strings, (currently 2') and by using a double top wire,
rather than a single. With this arrangement the vines could be
harvested more or less in the conventional manner using a car trailer
and with a man in front cutting the top and base of the vines. This
system would have substantial advantages over high wirework in cost
of establishment (probably $1,000.00/acre) but not in management
and harvesting.
To utilize the low trellis to its full premise, it would be desirable
to let the new vines grow up old vines for self training and then
picking without removing vines, i.e. a system with advantages:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Self training with no need for string (saving $200/acre off
present system).
Dense canopy with intertwining for full interception of sun
light and theoretically greater yield (10% yield is worth
$200/acre)
Harvesting of leaves and cones only, with full potential for
food reserves in vines to return to rootstock, thereby enhancing
yield in next year.
Harvesting by blowing or sucking off cones and leaves, with later
separation in existing stationary picking machines.
Potential
saving $100 - $200/acre.
The most difficult aspect of this system would be the development
of a suitable picking machine. Development of mobile harvestors for
normal trellis has been going on for many years by top engineers with
only limited success. This proposed system simply blows off the cones
and leaves, and these can be routinely separated in exisiting machines.
Although simple in principle, a harvestor relying onour movement to
dislodge cones and leaves has not been built, and may not prove
feasible. It is considered worth building a small experimental
machine though, since this could be constructed for $1,000 to $2,000,
and could be applicable to other crops.
Chemicals for Increasing Alpha Acid
(IE)
Alpha is influenced in an unknown way by soil nutrients. A pre
liminary trial in 1979 indicated that chemicals applied as foliar
sprays can have dramatic effects (mainly detrimental) on alpha.
Although the mechanics of any effects on alpha are unknown, applic
ation of foliar sprays is easily done and could readily become a
routine operation if consistent positive effects on alpha could be
demonstrated. For this reason it is proposed to further investigate
the possibilities of increasing alpha by applied chemicals.
Trials will involve applications of a range of chemicals, at differing
times and concentrations.
Pellet Plant Improvements
(IE)
A continuing programme of experiments at the pellet plant has the
following aims:1. Increasing throughput, without concurrently increasing die temp
erature, increasing alpha loss and lowering pellet density.
2.
3.
Reducing alpha losses.
Improving packaging at lower cost.
This year the main aims are:-
(a)
To produce most pellets at V (6.3 mm) diameter rather than 3/16"
(4.8 nm).
The 6 nm pellets are much easier to manufacture than
5 mm but generally have poor density characteristics if produced
from our current bronze die; or poor appearance if produced fron
our steel die.
A new bronze die has been ordered which should
increase throughput without reducing density adversely.
(b)
Most alpha loss occurs between the hammer mill and the pellet
die. The loss is caused by the hanmer milling, both by physical
loss of resin built up in the body of the hanmer mill, and by
oxidation in the air streamby the hanmer mill. Hanmer mill
screens must also be frequently changed, and hence lower through
put rates somewhat when alpha is high, as well as significantly
raising the proportion of physical resin loss.
With the new cyclone now installed for the whole hop pellets, there
is a possibility of bypassing the hanmer mill altogether i.e. feeding
intact hops into the pellet die. The commercial feasibility of this
is to be examined bearing in mind pellet particle size, throughput,
alpha loss reduction & pellet density.
Alpha Losses
(IE)
Despite some documented drying losses in excess of IX (absolute) alpha
acid, (and seme tentative gains by the University of Tasmania) we
have little idea of the losses in picking, drying and pelleting for
all situations and all growers.
Since variation in alpha is so great, a large number of samples are
necessary just to properly cbcument drying losses in any single kiln.
The feasibility of properly monitoring drying losses in all kilns,
and conducting miscellaneous experiments on possible alpha losses
and gains hinges on economical analysis. Approval of the recent
application for $10,000 for automatic alpha analysing equipment will
greatly facilitate analysis of greater numbers of samples.
Storage Trials
(IE)
Alpha losses are well documented for whole hops in standard bales
and for hop pellets, but not for any of the other products manufact
ured by AHM.
It is proposed to set up a routine trial to test alpha losses in:
(a) Vacuum packs of pressed hops (with and without vacuum loss)
(b) Whole hop pellets (with and without vacuum loss)
(c) High density bales.
(d) Powder pellets and standard bales as control.
Preliminary trials and theory indicate that the vacuum bales will lose
less alpha than vacuum packed powder pellets. Losses in whole hop
pellets are not known at all.
Hormone Sprays
(PV)
After two years of trials, the potentials for increasing yields by
selected hormone applications in unclear. In 1977-78 a large increase
was recorded, whereas in 1978-79 the increase was very small. An
associated effect though shows promise of making hormone applications
worthwhile.
This is the effect of some hormones (and some other
chemicals) in delaying ripening.
It is proposed to continue trials with hormones to further document
possible yield increases and dates of maturity following hormone
applications.
Antioxidants
(PV)
Antioxidants are widely used in the food industry to prevent product
deteoration by oxidation. Preliminary trials with hop pellets last
year indicated that alpha losses could be reduced by antioxidants.
It is proposed to extend this work to include other chemicals with
antioxidant properties, and investigations of likely practical
implications (technical problems and customer reactions).
Soil Sampling
(PV)
All AHM growers receive fertilizer reconmendations based on soil
testing.
1979 analyses have revealed some high phosphorus readings
which are possibly due to low rainfall (with consequent low leaching)
and high Ph (from high lime applications). There are some indications
that these high Ph readings correspond to low alpha results.
It is proposed to conduct trials to determine the effect of high
phosphorus levels on alpha and yield. The work will involve applicat
ions of mono potassium phosphate at various concentrations and,
possibly, the monitoring of phosphorus movement within the plant using
radioactive tracers.
Foliar Fertilizers
(PV)
From trials conducted in the last two years, foliar fertilizer use
can be generally reconmended for Tasmanian conditions. It is proposed
to document the use of foliar fertilizers under Victorian conditions
during 1979/80.
Leaf Sampling
(PV)
Leaf analysis accurately measures the nutrients taken up by the plant
and shows potential for determining fertilizer reconmendations and
nutrient deficiencies,The leaf analysis though, varies throughout the
growing season.
Continuing routine sampling and analyses are proposed on six selected
paddocks to monitor
basic leaf data through the growing season.
It is anticipated that one more years results will enable practical
evaluation of the use of leaf nutrient status.
Hop Propagation
(PV)
Hop cuttings represent a significant proportion of the cost of hop
expansion. Some advances in techniques for providing large quantities
of planting material from limited parent stock have emerged in recent
years. The feasibility of these for possible rapid increases in
acreage of Shinshuwase, J 78, B 23, or other varieties is planned.
The most promising technique involves rooting leaves in large numbers
in polythene growth chambers (without using mist). Leaves would be
rooted in October and planted out to a nursery or permanent position
in November.
Carbohydrate Root Reserves
(PV)
Under natural conditions much of the stored carbohydrate in hop
leaves and stems moves to the rootstock before the above ground part
of the hop plant dies in autum. If the vines are harvested early
in the season this cannot take place and it is generally acknowledged
that early growth in the next year suffers becuase of inadequate
reserves in the rootstock.
It is intended to experiment with various defoliation procedures to
ensure maximum leaf material on the basal portion of the vine not
harvested. Tnis will involve modifying severity and time of defoliat
ion of the lower leaves (which facilitates harvesting) and chemical
tests to quantify carbohydrate reserves.
Harvest Date Determination
(PV,IE)
Proper determination of the optimum time of harvest can contribute
significantly to both yield and alpha content.
For 1979/80, it is planned to intensify work in this area, with
more intensive sampling and analysis, both using conventional tech
niques, and by observing lupulin glands under a stereomicroscope.
Spider Mite Control
(PV,IE)
The need for new outlooks on spider mite control is becoming more and
more apparent because of increasing mite resistance to many of the
mLticides (especially Tedion and Kelthane) and cost.
The spider monitoring service will be extended, and evaluation of
a synthetic pyrhethrum miticide will be- continued.
Triploids
(PV.TE)
Trials will continue on the use of triploid male plants for increasing
cone weight while maintaining near seedless condition.
Shinshuwase Variety
(PV, IE)
Layered cuttings from the few plants grown in 1978/79 will be planted
at both Bushy Park and Scottsdale for further bulking of material and
yield-quality evaluation.
Alternative Packaging
(TE)
A vacuum pack of pressed hops was introduced in 1978/79 with sales of
50 tonnes. It is proposed to further develop this pack by stream
lining the production,, increasing the density, and properly document
ing the storage alpha losses.
Other packaging initiatives involve further selling of pellets in
pouches without cartons, improvements in pack appearance with reductions
in transit damage, possible press modifications to produce cylindrical
bales for East German sales, and improvements in whole hop pellet
production and quality.
FOLIAR FERTILIZERS,REPORT ON THE 1978/79 TRIAL.
( J.P. Versluys )
July,1979.
Summary. A 16# increase in dry yield was obtained after four
applications of a complete foliar fertilizer on an
area of hops which had been affected by hail in November.
A similar trial which was undertaken the previous year
gave an increase in dry hop yield of nearly °ff>.
In both years,the absolute yield increase was approx.
100 Kg. of dried hops per acre.
Based on Grower-returns for the 1979-Crop,the extra
yield had a net value of $150 per acre,(after accounting
for the cost of materials and application,as
well as
for expenses related to picking and drying).
The efficiency of complete foliar fertilizers applied
in addition to
normal dressings of ground-applied
fertilizers has now been proven 'beyond reasonable doubt1
and routine-use of these products on a broad-acre basis
is recommended.
Trial Layout.
The material used was Wuxal (a Ciba Geigy-product),containing
9# N,4# P,6# K,and the trace elements B,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Mo,Ni,Zn.
Treated area: bays No.3,4,5, J.Butler,No.1-paddock.
Control:
bays No.1,2,
"
"
"
All bays have 300 plants,area per bay approx. 1/3 acre.
A total of H gallons/acre of Wuxal was applied,divided into four
applications,each at the rate of 3 pts./acre in 130 gallons of
water per acre. (4.2 litres in 1500 litres per hectare.)
