Summary Report Number 2
of
Fluorosis Investigations in the
Sauvie Island Area in Oregon from
July 1, 1953, to June 30, 1954
by
The State College of Washington
and
Oregon State College
Miscellaneous Paper 15
June 1955
This report covers a research project on sources and quantities of
fluorine in livestock feeds conducted by 0. C. Compton and L. F.
Remmert, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State College,
Corvallis;, and a research project on fluorosis in livestock conducted by G. R. Spencer, E. C. Stone, and G. K. Garlick, College
of Veterinary Medicine, and D. F. Adams, Institute of Technology,
State College of Washington, Pullman. A previous Summary Report
was published in December of 1953.
Summary and Conclusions
The investigation of fluorosis in livestock on Sauvie Island made
between December 1951 and June 1953 was continued on a reduced scale
through June 1954. Physical and postmortem examinations of cattle and
fluorine* analyses of bones, teeth, and urine were made and compared
with conditions found previously, as were fluorine analyses of pasture
herbage, hay, silage, and grain concentrate dairy feed.
The results of the investigation appear to justify the following
conclusions:
1. Between July 1, 1953, and June 30, 1954, there was no significant
difference between the fluorine contents of pasture herbage from Sauvie
Island and from the check areas in the Willamette Valley.
2. The monitoring program between August 1953 and June 30, 1954,
revealed an output, storage, and effect of fluorine on cattle similar to
that found on the Island during the previous 20 months. There does not
appear to have been any impairment of health as a result of fluorosis in
the animals examined or sampled during this period.
* The term "fluorine" in this report refers to the total amount of this
element detected by the method of analysis. Use of this term does not
imply that fluorine occurred as the free element.
2
Introduction
A previous Summary Report presented the data obtained in this investigation
from December 1, 1951, to June 30, 1953. This report is a summary and analysis
of data obtained between July 1, 1953, and June 30, 1954, which have been presented
in Progress Reports Number 9 and Number 10.
All veterinary phases of tjie problem were conducted by the State College of
Washington while those phases concerned with quantities of fluorine in livestock feeds
were conducted by Oregon State College. The Summary and Conclusions include all
phases of the work. The data from each institution are presented separately.
Sources and Quantities of Fluorine
(Oregon State College)
Objectives
The investigation reported here included a determination of the following:
1. The fluorine contents of pasture herbages grown on certain Sauvie Island
farms and of those grown on similar farms in the Willamette Valley which were remote
from known sources of airborne fluorine.
2. The fluorine contents of hays, silages, grain concentrate feeds, and
mineral supplements used on Sauvie Island Farms.
The work was reduced in scope and detail compared to the previous period.
It was a monitoring program for. determining if the fluorine levels in the materials
enumerated above were similar to those found from December 1, 1951, to June 30,
1953.
Methods
Pasture herbage
The procedures used in selecting pastures and laying out plots and sampling
them have been described in the previous Summary Report. Samples were collected
at four-week intervals from July 28 to October 28, 1953, on four farms on Sauvie
Island and from three farms in the Willamette Valley. A few samples were obtained
from three additional Sauvie Island farms at irregular intervals. The sod plots which
consisted of sod and soil obtained from Farm 3 and reestablished at Corvallis were
sampled at two-week intervals from July 8 to October 28, 1953.
In 1954 herbage samples were collected at two-week intervals between
April 8 and June 30, 1954, from six farms on Sauvie Island and from the three
farms near Dayton and Newberg as well as from the sod plots at Corvallis. Fenced
plots were used only on Farms 5, 6, 20, and 33. Additional samples were obtained
at irregular intervals from three other Island farms.
3
All clippings were made with a power mower except on pastures without fenced
plots. In these latter instances a grab sample was collected from each of five areas
in each pasture, the herbage being clipped with shears.
Grain concentrate livestock feed, hay, silage, and mineral supplement
These materials were sampled at irregular intervals between December 28,
1953, and July 8, 1954. Replicated samples were taken and composited to supply a
single sample from each material examined. Only the mineral supplement was sampled
and analyzed in replicate.
Results
The locations of Sauvie Island farms are shown on the map, Figure 1. The
fluorine contents of pasture herbage from all farms and plots have been summarized
in Table 1. The average value for each sampling date for Sauvie Island farms as
well as for check farms and sod plots in the Willamette Valley are also indicated.
Average fluorine values for Sauvie Island forages and for Willamette Valley forages
are shown in Figure 2. The data for the period April 8 to July 3, 1953, which were
presented in the first Summary Report, are included here for continuity.
