Transition from analogue to digital
terrestrial television in Cambodia
Roadmap
December 2011
The roadmap for the transition to digital terrestrial television in Cambodia has been prepared in the
framework of the ITU digital broadcasting project. This project’s objective is to assist countries in setting
out their own roadmap and to shift smoothly from analogue to Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
(DTTB) and to introduce Mobile Television (MTV).
This report was prepared by the National Roadmap Team (NRT) of the Cambodia Government assisted
by ITU experts: Peter Walop, Gu-Yeon Hwang, and Jan Doeven.

 ITU 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Foreword
The process of transition from analogue to digital broadcasting offers advantages in terms of spectrum
efficiency, higher video and audio quality and new business opportunities. It also offers the opportunity to
allocate part of the broadcasting band to International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) services and
other applications.
In all ITU regions the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting has started. In a number of
countries (e.g. the USA and many countries in the European Union) analogue switch-off has been
completed. Most developing countries are also considering digital switch-over or have started the
process. To support developing Member States to overcome the challenges and migrate smoothly from
analogue to digital broadcasting ITU developed a programme to help countries to reap the full benefits of
spectrum efficiency, and covers terrestrial TV, mobile TV and sound broadcasting.
In May 2010, the ITU published a comprehensive set of guidelines for the transition from analogue to
digital broadcasting under this programme. These guidelines were developed for the Africa region. A
version for the Asia-Pacific region will be published soon.
In a further effort to help countries to switch over to digital broadcasting, ITU has been helping countries
to draft a roadmap, and Cambodia is one of the countries receiving further assistance.
From March to May 2011, the roadmap for transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television in
Cambodia was jointly developed by a team of ITU experts and the National Roadmap Team (NRT) of the
Cambodia Government.
I would like to commend the ITU experts, Mr Jan Doeven, Mr Peter Walop and Mr Gu-Yeon Hwang who
have developed the roadmap through their excellent expertise and experience, as well as to give special
thanks to the Cambodia National Roadmap Team.
Also, I very much appreciate the active support of the Ministry of Information (MOI), Cambodia, Ministry
of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia (MPTC) and the support of the Korea Communications
Commission (KCC) in facilitating the work of the ITU experts.
I am confident that this report will help the Cambodia Government in reaching their digital switch-over
objectives.
Brahima Sanou
Director
Telecommunication Development Bureau
International Telecommunication Union
i
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Executive summary
The roadmap for transition from analogue to digital television in Cambodia has been prepared by the
National Roadmap Team (NRT) and ITU experts in the period from March to May 2011.
The main observations and conclusions of the Roadmap are summarized below.
Scope of the roadmap
a. The roadmap for transition from analogue to digital television in Cambodia covers the short-term
digital switch-over (DSO) objectives (until about one year after analogue TV switch-off, see also
item c) and the activities managed by NRT. The roadmap does not include:
•
The introduction of Mobile TV (MTV), because in Cambodia four MTV networks using
the T-DMB standard have already been planned and a licence for T-DMB operation in TV
channel 10 has been granted to the Cambodia public service broadcaster, TV Cambodia
(TVK), as multiplex and network operator.
•
The introduction of digital radio.
b. The Cambodia television market is characterized by a great number of national TV services and a
wide choice of TV platforms (analogue and digital terrestrial, analogue and digital cable, Internet
Protocol Television (IPTV) and satellite TV). Thirteen analogue TV services provided by
11 broadcasters can or will be soon received in Phnom Penh and a lower number in other parts of
the country. In addition, a package of 60 digital terrestrial TV services provided by cable operator
Phnom Penh Cable Television company (PPCTV) is offered in Phnom Penh.
c. The aim of the roadmap is to help Cambodia to reach the DSO objectives. These objectives are
divided into short-term (about 1 year after analogue switch-off) and long-term (5 to 10 years
after analogue switch-off) objectives. The objectives are shown in table 1.
d. The duration of the transition process from analogue to digital television cannot yet be
determined. The NRT has the ambition to switch-off all analogue terrestrial television services by
the end of 2015 at the earliest (or 2018 as possibly the latest). As long as the final switch-off date
has not been decided (and politically endorsed), the roadmap duration varies from five to
eight years.
e. The scope of the activities involved in the roadmap depends on the licensing model that will be
adopted. In the digital television value chain a new entity needs to be established: the multiplex
operator. The multiplex operator combines the program streams of the broadcasters into
so-called Transport Streams to be distributed to the transmitters. The tasks of the multiplex
operator together with the tasks of the transmitter network operator can be assigned to each
individual broadcaster (licensing model A) or to a common multiplex and network operator
(licensing model B). In the latter case the roadmap includes more activities. The two licensing
models have distinct advantages and disadvantages.
f.
The input and output documents of the phases of the roadmap related to licensing model B
(common multiplex and network operator) are summarized in table 2. In case licensing model A is
adopted, the preparation of the output documents indicated in Phase 4 (planning and
implementation DTTB networks) is not managed by the NRT, but by the individual broadcasters.
g. The decisions taken, partly taken and not yet taken on the key topic and choices regarding
phases 1 to 4 of the roadmap and the activities required to prepare the decisions that are still
pending, are indicated in annexes 1 to 4.
iii
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 1
DSO objectives
No
1
Short term (1 year after analogue
switch-off)
Objective
Smooth transition from
analogue to digital
Long term (5-10 years after
analogue switch-off)
• All analogue services converted to
digital with same coverage areas
• Simulcasting:
–
Phasing
–
Test area
2
End of transition in < 2018
(aligned with neighbouring
countries)
• Exact year, date and hour still to be
determined
3
New entrants/services (after
• Additional digital service per location • New digital broadcasters
digital frequency plan has been
(not same bouquet on all locations)
completed)
• May be new digital broadcasters
4
Extended population coverage
• Additional locations
• All locations same services
5
Better picture quality
• Noise free and stable picture
•
• Widescreen (16 x 9)
(HDTV up to the market,
although reserve spectrum)
• SDTV
6
7
Lower costs
• Minimize viewer migration costs:
Digital dividend
–
STB/Antenna
–
Installation
• Network operations
• Reallocation of channels above
48/60 (as decided in APT)
TABLE 2
Input and output documents of the phases of the roadmap for licensing model B.
Roadmap Phase
1. DTTB policy
development
•
•
•
Input documents
Output documents
International Agreements
National telecommunication,
broadcasting and media acts
Existing policy documents and
objectives
• Digital terrestrial television broadcasting
policy
2. Analogue-Switch-Off
planning
•
Digital terrestrial television
broadcasting policy
• Initial frequency plan
• Analogue-Switch-Off plan
3. Licensing policy and
regulation
•
Digital terrestrial television
broadcasting policy
Analogue-Switch-Off plan
•
•
•
•
National coordinated frequency plan
International coordinated frequency plan
Licence terms and conditions
Licensing procedure and planning
•
•
•
•
DTTB implementation plan
Detailed coverage presentations
Notification at MPTC and MOI
Order to put DTTB site into operation
• DTTB station approval by MPTC
• DTTB station recorded in ITU- Master
International Frequency Register
•
4. Planning and
implementation
DTTB networks
•
•
International coordinated
frequency plan
Licensing procedure and planning
5. Licence
administration
•
Notification at MPTC and MOI
iv
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Recommendations
a. The NRT is recommended to carry out the following next steps for a smooth transition to digital
television broadcasting and switching off the analogue services:
1.
Get the roadmap report approved at either ministerial level and/or political level;
2.
After approval, acquire a mandate to plan and manage the analogue switch-off (ASO)
process in accordance to the phases of the roadmap. As indicated in the roadmap report,
this mandate may come in stages;
3.
Once mandated, prepare and take the following decisions as the first of the roadmap as
these decisions are needed to determine the scope and duration of the roadmap planning:
4.
–
Determine ASO date and the date of the first Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
(DTTB) transmissions. The latter is also relevant for the selection of the transmissions
standard. An adoption of the DVB-T2 standard will open up more solutions and will
significantly impact the frequency planning activities.
–
Determine ASO model (phased simulcasting or not) .
–
Licensing model (model A or B). In the case of model B this decision should also include
whether a public-private partnership is envisioned.
–
Determine the date to stop licensing analogue television services. The later decision is
taken the more possibilities are excluded and the more complex the ASO will become.
Form a project management office (PMO) and start drafting an initial detailed ASO planning
and determine the progress reporting procedures and structures.
b. Apart from these next steps for the NRT to take, some additional recommendations can be
provided which seem to be evident for Cambodia:
1.
Have market research carried out covering the key elements as indicated in this roadmap
report (see Phase 1). As indicated some key research data is lacking and starting an ASO
process without this data could incorporate a major project risk.
2.
Carry out detailed frequency and service planning (see phases 2 and 3), regardless which
licensing (model A/B) and transition model (simulcast or not) is selected. In Cambodia,
spectrum is significantly limited by the large number of existing analogue services. Extensive
and profound frequency planning will be required to see what is possible.
3.
Reserve capacity for the future services of DVB-T2 and DAB. Without such a capacity
reservation it will be extremely difficult (or even impossible) to introduce these services at a
later date or only against very high costs.
4.
As for the digital dividend, awaiting the success of the DTTB and mobile (Long Term
Evolution (LTE) or IMT) services, the NRT could start the ASO planning process with
40 channels in Band IV/V. Depending on the proven success of the DTTB and mobile services,
the number of channels available for broadcasting can be reduced to 29 channels at a later
date.
5.
Investigate the possibilities of auctioning mobile (LTE or IMT) spectrum as an important
means for financing the ASO process. This also includes the investigation of the possibilities
of advancing the ASO costs as the proceeds of the auction will become available after ASO.
v
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Table of contents
Page
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................
i
Executive summary .......................................................................................................................
iii
Glossary of abbreviations ..............................................................................................................
ix
1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................
1
2
Current TV market and DSO objectives .................................................................................
2
2.1
Market structure ............................................................................................................................
2
2.2
Regulatory framework ....................................................................................................................
5
2.3
Digital switch-over objectives.........................................................................................................
2.3.1
Short- and long-term objectives.....................................................................................
2.3.2
MTV objectives ...............................................................................................................
2.3.3
Digital radio objectives ...................................................................................................
6
6
7
8
3
National Roadmap ...............................................................................................................
8
3.1
Roadmap concept...........................................................................................................................
9
3.2
Roadmap construction ...................................................................................................................
9
3.3
Functional building blocks relevant to Cambodia ..........................................................................
11
3.4
Description of the Cambodia roadmap ..........................................................................................
3.4.1
Roadmap overview.........................................................................................................
3.4.2
Phase 1 DTTB policy development .................................................................................
3.4.3
Phase 2 ASO planning .....................................................................................................
3.4.4
Phase 3 Licensing policy and regulation .........................................................................
3.4.5
Phase 4 Planning and implementation DTTB network ...................................................
3.4.6
Phase 5 Licence administration ......................................................................................
13
14
18
22
26
30
33
4
Considerations on the top-10 most critical key topics and choices .........................................
34
4.1
Single and low cost STB ..................................................................................................................
4.1.1
Transmission standard ...................................................................................................
4.1.2
Conditional access ..........................................................................................................
35
35
37
4.2
Customer proposition.....................................................................................................................
4.2.1
Non-cabled areas............................................................................................................
4.2.2
Cabled areas ...................................................................................................................
38
40
41
4.3
Licensing framework model A or B .................................................................................................
42
4.4
Required and available budget .......................................................................................................
4.4.1
Cost considerations ........................................................................................................
4.4.2
Budget considerations ....................................................................................................
44
44
46
4.5
ASO model ......................................................................................................................................
48
4.6
ASO planning and milestones .........................................................................................................
50
vii
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Page
4.7
ASO communication plan ...............................................................................................................
54
4.8
Business model and conditional access..........................................................................................
55
4.9
Digital TV frequency plan ...............................................................................................................
4.9.1
Need for a digital TV frequency plan ..............................................................................
4.9.2
Conditions for developing a digital TV frequency plan ..................................................
4.9.3
Coverage considerations ................................................................................................
4.9.4
Construction of a frequency plan ...................................................................................
57
57
59
60
62
4.10 Allocation of mobile services (LTE) .................................................................................................
4.10.1
Frequency bands ............................................................................................................
4.10.2
Spectrum requirements .................................................................................................
4.10.3
Trade-off between requirements ...................................................................................
63
64
65
68
5
Recommendations ...............................................................................................................
69
Annex 1 – Functional building blocks related to Phase 1 of the roadmap .........................................
71
Annex 2 – Functional building blocks related to Phase 2 of the roadmap .........................................
83
Annex 3 – Functional building blocks related to Phase 3 of the roadmap .........................................