The application dates were 8/1,27/1,19/2,28/2.
The first two applications were combined with Tedion/Kelthane
miticides.
Results.
The t r i a l area was machi tie-picked
on 16/3.
W/D ra^io
Kg.dry
# LCV (dry
Kg.green
# D.M.
Treatment,3
1018
4
5
1292
1113
21.3
20.3
22.0
4.32
4.53
4.18
235.6
285.2
266.3
15.3
15.4
13.3
1
800
958
22.7
21.7
4.05
4.24
197.5
2
225.9
14.5
14.7
Control,
(*) calculated on 8# moisture after drying
basis)
The outer three rows of non-treated bay No.1,on the boundary
of the paddock.were visibly affected by the prevailing westerly
winds: in a comparison of treated and untreated areas,the
results from bay No.1 have therefore been discarded.
Average yield/plant,treated area,(900 plants) 0.874 kg.dry hops
"
<>
« .control
(300 plants)
0.753 kg.dry hops
Discussion.
The dry yield increase per plant was 0.121 Kg.,or 109 Kg./acre.
At an average Grower-return of $2.10/Kg. in 1979,and at a
marginally costed harvesting expense of 45 c/Kg. (20 c picking,
25 c drying),the extra return per acre was about $ 180.
The cost of Wuxal in 1979 was $ 2.80 per litre.The quantity used
in four applications was 6.8 litres at a cost of $19/acre.
Two of the applications were put on at no extra cost in
combination with miticide-runs.If the two additio«al Wuxal
applications are costed at $5/acre each,the total cost of four
applications would be approx. $30/acre.
The extra net return per acre was $150.
In a report describing the results of the 1977/78 foliar
fertilizer trial (5/5/78),it was suggested that the percentage
of extra yield after applications would increase under
conditions of low yield in the non-treated areas.
This situation happened to apply during the most recent trial:
all of J.Butler's hops were severely affected by a hail storm
in November: Yield per acre on Mr. Butler's property was
1075 Kg. in 1978,and 840 Kg. in 1979.
It is interesting to note that the absolute increases in dry
yield during the two years of foliar fertilizer applications
were of the same magnitude: + 99 Kg./acre in 1978,and + 109
Kg./acre in 1979.
Alpha-acids content was not affected by the treatment.'
10.
SUBSTITUTION OF SOIL-APPLIED NITROGEN WITH FOLIAR SPRAYS.
(J.P. VersluyB )
Summary.
August,1979.
The effect of complete foliar fertilizer solutions
on hops which had received normal dressings of
Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium has been described
in previous reports (May 1978,July,1979).
In an attempt to reduce the cost of soil-applied
Nitrogen,a trial was undertaken during 1978/79 in
which Poliverdol and Urea-solutions v/ere used to
compensate for a decrease in Nitram applications fron
8 cwt./acre to 2 cwt./acre.
Although yield in the low-Nitram plots was not
depressed in any of the treatments,plants in the lowNitrogen areas showed all the signs of Nitrogen-
deficiency despite application of 'compensating' foliar
sprays.
Reduced N-uptake in the low-Nitram areas was also
demonstrated by means of foliar analysis.This further
showed,that uptake of Potassium and Magnesium had been
depressed by conditions of low soil-N.
The trial again showed the beneficial effects of
complete foliar fertilizers given in addition to normal
levels of soil-applied fertilizers: a yield increase
of nearly 180 kg. of dried hops per acre.
Under similar conditions,applications of Urea-sprays
only had a minimal effect.Trial Layout.
( H.D. Davey,'Kinegar-Top')
(*) one of the sampling areas.
X1,X2,X3
A
= Control
,
„,
^ ..
a , . .,
= Nitram,8 cwt./acre + 3 applies. Poliverdol,total
B
= Nitram,2 cwt./acre + 3
I)
» Nitram,2 cwt./acre + 1
8 pts./acre
C
"
"
"
",
= Nitram,8 cwt./acre + 1 applic.Urea 10£ +2 appliCB.'
Urea \1>
"
"
+ 2
"
Each of the plots,X1,A,B,etc. is two bays (10 rows) wide and
approx. 2/3 acre in area.
All leaf samples were collected from the middle of each plot,
as in *.
11.
Nitram applications: all plots: 2 cwt./acre in mid-November
X1,A,X2,C,X3:2 cwt. in mid-December,2 cwt. in
mid-January,2 cwt. in mid-Febr.
A,B : 18/12 (1i pts./acre),12/1 (3 pts.),
( Poliverdol:
in 75
gals.
7/2 (3 pts.)
(
(
C,D : 18/12 (10?S solution), 12/1 (1*),
water/ ( Urea:
7/2 (1*).
acre
(N.B. An error was made in preparation of the first Urea-solution:
this went
scorching
was done.
rinsed in
on at 10$ instead of 1$.Apart from some minimal
on the leaf-edges of old leaves.no visible damage
Leaf samples collected on 22/12 and 3/1 were
water before oven-drying in order to wash off a
possible Urea-residue.)
Yield.
On 30/3/79,60 plants from the sampling areas within each plot
were machine-picked;samples were taken for analysis of Dry Matter
$ and 1CT. The results are presented in the Table below,Plot
Yield/plant,
D.M. <f>
W/D ratio
(at 8^ moist)
(green) Kg.
Yield/pl.
(dry) Kg.
LCV
(d.b.
1.221
13.6
3.64
1.299
13.1
3.50
1.114
14.2
11
4.53
24.8
3.71
A
4.73
25.3
B
3.90
26.3
X2
3.51
25.7
3.58
0.980
12.4
C
4.H
25.7
3.58
1.156
13.8
D
4.40
24.7
3.72
1.183
12.9
X3
4.65
25.0
3.68
1.264
14.6
At 7' x 7' spacing (890 plants/acre):
Poliverdol effect*
Id/acre
Kg.
Control (X1+X2)
Normal Nitr.+ Poliverdol (A)
1156
low Nitram + Poliverdol (B)
991
(Treatment Control)
979
+ 177 Kg.
+
12
1029
+
30
1053
+
54
Urea effect:
Control (X2+X3)
Normal Nitr.+ Urea (C)
low Nitram + Urea (D)
999
12.
Leaf Analysis.
Leaf samples consisting of the first two pairs of fully-spread
leaves below the growing tip of main vine or lateral were
collected from each plot on 7/12,22/12,3/1,1/2,16/2,15/3;
15-20 plants per sample.Only the leaf tissue was dried and
analysed,petioles were discarded.
The results are given in Figures 1-8.
Discussion.
None of the treatments had a negative effect on hop yield.The
yield-'increase' of 12 Kg. after Poliverdol applications on the
^J
low-N plot is probably not significant.
Yield increases after Urea applications were small too,and rather
odd in that the low soil-N plot had a higher yield than the plot
which had received normal Nitram. If real,this difference cannot
be readily explained. (The results of a trial at the Tobacco
Research Station in Myrtleford in 1977/78 gave a similar,negative,
'
response to increasing rates of soil-applied Nitrogen.)
The decrease in leaf-Nitrogen content is immediately obvious
(Figures 1,2) in the low-Nitram plots despite application of
Poliverdol and,to a lesser extent,of Urea solutions.The quantities
of Nitrogen applied as Poliverdol and Urea were very small (0.4 Kg .
N in 1 gallon Poliverdol,and approx. 19 Kg. N in the three Ureasprays) in comparison with a reduction in soil-applied Nitrogen
from 138 Kg.N/acre to 34 Kg.N/acre and in relation to a total
removal of 50-60 Kg. Nitrogen per acre by cones,vines,leaves.
Phosphorus contents of the leaves were not affected by any of the
treatments (Figures 3,4),but both leaf-Potassium and leaf-Hagnesiui
were reduced in the low-Nitram plots (Figures 5-8).
!
Despite the fact that yield reductions did not occur in the lowNitram plots,the overall effect of Nitrogen fertilization on the
uptake of other elements is clearly demonstrated.
The possibility of a carry-over effect of low soil-Nitrogen on
the next crop will be investigated by recording the 1980-yield
of the same areas next year.'
Conclusion. The break-even point in Nitram reductions is approx.
2 cwt./acre: all of the savings are then offset by
the cost of material + application of 1 gallon/acre
of foliar fertilizer.lt was shown that a Nitramreduction of 6 cwt./acre is at least hazardous in
terms of general plant health.Substitution of,e.g.,
4 cwt.Nitram with conrolete foliar fertilizers would
mean a saving of approx. S20/acre.This is not consider
ed sufficiently attractive,and it is proposed to
stop this line of investigation.
!
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21.
HORMONE APPLICATIONS,REPORT ON THE 1978/79 TRIALS.
( J.P. Versluys )
July,1979.
Summary.
Foliar sprays containing the hormones Gibberellic Acid
and 2-Naphthoxyacetic Acid were applied on three trial
sites immediately after burr.
On each of these sites comparisons were made between
applications with tractor-drawn equipment at 200 gals./
acre and 100 gals./acre and application by aeroplane
at the rate of 10 gals./acre.The quantity of active
ingredients per acre was the same in each case.
The effects of these applications were:
1.0n two of the sites,ripening in comparison with non-
treated hops was delayed by 8-10 days after applications
of 200 gals./acre and 100 gals./acre.It is demonstrated
that there is a chance of less than 1: 100 of these
delays having arisen by chance.
2.Aerial application at the rate of 10 gals./acre did not
delay ripening on any of the sites.
3.Non-treated controls and hops treated with high volumes
of hormone solution were machine-harvested on two of
the sites.Yield increases in the hormone-treated areas,
calculated as dry product,varied between 30 - 200 Kg./
nfjr'g
4.Alpha-acids content was not affected by any of the
treatments*
Recommendations.
I.The significant delay of ripening that occurs when hops are
treated with extremely dilute solutions of Gibberellic Acid and
2-Naphthoxyacetic Acid has now been demonstrated for the second
year in succession (ref. 'Hormone Applications to Increase Yield',
4/5/78).Delay-periods were of the order of 5 days in 1978 and
9 days in 1979.The practical application of this is in extending
the harvest period .particularly in Victoria. In Southern Tasmania
and in the Scottsdale area the advantage of extending the picking
season will have to be weighed against the risk of nightfrosts
during the tail end of the harvest period.lt is proposed to carry
out a series of commercial-scale applications at various properties
in Victoria during the 1979/80 season.