In 1953 pasture herbage on Sauvie Island farms contained from 0.9 to 21.1 p. p. in.
fluorine. The range on the check farms was from 0.2 to 7.5 p.p.m. while the sod plots
varied between 1.2 and 5.3 p. p.m. There were 10 out of a total of 59 pasture means
when Sauvie Island pastures contained 8 p. p.m. or more, while there were no instances
when the check pastures were above 8 p.p.m. The average for all Sauvie Island pastures
for the season was 5.4 p.p.m. while the check pastures averaged 3.1 p.p.m. for the
same period. The difference between these two means was not significant at the
5 per cent level. The sod plots averaged 2.8 p.p.m. for the season.
Of those farms supplying samples throughout the season (Farms 2, 5, 6, 7,
and 20) the seasonal average was highest on Farm 7 and lowest on Farm 6.
At the first sampling in 1953, pastures on Farms 2 and 7 contained an average
of 20.5 p.p.m. fluorine while those on Farms 1, 6, and 33 contained an average of
3.3 p. p.m. The pastures on the three check farms in the Willamette Valley averaged
2.6 p. p.m. Farms 2 and 7 differed significantly from Farms 1, 6, and 33 and from
the check farms (1 per cent level). There was no significant difference between
Farms 1, 6, and 33 and the check farms (5 per cent level).
At the second sampling (April 16-22, 1953) the mean for Sauvie Island farms
was significantly different from the mean for the check farms (5 per cent level).
There were no other significant differences between Sauvie Island and the check farms
at any other sampling in 1953.
In 1954 the pastures on Sauvie Island farms averaged 3.2 p. p.m. in fluorine
content while the check farms in the Willamette Valley averaged 2.5 p. p.m. The
Sauvie Island sod growing at Corvallis contained an average of 3.9 p. p.m. Variations
by sampling date were 1.4 to 5.0 p.p.m., 1..1 to 4.8 p. p.m. , and 0.6 to 15.2 p. p.m.
for Sauvie Island, Willamette Valley, and Sauvie Island sod at Corvallis respectively.
There were no statistically significant differences (5 per cent level) between the
average fluorine contents of Sauvie Island and Willamette Valley pasture herbages
at any sampling date gr for the entire period of sampling in 1954.
4
The Sauvie Island sod growing at Corvallis was fertilized with ammonium
phosphate fertilizer (16-20-0) at 300 pounds per acre on May 26, 1954. The plots
were then irrigated with sprinklers. On May 19 the herbage contained an average
of 1.9 p. p.m . fluorine. One week after the fertilizer was applied the herb age
averaged 15.2 p.p.m. This level dropped to 1.8 p.p.m. three weeks after the
fertilization. The ammonium phosphate fertilizer contained an average of 12,397p.p.m.
fluorine. Fluorine contamination of the herbage from the fertilizer appears to have
occurred prior to the June 2 sampling. The effect seemed to be temporary.
On April 6, 1954, pasture herbage from Farm 5 contained an average of
14.4 p.p.m. fluorine while the average for herbage from Farms 2, 6, 7, 14, 20, and
33 was 3.4 p.p.m. The difference between these two means is significant at the
1 per cent level. Farm 5 herbage (on April 6) was also significantly different from
the mean from the sod plots at Corvallis (3.5 p.p.m. on April 2). Farm 5 is located
about 9 miles to the north of the aluminum factory at Vancouver. Farm 20 is
situated similarly but about one mile nearer the factory. Herbage on Farm 20
contained an average of 1.5 p.p.m. on this date. It would appear that the higher
fluorine content of herbage fro' Farm 5 at this time was derived from some other
source than the aluminum factory at Vancouver.
The pasture data for Sauvie Island and Willamette Valley farms in Table 1
are presented according to their frequency or class distribution in Table 2. Each
farm average in Table 1 was classified according to fluorine content for each area
and year. The table shows that in 1953, 89.8 per cent of the Sauvie Island results
and all of the Willamette Valley results were at or below 10 p.p.m. In 1954 there
was only one Sauvie Island farm average out of a total of 47 that. was above 10 p. p.m.
while there was no farm average from the Willamette Valley that exceeded this
level.
Grain concentrates, hay, silage, and mineral supplements
The fluorine contents of the feeds and supplements are presented in Table 3.
Grain concentrate dairy feeds ranged from 1.3 to 18.3 p. p.m. fluorine, from
December 28, 1953, to July 8, 1954, only four of the total of nineteen samples containing more than 10 p. p.m.
The hay and silage samples contained only negligible amounts of fluorine,
the range being from 1.4 to 5.6 p. p.m. for hay and 1.7 to 19.4 p. p.m. for silage.
These feeds averaged 3.2 p. p.m. for hay and 5.3 p. p.m. for silage.
Two lots of mineral supplement were sampled on February 19, 1954, one
each from Farms 6 and 33. The six replicated samples (a single bag constituted a
replication) averaged 8590 p.p.m. fluorine on Farm 6 and 8833 p.p.m. on Farm 33.