97
Annex 4 – Functional building blocks related to Phase 4 of the roadmap ......................................... 106
Annex 5 – Information on DTTB standards ...................................................................................... 110
Annex 6 – Coverage considerations ................................................................................................ 114
Annex 7 – Broadcast spectrum requirements.................................................................................. 120
viii
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Glossary of abbreviations
16-QAM
64-QAM
16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
64-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
API
APT
Application Programming Interface
Asia-Pacific Telecommunity
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASO
ATSC
Analogue switch-off
Advanced Television Systems Committee
C/N
CA
Carrier to Noise ratio
Conditional Access
CAS
Conditional Access System
CTN
dB
Cambodia Television Network, commercial broadcaster in Cambodia
decibel
DRM
DSO
DTMB
DTTB
Digital Rights Management
Digital switch over
Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast
Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
DTV
DVB
Satellite TV provider in Cambodia
Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-T
DVB-T2
Emed
Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial
Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial 2nd generation
Median minimum field strength
Emin
EPG
Minimum field strength
Electronic Program Guide
ERP
FCFS
FFT
Effective Radiated Power
First come, first served
Fast Fourier Transform
FTA
GDP
GE06
HDTV
Free-To-Air
Gross Domestic Product
Geneva Agreement 2006
High Definition Television
ID
IDTV
IMT
IPTV
ISDB-T
ITU-D
ITU-R
LTE
MFN
MHP
MIRF
Identification
Integrated Digital Television set
International Mobile Telecommunications
Internet Protocol Television
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting – Terrestrial
International Telecommunication Union – Development Sector
International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector
Long Term Evolution, often marketed as 4G
Multi Frequency Network
Multimedia Home Platform
Master International Frequency Register
ix
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
x
MOI
Ministry of Information in Cambodia
MPEG
Moving Picture Expert Group
MPTC
MTV
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia
Mobile Television
NA
Not applicable
NRT
NSP
National Roadmap Team
National Spectrum Plan
OPN
PAL
Open Network Provisioning
Phase Alternating Line; analogue colour TV system
PMO
Project Management Office
PP
PPCTV
Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh Cable Television company
PPP
Public Private Partnership
PSB
Public Service Broadcasting
QPSK
RR
SDTV
SFN
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Radio Regulations
Standard Definition Television
Single Frequency Network
SMS
Short Message Service
SMS
SSU
STB
T-DAB
Subscriber Management System
System Software Updates
Set-Top-Box
Terrestrial – Digital Audio Broadcasting
T-DMB
TRC
Terrestrial – Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Telecommunications Regulator Cambodia
TVHH
TVK
UHF
VHF
WRC-07
WRC-12
Television households
TV Cambodia (Cambodia public service broadcaster)
Ultra High Frequencies (frequency range between 300 and 3000 MHz)
Very High Frequencies (frequency range between 30 and 300 MHz)
World Radiocommunications Conference 2007
World Radiocommunications Conference 2012
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
1
Introduction
ITU has published guidelines for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting1 (referred to as the
Guidelines). The Guidelines provide assistance to Member States to smoothly migrate from analogue to
digital broadcasting. In a further effort to help countries to switch over to digital broadcasting ITU helps
Members to draft their national roadmaps for this digital switch-over (DSO) process. Cambodia is one of
the Member States receiving further assistance.
The roadmap for transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television in Cambodia has been jointly
developed by a team of ITU experts consisting of Peter Walop, Jan Doeven Gu-Yeon Hwang and the
Cambodia National Roadmap Team (NRT). The NRT is chaired by H.E. Ouk Pratrana, Secretary of State of
the Ministry of Information, with Mr Nuth Bophann, Deputy Director General of Information and
Broadcasting of the Ministry of Information as permanent Vice Chair. The NRT consists of representatives
from the following organisations:
•
Ministry of Information (MOI);
•
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia (MPTC);
•
TVK (public TV service broadcaster);
•
NRK (public radio service broadcaster);
•
Bayon TV (commercial broadcaster);
•
PPCTV (cable TV operator and DVB-T service provider);
•
DMB World Co. (Mobile TV provider);
•
CFOCN (Optical Fibre Network and DTMB operator).
Representatives of CTN (commercial broadcaster) attended the meetings with the ITU experts, at the
invitation of the MOI.
The Cambodia TV market, with an estimated 2.4 million TV households, is mainly a terrestrial TV market
with a very high number of analogue terrestrial TV services (13). There is a wide choice of TV delivery
platforms; in addition to analogue terrestrial TV, there is also digital TV satellite, analogue and digital
cable TV, IPTV and in Phnom Penh digital terrestrial TV (with an offer of 60 services).
In 2010, the Cambodia Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was USD 8142 and continues to grow
rapidly. This relatively low GDP figure and the very competitive TV market mark one of the great
challenges for the DSO process. Digital switch-over can only succeed if the costs for the government, the
broadcasters and the viewers are kept low. On the other hand transition to digital television will offer
great advantages. The viewer will have more services and better picture quality, the broadcasters can
offer new services and network costs can be reduced. The government can achieve more efficient use of
the frequency spectrum and may allocate part of the broadcasting band to mobile communication
services.
The ITU assistance to Cambodia consisted of four key activities:
1. Preparation and first country visit to collect information.
2. Drafting roadmap report.
3. 2nd country visit to present and discuss the draft roadmap report.
4. Drafting final roadmap report.
1
The guidelines for transition from analogue to digital broadcasting can be found at www.itu.int/publ/D-HDBGUIDELINES.01-2010/en
2
World Economic Outlook Database of the International Monetary Fund.
1
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
The experts who prepared the Guidelines for the transition to digital broadcasting visited Cambodia from
15 to 24 March 2011 and from 3 to 6 May 2011. During the first visit, the experts together with the NRT
prepared:
•
an analysis of the TV market and regulatory situation;
•
an overview of short-term and long-term DSO objectives; and
•
an inventory of decisions (partly) taken regarding key objectives and choices with respect to the
functional building blocks in scope.
After the first visit the experts prepared a draft roadmap report. During the second visit, the draft report
and the contributions made by the NRT were discussed and evaluated, resulting in an agreed list of
changes to the draft report. Finally, the experts prepared the Roadmap for the transition from analogue
to digital terrestrial television in Cambodia.
In the following sections, the current situation and DSO objectives will be addressed in section 2. Section 3
shows the draft national roadmap for achieving the DSO objectives. Section 4 gives considerations
regarding the top-10 key topics and choices.
Annexes 1 to 4 show in detail the decisions taken, partly taken and not yet taken on the key topic and
choices regarding the DSO process in Cambodia. Also the activities required to prepare the decisions that
are still pending, are indicated.
Additional information regarding DTTB transmission standards, coverage considerations and spectrum
requirements is given in the annexes 5, 6 and 7.
2
Current TV market and DSO objectives
The starting point for developing the roadmap for transition to digital terrestrial television is an analysis of
the current TV market and regulatory framework, described in section 2.1 and section 2.2 respectively.
The aim of the roadmap is indicated by the DSO objectives, as described in section 2.3.
2.1
Market structure
The Cambodia television market structure is shown in the Figure 2.1.
It is estimated that the total population in Cambodia is 15 million, the average household consists of five
people and that 80 per cent of households has a TV set. Consequently, the total number of TV households
(TVHH) is about 2.4 million.
The TV market is mainly a terrestrial TV market with a very high number of terrestrial TV services. Bayon
TV, CTN and TVK are the main players. New services are foreseen; Hang Meas TV will come into operation
soon and more TV services are envisaged.
A cable TV company (PPCTV) has been licensed for digital terrestrial TV and has nine DVB-T transmitters
(and hence nine multiplexes) in operation in Phnom Penh using the DVB-T standard3. The offer consists of
60 services, 48 in a pay-tv package and 12 national TV services free-to-air. The STBs are PPCTV owned and
on loan to subscribers. The installation fee is USD 50 and the subscription fee is USD 10 per month, or
USD 50 for a six month service fee.
3
2
The output signal of the transmitters (each 1.4 kW) is combined in a single antenna of eight tiers at a height of about
120 m. It is understood that, although the compression system applied in the head-end is MPEG2, the STBs are
equipped for MPEG4.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 2.1: Cambodia TV market structure
Public Service Broadcasting
Content
Creators
T
C
Multiplex
Operator
National Television of Cambodia (TVK)
Regional (4 inserts)
TV5 Monde France
Vietnam TV
CTN
My TV
Bayon TV
Bayon
BayonNews
TV 1
Army TV5
PPMTV TV 3 (VHF)
PPMTV TV 3 (UHF)
Apsara TV
SEA TV (?)
TV 9 (Khnmer TV)
Hang MEAS TV
Channel 9, 10, 11..(60 services)
TV5 Monde France
Vietnam TV
CTN
MY TV
Bayon TV
Bayon
BayonNews
TV 1
Army TV5
PPMTV TV 3 (VHF)
PPMTV TV 3 (UHF)
Apsara TV
SEA TV
TV 9 (Khnmer TV)
Hang MEAS TV
PP Cable TV ( A & D pay tv )
(120 k subs)
(80% pop, 11.2 m/week)
(90% pop, 12.6 m/week)
(70% pop, 9.8 m/week)
(60% pop, 8.4 m/week)
(50% pop, 7.0 m/week)
(50% pop, 7.0 m/week)
PP Cable TV ( A & D)
All comm. broadcasters
Other cable companies ( A only)
All comm. broadcasters ( except 1)
= Public entity
(70% pop , 9.8 m/week)
Satellite service provider DTV
All comm. broadcasters
S
% pop coverage/
million viewers per week
Other cable companies (A only)
Nat. TV of Cambodia (TVK)
C
Content
Distributors
PP Cable TV (A & D)
National Television of Cambodia (TVK)
T
Service
Providers
National Television of Cambodia
National Television of Cambodia (TVK)
S
Commercial broadcasting services
Content
Aggregators
Satellite service provider DTV
(120 k subs)
= Commercial entity
An indication of the frequency use of the current and planned analogue and digital TV and MTV services is
given in Table 2.1. In addition to the services and channels indicated in Table 2.1, a number of TV
assignments have been reserved for future use.
TABLE 2.1
Overview of TV frequency usage
Service
Standard
Number
of sites
Channel
in PP
Channels in provinces
TVK
B-PAL
6
7
Battambang 7, Kratie 7, Pursat 7, Ratanakiri 7, Sihanouk Ville 7,
CTN
G-PAL
9
21
Banteay Mean Chey 25, Battambang 21, Kampong Cham 24,
Kampong Thom 29, Pursat 30, Sihanouk Ville 21, Siem Reap 23
Svay Rieng 26
My TV
G-PAL
9
29
Banteay Mean Chey 23, Battambang 23, Kampong Cham 28,
Kampong Thom 22, Pursat 23, Sihanouk Ville 23, Siem Reap 26,
Svay Rieng 24
Bayon TV
B/G-PAL
15
27
Banteay Mean Chey 27, Battambang 31, Kampong Cham 12,
Kampong Thom 32, Kampot 25, Kratie 23, Preah Vihear 25,
Pursat 27, Ratanakiri 23, , Sihanouk Ville 27, Siem Reap 8,
Stung Treng 27, Svay Rieng 32
Bayon News
G-PAL
1
50
3
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Service
Standard
Number
of sites
Channel
in PP
Channels in provinces
ArmyTV ch5
B-PAL
5
5
Battambang 5, Kratie 5, Sihanouk Ville 5, Siem Reap 5
PPMTV3
B/G-PAL
5
3; 33
Battambang 12, Kampong Cham 10, Sihanouk Ville 12,
Siem Reap 12
Apsara
B-PAL
1
11
Sea TV
G-PAL
3
31
TV9
(Khmer TV)
B/G-PAL
3
9
TV5 Monde
France
G-PAL
1
23
Vietnam TV
G-PAL
1
25
Hang Meas
TV
G-PAL
1
46
PPCTV
DVB-T
1
36-44
TVK-DMB
T-DMB
1
10
Battambang 29, Siem Reap 10
In principle all terrestrial broadcasters are allowed to provide nationwide coverage, with the exception
of PPTCV.
Cross border interference has been experienced in the following situations:
TABLE 2.2
Overview of experienced cross border interference
Channel
Area
Interference from
7
East part of Cambodia
Vietnam
21, 23, 27
Northwest part of Cambodia
Thailand
29
South part of Cambodia
Vietnam
As an example the sites of Bayon TV, the broadcaster with the most extended network, is shown in
Figure 2.2.
The satellite platform of DTV offers a pay-TV package for USD 10 per month. The number of subscribers is
currently estimated at 120 000.
Cable TV is offered by two companies in Phnom Penh (serving similar areas) and by 102 cable companies
in the provinces. The offer is about 60 channels and the subscription fee is USD 10 per month or USD 50
for a six month service fee. The number of cable TV subscribers is estimated to be 30 per cent to 50 per
cent of the TVHH.