2.Yield increases as a result of hormone treatments varied
considerably between the various trial sites in 1979.Further
verification of this effect is needed and additional trial work
should be undertaken during the next season.The effect of
these hormones on the rate of resin gland filling would also be
studied.
22.
Trial Layout.
5 grammes 'Berelix'
Treatments: ^',200 gals./acre )
( 90 %GA5) /acre
'B',100 gals./acre <
0.36 grammes 2-Naphthoxy
»C, 10 gals./acre )
acetic Acid /acre
Sites:
Bowen.Scottsdale,approx. 240 olants/treatment
Bartlett,Legerwood, n
Edwards,Branxholm, "
160
340
"
"
"
"
Treatments 'A» and •B« on 14/2/79
Treatment •_• on 17/2/79.
Application dates:
Jcb
Plan:
schematically presented below.In case of treatmen.
A and B the two middle rows of each bay were
sprayed.The swath width of the aerial application
in aays 'C* was approx. 30 ft.
11,2,3,4 are Control areas.
|
z
A
1
X2
B
13
C
14
1 bay
Sampling.
Details of Dry Hatter Contents of hand-picked samples
are presented in Tables I - III.Each sample consisted of all cones
picked from 6 laterals which were collected at random from the
two middle rows of each treatment and each control at a height of
approx. 14 ft.
The relation between date of sampling (= Day No.,x) and Dry Matter
% (y) was calculated from Tables I - III as follows:
23.
cocff.of
correlation
Bowen
(N = 7)
Control:
A
B
C
8.49 < 0.01
7.88 <0.01
y = 0.29x + 14.8
y = 0.49x + 12.5
0.874
4.02 <0.01
9.25 <0.01
0.972
0.709
7.25 <0.01
5.02 <0.01
5.72 <0.01
Not - lign.
0.895
0.905
0.767
0.790
4.49
5.18
2.67
2.88
Bartlett
Control
y = 0.21x + 16.0
0.964
(N = 6)
A
y = 0.22x + 19.6
B
y = 0.20x + 14.2
0.929
0.944
C
Edwards
(N = 7)
Control
A
P
t
0.967
0.962
y = 0.34x + 14.7
y = 0.42x + 13.7
y = 0.18x + 15.8
y = 0.20x + 13.9
B
y = 0.18x + 15.4
C
y = 0.16x + 16.9
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05
<.0.05
Delay-effect.
Statistically-significant functions between Time and Dry Matter %
have been drawn in Graphs I-III.
From Graphs II and III it may be seen that maturity has been
delayed by approx. 10 days for treatments A and B in the Bartletttrial,and by approx. 8 days for treatment A in the Edwards-trial.
It is probable that hormone application on 14/2 in the Bowentrial was too late to have an effect: The Control area at Bowen's
had a DM content of 21.5# on 13/3,that is 27 days after the
application took place.In the Bartlett-trial it took until 19/3
for a DM content of 21.5# to be realized in the ncn-sprayed area,
and in the Edwards trial that did not occur until 24/3: respective
ly 33 days and 38 days after hormone application,
-.achine-.ickine: and Yield..
The Bartlett-trial was machine-harvested on 26/3 with the
following results:
Control'
161 plants from Controls X1 and X3,
green: 6.478 Kg,/plant
LCV (dry m content on day 33(via y=0.21x + 16.0) = 22.93#,
basis):
12»°
A:
i.e. wet/dry ratio at 8£ moisture 4.012
dry: 1.615 Kg./pi.
72 plants from treatment A
LCV 13.5
B:
LCV 12.3
77 plants from treatment B
green:
6.597 Kg./pi.
w/d
dry:
4.012
1.644 Kg./pi.
green:
6.753 Kg./pi.
w/d
dry:
4.012
1.683 Kg./pi.
N.B. the influence of the delay-effect on the calculation of
dry product from treatments A and B has been negated by
using the wet/dry ratio of hops from the control area
for conversion of green product from A and B,
24.
The Edwards-trial was machine-harvested on 29/3 (Day No.36).
Control:
680 plants from Controls X2 and X3,
green:7.356 Kg./pi.
LCV 11.3
DM content on day 36 (via y=0.18x + 15.8) =
22.28#,
i.e. wet/dry ratio at 8% moisture
dry:
A:
340 plants from treatment A
green:8.326 Kg./pl.
w/d
LCV 10
dry:
B:
340 plants from treatment B
4.129
2.016 Kg./pl.
green:7.503 Kg./pl,
w/d
LCV 11.5
dry:
Bartlett:
Edwards:
4.129
1.187 Kg./pl.
Control 1.615 Kg./plant,dry
A
B
1.644
1.683
Control 1.782
A
2.016
B
1.817
4.129
1,782 Kg./pi.
+ 1.8#,or
+
+ 4.2#,or
+
26 Kg./aci
60 Kg./ac.
+13.1#»or + 208 Kg./ac.
+ 2.0/o, or + 31 Kg./ac.
25
D.Vt. Contents of hand-picked samples.
Trtblo I.
Date
Day No.
Control,Average
A
S
BOWEN.
0
(bays X1-X4)
23/2
27/2
1/3
5/3
7/3
9/3
13/3
2
15.7*
6
8
16.9
12
18.4
14
16
20.3
20
16.9
19.4
22.0
13.6
17.6
16.8
14.4
18.0
19.3
20.0
20.0
22.0
19.3
19.3
19.0
20.0
16.0
BARTLETT
Table II.
22/2
28/2
6/3
8/3
12/3
26/3
7
13
16.1
16.4
16.9
15
19
33
17.8
18.8
22.4
1
15.3
14.0
16.0
17.0
. 17.3
21.7
15.3
15.6
15.7
16.7
18.7
21.3
1
5
7
13
15
23
30
16.3
16.4
17.7
16.3
19.7
N.A.
ED'JARDS.
Table III.
22/2
26/2
28/2
6/3
8/3
16/3
23/3
14.0
16.0
15.2
18.7
19.7
19.7
23.0
16.1
16.8
18.2
17.6
16.8
20.4
21.6
15.3
14.0
16,0
15.7
15.7
18.3
20,7
15.3
16.3
18.8
18.8
14.8
18.2
19.2
18.7
17.0
21.3
22.0
16.3
20.7
20.7
.
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-HOR l.OMT! APPLICATION-TRTAT.. 1Q7C-
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24
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J-
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BARTLETT (II)
;HORMONE APPLICATION TRIAL,1979.
* D.M
'•-•:•:
j• •
j
'•
i
:
i
Relationship. TIME. (x) _ DRY MATTER, jt (y)
Date
Day No
Date
Day No.
OO
_y.
29
REPORT ON ICSCELLANEOUS EXPERIMENTS
BUSHY PARK HOP NURSERY - 1979.
Shinshuwase Variety
Low Trellis
Alpha Acid Variation
Triploids
Daylength Extension
Acute Angle Trellis
Spider Mite Monitoring
I.J. EDWARDS.
MAY 1979.
_u.
CONTENTS
PAGE
SUMMARY
SHINSHUWASE VARIETY
1st year harvest indicates that this
variety yields quite well with about
5% alpha. Material is being prop
agated for possible Japanese market.
LOW TRELLIS
Very promising with yield up to
860 kg./acre (2nd year plants)
but iiodified picking needed to
realize its full potential.
FACTORS AFFECTING
Most chemicals applied as a foliar
ALPHA
spray decreased alpha but one slightly
increased it.
High alpha varieties
located in 1978 did not differ
markedly from Pride of Ringwxxl in
1979 after transplanting to the
nursery site.
ACUTE ANGLE
GROWTH
Vines trained up string (normal 16'
height) on angle of 60° did not
'differ in yield or alpha frcm a
control at normal string angle.
TRIPLOIDS
Trial en use of triploid male hops
for increasing cone weight and lower
ing seed content failed due to wither
ing of hop flowers in special pollinat
ing bags.
ARTIFICIAL DAY
LENGTH EXTENSION
Artificial light delayed flowering by
2-3 weeks, but paddock trellis (10 acre
farm area) fell down before completion
of tests.
SPIDER METE
M0OTTORING
The mite counting service offers a
sensible guide to mite control while
minimising unnecessary spray use and
resistance problems.
4.
31.
1 -
SHINSHUWASE HOPS
Eight (8) cuttings of Shinshuwase hops, recently released
from Plant Quarantine, were planted in a nursery bed at
Bushy Park in August 1978. The hops were grcran under noncultivation conditions, with regular fertilizer applications.
They were treated the same as adjacent "Pride of Ringwood"
and other hop varieties in the nursery. Most of the plants
were layered when they reach trellis height (6 feet) as the
main aim was to bulk up material for propogating.
Layering prevented proper yield determinations but in general
the plants were vigorious and compared favourably with adjacent
first year "Pride of Ringwood" hops. It may be noted that the
period of maturity is almost identical with Pride of Ringwood
that the cones are quite heavy and that the alpha acid averages
about 5%. No analyses were made on essential oils, beta and
hard resins or storage stability.
SHINSHUWASE
DATE
ALPHA
,£>RY MATTER
FIRST YEAR PRIDE OF RPram)
CONE WT. ALPHA
7cDRY MATTER CONE WT,
(nig)
(tig)
7.0
8/3/'79
3.0
14/3/'79
5.0
21.3
132
9.0
21.3
203
20/3/'79
4.1
23.5
149
7.5
24.6
205
27/3/'79
5.0
24.8
136
9.5
24.9
179
2/4/'79
5.0
25.8
125
9.0
26.4
211
72.
32.
LOW TRET ITS
1979 represented the second year of a low trellis trial.
Pride of Ringwood and Golden Cluster hops were trained
rp trellis varying from 5'6" to 7' in height. String
angle was 60° frcm horizontal, string spacing 24" and
rcw spacing 7'.
Vines per string averaged 4-5.