Discussion
The pasture results reported here are similar to those found in 1952 which
have been presented in the previous Summary Report. The seasonal average for
Sauvie Island farms in 1952 was 5.1 p.p.m. fluorine while it was 5.4 p.p.m. in 1953.
Similar values for the check pastures at Dayton and Newberg were 3.7 p.p.m. and
3.1 respectively.
5
The averages for the period April-June 1954 were all low regardless of source
of samples. The highest single value found, 15.2 p.p.m. on the sod plots at Corvallis,
occurred after fertilizing these plots with a phosphate fertilizer. Other than this one
instance there was no significant difference between Sauvie Island pasture herbage and
that on any of the check pastures or plots for the period of sampling in 1954. Sauvie
Island pasture herbage showed a tendency to decline in fluorine content from about
5 p.p.m. in April to about 2 p.p.m. in June. Values on the check farms or plots were
variable but below 5 p.p.m. except as noted.
With one exception, the grain feeds sampled during the monitoring period in
1953-54 contained less than 20 p.p.m. fluorine. The one exception occurred on Farm
33 at the July 2, 1953, sampling. The grain feed then being fed on this farm contained
104 p.p.m. fluorine. Aside from this one instance the fluorine levels in these feeds were
similar to those found after November 18, 1952. It would appear that, with some notable
exceptions, this feed contributed only a small amount of fluorine to the total intake after
July 1953.
Hays and silages were also low in fluorine content and in that respect were similar
to those examined earlier.
The mineral supplement used on Farms 6 and 33 during February 1954 contained
an average of 8711 p.p.m. fluorine or 3.96 grams of fluorine per pound. The suggested
rate of feeding on the bags was one-tenth pound per cow per day. This amount would
supply 396 milligrams of fluorine per cow per day or 0.8 milligrams per kilogram body
weight for an 1100-pound cow. Assuming normal consumption this amount of fluorine is
equivalent to feeding a pasture herbage containing 52.8 p. p.m. fluorine.
Effects on Animals
(State College of Washington)
Objectives
The monitoring program for the period August, 1953, to June 30, 1954, was for
the purpose of determining if the fluorine intake and output by the animals on Sauvie
Island was similar to that during the previous period in which there had been a more
thorough investigation. At the same time any possible effects of fluorine on animals were
to be investigated. Any other diseases that might be confused with fluorosis were also
considered. The data from which this summary is taken has been presented in
Quarterly Progress Reports Number 9 and Number 10.
Methods
Physical examinations were made on 266 cattle in 10 herds on Sauvie Island.
Most of these herds were ones that had been examined in previous years and in these
special attention was paid to younger cattle with teeth that had erupted in the period
after the previous examination. Special attention was paid to the teeth, bones, and
general condition of the animals. Teeth were graded as described in the previous
summary report into five grades, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
6
Postmortem examinations were conducted on 39 animals from Sauvie Island
during and just preceding the period concerned in this report. These consisted of
36 cattle, one horse, and two sheep. Samples of bone and in some cases teeth and
other tissues were taken from these animals for chemical analysis for fluorine. In
addition five samples of cattle bone were obtained by dehorning or other means and
analyzed for fluorine content.
Urine was obtained once a week from six herds in different areas of Sauvie Island.
A composite sample of the mixed urine from 10 cows constituted each collection. This
urine was sent to the laboratory for analysis for fluorine and a determination of specific
gravity. The actual fluoride content was then corrected to a standard specific gravity
of 1.040.
Results
Physical examinations of 266 cattle are tabulated in Table 2 of the Tenth Quarterly
Progress Report. Most of the animals examined were in good condition, and no exostoses
were observed. No abnormalities characteristic of fluorosis were observed in the bones
or molar teeth. In the cattle examined, 1389 of the 1510 incisor teeth were normal, 90 were
graded number 1, 20 number 2, nine number 3, and two number 4. All the teeth graded
number 3 and number 4 were from one herd (herd 27), and from the information provided
by the owner it was determined that the cow with two teeth graded number 4 and a cow
with six teeth graded number 3 had been purchased from outside the Sauvie Island area,
Therefore, only three of the teeth graded worse than number 2 (slight effects) were
developed by feeding on Sauvie Island according to the owners , history.
The average corrected fluorine content of urine from each of the herds for the
period from August 1953 through June 1954 is presented in Table 4. The average fluorine
content for all samples, 3.08 p.p.m., is somewhat lower than the average of 4.53 p.p.m.
found for the previous 1 1/2 years as described in the Summary Report of December
1953. The values presented in Table 4 are only slightly higher than the 2.65 p.p.m. of
fluorine found in 47 herds in the outside areas distant from known industrial sources of
contamination as reported in the Summary Report of December 1953.