4
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 2.2: TV transmitter sites of Bayon TV
TV CH25 (1Kw)
TV CH27 (2Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV
TVCH8
CH8(10Kw)
(2Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH27
(1Kw)
TV CH 23 (1 Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH32 (1Kw)
TV CH 27 (1 Kw)
Comm. Tower
TV CH31 (1Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH27 (1Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH 21 (1 Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH12 (10Kw)
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH27 (10Kw)
Comm. Tower
TV CH32 (1Kw)
TV CH 27 (1 Kw)
BAYON TV COVERAGE AREA
Future plan
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
Comm. Tower
TV CH25 (1Kw)
Current Broadcasting
Comm. Tower
Source: Bayon TV
2.2
Regulatory framework
The regulatory framework with regard to television broadcasting is shown in Table 2.3.
The main regulatory bodies are the Ministry of Information (MOI) and the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications of Cambodia (MPTC).
With regard to the transition to digital television the following observations can be made:
1. Two DTTB standards are permitted by the government, DVB-T and DTMB; it is up to the
broadcaster to select one of the two. Currently only DVB-T services are operational. For MTV one
standard is allowed: T-DMB. T-DMB test transmissions take place in Phnom Penh. Operational
T-DMB services are expected soon (see also section 2.3.2).
2. A great number of analogue TV channels are in use (see section 2.1) and a number of channels
are assigned for future use. The high number of operational and planned channels will make the
digital switch-over process complex (see also section 4.10).
3. All broadcasters have a broadcasting licence, with a frequency assignment, from the Ministry of
Information. However, not all broadcasters have applied for the actual spectrum licence from the
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia.
4. A new telecommunication law is in preparation; in this law the establishment of a regulatory
entity (Telecommunications Regulator Cambodia – TRC) is foreseen. The TRC will take care of the
5
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
executive tasks of spectrum management, while the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of
Cambodia will deal with policy issues.
5. Private Public Partnerships are sources of financing the transition to digital TV in a number of
countries (see section 2.9 of the Guidelines). This possibility is not excluded in Cambodia as
foreign ownership in broadcasting and/or multiplex companies is allowed provided that it is
restricted to a minority share.
TABLE 2.3
Regulatory framework
Relevant legislation
Arranges/Covers
Regulatory body
Press Law
No impact on television market
Ministry of Information
(MOI)
Telecommunications
Act in preparation
Covers all telecom markets, including
broadcasting frequency aspects. It also
includes competition rules.
Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunication of
Cambodia (MPTC)
Assigned rights
Telecom act will assign policy tasks to MPTC
and executing tasks to Telecom Regulator
Cambodia (TRC)
Telecommunications
Act
National Spectrum Allocation and managing MPTC/
NSP
Telecommunications
Regulator Cambodia
(TRC)
Telecommunications
Act
Licensing of transmitters
TRC
Law on copyrights and
related rights
No impact on television market
Ministry of Culture and
Fine Arts
Sub ‘decree’
Licensing of broadcasters
MOI
Proclamation on TV and Setting transmission standards for digital
Radio Standard
television (DVB-T , DTMB, T-DMB)
Spectrum rights
Content /
broadcast rights
MOI
No law or regulations for PSB (nor on tasks
or funding)
2.3
Digital switch-over objectives
The short and long term DSO objectives in Cambodia are indicated in section 2.3.1. The emphasis of these
objectives is on DTTB services. As mobile television (MTV) provides a different broadcasting service, the
MTV objectives are described separately in section 2.3.2. Digital radio may have an impact on TV
spectrum use. For that reason, digital radio objectives are indicated in section 2.3.3.
2.3.1
Short- and long-term objectives
As mentioned in section 2.1, digital terrestrial television has started in Phnom Penh with the nine
multiplexes PPCTV is providing. In addition, as a result of the DSO process all current analogue TV services
will be digital and new digital services are envisaged. The objectives for DSO are shown in Table 2.4.
6
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 2.4
DSO objectives
No
1
Short-term
(1 year after ASO)
Objective
Smooth transition from
analogue to digital
•
All analogue services converted to
digital with same coverage areas
•
Simulcasting :
Long-term
(5-10 years after ASO)
– Phasing
–
2
End of transition in < 2018
(aligned with neighbouring
countries)
•
3
New entrants/services (after
•
digital frequency plan has been
completed)
Test area
Exact year, date and hour still to be
determined
Additional digital service per
location (not same bouquet on all
locations)
•
May be new digital broadcasters
• New digital broadcasters
4
Extended population coverage
•
Additional locations
• All locations same services
5
Better picture quality
•
Noise free and stable picture
•
Widescreen (16 x 9)
• (HDTV up to the market,
although reserve spectrum)
•
SDTV
•
Minimize viewer migration costs:
•
STB/Antenna
•
Installation
•
Reallocation of channels above
49/60 (as decided in APT)
6
Lower costs
7
Digital dividend
• Network operations
With regard to the DSO objectives the following observations can be made:
1. A number of objectives (such as the number of services, the coverage of the services, lower costs
and digital dividend) may be contradictory. After having analyzed the consequences in spectrum
requirements and costs (for the viewer and the broadcaster) a number of objectives may need to
be reviewed.
2. Realization of the DSO objective regarding the conversion of all analogue TV services to digital
and the continuation of the DVB-T free-to-air services of PPCTV will result in dual coverage of ten
national services in Phnom Penh and its surroundings. This situation should be avoided as it is not
economic and spectrum efficient (see also section 4.10).
2.3.2
MTV objectives
MTV networks provide services for handheld and mobile receiving devices, using a dedicated MTV
transmission standard. The international market prospective of MTV is variable. MTV services using the
T-DMB standard are successfully implemented in Korea and Japan. However, in Europe a number of
countries started MTV services using the DVB-H standard, and due to limited market take up, these DVB-H
services have been stopped or will stop soon. On the other hand, multimedia services via mobile
communication networks (3G and 4G) seem more promising.
7
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In Cambodia, four MTV networks using the T-DMB standard have been planned4 and a licence for T-DMB
operation in frequency block 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D has been granted to TVK as multiplex and network
operator. MTV introduction has been planned in a phased approach, as summarized in Table 2.5.
TABLE 2.5
MTV introduction
Phase
Introduction
Frequency block
Location
1
2011
10A, 10B, 10C*)
Phnom Penh
2
2012
10A, 10B, 10C*)
Battambang, Siem Riep
3
2013
10A, 10B, 10C*)
Kampong Cham, Sihanouk Ville
4
2014
10D*)
Phnom Penh, Battambang, Siem Riep, Kampong Cham,
Sihanouk Ville
5
2015
10A, 10B, 10C*), 10D*)
Other regions
Source: Consulting report on Support for T-DMB Commercialization in Cambodia.
* Content to be decided.
With the licence issued and the project plan already drafted (see footnote 3), the purpose of a roadmap
for MTV has been met. For that reason MTV networks are not part of the roadmap described in this
report.
In the longer term, there may be requests for more T-DMB services or from other operators. For that
purpose, it may be necessary to be set aside one or more channels in Band III. These channels will be
available after analogue switch-off.
It should be noted that the content of frequency blocks 10C and 10D has not yet been decided. Future
T-DMB requirements could therefore (partly) be accommodated in these frequency blocks.
2.3.3
Digital radio objectives
Digital radio is not in the scope of the roadmap for transition from analogue to digital television. However,
frequency assignments for digital radio in Band III should be taken into account in the network planning. It
is understood that the Ministry of Information is considering digital radio and may reserve one of more
channels for T-DAB (or T-DAB+) in Band III.
In this light, it should be noted that the T-DMB multiplex includes a number of digital radio services.
3
National Roadmap
After having determined the aim of the roadmap as described in section 2, this section will describe the
roadmap itself. Section 3 starts with an introduction on the concept of a roadmap, followed by the
description of the construction of the roadmap in section 3.2. In section 3.3, the selected functional
building blocks of the Cambodia roadmap are shown. Section 3.4 describes each of the phases of the
Cambodia roadmap.
The national roadmap will deal with digital terrestrial broadcasting only. Mobile TV is not included
because a licence is granted and a project plan is available (see section 2.3.2).
4
8
See Consulting Report on Support for T-DMB Commercialization in Cambodia, December 2010 by KCC and KBS, directed
by Mr Gu-Yeon Hwang.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
3.1
Roadmap concept
A roadmap is a management forecasting tool and is directed to the implementation of strategy and
related to project planning.
A roadmap matches short-term and long-term goals and indicates the main activities needed to meet
these goals. Developing a roadmap has three major uses:
1. It helps to reach consensus about the requirements and solutions for transition to DTTB.
2. It provides a mechanism to help forecast the key miles stones for the transition to DTTB.
3. It provides a framework to help plan and coordinate the steps needed for transition to DTTB.
A roadmap consists of various phases, normally related to preparation, development and implementation
of the strategy. A roadmap is often presented in the form of layers and bars, together with milestones on
a time scale.
3.2
Roadmap construction
Part 6 of the Guidelines for transition to digital television describes a method for developing a roadmap.
Also a set of generic roadmaps regarding the whole process of transition to DTTB and introduction of MTV
is given. The methodology described in Part 6 of the Guidelines will be followed in the development of the
national Cambodia roadmap.
The basis is a functional framework consisting of five layers (see Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1: Functional framework
Functional layers
Functional
building blocks
Key topic &
choices
Information &
implementation
guidelines
Functional layer
Guidelines
A. Policy and regulation
Part 2
B. Analogue switch-off (ASO)
Part 2
C. Market and business development Part 3
D. DTTB & MTV networks
Part 4 & Part 5
E. Roadmap development
Part 6
• In each layer 3 to 13 functional building blocks
have been identified
• Each functional building block is described in the
corresponding chapters of Part 2 to 6, including
– Key topics and choices
– Implementation guidelines
9
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Each layer consists of a number of functional building blocks. In each functional building block key topics
and choices have been identified.
The roadmap is constructed by defining the phases and by placing the relevant functional blocks in each
phase in a logical order and in a time frame. For each of the functional building blocks the decisions
already taken and the main activities to resolve not yet decided key topics and choices are identified.
Figure 3.2 illustrates the construction process.
Figure 3.2: Roadmap construction
Identify the phases of the roadmap
Select the relevant functional
building blocks per phase
• Taking into account :
– Responsibility of the actors involved
– Status of implementation
• Some functional building blocks
appear in more than one phase
Identify main activities per
functional building block
• Activities to resolve yet undecided
key topics and choices
Add main activities
not specific to DTTB & MTV
• Activities needed for successful
DTTB & MTV implementation
but not described in Guidelines
Place functional building blocks in
logical order and time frame
• Realistic time schedules need to
be established
The result is a roadmap that consists of three levels:
1. Phases of the roadmap with the selected functional building blocks per phase.
2. For each phase, the functional building blocks places in a logical order and time frame.
3. For each functional building block in a phase, the status on key topics and choices and the main
activities to be carried out.
The roadmap structure is illustrated in Figure 3.3.
The selected relevant functional building blocks are shown in Figure 3.4 in section 3.3. Key topics and
choices related to the selected functional building blocks of functional layers A (Policy and regulation), B
(Analogue switch-off), C (Market and business development), and D (Networks (DTTB and MTV)) have
been considered and decisions which have (partly) been taken, and which still need to be taken, have
been identified.
An overview of the status of the selected functional building blocks is given in Annexes 1 to 4.
10
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.3: Roadmap structure
Detailed DTTB
service planning
License
procedure and
planning
Internationally
coordinated
frequency plan
Nationally
coordinated
frequency plan
4.2 Design
principles &
network
4.3 Network
architecture
planning
ASO plan
Phase
Functional
blocks
In each phase,
the relevant
functional
blocks are
placed in a
logical order
and in a time
frame.
2.5
Assignment
procedures
3.3
Consultation
with market
parties/
Parliament
License
assignment
procedure
License
conditions
2.8 Media
permits &
authorizations
2.6 License
terms &
conditions
DTTB
Policy
2.2
Licensing
framework
Framework decided
For each of the
functional
blocks, the
status of the key
topics and
choices and the
main activities
for carrying out
the function are
identified
International
frequency
coordination
4.4 System
parameters
4.5 Radiation
characteristics
License terms &
conditions defined
License terms
&conditions
DTTB service planning
coordinated
Key topics & choices
2.5.1
Basic assigned instruments and procedures:
What is the preferred assignment instrument
(FCFS, auction or public tender) for
broadcasting?
Status
C
2.5.2
C
Assignment procedures for DTTB services:
What is the selected assignment instrument
(FCFS, auction or public tender) for DTTB
services?
Assignment
procedure approved
(first) license
assigned
Decision
No legislation present arranging assignment instruments for
spectrum and/or broadcast rights.
The current situation is that all licenses to the Cambodian
broadcasters and service providers were assigned on the basis
of FCFS.
The NRT should make a difference between assigning licenses
to broadcasters (model A) and multiplex/network operator
(model B).
In case of model B the NRT could apply a different instrument
(for example public tender).
In case of model A, the NRT should be aware of the risk that
introducing another assignment instrument (other than FCFS)
may lead to claims of unfair competition. Mitigation may be
needed.