Second
year plants were not cultivated at all, fertilizer was
applied at 7 cwt/acre. Basic P/K mix in August, and
6 cwt anrnonium nitrate through the growing season.
Cones were harvested by hand from representative 10'
sections, and converted to dry weight per acre. Results
are presented below:Yield
Alpha*
(Kg./Acre)
1st yr.
P. of R.
From standard cuttings, at
close spacing (6").
1st yr.
Fran 1 year old rooted plants
P. of R.
transplanted intact.
2nd yr.
80" trellis height, 60°
P. of R.
angle.
2nd yr.
66" trellis height, 60°
P. of R.
angle.
2nd yr.
80" trellis height, 60°
Cluster
angle.
Average yield mature Pride of
Ringwood at Coniston (85 acres)
260
9.0
274
9.5
864
12.1
720
13.0
760
8.0
1,243
10.0
* Alpha based on single determination - "as is" polarimetric
alpha after drying.
Cuinitemts
Seccnd year plants yielded exceptionally well, with large cones,
distributed virtually to ground level. Because of the dense,
interlocking nature of the vines, the interior suffered from
lack of light, and the few cones formed here were somewhat
chlorotic, of 2-37, less dry matter, and 1-27, less alpha.
The vines would pose picking problems as grown this way
because of interlocking of vines, but this could be overcome
by extra wires. A modified picking technique with this type
of trellis would offer significant advantages: eg. a self
training system where new vines grow up the raiiaining dead
vines from the previous crop; where no costs are incurred for
string, stringing, or training (normally $200/acre); and where
.../3.
-._.
- 3 -
harvesting takes place in situ, with leaves and
cones blown (or possibly sucked) off the vines with a
simple mobile harvester. Leaves would subsequently be
separated from cones at existing stationary pidcing
machines.
The low trellis shows considerable promise and trials
will continue in 1979 with emphasis on systems for
practical harvesting.
74.
34.
- 4
ALPHA ACID TRIALS
1.
Effect of Foliar Sprays on Alpha Acid
A trial was conducted at Bushy Park in 1979 to indicate
the effect of foliar applied chemicals on alpha. Chemicals
were applied with a knapsack spray just as the plants were
going from burr into hop. Three different concentrations
were applied, varying from maximum concentration of the
chemical capable of passing into solution to 107, of this
maximum level. Alpha readings were taken from all vines
not killed by these concentrations.
Average data is presented below.
Alpha
Chemical
No. of Samples
11.8
12.3
10.5
11.8
11.6
10.5
Control
KH2P04
Potash
H3B03
Urea
CaO
*feS04
MgO
7.3
FeS03
MnS04
9.9
8.6
4
5
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
8.9
Although the concentrations of chemicals used in this
trial were rather high, the effect of many of the chemicals
on alpha was dramatic. The increase with KH2P04 was non
significant but provides an indication that it may be possible
to increase alpha (as well as yield) with certain chemicals
supplied as foliar sprays at critical periods.
2.
Chance Location of High Alpha Wild Hops
Another experiment indicating a significant effect of soil
conditions on alpha resulted from trials on high alpha wild
hops located in 1978. As a result of over 200 alpha deter
minations on wild hops that had grown from seed among normal
Pride of Ringwood, up fences and blackberries etc., 6 cultivars
were selected for propagation in the winter of 1978 and were
analysed for alpha acid in 1979. The results are presented
below :-
Cultivar
Control
I.G.
14/4/7
12/4/29
14/4/3
14/4/11
31/3/26
P of R
1978 Alpha
10.0
Location:
1979 Alpha
Location:
9.8
15.5
15.2
14.5
14.9
14.8
All growing up fences and stay wires
NA
6.9'
9.7
9.8
All planted in nursery bed
...15.
7.9
14.5
10.3
35.
5 -
In this trial all the cuttings propogated in the nursery
garden gave much lcwer alpha when transplanted to the
nursery site, probably indicating that the reason for the
high alpha in 1978 but not 1979 was attributable to soil
nutrients or lack of cultivation. It is also possible
that not picking the hops in one year increases the alpha
in the subsequent year.
.../6.
36.
- 6 -
TRIPLOIDS
Pollen was collected from male, triploid hop cultivars
transplanted frcm the C.U.B. nursery in Ringwood to
Bushy Park.
Pollen was introduced to female Pride of
Ringwood hops during flowering with wild pollination
prevented by special pollinating bags designed to let
air and light, but not pollen, penetrate.
The triploid hops were to be tested for ability to increase
cone weight while naintaining hops in seedless condition
(less than 27, seed).
Unfortunately this experiment did not work because the Pride
of Ringwood hop flowers in the pollinating bags withered and
eventually died. It may be noted that Graham Hughes experienced
the same problem at Ringwood in a similar trial. The cause of
the adverse environmental conditions within the pollinating bags
is unclear. The bags apparently work satisfactorily in England,
frcm where they originate. More trials are proposed for next year.
A recent publication (Crop Science Vol. 19, January February 1979
p.29-31) presents evidence that yield increases of 15-2570 can
occur using triploids, with4-57. seed content. This paper is
based on American experience and does not automatically relate
to likely Australian conditions with Pride of Ringwood hops.
...II.
37
ACUTE ANGLE TRELLIS
Research at Wye College in England showed that yields of
many English varieties were maximised when the string angle
was 60° frcm horizontal. A trial was run at Bushy Park in
corporating one small bay of the paddock. Bushes Comer,
in the Bungalow area.
In practice, strings were left attached to the top wires in
the normal positions, and moved across one hill at the base.
The string angles were 67° (2/3 strings) and 58° (1/3 strings).
The direction of the inclination was alternated each rcw.
Tractors could still move along rows for cultivating, but
not across rows.
The area was treated as normal for irrigation, fertilizer,
cultivation etc., and yield and alpha determined at harvest
by pidcing 10 strings at random in both the treated and
adjacent control areas.
Results:
Yield and alpha in both the sites were almost
identical.
Ccntrol - 686 Kg/acre,
alpha 10.2
Oblique - 713 Kg/acre,
Angle
alpha 10.3
Results are not significantly different.
Canments:
The site was late trained, and generally low in
yield. It is more likely that the oblique angle
trial would have shown an advantage if the yield
had been higher,since light interception by leaves
is better in the oblique arrangement.
38
- 8 -
DAY LENGTH EXTENSION TRIALS
Hops are so acutely sensitive to day length that flcwering
date is almost totally independent of other climatic and
cultural factors. The light intensity required for the
photo periodic response is quite low, and artificial day
length extension is practised cocnnercially on many plants,
especially ornamental flowers.
A trial was set up at Bushy Park to test the feasibility of
extending the hop harvest season by delaying the time of
flowering. A mercury vapour lamp (400 w) was installed
just inside a window in the Hansens Kiln beside the paddock
"10 acre" in the "Farm" area. The light illuminated about
l/20th of an acre sufficiently to inhibit flowering. The
light was left running 24 hours per day frcm the 20th December,
1978 to the 10th February, 1979.
Results:
Flowering was delayed to a degree depending on the proximity
of hop plants to the light. Those adjacent to the light
flowered approximately 3-4 weeks after a control. Those
further away flowered unevenly with some flowers at the
normal time, and some up to 2-3 weeks later.
Unfortunately this was the one paddock in the whole Bushy Park
hop complex which collapsed in a thunderstorm, and the
experiment was abruptly terminated before relevant maturity
dates and alpha acid contents could be established.
79.
39
SPIDER MITE M3NIT0RING
The 2-spotted mite or Red Spider Mite is the only serious
pest attacking the hop plant. Seme growers spray for mites
2-3 times through the growing season, while other growers
do not spray at all. Damage varies considerably from year
to year but is generally worse in hot weather, especially
in Victoria when the mite populations can rapidly" (2-3
weeks) increase to plague proportions.
Damage is expressed through unsightly hop cones, reduced
yield, and often the need to start harvesting when hops are
inmature.
A routine monitoring service was established by A.H.M. in
the 1978-'79 season.
Growers were invited to forward 50
leaves per paddock every 2 weeks.
The leaves were soaked
in a solution of hot (65°C) water, sodium hypochlorite
(27,) and sodium lauryl sulphate (5 drops) for at least %
an hour, then shaken and the solution filtered to 200
microns. Mites were counted in water in a petri dish
(with a black grid for background) using a stereomicroscope.
Growers were advised of average count per leaf and spraying
reexxirnendations witMn 3 days of collecting leaves.
Cctrments:
Not all growers contributed leaves, and not all those who
did use the service followed the reconmended spraying
procedure. Generally speaking those growers who traditionally
sprayed 3 times per year used the service primarily to determine
sequence of paddock spraying and were inclined to spray when the
count indicated spraying was unnecessary. (Bushy Park Estates,
Panlook and H. Davey). Other growers, concerned at possible
spider infestations but with no firm opinions, used the service
as reaxrinended with great success (Keir, some Scottsdale growers).
Many growers not traditionally worried by spider mites did not
submit samples.
It is noteworthy that 1979 was a particularly bad year for the
spider mite. Some growers who did not use the service, (Graham,
Frankcomb) had serious spider problems which necessitated premature
harvesting and some yield losses (Data on effect on yield from
L. Miller, Department of Agriculture, trials).
On the other hand, regular users of the service had no serious
problems, often despite bad outbreaks among neighbours (especially
in Victoria).
.../10.
40
10 -
In conclusion, the mite monitoring service worked well
with grower acceptance gradually increasing. The savings
are hard to quantify but are possibly as follows:-
Bushy Park Estates - saving in miticide
$10,000
c.f. normal spraying programme
Other Growers - saving in miticide
$10,000
Value of increased yield in Victoria
c.f. mite damage which would almost
certainly have occurred (27, @ $2-10
kg. on 240 Tonnes)
$10,000
The service cost approximately $1,000 for analysis Mite
(especially Kelthane -Agricultural Department data) and
resistance to seme of the comnon miticides is increasing
objective mite counting would seem to offer a sensible
guide to mite control while minimising unnecessary spray
use and resistance problems.
41.
ANTIOXIDANTS. MATERIALS AND TRIALS.