The highest concentration found in a composite sample of urine was 22 p. p.m.
fluorine in herd 6, and during the period of February 5, 1954, to March 19, 1954, urine
fluorides near or over 10 p.p.m. were found in this herd. The other herds were consistently
under 10 p.p.m. throughout the year, and during the high period for herd 6 neither the
adjacent herd (herd 7) nor other herds experienced significant elevations in urine fluorides.
Nine special individual urine samples taken during June 1954 from herds 44 and 46 had
a fluoride content of from 0.4 to 1.8 p.p.m.
The weekly average fluorine content of urine from the test herds on Sauvie Island
for the period of investigation is presented graphically in Figure 3. The mean urinary
fluoride was usually less than 5 p.p.m. except for the first few months of 1952. Urine
fluorine concentrations were slightly higher during the three winters of the project than
during the summer.
Autopsies revealed a variety of diseases. One animal that had a diarrhea prior
to death was found to be emaciated, but no cause for this condition could be detected.
Three other animals had diseases for which no cause could be ascribed, namely cystic
ovaries, subacute enteritis, and chronic enteritis. Nematodes were thought to be the
cause of the disease in two cases; a bacterial infection was suggested in ten cases,
trauma in three cases, overeating in one case, and malnutrition in another case. No
lesions of disease were found in 18 animals. No lesions of bones resembling those of
fluorosis were found.
Chemical analysis of 44 samples of bone from the autopsies and from dehorning
resulted in an average fluoride content of 487.4 p. p.m. This is close to the concentration
found in 66 samples reported in the Summary Report of December, 1953 (470 p.p.m.).
Analyses of the incisor teeth of 13 cattle revealed an average fluoride concentration
of 299 p. p.m. The highest fluoride concentration found in the teeth or bone of any animal
was 1700 p.p.m. , and only four samples exceeded 1000 p.p.m. Analysis of the kidneys of
12 cattle -resulted in an average fluoride concentration of 2.4 p. p.m. , and one sample of
bovine liver had 0.6 p.p.m. , both on a dry weight basis.
Discussion
The results of the monitoring investigation revealed that the fluoride output in the
urine and storage in bones of cattle on Sauvie Island was approximately the same as found
in the previous period from December 2, 1951, to June 30, 1953. The alterations found
in the teeth were similar in degree and incidence to those described previously. There
does not appear on the basis of these observations to have been any significant change in
the status of fluoride intake or effects from 1952 to 1954.
Herd 7 had previously a low fluoride intake based on farm grains and a low excretion
of fluoride in the urine (average 1.96 p.p.m. for the period December 15, 1951, to
June 30, 1953). In the monitoring period of 1953-54 this herd was under different
management and was fed minerals in addition to farm grains. The average fluoride output in the urine was 3.88 p. p.m. for the later period. The fluoride excretion of both herds,
6 and 7, when compared to the sources of fluoride intake, gives further evidence that a
principal source of fluorine for dairy cattle in this area was minerals or concentrates
containing minerals.
The source of fluorides for herd 6 during the period of high fluoride urine in
February and March, 1954, was probably a mineral supplement, since replicate samples
of a supplement from this herd reported in Table 2, page 3, of the Ninth Progress Report
averaged 8590 p.p.m. fluoride. The fluoride content of samples of other feed taken from
this herd during this period was as follows: hay 3.5 p p.m. , grain concentrate 1.3 p.p.m. ,
and silage 19.4 and 3.9 p.p.m.
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.11
Table 2 . The Frequency Distribution of Results From Sauvie Island and Willamette
Valley Farms According to the Amount of Fluorine in Pasture Herbage,
1953 and 1954.
Area
Unit
Number of results
Class jp.p.m. fluorine)
10.1- 15.1+
05.1-
Total
Pasture
results
Seasonal
Average
(p.p.m. F
59
5.4
5.0
10.0
15.0
Number 37
Per cent 62.7
16
27.1
4
6.8
2
3.4
Number 30
Per cent 93.7
2
6.3
• • •
• • •
32
3.1
• • •
• • •
..
• • •
Number 41
Per cent 8 7.3
5
10.6
1
2.1
...
. . .
47
3.2
Number 14
Per cent 93.3
1
6.7
• • •
• • •
15
• • •
• • •
• • •
..
2.5
1953, April-Oct.
Sauvie Island
Willamette
Valley
• •
1954, Apr. -June
Sauvie Island
Willamette
Valley
• •
10
L`CO
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11
Table 4. The Average Corrected Fluoride Content of Urine in Six Herds on Sauvie
Island for the Period of August 1953 through June 1954.
Herd
number
Number of weekly
composite samples
Average corrected
fluoride in p. p. m.
2
45
2.89
5
47
1.95
6
47
4.65
7
47
3.88
14
48
2.82
20
48
2.26
Total of all samples 282
3.08