Main activities
1. Consult market (current broadcasters and potential
bidders/applicants) on assignment methods and license Terms &
Conditions.
2. Evaluate results and select assignment method & procedures.
3. Draft detailed plans & planning for DTTB assignment procedure
(for detailed steps see Appendix 2.5B).
4. Prepare approval of assignment Procedures by Parliament.
5. Publish assignment planning and procedures and update National
Spectrum Plan (and possibly Legislation).
Observation/Advice
All to be carried out as part of this Phase.
Drafting of the Licensing procedure and passing Parliament
should be aligned with the ASO planning.
Licensing procedure should be ‘future proof’ in the sense
that after ASO additional licenses might be assigned.
Functional building blocks relevant to Cambodia
Of the five functional layers shown in Figure 3.1, layer E is “Roadmap development” and hence covered by
this report. The other functional layers A (Policy and Regulation, B (Analogue switch-off), C (Market and
Business Development) and D (Networks (DTTB and MTV)) contain in total 38 functional building blocks
(see Figure 3.4). Out of the 38 functional building blocks, 26 blocks were selected to construct the
Cambodia roadmap.
The roadmap covers:
•
The short DSO objectives (until one year after ASO) as defined in Table 2.4.
•
Activities managed by the NRT.
Figure 3.4 shows three types of functional building block:
1. White coloured blocks with dashed frame
These blocks are not be included in the Cambodia roadmap (see Table 3.1).
2. Yellow coloured blocks without frame
These blocks are included in the Cambodia roadmap and will be managed by the NRT.
3. Yellow coloured blocks with a blue frame
These blocks are included in the Cambodia roadmap and will be managed by the NRT in case
licensing model B will be chosen. If model A is chosen these functional building blocks will be
carried out by each individual DTTB licensed broadcaster (for more details see section 3.4).
11
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.4: Selected functional building blocks (coloured yellow) in the Cambodia roadmap
A. Policy &
Regulation
2.1. Technology
& Standards
Regulation
2.2. Licensing
Framework
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.4. National
Spectrum Plan
2.5.
Assignment
Procedures
2.6. License
Terms &
Conditions
2.9. Business
Models & Public
Financing
2.10. Digital
Dividend
2.11. National
Telecom,
Broadcast &
Media Acts
2.12. Law
enforcement &
execution
2.13.
Communication
to consumers &
industry
2.14. Transition
Models
2.15.
Organizational
Structure &
Entities
3.1. Customer
Insight &
Research
2.7. Local
Permits
(building &
planning)
2.8. Media
Permits &
Authorizations
2.16. ASO
Planning &
Milestones
2.17. Infra &
Spectrum
Compatibility
2.18. ASO
Communication
Plan
3.2. Customer
Proposition
3.3. Receiver
Availability
Considerations
3.4. Business
Planning
3.5. End
Consumer
Support
4.1. Technology
& Standards
Application
4.2. Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.4. System
Parameters
4.6. Network
Interfacing
4.8 Transmitting
4.9 Network
equipment
Rollout Planning
Availability
4.3/5.3.
Network
Planning
4.5/5.5
Radiation
Characteristics
4.7/5.7
Shared &
Common Design
Principles
5.1.
Technology &
Standards
Application
5.2. Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
5.4.System
parameters
5.6. Network
Interfacing &
studio facilities
5.8 Transmitting
5.9 Network
equipment
Rollout Planning
Availability
B. ASO
C. Market &
Business
Development
D. Networks
DTTB
MTV
The reasons for not including the white coloured functional building blocks in Figure 3.4 are given in the
Table 3.1.
12
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 3.1
Functional building blocks not included in the national roadmap
Not included functional building block
Number
Reason
Title
2.7
Local permits (building and planning)
Limited or no regulatory framework in place in Cambodia
2.12
Law enforcement and execution
Restructuring of the regulatory framework may be
considered but is not seen as a condition for the successful
transition to digital television
2.13
Communication to consumers and
industry
As the policy and regulation activities will all be carried out
as part of the transition process, the activities related
to 2.13 will be included in 2.18 (ASO communication plan)
2.17
Infra and spectrum compatibility
Infrastructure compatibility is not considered as a major
issue in Cambodia. Spectrum compatibility during transition
(between analogue and digital TV) will be covered in the
national frequency plan
3.5
End consumer support
As the activities related to Market and business
development will all be carried out as part of the transition
process, the activities related to 3.5 will be included in 2.18
(ASO communication plan)
4.7
Shared and common design principles
The MTV network has been designed already
5.1 to 5.9
MTV networks (all functional building
blocks)
Roadmap for MTV is not needed because MTV services
have been planned and a licence has been granted (see
section 2.3.2)
3.4
Description of the Cambodia roadmap
In this section, the overall roadmap for Cambodia is outlined. The roadmap is segmented in several
phases. After presenting the roadmap outline (section 3.4.1), each phase is discussed in the following
sections (3.4.2 onwards).
The detailed activities and considerations for each phase and its associated functional building blocks are
included in annexes of this report.
The following sections contain a number of figures. The symbols used in these figures have the following
meaning:
Figure 3.5: Symbols used in roadmap figures
Functional building blocks described
in the Guidelines; the number in the
blocks refer to the functional block
numbers in Figure 3.3 and to the
corresponding section numbers in
the Guidelines
Input or output document
Non specific DTTB main activity; not
described in the Guidelines
Important milestone in relation to time
scales
Sequence
Time line
Interrelation between groups of
activities
13
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
3.4.1
Roadmap overview
As discussed previously, the NRT has the ambition to switch off all analogue terrestrial television services
by the end of 2015 at the earliest (or 2018 as possibly the latest). As long as the final switch-off date has
not been decided (and politically endorsed), the roadmap duration varies considerably; from five to eight
years. Therefore the duration of the phases in which the DTTB network is rolled out and the analogue
transmitters are switched off can span a number of years.
Model A or B
A key decision for the NRT to make is the selection of the licensing model (either model A or B)5. Selecting
model B will result in additional functional building blocks to be included in the roadmap as the NRT will
also resume responsibilities for rolling out a common DTTB network. In this way, after selecting the
licensing framework an alternative branch in the roadmap will occur.
The figure below illustrates the various phases of the NRT roadmap for model A (i.e. the yellow shaded
blocks). As shown in Figure 3.6, Phases 1, 2 and 3 are likely to be carried out partly in parallel because of
the interrelationships between the issues to be decided. The figure also illustrates that the broadcasters
assume the responsibility of the actual DTTB network roll-out (i.e. the blue shaded blocks). They prepare
for acquisition of the necessary spectrum and broadcast licences (Phase 1 of the network operator), plan
the network roll-out and implement the network (Phase 2).
Figure 3.6: Top level Cambodia roadmap for model A
By
Layer
Policy &
regulation
ASO
Regulator (NRT)
Market &
DTTB
business
networks
development
Operator/Broadcasters
Timeline
5
14
Phases of the roadmap (Model A)
1. DTTB policy
development
3.Licensing policy
& regulation
4. License administration
2. ASO planning
1. Preparation
Submission
spectrum/broadcast
license application
2. Planning and implementation DTTB
networks
3. Analogue switchoff
Issue of
licenses
See the ITU Guidelines for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting, p. 26.
Sites in
operation
ASO
completed
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.7 shows the various phases for the NRT roadmap in case model B is selected. As the figure shows
the first three NRT phases are the same as in the roadmap for model A. However, after selecting the
licensing model (i.e. in Phase 3), the NRT will issue a tender procedure for selecting the common
multiplex/network operator. After selecting this multiplex/network operator, the NRT will develop the
network roll-out planning together with this newly selected network operator (Phase 4). Also the NRT, in
close cooperation with the common multiplex/network operator, will assume the responsibility of rolling
out the DTTB network.
Figure 3.7: Top level Cambodia roadmap for model B
By
Phases of the roadmap (Model B)
Layer
Policy &
regulation
5. License administration
3.Licensing policy
& regulation
2. ASO planning
ASO
Regulator (NRT)
1. DTTB policy
development
Market &
business
development
DTTB
network
Common mux operator
Timeline
Preparation
4. Planning and implementation DTTB
network
Analogue switch-off
Submission
multiplex operator
license application
Issue of
license
Sites in
operation
ASO
completed
Functional building blocks for model A and B
The decision for the licensing model will impact the number of functional building blocks to be included in
the roadmap. In model B, the NRT will resume responsibility for the establishment of a common
multiplex/network operator and will have to endorse which services will be offered on the market. In
addition, the NRT will directly manage the network roll-out and the associated planning. In such a
situation the Cambodia roadmap will include activities and decisions typical for a multiplex/network
operator:
1. Market and business development layer:
a.
Customer insight and research (functional building block 3.1): the NRT will have to
investigate what distribution services the multiplex/network operator is going to offer and
how they are going to research this market demand.
b.
Customer proposition (functional building block 3.2): the NRT will have to establish the exact
attributes of the distribution services, such as coverage areas, number of services,
conditional access (in case of pay-tv services) and price tables for the various services
(including multiplex capacity reservations).
15
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
c.
Receiver available considerations (functional building block 3.3): in line with the DSO
objective to have a single cheap STB for the Cambodia market, the NRT will have to
determine what functionality this STB will have. This will include aspects such as the
transmission and compression standard as well as the conditional access system (which is
likely to be embedded to keep costs down).
d.
Business planning (functional building block 3.4): the NRT will also have to resume
responsibility for a economically viable service offering. Hence the NRT will have to assess
the future cash flows of the common multiplex/network operator and what type of financing
is required. Also the ownership construction will have to be determined, i.e. only public or
private partnership or a combination of both in a so called public private partnership.
2. DTTB Network layer:
a.
Technology and standards application (functional building block 4.1) to radiation
characteristics (functional building block 4.5): all these five technical functional building
blocks have to be included as to determine what the required DTTB network will look like.
This includes aspects as the design of the key network elements (i.e. the head-end/multiplex
centre, the distribution links and the transmitter sites), the various system parameters (i.e.
transmission mode, guard interval, etc.) and the applied frequencies per site (i.e. ERP,
antenna height and diagram).
b.
Network interfacing (functional building block 4.6), transmission equipment availability
(functional building block 4.8) and network roll-out planning (functional building block 4.9):
all these three functional building blocks have to be include as the NRT will have to directly
manage the planning of the network roll-out.
In case model A is selected, the NRT will leave a number of responsibilities to the individual broadcaster
to take care of:
1. The actual service offering. The broadcasters can determine the number of services and the
coverage areas (if not stipulated) themselves. Consequently, a number of functional building
blocks doesn’t have to be included in the roadmap:
a.
Customer insight and research (functional building block 3.1): the broadcasters will carry out
their own research as to determined which services to offer on the DTTB platform.
b.
Customer proposition (functional building block 3.2): the broadcasters will determine the
various attributes, including pricing. It should be noted however, that the NRT can still
stipulate some minimum service requirements the broadcasters have to comply to. For
example the coverage areas and/or the launch windows (when the additional services have
to be on air).
c.
Business planning (functional building block 3.4): the broadcasters will be directly
responsible for making the DTTB services economically viable and hence they will carry out
their own business planning.
2. The actual network roll-out. The broadcasters will resume the responsibility of their network rollout and hence some blocks don’t have to be included in the roadmap:
16
a.
Network interfacing (functional building block 4.6): for example the broadcasters will
determine how the transport streams are distributed to the transmission sites (e.g. satellite
or optical fibre).
b.
Transmitter equipment availability (functional building block 4.8): the broadcasters will order
their own equipment and will consider the available equipment themselves.
c.
Network roll-out planning (functional building block 4.9): the broadcasters will roll-out their
own network and the transmitters will probably been deployed on their existing towers.
Although the broadcasters will carry out their own network roll-out the NRT will have to set
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
milestones for them to comply to. The broadcasters will have to follow the ASO planning
(especially in the case of a phased simulcast model).
It should be noted that in model A, the following building blocks will remain in the Cambodia roadmap:
1. Receiver availability considerations (functional building block 3.3): Although the broadcasters are
free to determine their DTTB services, the NRT will have to assure that Cambodia viewers are not
confronted with a wide range of STBs. Especially in the case the broadcasters will decide to offer
pay-tv services many CA embedded STBs may become available in the market and will cause
confusion under the viewers. Consequently, in model A the NRT will have to stipulate a minimum
set of STB requirements.
2. Technology and standards application (functional building block 4.1) to radiation characteristics
(functional building block 4.5): These five blocks will remain necessary in a model A situation,
because these blocks are directly related to the required spectrum. When carrying out the
activities in these blocks the NRT can accurately define the spectrum rights for each individual
broadcaster and can assure spectrum efficiency (and consequently the digital dividend).