( J.P. Versluys )
Summary.
September,1979.
Addition of 0.4 Kg. ascorbic acid per 1 Tonne of
hop powder prior to pelleting completely halted
alpha-acids deterioration in pellets kept at room
temperature for 4 weeks. During that time,untreated
pelTets lost alpha-acids at the rate of aoprox.
1% (relative) per week.
At 30° C.,the rate of alpha-deterioration was slowed
down progressively with increasing quantities of
added ascorbic acid,to a point where the deterioration
in pellets which had received 4 Kg. ascorbic acid
per tonne was 5 x slower than in untreated material.
The potential savings obtained by AA-additions may
be calculated at 8200/Tonne pellets at 1979-prices.
Attempts to increase the rate of synthesis of ascorbic
acid within the hop plant by foliar applications of
sugar solutions were not successful.
Introduction.
The application of antioxidants in the food processing industry
is as materials which are so readily oxidized,that a preferential
oxidation of these materials takes place.Given a product
storage-environment in which only a limited quantity of oxygen
is available to sustain an oxidative process (as in vacuumpacked hop pellets),an antloxidant/product ratio may be determined
that will alow complete oxidation of the additive whilst leaving
the product intact.
The range of 'natural* antioxidant materials is limited and the
two main,plant-produced,compounds are tocopherols (e.g. in
vegetable oils) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C,in fruits,etc.).
American work in 1949 (1) showed that the antibiotic properties
of hop resins could be prolonged by additions of ascorbic acid
(AA).
In 1977,Russian workers demonstrated that tocopherols (2) as
well as AA (3) were being synthesized by hops.
The tocopherols are found in the lupulin glands in concentrations
of 200-700 p.p.m. Alpha-tocopherols (vitamin E) account for
100-550 p.p.m.;these are inactive as far as the alpha-acids are
concerned.The 'rest' of the tocopherols (20-300 p.p.m..depending
on hop variety) increase the stability of the alpha-acids.
AA-concentrations in fresh cones after drying were within the
range of 25C-350 p.p.m. (compare vitamin C content of apples,
300-500 p.p.m.;le_ons,500 p.p.m.;rosehips,2300 p.p.m.).
42.
The obvious attractions of using AA in pelleted hops were that
it is a low-cost material (approx.$10/Kg.) when used in extremely
low dosages,and the fact that AA is being used by some breweries
as an antioxidant material,(4,5).
1.Analysis.
During October,1978,some preliminary analyses were carried out
on Pride of Ringwood bales and pellets held in A.H.M.-coolstores.
The presence of AA in this material was confirmed:
1975-bales
60-80 p.p.m. AA
1977-pellets
380
p.p.m.
1978-bales
330
p.p.B.
1978-pellets
560
p.p.m.
2.Pelleting Trial.
2.1.Experimental.
During the first week of November,1978,a pelleting trial was
undertaken at Bushy Park,using bales of the 1978-Crop.
The following treatments were carried out:
AA-addition to ground hops
AA,found by analysis of
pellets
(a)
(b)
(c)
d)
fe)
(f)
Nil (control)
400
800
4000
400
800
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
p.p.m.
(powder)
(powder)
(powder)
(in meth.spir.sol)
(in meth.spir.sol)
330 p.p.m.
790
610
3200
710
660
A comparison between AA levels found in the finished pellets
and calculated AA levels (after addition of known quantities)
showed that an average of 25$ of added AA had been oxidized
during pelleting, and regardless of whether the addition had
been in powder-form or as a solution in methylated spirits.
Pellets were vacuum-packed in oxygen-barrier sample pouches.
Evacuation was (i) to better than 99$ of absolute vacuum,and
(ii) to 80# of absolute vacuum (0.8 Vac).Sample pouches were
stored at 30° C. (± 1°) and at room temperature.
2.2.Results.
Analysis of LCV after 4 weeks and 40 weeks showed that the .
oxidation of alpha-acids in samples kept at 30° C. was 3-4 x
greater than in samples kept at room temperature.(A similar
43.
difference in deterioration rates of AA was found in samples
kept at room temperature and at 30° C.)
At both temperatures,the oxidation of alpha-acids in samples
packaged at 0,8 Vac. was about 20$ greater after 4 weeks than
the alpha-oxidation in samples packaged at full Vac. After
40 weeks,the total alpha-oxidation was much the same at both
levels of vacuum. (By contrast,the rate of AA-oxidation in
samples packaged at 0.8 Vac. was twice that (20096 greater) than
in samples packaged at full Vac.)
Addition of AA-solutions had no effect at all on the rate of
deterioration of alpha-acids in any of the vacuum/temperature
combinations.
(room-T.)
During the first 4 weeks of pellet storage at room temperature,
all additions of AA in powder form completely halted oxidation
of alpha-acids.During that time there was a relative loss of
alpha-acids of 4-5%
After 40 weeks,none
a measurable effect
loss after 40 weeks
in
of
on
at
the control-samples.
the AA powder-additions any longer had
alpha-acids deterioration, (Alpha-acids
room temperature was approx. 12% in
all treatments and controls.)
(30° C.)
After 4 weeks at 30° C.,the average alpha-acids content in samples
packaged at full Vac. and treated with AA was only marginally
higher than alpha % of the control.
After 4 weeks at 30° C. and o.8 Vac,the relative alpha-deterior
ation was as follows:
AA,+ 400 p.p.m.
-6.6%
-4.8%
+ 800 p.p.m.
+4000 p.p.m.
-2.4%
-1.2%
control
After 40 weeks at 30° C.,none of the AA/vacuum combinations
any longer had an effect on alpha-deterioration;the average
relative loss after 40 weeks was 34%.
2.3.Discussion.
In the present trial,indications were that alpha-acids
deterioration in vacuum-packed pellets stored at room temperature
could be arrested completely during the first four weeks after
pelleting by addition of 400 p.p.m. AA to the hop powder prior
to pelleting.During these first four weeks,the relative
deterioration of alpha-acids in untreated pellets was approx.
1% per week. (i.e. very much the same rate of loss as
calculated from reports of pellet-alpha on receipt by overseas
and domestic clients).
44.
It is not known for how long after pelleting the 'AA-effect'
continues to function;the effect was no longer noticeable after
40 weeks.
Neither is it known yet,if there is a difference between the
AA-effect on pellets made at time of harvest from fresh hops,
and the effect on pellets produced from bales which have been
subject to an initial deterioration: hops used in the present
trial were 7 months old when pelleted.
On a production scale,it may prove extremely difficult to
uniformly mix less than 0.5 Kg. powder in 1000 Kg, ground hops/
If pellet deterioration can be halted for 8 weeks after harvest
by addition of 0,4 Kg. AA per 1 Tonne ground hops (at a materialscost of $4/Tonne),the benefits on export alpha-transactions
would be approx. $200 per Tonne at 1979-price levels.
3.Synthesis .
Since ascorbic acid is an endogenous hop constituent,it seemed
a logical step to try to increase the rate of AA-synthesis
within the plant.
Several sugars act as precursors of AA,and some sugars can be
assimilated by plants through the leaf tissue.
During February,1979,two hop plants were knapsack-sprayed to
run-off with 10$ sucrose-solutions: (A) applications on 7/2
and 16/2, (B) application on 16/2.
AA-determinations on hand-picked cones (15/3) gave the following
results: (dry matter basis) Control: 362 p.p.m.}(A),382 p.p.m.;
(B),381 p.p.m.
4.Further Work.
Trial work on the effects of addition of AA
and the antioxidant
material Santoquin is continuing.Further work on the effect of
foliar applications of various sugars on AA-synthesis will be
undertaken during 1980.
References.
1,¥ichener,H.D. * Andersen,A.A.,Science,1949,110:68-69.
2.Ezhov,I.S. ft Guretskaya,V.F.,Ferment.Spirt.Promysh.,1977:17.
3.Lyashenko,N.I.,Priklad.Biokh.Mikrobiol.,1977,13:118.
4.Postel,W.,Brauwissenschaft,1972,25:196.
5.Baetsle,G.,Fermentatio,1974:83.
MO.
45
VACUUM PACKED PRESSED HOPS
1979 REPORT
BY:
I.J. Edwards,
May, 1979.
46.
SUMMARY:
Production
No.
Cartons
47873 Kg.
1105
Av. Weight
43.3 Kg.
Pressed hops were vacuum packed satisfactorily with no serious problems.
Initial labour costs were high (lOc/Kg Labour) but were reduced to approx.
4o/Kg toward the end due to streamlining of the individual packing oper
ations.
Average pack weight was low at 43.2 Kg. due to unsatisfactory
pressing of the high density bales by most growers. (Exception Bradshaw
at 48.8Kg.)
This low weight added 1.9c/Kg. to total costs (cf 50Kg pack)
and 4.0c/Kg. to overseas freight cost.
Assuming customer reaction to this pack to be satisfactory, it is proposed
that one high density press be upgraded for 1980 to produce bales exclu
sively for vacuum packing at about 500 Kg/M3 density at 65 Kg. weight (cf
330 Kg/M3 or 43 Kg in 1979). This will reduce unit processing costs by
4.5c/Kg, and freight costs by 9.8c/Kg.
The vacuum pack, even at only 43Kg.
per cartons, provides the cheapest means of exporting alpha acid from
Australia to N. America or Europe.
INTRODUCTION:
Vacuum packing pressed hops involves the following operations:-
1.
High Density bales are stripped of their polypropylene pack and cut
into two 17." long mini bales - excess material is pelleted.
2.
A pouch is inserted over the half bale and a carton over the pouch.
3.
The pack with pouch and carton is inverted onto a roller conveyor
and moved to the normal vacuum sealer fitted with a 44" long sealing
bar.
ing.
The pouch is heat sealed to within _" of the end before evacuat
Air is then drawn out of the bag using a flexible suction tube
fitted with a thin metal tube at the end for insertion in the small
gap between the end of the bag and the sealed section. Air is
extracted to 20" Mercury vacuum; the tube is then withdrawn and the
corner of the bag heat sealed over the first seam and the side seam.
4.
Handles are fitted by passing nylon strapping through slots in the
carton flaps, and through holes in small pieces of 3mm plywood inside
the flaps. The strapping is stapled behind the plywood thereby
providing very strong handles each side fo the carton which cannot
slide or move from side to side.
5.
The flaps are closed, then taped and the pack weighed and identified
with source H.D. Bale. The packs are strapped on pallets 4 high X 4
per layer = 16 cartons = 688 Kg/pallet.
47.
PACK DENSITY:
Density of High Density bales varies considerably, and it is not
convenient to have each vacuum pack identical in weight. Improve
ments could be made in this direction by more care in pressing the
High Density bales. Average pack weight was only 43.2Kg, and sig
nificantly increased cost (by 1.9c/Kg + 4.0c freight) over the 50Kg
possible in properly pressed bales.
Density in properly constructed high density bales is about 380
-400 Kg/M3.
This is a limit imposed by:-
(a)
pressing pressure in readily available
hydraulic presses.
(b)
lupulin gland rupture caused by high
pressure.
In normal High Density bales, the lupulin gland damage is already
considerable, and is the basic reason that some customers (especially
Guinness) have rejected the bales despite freight savings, and despite
the lack of documented evidence of excessive alpha acid storage losses.
Vacuum packing hops from High Density bales dramatically lessens the
rate of alpha degradation, and.will presumably mean that customers will
accept pressed hops of much greater densities.
The success of vacuum
packing for pellets at over 600Kg/M3 with complete lupulin gland rupture
requiring only ambient temperature storage and freight attests to the
lack of cause for concern with some lupulin gland damage under vacuum
storage.
The problems associated with construction of presses to compress hops
to more than 400Kg/M3 have not been properly costed.
Fred Peacocks'
estimate of the conversion cost ofaHigh Density press to produce 135
Kg bales (for two 65Kg vacuum packs) is approximately $5,000 (= 2.5c/Kg.
at 25% Int + Depn for 50 tonnes). The benefits of increasing density
would be substantial as tabulated below:*
WEIGHT
**
COST
OVERSEAS
C/Kg
FT.
COST
TOTAL COST
(PACK.+ FREIGHT)
43 Kg.
13.7
29.0 C/Kg
42.7 c/Kg
50
11.8
25.0
36.8
65
9.1
19.2
28.3
Powder Pellets.
25
27.7
17.0
44.7
Whole Hop Pellets.
20
25.9
21.0
46.9
Current Vac.
Packs,
*
Based on actual processing costs, 1979, (not selling price).
**
General cargo costs to Europe or N. America.
It may be noted that even at current densities the vaccuum pack of pressed
hops represents the most economical means of delivery alpha acid to the
Northern Hemisphere. The cost would be reduced a further 14.4c/Kg. by
increasing density to provide a 65Kg pack.
48.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF VACUUM PACKING:
The longer sealing bar purchased for these packs to fit the existing
vacuum heat sealer worked satisfactorily, but difficulty was experienced
in preventing the entry of air between pouch and bar. The long sealing
lengths and rigid pouch material posed problems due to crinkling, with
resulting physical difficulty in obtaining the required vacuum>and poor
sealing.
After some trial and error the method outlined in the introduction
whereby air was withdrawn with a tube after initial sealing to within half
an inch of the end of the pouch was considered most practical.
Handles were initially attached by strapping a nylon band around the packs
and crimping a loop on each side to act as a handle. These were slow to
attach, and awkward to carry because the surrounding strap would move
laterally when lifted i.e., it was difficult to keep the handles exactly
in the middle of the pack for correct balance.
The method was subsequently modified as outlined in the introduction.
This
technique works very well, offering a practical combination of strength,
convenience and simplicity.
GENERAL COMMENTS:
Vacuum packing pressed hops is technically quite simple. Although the
system appears cumbersome because high density bales have to be first
pressed and then broken down, trimmed and vacuum packed, in practice it
is hard to envisage a more economical system. The basic problems with
vacuum packing in a single operation at pressing are that:-
(a)
The hops are spongy in nature, and would require
vacuum packing while under pressure . Even then the
bags might subsequently burst, especially the few
which develop slow leaks.
(b)
The pouch material is readily ruptured and could
not stand up to the abrasion that a pack is subject
to in the chamber of a hop press.
(c)
Expensive vacuum sealers would be required in each
kiln.
Some improvements might be possible though, e.g., not using the
polypropylene pack in the initial pressing of the high density bale,
or using second hand packs which would be reused (saving 3c/Kg); or
vacuum packing in the cool stores, rather than at the pellet plant;
or pressing bales to an exact weight.
Some of these ideas are being explored further, but the most signifi
cant cost improvements are likely to come from increasing pack density.
Alpha losses in storage and transit have not yet been properly
examined for this pack, although initial tests indicated that they
would be significantly less than powder pellets under the same conditions.
A trial is currently being set up to test this, and also the effect of
samll pin holes which result in vacuum loss, but little oxygen entry.
49.
Vacuum Packing Pressed Hops at High Density.
By I.J. Edwards
August, 1979
Suamary:
Available information regarding the practical design and
cost of presses to vacuum pack pressed hops up to normal pellet densities
(approx 600-650Kg/nP) are presented. Large lost savings are apparent
for vaciun packing hops up to about 500 Kg/m3 (c.f. 350 Kg/m3 at present)
but beyobd this figure the returns drop as freight savings diminish press
pressure increase exponentially. A doubling of press pressure increases
density by approximately 100 Kg/m3 in this range in which we are interested.
--_,
__
lz ** perfectly practical to sell pressed hops in the present
25Kg pellet packs, at the same density as pellets. This could be achieved
by a new fast action press costing about $30,000 or by a slower more
conventional HD press costing about $10,000. Given the uncertainty regarding
vacuum packing for the 1980 crop continue as at present. That is, using
existing HD presses, but with some modifications to increase density and
both customer acceptance and hop expasion though, it is reccnmended that
provide a uniform weight.
'
High Density Hop Baling - Reconnended Approach.
Basic Benefits:
Vacuum packing hops and selling to Europe or to Anerica
reduces the freight cost from 60c (Dumped Bale) or 46<? (HD Bale) to a
figure depending on the density - (current vacuum packs approx 29c/Kg)
Density of 600Kg/m3 (ths same as pellets) would cost about 18c/Kg, a saving
of 28c/Kg over HD bales or 5c/Kg over current vacuum packs, (properly
compressed 50Kg) this represents a potential saving of approximately $110 000
over 311 tonnes 1979 crop exported in bale form.
The Effect of Pressure on Density.
FiS- 1Shows the effect on density of pressing whole hops. In the
range in which we. are interested, it may be noted that an approximate doubling
of pressure within the press increases the density by 100Kg/m3.
In order to press to 600Kg.m3, we would need a pressure of
approximately 600 psi ie 118 tonnes over an area the size of current HD Bales
and vacuum packs, or 34 tonnes on the size of current 25Kg pellet packs
(9 x 14"). In current vacuum packs the pressure is that of HD bales ie
22 tonnes (approx) over 441 sq" for 110 psi and 380 Kg/m3.
Practical Problems Associated with Vacuum Packing Pressed Hops.
The main interest problems are:
1.
Time of pressing: Current HD bales require about 4-5 strokes of
the ram to achieve required density, ie total stroke of about 35M The
pressing time is about 20-30 minutes as a consequence of the slow movement of
the hydraulic ram. Time of compression can be increased by:
50.
Practical Problems Associated with Vacuum Packing Pressed Hops Cont'd:
1.
(a)
Double acting ram with a fast, low pressure stroke, followed by
a slow, high pressure stroke for the final pressing - Cost about, $1,000
above single acting ram (F.Peacock data) and increase in speed estimate about
5-10 minutes per bale, ie a labour saving of approximately %C/Kg from a
labour cost of approximately 2c/Kg.
(b)
Single hydraulic ram with a separate ram operating from compressed
air (F.Peacock idea). Cost probably as much as (a) but faster speed.
(c) 2 way compression with a low pressure initially compressing hops into
a chamber vtere a high pressure ram operating at right angles (normally) to
the first ram, completes the compression.
Advantages: - Fast operation - only approximately 407. total str»ke of single ram.
Disadvantages:
Cost - probably 2x cost of 1 way press
- probable cone breaking due to 2 way action.
(d)
Continuous pressing - in principal similar to a hay baler.
Advantages - fast operation with compression all in one direction.
Disadvantages - Unknown technical problems.
2.
Spring back of compressed hops.
After compression hops are normally
contained in polypropylene packs which prevent expansion. It is desirable to
vacuum pack the hops without the polypropylene pack, which in effect means
that the pressed hops can only be placed in the pack for vacuum packing by the
following means :-
(a)
Stripping the pack from the hops after some period of settling, as
presently done with HD bales for vacuum packing.
(b)
Over-compressing the hops initially, and than inmediately vacuum
packing after removal frcm the press chanber. Additional compression of about
30% would be required, corresponding to approximately 1207. extra pressure for
400Kg/m3, or 180% extra pressure for eOOKg/m3 (from fig.l).
(c)
Compressing the hops directly into a pouch and containing the sides
until after sealing under vacuum - ie only the top able to expand between
removal from the press and vacuum sealing. Additional compression of about
15% would be required, corresponding to approximately 60% extra pressue, for
400Kg/m3 or 90% extra pressure for 600Kg/m3.
The Economics of the Alterations:
Although we have only very tentative prices and inadequate knowledge
of the effects of pressure on density and sponginess for newly dried hops, the
basic data and costs would be as presented in the following table:-
m
Approx
Density
Cost $
Kg/m3
Bale
Time to
Cost of
Cost of*.*
Toatal Cost
Wt (KG)
Press Bale
time/Kg
Capital
/Kg
/Kg(cents)
(cents)
(min)
1.
Normal H.D.
Press
(cents)
5000
380
100*
30
2.0
1.0
3.0
2. (1) with 2x Pressure
6000
480
125*
40
2.1
1.2
3.3
3.