Functional blocks in each phase
As a result from the different building blocks to be included in either model A or B, two sets of functional
building blocks can arise in Cambodia. The figure below shows the functional building blocks to be
included in case model A is selected. Please note that the yellow shaded blocks are described in the
sections of the Guidelines with corresponding numbering. The grey shaded blocks are not described in the
Guidelines. These blocks represent activities that are not specific to the introduction of digital terrestrial
television services.
Figure 3.8: Functional building blocks per phase of the roadmap (model A)
1. DTTB policy
development
2. ASO planning
3. Licensing policy &
regulation
4. License
administration
2.1.
Technology &
Standards
Regulation
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.14. Transition
Models
2.2. Licensing
Framework
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
Verification of
conditions
2.10. Digital
Dividend
2.4. National
Spectrum Plan
2.9. Business
Models &
Public
Financing
2.15.
Organizational
Structure &
Entities
2.5.
Assignment
Procedures
2.6. License
Terms &
Conditions
Update
national
frequency
register
2.11 National
telecom,
broadcast &
media acts
2.16. ASO
Planning &
Milestones
2.18. ASO
Communication
Plan
2.8. Media
permits &
authorizations
3.3. Receiver
Availability
Considerations
4.1.
Technology &
Standards
Application
Consultation
with
Parliament
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
Notification
at ITU
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
International
frequency
coordination
Consultation
with market
parties
License
assignment
procedure
Update
National
Spectrum Plan
Consultation
with market
parties
17
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
The Figure 3.9 shows the functional building blocks to be included in case model B is selected. Comparing
this figure with the previous figures shows that both figures are for a large part similar and that model B
includes more functional building blocks.
Figure 3.9: Functional building blocks per phase of the roadmap (model B)
1. DTTB policy
development
2. ASO planning
3. Licensing policy &
regulation
2.1.
Technology &
Standards
Regulation
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.14. Transition
Models
2.2. Licensing
Framework
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.10. Digital
Dividend
2.4. National
Spectrum Plan
2.9. Business
Models &
Public
Financing
2.15.
Organizational
Structure &
Entities
2.5.
Assignment
Procedures
2.6. License
Terms &
Conditions
3.1. Customer
Insight &
Research
2.11 National
telecom,
broadcast &
media acts
2.16. ASO
Planning &
Milestones
2.18. ASO
Communication
Plan
2.8. Media
permits &
authorizations
3.3. Receiver
Availability
Considerations
3.2. Customer
Proposition
3.2. Customer
Proposition
3.4. Business
Planning
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
International
frequency
coordination
Consultation
with market
parties
License
assignment
procedure
Update
National
Spectrum Plan
4.1.
Technology &
Standards
Application
Consultation
with
Parliament
4. Planning &
implementation
DTTB network
Verification of
conditions
4.6 Network
interfacing
4.8
Transmitting
equipment
availability
4.9 Network
rollout
Consultation
with market
parties
5. License
Administration
Notification
at ITU
Site
acquisition
Equipment
ordering
Project &
resource
planning
Equipment
installation
Testing
Update
national
frequency
register
Analogue
TV tx
switch-off
To avoid duplication, the remainder of this report will describe the roadmap for model B and will indicate
how and when the roadmap will differ for model A. For example, when a functional building block and its
associated activities will not have to be included or when the output documents are used for different
purposes.
3.4.2
Phase 1 DTTB policy development
The DTTB policy development phase of the roadmap is aimed at getting the DTTB policy objectives agreed
at a political level. Political consensus and commitment lies at the heart of any successful ASO project.
Politicians will have to commit to the ASO objectives, deadlines, necessary budget and endorse the
establishment of a NRT with a clear mandate to plan and execute the ASO process.
Inputs
The inputs for this phase are international agreements, such as agreements made in the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), existing regulatory framework (see Table 2.3) and policy objectives (see
Table 2.4) and documents (e.g. the Proclamation on Radio and Television standards). The policy objectives
as included in Table 2.4 still have to be completed. For example, the exact ASO dates and the minimum
number of television services and their coverage have to be determined and endorsed in Parliament.
18
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Outputs
The key output of the DTTB policy development phase is a politically endorsed DTTB policy document to
be published to the general public (in the ‘Official Gazette’). Such a DTTB policy document typically
includes the following items:
•
Policy justification. This includes the benefits and necessities of introducing DTTB services in
Cambodia (including the allocation of the digital dividend).
•
The legal framework. This entails the legal basis (and any necessary changes) for the DTTB service
introduction and the ASO.
•
Technical framework. Detailing the available spectrum for the DTTB services and the current
spectrum in use by existing broadcasters.
•
Starting and ending date of ASO process. These dates have to be exact as to inform the general
public and the industry accurately.
•
The principle ASO model. This could be either simulcasting or no simulcasting (including the
justification for any of the two).
•
DTTB services. Describing at a high level which existing television services and additional
content/services will be distributed on the DTTB platform and at which districts/provinces these
service will be made available.
•
DTTB standards. What standards (for example the transmission and compression standard) will
be mandatory and its justification.
•
Funding principles. The intention to include selected ASO costs in the Government budgets and
the way it is going to be funded.
•
Communication and plan of action. Outline of how viewers (and other stakeholders) will be
informed about the ASO process and plan of action with major regulatory and operational
milestones (e.g. the establishment date of the NRT, the date of when the Broadcast Act will be
changed/updated, the decision on the allocation of the digital dividend, etc.).
For an example DTTB policy document, please refer to “Strategy for Switchover from Analogue to Digital
Broadcasting of Radio and Television Programs in the Republic of Serbia” as published in the Official
Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 55/05, 71/05 – correction 101/07, the Government of the Republic
of Serbia, 2 July 2009.
Roadmap
The roadmap of the DTTB policy development phase and the associated functional building blocks is
shown in the figure below. The decisions taken, partly taken and not yet taken on the key topic and
choices regarding Phase 1 of the roadmap and the activities required to prepare the decisions that are still
pending, are indicated in Annex 1.
As can be derived from figure 3.10, the following steps (i.e. functional building blocks and non-DTTB
specific activities) are included in the first phase of the roadmap:
1. Mandating the NRT. Although the NRT has been formally established, its mandate should be
checked. In order to deliver the aforementioned DTTB policy document it should have at least a
clear mandate to do so. After this policy document has passed Parliament, the NRT mandate can
be extended to prepare, plan and execute the roadmap. In this phase of the roadmap this NRT
can have a limited membership. At the second phase of the roadmap (i.e. ASO planning) the NRT
membership can be extended to include all stakeholders in the DTTB value chain (and structured
in line with the implementation guidelines of functional building block 2.15).
19
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.10: DTTB policy development phase of the roadmap
International
Agreements
Standard choice
National
telecom
broadcast &
media acts
Mandating
NRT
3.1.
Customer
Insight &
Research
3.2.
Customer
Proposition
2.11. National
telecom,
broadcast &
media acts
3.3. Receiver
Availability
Consideration
s
2.1.
Technology &
Standards
Regulation
4.1.
2.10.
Digital
Dividend
3.2
Customer
Proposition
Consultation
with
Parliament
DTTB
Policy
Technology &
Standards
Application
Existing policy
documents &
objectives
2.3
ITU-R
Regulations
Draft
DTTB
Policy
2.4
National
Spectrum Plan
NRT mandated to prepare
policy document
Market research
conducted
DTTB standard(s)
selected
Policy document
passed Parliament
2. Conducting market research of the current television and future DTTB market in Cambodia. This
step includes the functional building blocks 3.1 and 3.2. At this phase of the roadmap, this market
research serves the purpose of providing support/justification for the DTTB policy. Because key
Cambodia broadcasters (i.e. Bayon TV, CTN, TVK and PPCTV) are participating in the NRT some of
the research data may be readily available. The market research data will have to cover the
following elements:
a.
20
Current television market in Cambodia. A profound and agreed understanding of the current
television market provides a sound basis for any policy document. This part of the research
will include the following:
i.
Current market players (to include broadcasters, content creators, network operators,
service providers etc). Figure 2.1 as included in this report, provides a good starting
point.
ii.
Television viewing ‘demographics’. This entails the common market parameters like
number of television sets deployed, the number of television households , the number
of viewing hours (per channels), the number of subscriptions, etc.
iii.
Size of the total television advertising market in Cambodia. Also the impact of the ASO
and DTTB introduction on this advertising market should be assessed.
iv.
Current reception situation and conditions. This entails having insight in what the
different viewing groups (to include individual viewers, household size, group viewing,
hotels, multi-dwelling units, etc) look like, their numbers and under what conditions
current analogue television is received (e.g. the antenna installation and type of
television sets). This part should also include the reception from other platforms.
Especially the number of viewers/subscribers to the many (approximately 102) cable
networks in the various provinces.
v.
Current analogue service coverage. Given the current reception conditions, it should be
clarified where what service can be received. This might entail an analogue service
planning exercise (similar to the DTTB service planning as described in the Guidelines).
This part should also take into account the different regional broadcasts and the
different channel bouquets the various viewers might receive.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
vi.
Current analogue television distribution to cable head-ends. In Cambodia, there are
many cable networks and many of them use the existing analogue television broadcasts
to feed their head-end systems. Switching off the analogue television broadcasts will
impact this content distribution system. The consequences should be assessed and
possible solutions formulated.
vii. Television market logistics and supplies. The current logistic chain for television sets will
be important for the distribution of DTTB receivers. An understanding of its structure,
volume (e.g. how many outlets and where?) and operations will be necessary.
b.
DTTB market in Cambodia. The DTTB policy document should illustrate that there is a need
for DTTB. It is important to note that PPCTV is already providing a digital terrestrial television
service in Phnom Penh. Their customer insight data may be helpful, providing that PPCTV is
willing to share this information in the NRT. This part of the market research should provide
an insight in what Cambodia viewers and industry players expect, including:
i.
Content. To include the number and the type of programs/channels and other service
to be broadcasted (for example the EPG, subtitling, theme channels). Also the
willingness to pay for the STB and the television services is an important aspect to
include. Knowing this willingness can help to determine any necessary financial support
for Cambodia viewers.
ii.
Supplies. Cambodia manufacturers and distributors might show an interest in
provisioning DTTB receivers.
iii.
Content creators. Cambodia content creators (i.e. in many case the current
broadcasters) might be interested in provided dedicated content for the DTTB platform.
3. Determining the current available spectrum for DTTB (functional building blocks 2.3 and 2.4). A
clear and shared understanding of the available spectrum will enable the NRT to develop a well
motivated DTTB policy document. As discussed during the first visit, the available spectrum for
digital terrestrial television services should be clarified (see also sections 4.9 and 4.10), taking into
account:
a.
Spectrum already assigned (not necessarily in use yet) for analogue and/or digital television
services (as indicated/to be incorporated in the National Spectrum Plan and Register).
b.
Neighbouring spectrum usage. Spectrum may not be readily available in Cambodia as the
same spectrum is in use in Thailand, Vietnam and Laos (especially near the borders).
Coordinating this spectrum is in the interest of all involved countries and may require
bilateral/multilateral coordination.
c.
Spectrum required for future digital radio services (as indicated/to be incorporated in the
National Spectrum Plan and Register).
d.
Spectrum requirements for non-broadcasting services, for example spectrum for LTE services
(as indicated/to be incorporated in the National Spectrum Plan and Register).
4. Checking compliancy with current legislation and identifying required changes (functional
building block 2.11). A first assessment should be carried out of what parts of the current
legislation will be impacted by the introduction of DTTB services. Table 2.3 in this report and
Table 2.11.1 in the Guidelines provide a good starting point for this assessment. At this first phase
of the roadmap, the assessment is focused on identified the areas that might be impacted, how
required changes can be achieved (e.g. legal and parliamentary procedures) and what time this
will take. This assessment will then provide input for the plan of action (as part of the DTTB policy
document). During the third phase of the roadmap (i.e. determining the DTTB regulations)
specific DTTB regulations are defined (e.g. the licensing framework and procedures), a further
detailed assessment of changes may be necessary. Special consideration should be given to the
fact that currently a new telecommunications law is being passed through Parliament.
21
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
5. Selecting the transmission standard (or any other system element). As the above figure shows,
the procedure for deciding the transmission standard is an iterative process between the
functional building blocks 4.1 Technology standards application (i.e. addressing the technical
performance), 2.1 Technology standards regulation (i.e. considering regulatory aspects) and 3.3
Receiver availability considerations (i.e. dealing with functionality, price and delivery of receivers).
In Cambodia two transmission standards have already been adopted (see the Proclamation on
Radio and Television standards); DVB-T and DTMB. The NRT should decide whether it advisable to
have two standards in the ASO process. If concluded that one standard should be adopted, the
NRT should balance technical and regulatory aspects. However, selecting the transmission
standard is not only a technical and regulatory evaluation. Given the specific situation in
Cambodia it should also explicitly include the following elements (next to the considerations
provided in the Guidelines):
a.
Affordable and sufficient supplies of DTTB receivers. Given the public financial resources
available and the ability of Cambodia viewers to pay, receivers (including set-top-boxes and
IDTVs) should be made available at the lowest possible price levels. Not only in the short
term but also the long run pricing should be considered. In Cambodia, the DTTB adoption
speed might take a long(er) time and hence the product roadmap of the receiver suppliers
should be taken into account. Suppliers should also be committed to provide sufficient
quantities in a flexible manner (e.g. according to a rolling forecast). This might need special
attention in case a Conditional Access System is stipulated. Even more if specific
Cambodian/Khmer language requirements are demanded (e.g. for the EPG and the user
interface of the receiver).
b.
Independent and warranted supplies. Dependency on one single supplier should be avoided.
Any DTTB system (head-end and receivers) will incur many changes (e.g. frequency changes,
software updates, additional functionality, etc.) during its life span (i.e. 5 – 15 years) and
suppliers should support this. One should be in the position to change providers. Changing
suppliers is not uncommon in this industry.
6. Deciding the digital dividend (functional building block 2.11). At this phase it should be decided
what digital dividend will become available for other services than broadcasting services. Creating
a digital dividend might be an important element for justifying the introduction of DTTB in
Cambodia. The introduction of new mobile services might fit in the economic development
agenda of Cambodia.
7. Determining the first Customer Proposition. As a result of the DTTB policy document a first
outline of the Customer Proposition can be drafted. This proposition will be at high level and in
terms of the policy document.
8. Consultation with Parliament. In this step a draft DTTB policy document is offered to Parliament
to approve. This might include many consultation sessions, extensive lobbying and several
revisions. Sufficient time should be planned for these activities. It should be noted that in this setup of the roadmap, the DTTB policy document should leave room for the NRT to further detail the
Customer Proposition, Frequency Plan (including the service planning process) and ASO plan
(including
the
organizational
structure,
budget
and
planning).
After
any
simplification/adjustments, the passed DTTB policy document (including the Customer
Proposition) can then be published in the Official Gazette as a first communication to the general
public and television industry.
3.4.3
Phase 2 ASO planning
The second Phase of the Cambodia roadmap is aimed at providing a detailed insight in the roles and
responsibilities of the various involved parties, the process of transitioning from analogue to digital
terrestrial television broadcasting, the milestone planning and the communication/support process. The
ASO planning Phase also services the purpose of getting support from various involved market parties and
Parliament.
22
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Inputs
The key input for this phase is the (passed) DTTB policy document. As the Figures 3.6 and 3.7 in this report
suggests, it might be that the second phase of the roadmap can be initiated before the DTTB policy
document has passed Parliament. This will depend for some part on the assessment of any likely changes
in Parliament and the provided mandate to the NRT. Such an early start might entail some later changes
in the resulting documents of this ASO planning phase.
Outputs
The main outputs for the ASO planning phase are an initial frequency plan (based on an initial DTTB
service planning) and the ASO plan. In general terms, the initial frequency plan describes how the
available spectrum will be utilized in a deployed network and which service (including the number of
frequencies and reception mode) will be provided in what areas and with what quality levels (including
picture quality and coverage probability). In more specific terms, the initial frequency plan details all the
decisions and trade-offs as included in the functional building blocks 4.2 to 4.5.
The ASO plan describes in detail the transition process from analogue to digital and will include at least:
•
The applied ASO model (see functional building block 2.14). The applied model might be different
from area to area. For example, the non-served areas in Cambodia might have a different model
to the served areas (i.e. no simulcasting).
•
The customer proposition (see functional building block 3.2). Including the details about which
services can be received under what conditions (i.e. the reception conditions) in what areas.
•
The ASO planning (see functional building block 2.16). This planning describes when a specific
customer proposition will be made available and how this proposition will be provided. As
indicated in the Guidelines this planning comprises several work streams or result paths,
including:
•
–
communications (further detailed in functional building block 2.18 ASO communication
plan);
–
device producers and delivery;
–
network plan and rollout (includes DTTB service delivery details);
–
consumer and market monitoring;
–
regulation and licensing (further detailed in Phase 3 of the roadmap);
–
financial and installation support.
The business planning and business models and public financing (see functional building block 3.4
and 2.9). A business case should detail what the ASO process will cost (under various scenarios)
and what financial resources should be made available (including for example, as indicated in the
first meeting, a share of future Cambodia oil revenues). The initial frequency plan will provide the
basis for a first estimate of the network costs. Please note that, as Table 2.15.2 in the Guidelines
illustrates, the network costs are just one item of the overall budget. Especially the (financial)
support provided to affected viewers will be an important decision to be made.
Roadmap
The roadmap of the ASO planning phase and the associated functional building blocks is shown in the
Figure 3.11. The decisions taken, partly taken and not yet taken on the key topic and choices regarding
Phase 2 of the roadmap and the activities required to prepare the decisions that are still pending, are
indicated in Annex 2.
23
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.11: ASO planning phase of the roadmap
Initial DTTB service
planning
4.2 Design
principles &
network
4.3 Network
architecture
planning
4.4 System
parameters
Initial
frequency plan
2.16
ASO planning &
milestones
ASO plan
Consultation
with
parliament
2.18
ASO
communication
4.5 Radiation
characteristics
2.15
Organizational
structure &
entities
DTTB
Policy
2.14
Transition
models
Service proposition
review & financing
3.4 Business
Planning
2.9 Business
Models &
Public Financing
3.2 Customer
Proposition
NRT fully staffed &
mandated
Transition model
decided
ASO service & business
case scenarios defined
ASO plan
drafted
ASO plan
approved
As can be observed from the above figure, the following steps (i.e. functional building blocks and nonDTTB specific activities) are included in Phase 2 of the roadmap:
1. Establishing the organizational structure and participating entities (see functional building
block 2.15). Dependent on the exact mandate of the NRT in first phase of the roadmap, this might
include an additional (political) mandate. The participating parties and their responsibilities in the
ASO planning process might be political sensitive and needs a further approval. In this step also
the reporting structure and escalation procedures should be clarified so that the NRT can
efficiently operate and manage the ASO process.
2. Determining an initial ASO transition model (see functional building block 2.14). In Phase 1 of the
roadmap, a first understanding of the available spectrum was established. In this phase of the
roadmap, the NRT should assess what various ASO models are possible and if any changes of DSO
objectives are needed. This assessment together with the implementation guidelines in the
Guidelines (section 2.14.4) on the ASO model decision, an ASO model can be selected (which may
vary for served and non-served areas).
3. Balancing DTTB service planning, customer proposition and financing (functional building
blocks 4.2 to 4.5, 3.2, 2.9 and 3.4). This step entails and iterative process where three elements
(i.e. service proposition, network planning and business case) are balanced against each other as
illustrated in Figure 3.1.1 in the Guidelines. Although in the Guidelines this process is explained
for a commercial DTTB service provider, the process is in essence no different for the NRT. As the
above figure illustrates, this iterative process consists of two parts:
a.
24
Initial DTTB service planning (which in turn is an iterative process of four functional building
blocks 4.2 – 4.5).
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
b.
Service proposition review and financing (which are also in turn an iterative process of three
functional building blocks 2.9, 3.2. and 3.4).
Figure 3.12 below provides a flow chart of the two feedback loops that are incorporated in the
balancing of these three elements. For example, due to a lack of available spectrum this step may
result in a revision of the initially selected transition model (hence the feedback loop in
Figure 3.11).
4. Drafting ASO planning and milestones (see functional building block 2.16). The abovementioned
balancing of three elements will result in one optimum scenario to be selected by the NRT. Based
on this scenario the initial ASO planning can be drafted. As mentioned before, in case the ASO
plan will require a political approval, it is advisable to draft a planning based on one or two
additional scenarios, perhaps not in all its details.
5. Consultation with Parliament. In this step, a draft ASO plan is offered to Parliament to approve
(with several options). Again this might include many consultation sessions, extensive lobbying
and several revisions. Sufficient time should be planned for these activities.
6. Finalization of ASO plan and detailing the ASO communication plan (see functional building
block 2.18). After having the ASO plan approved by Parliament, it can be finalized for the selected
scenario. This ASO plan will act as the working document for the NRT which will be continuously
revised and updated. It will also include the ASO planning on the basis of which the ASO
implementation can commence. As discussed previously, one work stream or result path of the
ASO planning includes the ASO communication. Following the guidance provided in the
Guidelines (functional building block 2.18) a detailed strategy for informing/supporting the
viewers and industry parties can be developed (included for each communication target group a
planning for the various messages).
In Figure 3.12, the first iteration is the so-called “service trade-off.” In this trade-off transmission costs
(given by the number of transmitters and the radiation characteristics), service quality (given by the
multiplex capacity) and coverage quality (given by the coverage area which depends in its turn on
receiving installation and location probability) are balanced. The optimum solution should be found within
the limits given by the decisions taken in the functional building blocks 4.1 (technology and standards
application) and 4.2 (design principles and network architecture).
The second iteration is a further balancing of the service trade-off optimum against the financial
possibilities. If no satisfactory solutions can be found in the service trade-off, the service proposition and
business plan may need to be reviewed, resulting in a possible review of functional building blocks 4.1
(technology and standards application) and 4.2 (design principles and network architecture).
25
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.12: Flowchart of planning iterations (Section and Part number refer to the Guidelines)
Initial ASO
planning
DTTB
Policy
2.3 ITU-R
See
regulations/
Chapter
2.4 National
2.3 and 2.4
Spectrum Plan
4.2. Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
See
Chapter
4.2
4.4
System
Parameters
See
Chapter
4.4
4.5
Radiation
Characteristics
See
Chapter
4.5
4.3
Network
Planning
See
Chapter
4.3
Acceptable results in
service trade-off ?
First iteration
Second
iteration
N
Y
Results within specs
of 4.2
Y
N
3.2/3.4 Review
business plan
& service
proposition
See
Chapter
3.2 + 3.4
2.9 Business
models &
public
financing
See
Chapter
2.9
Coverage presentation & list
of station characteristics
3.4.4
Phase 3 Licensing policy and regulation
The objective of this third phase of the Cambodia roadmap is to have the required DTTB licences defined
and the associated licensing procedure and planning published. In this way, clarity is provided to
interested market parties to operate on the Cambodia DTTB market. It also services the purpose of
ensuring uninterrupted broadcasts, free of any interference from any other spectrum users.
26
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Inputs
The input data for this phase are the DTTB policy document resulting from the first phase of the roadmap
and the ASO plan resulting from the second phase. As indicated in Figures 3.6 and 3.7 in this report, the
third phase may start in parallel to the execution of Phase 1 and 2. For example, the NRT could start
working on the activities in this phase before the DTTB policy document and ASO plan have passed
Parliament. Such an approach might entail some later changes/revisions of the resulting documents.
Outputs
This third phase has the following output documents, of which the latter two might be published in the
Official Gazette, including:
•
A nationally coordinated frequency plan defining which DTTB frequencies will be used when in
which geographical areas. This plan will have to be in line with the National Spectrum Plan or
reversely made part of this National Spectrum Plan (please refer to functional building block 2.4
of the Guidelines).
•
An internationally coordinated frequency plan. As indicated previously this may require
bilateral/multilateral coordination. However, these administrative procedures may not have to be
part of the critical path of the ASO planning.
•
The DTTB licence conditions and terms. Depending on the selected licensing model (either model
A or B) this might entail different licences (differentiating broadcast and spectrum rights) for the
various value chain entities:
•
–
In model A: spectrum and broadcast licences will be assigned between existing (and possibly
new) broadcasters. To ensure efficient and compatible spectrum usage, the spectrum licence
will have to specify the exact frequencies, their locations and characteristics (such as
antenna height, ERP, antenna diagram, broadcast modus, etc.).
–
In model B: the spectrum licence will be assigned to the common multiplex/network
operator. Again to ensure spectrum efficiency and compatibility the spectrum licence will
have to specify detailed frequency use. The broadcast licence (i.e. the assignment of a
part/slot of the DTTB capacity) will be assigned to broadcasters (and/or service provider).
The NRT will have to decide which entity can decide the assignment of these capacity slots.
This can be either the common multiplex operator (after approval of the content by the
MOI) or the MOI (i.e. the MOI approves the content and assigns a slot).
A document describing the assignment procedure and planning (for an example document,
please refer to the Guidelines footnote 97 on page 50). Depending on the selected licensing
model, the output will be different:
–
Model A: For the existing analogue broadcasters the assignment procedure is likely to be
renewal. They will have their analogue spectrum rights renewed into digital spectrum rights.
Special attention is needed for those broadcasters that already have digital spectrum rights
assigned. Based on the national/internationally coordinated frequency plan (see above),
these rights may need revision. In line with the formulated DSO objectives of having new
market entrants for digital television services, it may be necessary to also organize a public
tender (next to the renewals).