7000
480
125*
30
1.6
1.4
3.0
8000
530
140*
40
1.9
1.6
3.5
4. (3) with chamber 9" X 14"
7000
700
25**
20
5.3
1.4
6.7
5. Ginger type press
0000
650
25**
10
2.7
6.0
8.7
(2) with 2 way ram
4. (2) with 4x Pressure &
2 way ram
* Pack the same size as standard H.D.
Bale.
** Current pellet pack filled with pressed hops.
*** Capital cost in column 1 @ 20%, interest and 100 tonnes per year.
52.
Note.
(1) = Standard High density Press as used at present.
Accurate cost quoted by Bremner, Scottsdale.
(2) = Basically a standard H.D. press, but with 50%,
increased ram pressure, and 507, reduction in speed for 1007,
increases in total pressure.
(3) = Basically (2) but with a double hydraulic pump
so that ram is fast moving for part of the stroke, and slow
moving when the pressure is high.
(4) = Further increasing of pressure by a combination
of stroke speed reduction and greater ram capacity.
(5) = Press with 2 way action similar to Ginger press
at Buderim.
THE PRACTICALITY AND COST OF VACUUM PACKING UNDER THE VARIOUS
ALTERNATIVES:
Although costs outlined in table 1. are very
approximate, it is now possible to examine with some objectivity.
The following table is complied from table (1) and the paper
"Vacuum Pack Pressed Hops ..
1979 report." by I.J. Edwards.
Table 2.
Pack Wt
Kg
Density Cost of initial Cost of Packaging Vacuum Packing Freight
Kg/m3
Pressing/Kg.
Pouch and Carton
Cents/Kg
Labour (cents/ (cents/Kg)
Kg)
Total
41
1. Present Vacuum Pack.
43.3
330
5*
6.3
5.6#
29
2. (1) with greater density
65
530
8**
4.2
3.7##
20
28
25
600
7***
5.7
4.6###
17
27
25
600
9***
5.7
4.6###
17
27
3. Pack same as pellets,
from H.D.
Press
4. Pack same as pellets
from Ginger type press.
* Assuming press already present, cost of pack (3«?) and additional labour cost above standard bales.
** Cost for item pack, labour and capital on new H.D. press, with 4+ pressure 12 way ra-.
*** Cost for items 4 and 5 from table 1 assuming no initial pressing into polypropylene pack is necessary.
# Actual cost 1979
## Based on actual cost 1979 with proportional cost ready for extra Wt/pack.
### Actual pellet cost 1979 - Assume same for pressed hops.
v General cargo rate to Europe or N. America.
in
oo
54.
The follwing points now emerge:
1.
There is not a big advantage in pressing beyond about
500Kg/nP. Above this level the marginal freight savings with
increasing density are small (3c betwenn 500 and 650Kg/m3) and
the pressure and costs necessary to increase the dinsity are high.
2.
The loss of density due to rapid expansion of the hops
following compression is considerable eg HD bales expand from
approximately 20" square in the press chamber to 21" square in the
packs and frcm 36-38 or 39" in length, (about 20% increase in value).
The bale pressed at Buderim to 650Kg/m3 expanded approximately 15%
after being held in the press for 5 minutes.
20% increase volume
corresponds to about 100Kg/m3 in the density range in which we are
interested. This means that if expansion could be prevented the
effect would be the same as a doubling of the ram pressure.
3.
A single super HD press at one location would seriously
limit the flexibility of hop selection for vacuum packing unless
content varies between growers in a largely unpredicable way from
year to year, it would be undesirable to site such a press at the
location of a single grower.
4.
The economics of a fast speed, expensive 2 way press and
a slower, cheaper, more conventional HD presses do not differ greatly.
Conclusions:-
Vacuum packing pressed hops is the logical and inevitable
way to export hops - using ambient temperature transit and storage
with miniinum alpha acid loss. The reaction of potential customers
to vacuum packing is yet un-clear despite sales of 50 tonnes in 1979.
Nor is the alpha loss in vacuum packs of pressed hops (c.f. pellets)
knowi accurately. Given the conservative nature of many brewers, it
would seem prudent to explore customer preferences regarding size and
density before expending large sums on new presses ie to continue
with the pressed pack with some up grading for the next season.
After another season the acceptability of pressed hops
under vacuum at high dinsitites and the need for new presses to cope
with expanding acreage should be known more accurately. It is
recannended that the decision to buy a new press be held over until
1980 and that vacuum packing of pressed hops continue more or less
as at present for 1980.
55.
The present pack using high density bales cut in half
has advantages in simplicity and flexibility of source. Given a
small increase in density, it would compete in price with more
elaborate methods of vacuum packing under pressure similar to pellets.
It would be relatively simple to upgrade the system as follows:-
(a)
Press into rigid boxes, to prevent all expansion
or into a bale with a particle board insert each end to contain
vertical expansion.
(b)
Leave overnight or longer, remove from containing
bale and vacuum pack as at present.
In this way instead of the average 43.3Kg pack it should
be possible to about 50-55Kg per carton using conventional existing HD
presses.
7T/0
56
57.
WHOLE HOP PELLETS
1979 REPORT.
I.J. EDWARDS,
MAY, 1979.
58.
BUSHY PARK PELLET PLANT:
Whole Hop Pellets:
20/4/'79
Input
124,652
Output
124,652
Loss:
Nil.
414 Kg. (cf. 200 1978)
:per production hour
;e output per hour
- 22/5/'79.
=
386 Kg. (cf. 190 1978)
Lost time = 22 hrs. _= 7%,
Caused primarily by blocked rotary valve.
Average Alpha:
9.14
Average Moisture:
8.75
59.
LOSS:
No samples were analysed to determine alpha loss in whole hop
pellets. Careful analysis in 1978 showed no loss at all during
pelleting, (baled hops were fed directly into the force feed of
the die).
In 1979 hops were fed to the die via the bale breaker
and pneumatic system as used for powder pellets, but without using
the harmermill, and bypassing the normal series of cyclones, conveyors
and mijcing tank.
Seme slight loss might be expected here.
Dry matter loss was not determined for vAiole hop pellets in isolation,
because the cut off point between powder
pellets and whole hop
pellets was not able to be accurately determined (due to unknown
weight of baled hops stored in the pellet plant).
The overall loss of weight assuming no loss at all in the whole
hop pellets amounts to only 2.6% for powder pellets, indicating
that little or no loss occurred in the whole hop pellets. In
practice a small evaporative loss of 0.2 - 0.5% probably occurred
plus a small loss in dirt and extraneous matter removed at the
ducting intake. This would have been negated by moisture gains
in bales between weighing at receipt in the cool store, and
subsequent processing at the pellet plant up to 6 weeks later.
60.
Technical Considerations Regarding Production of Whole Hop Pellets
1. Pellet Particle Size:
A number of determinations on particle
size were made by Allison Labs.
following appendix.
These are presented in the
The following points emerge:-
(a)
Pellets produced frcm baled hops have slightly better
particle size distribution than from bulk hops.
(b)
Pellets produced from bulk hops using the harrmermill
without any screens produce unsatisfactory pellets.
2. Tteoughput:
In 1978 maximum throughput was approximately
200 kg./hr. The maximum rate was due to the impossiblity
of getting more than this quantity into the die. Entry was
restricted by 2 scraper arms, by the die rollers, and by a
rod separating the 2 rollers. This year the rate was
increased to 4D kg./hr. primarily by removing one of the
scraper arms.
A more even feed rate may also have contributed.
It is proposed to further increase throughput for 1980 by
additional clearance of die obstructions.
This will be
achieved by buying a new die with %" more internal diameter,
by altering the second scraper arm, and by reducing the size
of the roller separator.
Die amperage averaged only 35-40 for the 1979 season, and
pellet temperature 40-45 C. By increasing throughput into
the die, density of pellets is expected to suffer but particle
size distribution to improve. The proposed new die is designed
for better density (hole length 1 3/4" ->3") and it is anticipated
that whole hop pellets will eventually be produced at throughput
rates approaching those now current for powder pellets.
3. Pellet Density:
Average pellet density in 1979 was 440 Kg./m
(20 kg. in normal 25 kg. powder pellet pack).
On two occasions
the density was reduced to 400 kg./m3 (18 kg. in pack for a total
of 144 cartons). These periods corresponded to high alpha (max.
10.8) indicating that density is worsened by high alpha acid.
Since freight to Europe or to Anerica is based on volume, the
reduction in weight from 25 kg. to 20 kg. with the whole hop
pellet means that, in general cargo containers, the freight* is
increased frcm 18c/kg. to 22.5c/kg. i.e. each additional 1 kg.
that can be squeezed into cartons, saves approximately lc/kg.
in overseas freight. It is anticipated that a better die will
enable some improvements to be made in density of whole hop
pellets.
61.
4. Plant Modifications for Whole Hop Pellets:
The pellet plant as designed for powder pellets is
unsatisfactory for whole hop pellets because
(a)
Excessive cone breakage occurs, especially in
the mixing tank.
(b)
(c)
Rotary valves are inadequate for increased
volune associated with whole hop pellets
(hanmer milled powder is much more dense
than loose hop cones).
Bridging frequently occurs in cyclones and
mixing tank.
To overcome the inherent problems, a new cyclone with a large
rotary valve was constructed in 1979. This was installed just
above the auger feeding into the pellet die, thereby by passing
the two normal cyclones, 3 auger conveyors and the mixing tank.
This arrangement works satisfactorily regarding iniformity of
feed rate, minimum cone breakage and ease of operation. It has
unfortunately, given some trouble in regard to seizing the
rotary valve due to resin build up. Edifications to eliminate
this problem are in hand.
62.
General Ctanments:
Whole hop pellets sales increased dramatically in 1979 over 1978
sales of 26 tonnes. This was primarily due to the enthusiasm of
Guinness Dublin who found them a very satisfactory alternative to
baled hops.
The new cyclone installed to facilitate \<bole hop pellet production
posed some inital technical problems, but these were gradually sorted
out with the exception of the rotary valve, which continued to cause
hold ups due to blockage with resin. It is confidently expected that
with further modifications to the rotary valve, and installation of
a new die with better density characteristics, whole hop pellet
production will be streamlined to a routine operation with throughput
rates and labour costs approximating those current for powder pellets.