–
Model B: The NRT will have to organize tender procedure for selecting the best party to fulfil
the role of common multiplex/network operator. It will have to stipulate what entities are
allowed to bid (for example consortia of existing broadcasters, foreign partnerships and
public private partnerships). In addition, it will have to publish Open Network Provisioning
(OPN) rules (including capacity access and pricing rules) for this common multiplex/network
operator. For re-using existing infrastructure (like towers or antennas), it may be necessary
to impose site sharing rules to ensure cooperation from broadcasters. In this context, it is
important to note that such site sharing rules already apply to mobile network operators in
27
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Cambodia. For organizing a tender procedure, we refer to Appendix 2.5B in the Guidelines.
This appendix shows the elementary steps in any assignment procedure. For a practical
example of an invitation to apply for a multiplex licence we refer to an Independent
Television Commission (now part of Ofcom) document” Multiplex Service Licences:
Application Documents”6.
Roadmap
The roadmap of the Licensing policy and regulation Phase and the associated functional building blocks is
shown in the Figure 3.13. The decisions taken, partly taken and not yet taken on the key topic and choices
regarding Phase 3 of the roadmap and the activities required to prepare the decisions that are still
pending, are indicated in Annex 3.
Figure 3.13: Licensing policy and regulation Phase of the roadmap
Detailed DTTB
service planning
Nationally
coordinated
frequency plan
License
procedure and
planning
Internationally
coordinated
frequency plan
4.2 Design
principles &
network
4.3 Network
architecture
planning
ASO plan
4.4 System
parameters
International
frequency
coordination
4.5 Radiation
characteristics
2.5
Assignment
procedures
Consultation
with market
parties/
Parliament
License
assignment
procedure
License
conditions
2.8 Media
permits &
authorizations
2.6 License
terms &
conditions
2.2
Licensing
framework
DTTB
Policy
Framework decided
License terms &
conditions defined
License terms
&conditions
DTTB service planning
coordinated
Assignment
procedure approved
(first) license
assigned
As can be observed from the above figure, the following steps (i.e. functional building blocks and nonDTTB specific activities) are included in the third phase of the roadmap:
1. Detailing DTTB service planning (see functional building blocks 4.2 – 4.5). After having agreed the
ASO plan (including the initial DTTB service planning) a detailed service planning can now be
drafted. This detailed planning is different from the initial planning as on the basis of this planning
either:
a.
6
28
In model A: The specific spectrum and broadcast licence terms and conditions can be
specified. For the spectrum licence, the terms and conditions related to the permitted
spectrum use will be based on this planning. For the broadcast licences, this planning will
www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/latest_news/multiplex_licence/dtt_multiplex_licence_tender.asp.html
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
provide input for the number of licences and what services are included in each licence. It
may also include the (minimum) service/coverage areas.
b.
In model B: The planning should be detailed as to enable equipment ordering (including
head-end, distribution and transmitter equipment). It will have to consider the specific site
locations (no fictive locations) and its characteristics (what antenna and transmitter space is
available), the available distribution possibilities, the ASO plan (in which order will sites have
to be put into operations). It will have to provide the details for the communication plan so
that viewers know exactly what services they will receive where and what they have to do
(e.g. instructions for retuning their rooftop antenna or acquiring a new one). Please note
that the detailed planning is a working document, too. On the basis of this planning the
network roll-out planning will be further detailed. During the roll-out changes will take place
and the detailed planning will have to be updated and consequently the ordering of
equipment (a rolling forecast system is also advised here).
2. Coordinating the required spectrum with national and international users. Based on the detailed
planning, stipulating the exact spectrum use, the DTTB frequencies can be coordinated with other
spectrum users. Coordination should take place at a national and international level. At a national
level this is carried out by matching the detailed DTTB spectrum plan with the National Spectrum
Plan (NSP) or reversely the NSP should be aligned with this detailed spectrum plan. For example,
this might entail changing frequencies in the detailed planning and/or changing existing digital
spectrum rights. As discussed with neighbouring countries spectrum usage should be
coordinated, too. However, these activities do not have to be on the critical path of the ASO
planning.
3. Determining the licensing framework (see the functional building blocks 2.2). In this phase the key
decision to be made is the applicable licensing model (model A and B). Apart from the
implementation guidelines as mentioned in the Guidelines (see respectively pages 28-29
and 31-32), the following aspects for Cambodia should be considered as well:
a.
DTTB licences already assigned and the possibilities to change these licences if deemed
necessary.
b.
The possibilities to establish an independent Multiplex operator (model B), given the
situation that PPCTV already operates a DTTB network/site in Phnom Penh and existing
broadcasters may wish to form a consortium (bidding for the multiplex licence). PPCTV’s
DTTB operations may be incorporated in the common multiplex operator. This will require
formulating service obligations for PPCTV to align their DTTB services with the services of the
common multiplex operator. Also the business model needs to be reconsidered as currently
the broadcasters’ television services are distributed for free. This may not be sustainable in
the case of on an independent multiplex operator (which in principle does not generate any
advertising and pay-tv revenues). The business model should also be aligned with any
formulated Open Network Provisioning (ONP) rules7.
c.
The financial possibilities for rolling out a DTTB network, considering:
i.
7
The limited size of the total television advertising market in Cambodia. The Cambodia
market is unlikely to be able to carry all the different DTTB network costs in the case of
model A. Also in the case of pay-tv operations the ability and willingness to pay of
Cambodia viewers should not be overestimated.
Access to and fair pricing of ‘essential facilities’, i.e. infrastructure that cannot duplicated under normal market
conditions or infrastructure which operations is uniquely licensed to a single market party. The ONP rules stipulate
under what conditions access to this infrastructure should be made available and against what costs/prices.
29
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
ii.
Support from other industry parties, other than the current broadcasters, may be
needed and this may entail foreign investment.
4. Licence conditions and procedures (see functional building blocks 2.6, 2.8 and 2.5). Only after
having a clear decision on the licensing model, the licence conditions and procedures can be
defined. Clearly the licence conditions will vary under two different models, as discussed above
under Outputs.
5. Consultation with market parties and Parliament. Before actually deciding the licensing regime (to
include licensing framework, conditions and procedures), the NRT can organize a market
consultation to check the validity and market support for its plans. First, the other broadcasters
not represented in the NRT should be consulted. Given the number of directly involved market
parties on the Cambodia television market (see also Figure 2.1 in this report) this might be
organized in a closed set-up with invited parties only. After market consultation, the NRT can
support its proposal to Parliament with the feedback acquired in this consultation. Finally, before
the licensing regime can be officially published the regime should be endorsed by Parliament.
Sufficient time should be incorporated in the ASO planning for this endorsement.
3.4.5
Phase 4 Planning and implementation DTTB network
This Phase is only part of the Cambodia roadmap in the case licensing model B is selected. In the case of
adopting model A this phase is left to individual broadcasters to take care off. It should be noted however,
although the individual broadcasters will deploy their own DTTB network and services, their network rollout planning should be in line with ASO planning and follow the milestones in this planning strictly.
Otherwise, no coherent ASO information can be communicated to the viewers and the transition carried
out smoothly. Hence the broadcaster will have to notify the NRT when they wish to bring a DTTB site into
operation or to switch off an analogue transmitter. For reasons of proper spectrum management they
also have to notify the MPTC and MOI when bringing a transmitter either into or taking out of operation.
The aim of the DTTB implementation Phase is to have the DTTB network deployed and all sites in
operations and switched-off in accordance with the ASO plan (including the planning and the budget). In
this implementation Phase the (inter)nationally coordinated frequency plan is translated into a network
rollout or implementation planning. As mentioned in the second ASO Phase, the ASO planning comprises
a network plan and roll-out work stream or result path. This network implementation planning feeds into
this work stream.
It should be noted that this implementation Phase only covers the steps to be taken for the DTTB network
rollout. The other work streams or result paths in the ASO planning will need further detailing too and all
result paths will have to be kept coordinated with the progress of the network implementation planning.
Inputs
The input data for this phase are the licence procedure and planning (including the licence terms and
conditions which also provide the timing of frequency (de)activation) and the (inter)national coordinated
frequency plan from Phase 3.
Outputs
The output of Phase 4 is a set of documents describing:
30
•
DTTB implementation plan. Other than the actual DTTB network rollout planning, this plan also
includes the project management structure and resources (including tasks, responsibilities,
escalation procedures), detailed and broken down project budget and operational and financial
progress reporting.
•
Detailed coverage presentations. As the network roll-out progresses the coverage predictions
become definite (i.e. when the sites have been equipped and no changes can occur any more).
This detailed coverage predictions or presentations will feed into work stream communication of
the ASO plan. Please refer to section 5.3 of the Guidelines for more details on service availability
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
checks and tools. As discussed in the first visit, coverage presentations can also be distributed in
printed format. In this case, network changes should be kept to a minimum and sufficient time
should be taken into account for distribution.
•
Notifications to MPTC and MOI that stations have been installed. The MPTC as the national
spectrum manager should be notified by the common multiplex/network operator that stations
are ready to be taken into operations. The MOI should be notified so that the ministry can check
compliancy with the issued broadcast licence. In the ASO planning, a timely reporting of these
notifications to the MPTC and the MOI should be taken into account as to avoid that this activity
will be part of the critical path.
•
Notifications to MPTC and MOI that an analogue TV transmitter has been switched off by the
analogue terrestrial broadcasters. For the purpose of updating its National Frequency Register
the MPTC also has to be notified when the analogue transmitter (sites) are taken out of
operation. Also the MOI should be notified.
•
Order to put DTTB site into operation. After checking compliancy with the ASO planning the NRT
issues an order to the common multiplex/network operator to bring the site into operation.
Roadmap
The roadmap of the planning and implementation DTTB network phase and the associated functional
building blocks are shown in Figure 3.14. The figure also shows the relationship with the other work
streams or result paths, which should be coordinated with the planning and implementation of the DTTB
network roll-out (see the grey blocks in the top half of the figure). The decisions taken, partly taken and
not yet taken on the key topic and choices regarding Phase 4 of the roadmap and the activities required
to prepare the decisions that are still pending, are indicated in Annex 4.
As Figure 3.14 shows, the following steps (i.e. functional building blocks and non-DTTB specific activities)
are included in Phase 4 of the roadmap:
1. Developing and executing the DTTB network implementation planning (see functional building
blocks 4.6, 4.8 and 4.9). Developing the network implementation planning entails a large amount
of work and the functional building blocks of the Guidelines cover an important part of this work
but not all. The Guidelines blocks cover the actual design and implementation of the network
infrastructure ranging from the head-end(s), distribution network, transmitter sites, monitoring
system and all interfaces of this infrastructure. For developing and executing a DTTB network
implementation planning other critical activities will have to be incorporated in the planning,
including.
a.
Project management. This includes the project structure and resources, budget management
and reporting and progress reporting (not only to the project team members but also to
the NRT).
b.
Site acquisition. Although an important part of the transmitter sites are already present, new
sites may have to be acquired for completing the network. This may entail long preparations
(e.g. meeting/negotiations with local councils, land owners, public hearings, etc.).
c.
Equipment ordering. Network equipment ordering is not an off-the-shelve ordering process.
Manufacturers tend not to keep transmitters at stock. Production times are lengthily
(i.e. 3-6 months and beyond). Also the testing and acceptance procedures take several
stages (for example, in-factory testing, on-site testing and end-to-end testing). In addition, in
Cambodia the network equipment ordering might be closely related to the receiver ordering
process.
31
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.14: Planning and implementation DTTB network phase of the roadmap
Other Work Stream
implementation planning
Other Work Stream
implementation & monitoring
Retailers
Retailers
ASO plan
Communications
Communications
Content &
Broadcasters
Content &
Broadcasters
Internationally
coordinated
frequency plan
DTTB network implementation
planning
4.6 Network
interfacing
Project &
resource
planning
4.8 Transmitting
equipment
availability
License
procedure and
planning
4.9 Network
rollout planning
DTTB network
installation
Notification at
MPTC and MOI
Order to put
DTTB site in
operation
Order to put
revised DTTB
site in
operation
Equipment
installation
Site
acquisition
Testing
Equipment
ordering
DTTB
implementation
plan
Detailed
coverage
presentations
Multiplex operator
established
Notification at
MPTC and MOI
DTTB implementation
plan ready
Switch of
analogue TV
transmitters
ASO phase
1 to N
Re-engineering
ASO phase
1 to N
Equipment
installation
Testing
Analogue
TV tx
switch-off
(first) stations
operational
(first) stations notified
2. DTTB network equipment installation. An important part of the installation process is managing
the available resources. Especially when the ASO plan stipulates an approach which large phases
(i.e. with many transmitter sites to be switched on and off simultaneously), the installation
capacity should be well managed. In case the installation process is outsourced to the
manufacturer, this capacity planning will be part of the equipment ordering process.
3. Switching off stations (by the analogue television broadcasters). As the DTTB network
implementation planning is part of the ASO plan (and its associated planning), analogue
transmitters will be switched off too. It is important that this will not only be reported to the
MPTC (as they can update their National Frequency Register) but also to the NRT. These reports
will feed into the work stream of the Consumer and Market monitoring too. Where this
information will be used to monitor the progress of the ASO process and improved the logistics
and communications.