Throughput rates for whole hop pellets frcm bulk hops were considerably
below those for pressed hops, with the result that the hanmermill was
run without screens for some of the producticn from bulk hops.
Resultant particle sizes were only slightly below a control without
the hanmermill when the hops were very dry (4-6%) but damp hops
(8-11%) fractured excessively in the hanmermill, and also resulted
in large resin build up in the body of the hanmermill. Although it
is anticipated that entry of bulk hops to the die will be improved
for 1980, it is reconmended that all whole hop pellets in future be
pelleted from bales, since these give better particle size distribution
as well as better throughput rates.
63.
ALLISON LABORATORIES
AUSTRALIAN HOP MARKETERS SIZINGS
LAB NO.
SAMPLE
WHOLE HOP PELLETS 4/6/'79.
/lirm >0.3
(0.3
Bulk hops and hanmer mill
i
(very dry hops)
46
10
Figures •
44
% m/m
Bulk and hanmer mill
(very dry heps)
41
13
46
Bulk
49
11
40
Bales
50
11
39
^4.0 >2.8 >_.4
703
/03
10
21
44
3.2
11.5
30.5
49.9
>4.0 72.8
71.4
Bulk
22
Bulk h_irmer
milled
4.9
3
C.4
Bulk hanmer milled
55-1
2.5
2.1
8.9
86.5
Bulk hanmer milled
57-3
2.1
1.7
9.2
87
Bulk hanmer milled
54-6
3.7
1.6
8.2
86.5
33.3
1.5
6.9
58.3
31.7
0.04
7.1
61.2
.
<
Standard bales
56-1
Standard bales
52-8
6A.
HOP GROWING IN TASMANIA. Some Notes on Cultural Practices
and Timing of Operations.
( I.J. Edwards,J.P. Versluys )
September,1979.
Introduction. In the following we have described the method and
timing of operations carried out on the majority
of Tasmanian hop properties.
There are,naturally,quite a number of variations
that occur between properties with regard to detail
and timing of each of these operations.
In the following,an 'acre' is a ground-acre,e.g.
900 plants at a spacing of 7' x 7'.
Weed Control.
Dock:
Reglone/Gramorone in May/June;depending on weed
cover a mixture of 2-4 pts./acre in 30 gals./acre.
Asulox in early August;2-3 pts./acre in 20 gals./
Spring-applic.:
Gramoxone/Reglone/Simazine during first half of
Post-harvest:
acre.
August;e.g. 2 pts.Gramoxone,1 pt. Reglone,3-4 pts.
'Gesaprim' (flowable product containing 50#
Simazine) in 30-40 gals, water per acre.
Roundup:
Some experimentation with Roundup during the last
two years,as a replacement for Gramoxone/Reglone/
Simazine mixtures,has given promising results at
the rate of 1 pt./acre and with addition of 2#
(weight/volume) of Sulphate of Ammonia.Roundup
can only be used with any degree of safety while
the hops are quite dormant;even then,some cases
of damage have been recorded following its use
on medium/light soils.
Pruning & Cultivation.
No pruning takes place in Tasmania. In N.E. Tas. no ground-
disturbance takes place at all. In S. Tas. light/medium cultivation
is general and non-cultivation,where tried,has given poor results.
Non-cultivation could probably be made to work on most sites in
S. Tas.,but cultivation costs about the same as herbicide treat
ments. Yield differences between S. Tas. and non-cultivated areas
in N.E. Tas. are not sufficiently conclusive to promote noncultivation regardlessly.
65.
However,it should be stressed that both pruning and soil
cultivation are absolutely 'ideal' agents to transmit disease
organisms,if present,and their carriers.With the appearance,in
parts of Victoria last year,of some disease symptoms which may
have been due to virus infections,and with the certainty that
root-rot organisms are present in all Victorian hop grounds,
cultivations should be kept to an absolute minimum and non-
cultivation should be tried seriously,(as is being done on a
small scale at the Tobacco Research Station).
Soil analysis in N.E. Tas. has shown that non-cultivation favours
the build-up of organic matter in the soil.S. Tas. hop soils are
generally older,with less organic matter and with a soil
structure such that compaction takes place in wet soils,(tractors,
livestock).
Cultivation through the growing season with a tiller,working in
one direction only.The depth of tilling is restricted to the
surface 2-4" in order to minimize damage to the hop root system.
Fertilizers.
A base application of Superphosphate and Muriate of Potash takes
place in August/September;mostly as standard mixes prepared by
the E.Z. Company.Quantities applied are determined on the basis
of soil analysis results and vary from 6-14 cwt./acre.Most Growers
apply the total quantity of base fertilizer in one dressing;some
(e.g. Ferguson on very porous Springfield soil) split the base
dressing in two or even three applications,with the last one going
on in late December/early January.
Lime: most Growers in S. Tas. (average pH 6.5) use 1 Tonne/acre
agricultural lime or Dolomite every other year.Growers in N.E.
Tas. apply 1 Tonne/acre of Dolomite every year (average pH 5.7).
Nitrogenous Fertilizer:most Tasmanian Growers use Nitram only;
quantities very widely per paddock and per location from 4-10
cwt./acre.Ground application of Nitram is generally preferred
above application through overhead irrigation systems.
66.
Foliar fertilizers: Recommendations for the 1979/80 season include
the use of a complete foliar fertilizer.A minimum of three and
preferably four applications usjing a total of approx. 1_ gallons
per acre of one of the proprietary brands (Wuxal,Poliverdol,etc.).
Important that at least one of the applications takes place before
burring;the last application goes on about a fortnight before
harvest,the remaining one or two applications are spaced evenly
in between.Foliar fertilizer applications may be combined with
miticide applications.
Stringing.
At any time during August/September but usually after application
of the Gramoxone/Reglone/Simazine weedicide mixture.
Stringing crews of 6-7 people.Day labour in N.E. Tas. (cost
approx. $55 - $65/acre) and contract rate in Bushy Park ($55/acre
for 1979).
Training.
Day labour in N.E. Tas. (cost approx. $60-$80/acre),and contract
rate in Bushy Park ($75/acre).
Most Growers start training when approx. 80# of hills can be
fully furnished (3x3 vines).The earliest vines are trained,
there is no 'pulling'.At Bushy Park,rank vines ('bull-runners'),
which have climbed up the strings before the training proper
commences,are pushed down the strings with forked sticks.Bullrunners do not occur in the N.E. Tas. hop area,possibly as a
result of the non-cultivation practice.
Defoliation.
In some cultivation areas,excess vine left after training is
covered over with a mulboard plow.On most properties however,
excess vine is not removed until sheep are introduced in the
paddocks during late December/January,or until chemical defoliatior
takes place in early-December.
Important that sheep are taken out of the hop paddocks some 2-3
weeks before harvest so that some hop re-growth can take place
from the base of the hill and from the lower 3-4 ft. of vine.
This new growth continues to function after the vines have been
cut and,until natural dormancy sets in,this will contribute
towards rootstock reserves.
67.
Chemical defoliation has been safely carried out when the vines
are some 12 ft. up the strings.A mixture of 6 pts. concentrated
sulphuric acid and 3_ pts. DNBP in 100 gals, of water will cover
approx. 3 acres.Floodjets are used to cover the base of the hills
and the lower 3-4 ft. of vine.
Irrigation.
Mostly overhead sprinklers in S.Tas. and flood in N.E.Tas.
Sprinkler irrigation either permanent overhead (most of Bushy
Park Estates) or portable overhead (N.Edwards) from fixed mains
with flexible $" hose with sprinkler jets hooked on the top
wires of the trellis system.
There is no measurable yield difference between hop grounds
irrigated from overhead sprinklers or from furrows.
Irrigation starts as required,depending on area and season.In
the South,rainfall is 20-30" per annum,and more irrigation is
required than in N.E. Tas. where the annual rainfall varies
from 40-45".Water requirements of hops are generally considered
to be much the same as those of other horticultural crops,and
transpiration figures from the Dept. of Agriculture provide a
guide to requirements which average about 1" per week
through
the growing season.
Following rain during the summer months it is important to begin
irrigating again within a few days to ensure that the last areas
to be watered in any sequence do not suffer water stress.
Nearly all areas have adequate water for irrigation,even in dry
years,without recourse to dams and certainly not to draglines.
Spider Control.
There is considerable difference in the attitude of hop Growers
toward spider control.Some Growers,mainly the larger ones,are
inclined to spray in a set sequence regardless of whether mites
are evident or not.Others either do not spray at all,or only
after serious damage has occurred.
There is some evidence that,in the absence of spraying,natural
control (predatory Stethorus beetles) maintains a rough balance
which can be upset by spray applications which either kill the
predators directly,or kill them indirectly by removing their
food.This thinking has led some Growers to omit spraying from
68.
hop programme with relative safety in some years,but with serious
infestations in other years.
The introduction of the mite-monitoring service by A.H.M. in
1979 offered Growers the means to rationalize the spraying
procedure,by applying miticides only as required.This service
gradually gained acceptance and should enable proper control
measures to be adopted with some objectivity in 1980.
The mite problem is quite variable,with great variations in
the degree of infestations from Grower to Grower,paddock to
paddock,and year to year.Killing success from individual sprayapplications varies due to a combination of mite resistance and
spray coverage. (Several instances of mite-resistance to Tedion/
-elthane mixtures were recorded in N.E. Tas. during 1979/80.
A report -by an interested Chemical Company- of mite resistance
in Victorian apple orchards to Plictran still needs verification.
With that possibility in mind,a Bayer-product,Peropal 25,will be
tested on hop mites during the coming season.)
Air blast sprayers are generally considered better than low
volume applicators with high pressure jets.
Spraying generally follows the following pattern:
1._elthane,1-1_ pts./acre in the early-spring application of
herbicides{effectiveness has not been properly assessed,but low
cost{intended to kill overwintering females.'
2.Early applications,October-December.
Tedion and Kelthane,1 litre of each per acre.
3.Later applications,December-March.
Plictran,12 ozs./acre.
(For addition of foliar fertilizers to miticides see'Fertilizers'.)