4. Re-engineering DTTB network sites. When analogue sites are switched off, additional spectrum
for the DTTB network might come available. Also foreign spectrum usage restrictions might be
lifted during the network roll-out. This could entail frequency changes to sites that are already
taken into operations. Re-engineering of these sites might be necessary. Special care should be
taken to avoid service interruptions. For this reason, complex solutions with temporary sites,
transmitter/combiners and carousel like planning methods are not uncommon in the network
implementation planning. The approval procedures for these re-engineered sites are no different
to the approval procedure for new sites, as explained above.
32
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
3.4.6
Phase 5 Licence administration
The objective of the licence administration phase is to check compliancy with the issued licence, to
update the National Frequency Register and to notify ITU of any new DTTB station put into operation.
However, as explained above these notifications are also important for the MOI to commence its task of
verifying compliancy with the terms and conditions of the broadcast licence.
The same procedure also applies for changing the station characteristics (e.g. when restrictions on the
digital transmissions have been lifted after switching off analogue transmitter stations) and when taking
stations out of operation. In the latter situation no approval will be issued by the MPTC. However, as
indicated before, the NRT will have to approve of switching off analogue television transmitters.
Inputs
The input data for this phase are the notifications of the common multiplex/network operator at the
MPTC and MOI (model B). In case model A applies, these notifications will be provided by the DTTB
licensed broadcasters.
Outputs
The phase will have two outputs:
•
Approval by MPTC of the stations. After having checked whether the transmitter station is
compliant with the DTTB spectrum licence terms and conditions the MPTC will provide an official
approval;
•
Recording of the assignment (i.e. station) in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR).
In turn the MPTC will notify ITU (i.e. Bureau Radio) of the new DTTB station taken into operation.
ITU will check the station’s conformity and will, after approval, record the station/assignment in
the MIFR.
Roadmap
The roadmap of the licence administration phase and the associated activities is shown in Figure 3.15.
As the Figure 3.15 shows, the following activities are included in Phase 5 of the roadmap:
1. Approving the subsequent DTTB stations. After having checked respectively the spectrum and
broadcast licence compliancy the MPTC and MOI will issue an approval to the common
multiplex/network operator and the individual broadcasters who have a capacity slot on the
multiplex(es). The MPTC will then update its National Frequency Register and will notify ITU-BR of
the new DTTB station.
2. Recording of the assignment in the MIFR. The recording of a frequency assignment in the Master
Register is preceded by various checks:
a.
Conformity with the Table of Frequency Allocations and the other provisions of the Radio
Regulations (regulatory examination); this examination consists in checking that the
assignment (frequency, class of station, notified bandwidth) does indeed correspond to an
allocation in the Table of Frequency Allocations in Article 5.
b.
Conformity with the procedures relating to coordination with other administrations
applicable to the radiocommunication service and the frequency band concerned.
c.
Conformity with a world or regional allotment or assignment plan and the associated
provisions (such as the GE06). For Cambodia, this conformity check does not apply because
such a regional allotment or assignment plan is not in place.
33
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 3.15: Licence administration phase of the roadmap
ITU-BR
Conformity
check of
assignment
Recording of
assignment in Master
International
Frequency Register
Station
Station
approved
Station
N
approved
recorded
in
MIFR
Approval procedure station N
Notification at
MPTC and MOI
Verify station
characteristics
with license
conditions
Update
National
Frequency
Register
Send
Notification
to ITU
Station
Station
approved
Station
N
approved
MPTC
approved
(first) stations
approved
(first) stations notified
4
Considerations on the top-10 most critical key topics and choices
In this section, the top-10 most critical key topics and choices, will be discussed in more detail. The order
of addressing the topics does not express their level of priority or importance. This priority is determined
by the ASO planning and whether the topic is on the critical path of the ASO planning.
Please note that some of the top-10 most critical key topics and choices not necessarily correspond to the
complete scope as addressed in the functional building blocks of the Guidelines.
Table 4.1 provides an overview of the top-10 most critical key topics and choices.
TABLE 4.1
Top-10 most critical key topics and choices
No
34
Key choices/decisions to be taken
(Part of) Block
1
Single and low costs STBs
2.1, 4.1
2
Customer proposition (services and coverage)
3.2
3
Licensing model A or B
2.2
4
Required and available budget (for ASO process)
2.9, 2.15, 3.1 3.4
5
ASO model (simulcasting phases and areas)
2.14
6
ASO planning and milestones (e.g. switch-off date)
2.16
7
ASO communication plan
2.18
8
Business model and conditional access
3.3, 3.4
9
Digital TV frequency plan
2.10/2.4/4.3
10
Allocation to mobile services (LTE)
2.10
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.1
Single and low cost STB
On the Cambodia market all analogue terrestrial broadcasters operate their own network and some of
them have already digital broadcast rights assigned to them. In addition, the two market leaders (i.e. CTN
and Bayon TV) have expressed the possibility of offering a digital pay-tv bouquet on the Cambodia
market. Moreover, PPCTV already operates a pay-tv digital service in the Phnom Penh area (on the basis
of DVB-T and Irdeto Conditional Access System – CAS).
In case no further regulation is considered, a situation can arise in which every broadcaster will select its
own STB with a different transmission standard (i.e. DVB-T and DTMB) and CAS8. To limit the risk of
customer confusion and market fragmentation the NRT should set a single standard for the transmission
system and the CAS. This stipulation of the transmission and CAS standard applies for both model A and B,
although for model B it is simpler to enforce. Only the common multiplex/network operator is issued a
spectrum licence which stipulates these standards. In model B, the NRT could even decide not to set a
CAS standard and let the single multiplex/network operator decide.
Considering also the specific DSO objectives of having a low cost STB for Cambodia (see Table 2.4 in this
report), a single transmission and CAS standard can push down prices significantly as ordered volumes can
be large.
4.1.1
Transmission standard
Following the Guidelines, stipulating a transmission standard involves regulatory and technical
considerations (respectively functional building block 2.1 and 4.1). Hence, this section is structured
accordingly.
Together with the additional considerations as discussed in section 3.4.2, the provided regulatory and
technical considerations should be included in an evaluation matrix where the appropriate
importance/weights can be assigned to them in the NRT.
Regulatory considerations
The Guidelines provide an implementation guideline for regulating the transmission standard for DTTB
services. Please note that the guideline text below is shortened and adapted for Cambodia. Following this
guideline the following observations can be made:
•
8
“Stipulate the DVB-T transmission standard for new DTTB services because safeguarding the
public interest (Universal Service) will be required and there is only a small down side risk of
setting the wrong DTTB transmission standard”:
a.
Setting a single standard will provide clarity in the Cambodia market and will reduce
consumer confusion as Cambodia still has to realize the ASO and a current offering is already
in the market. For a successful ASO consumer choice should be limited and the ASO process
itself manageable. Especially for the Cambodia market this could apply as the
communication means are limited (limited Internet access and use). Not favouring any of the
two standards (DVB-T and DTMB), however for the DTMB it should be noted that there are
two versions (single carrier system and a multi-carrier system) and the risk of consumer
confusion should be checked (as parallel and uncontrolled import of receivers will take
place).
b.
Setting the DVB-T standard will provide the largest possible economies of scale as DVB-T is
the most widely adopted standard for DTTB services. Consequently, this will result in the
lowest receiver prices (currently up € 10 retail price, with MPEG2 and without CAS), making
Given the relatively high costs of the Common Interface Module, the STBs are expected to have an embedded CAS
making them service provider/broadcaster specific. For more info, please refer to section 3.3.3 of the Guidelines.
35
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
DTTB services affordable for the largest population possible which seems for Cambodia a key
factor to consider.
•
“Reconsider setting the DVB-T transmission standard only in circumstance where” (de-facto the
Cambodia market is on DVB-T as PPCTV has already commenced services on this standard):
a.
The planned time of licensing new DTTB services is close to the time that different standards
will be available and are proven technologies (perhaps as far as beyond 2015 in case the ASO
date is selected to be 2018). This consideration could be applied to the DTMB standard as
this standard has less of a “track record” then DVB-T standard. Also, when the DTTB
introduction date is some years away, DVB-T2 standard can be considered. This standard is
far more efficient than the other currently available standards (see next section Technical
considerations). Today DVB-T2 STBs retail at approximately USD 70 which may be far too
high for the Cambodia market. Hence some time is needed to wait for prices to drop to
current DVB-T levels.
b.
In the Cambodia market there is no significant market share for the DVB-T standard yet.
PPCTV’s market share is currently very limited (below 10,000 STBs) and hence it could be
possible to change to the DTMB standard. However, PPCTV should be informed as quickly as
possible after such a change of the regulatory regime. The longer this decision is postponed
the higher the costs will be for PPCTV to migrate to the newly set standard (and
consequently the claim for financial compensation).
Technical considerations
Annex 5 gives a summary of technical information on transmission standards obtained from ITU and other
sources. From the information in this annex the following observations can be made:
9
36
•
The DTMB standard has two versions, a single carrier system and a multi-carrier system. The
standard can be applied in 7 MHz and in 8 MHz channels. It is advised to consider the multicarrier carrier version only, because multi-carrier standards provide maximum ruggedness against
multipath interference9. This is important in case of reception with simple antennas, a means of
reception commonly used in Cambodia.
•
The multi-carrier version of DTMB seems to have in general similar technical features than DVB-T.
However, DTMB is less suitable for SFN operation because of the limited number of guard
intervals and the shorter maximum guard interval (55.6, 78.7, 125 μs) compared to DVB-T (28, 56,
112, 224 μs). It is expected that SFN deployment is not a requirement in Cambodia (see also
Annex 3, functional building block 4.3). However, detailed service planning may show the need
for it (see section 3.4.3 of this report).
•
Information on protection ratios of the DTMB standard is currently not available in the
Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368, an update is expected in
May 2011.
•
Comparison of the provisionally DTMB data with the DVB-T data for two similar system variants
shows that net bit rates and co-channel protection ratios (DVB-T interfered with by DVB-T and
DTMB interfered with by DTMB respectively) do not deviate considerably.
•
A relatively new standard is the DVB-T2 standard. This standard is by far the best standard in
terms of capacity, robustness and power efficiency. In terms of network costs DVB-T2 is also
more efficient as fewer transmitters are needed and its combiners are simpler. In Table 4.2 a
comparative overview is provided.
See Appendix 4 to Annex 1 of Recommendation ITU-R BT. BT.1306-4 Error-correction, data framing, modulation and
emission methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting,
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 4.2
Comparative overview of transmission standards (see also Annex 5)
Feature
DVB-T
DVB-T2
DTMB
Multiplex capacity
**
***
**
Robustness
**
***
**
Power economy
**
***
**
SFN use
**
***
*
Reception at high speed
**
***
*
≥ USD 14
≥ USD 70
?
Current STB price
4.1.2
Conditional access
Table 2.1.1 of the Guidelines shows that Regulators refrain from stipulating a standard for the CAS. The
underlying reason for this neutral regulatory stance is that in most countries pay-tv operations on a DTTB
platform are offered by one single service provider (either operating one or more multiplexes), mostly a
commercial market party. The risk of consumer confusion and market fragmentation is limited as
subscribers to the DTTB pay service can only go to one provider.
However, in model A where every DTTB licensed broadcaster can launch its own pay-tv services (in the
case no further regulations are set), the risk of market confusion and market fragmentation does arise.
Whether the CAS standard should be stipulated depends therefore for a large extent on the selected
licensing model. In case of selecting model A, the NRT should seriously considering setting a CAS standard.
In model B, the necessity of setting a CAS standard is less eminent as only one multiplex/network
operator will be present in the market and the choice could be left to the single multiplex/network
operator. In this way this operator can set the market standard.
In selecting a CAS system the following considerations could be taken into account:
•
The business case for offering a pay-tv service should be clarified. The additional revenues that
can be generated, next to the free-to-air (FTA) and PPCTV’s DTTB services should be quantified.
These additional revenues should then be compared to the additional costs of having DTTB
receivers with embedded CAS. In the case of financial compensation for viewers (e.g. set-top-box
vouchers) the pay-tv decision will directly impact the required ASO budget.
•
The need and willingness to pay for additional pay content and the associated production costs
(to include in the above mentioned business case clarification). Ideally on the basis of market
research such a need for additional pay content should be identified (see also the functional
building block 3.2 in Phase 1 of the roadmap).
•
The intended date of launching these pay-tv services. A service launch beyond the ASO planning
(i.e. beyond 2015 or 2018) might open up the possibility to wait and see what the PPCTV service
uptake will look like. In case of a successful service take-up, a ‘standard’ would be already
adopted in the market and CAS regulation might not be necessary.
•
The production numbers of embedded STBs. It is advisable to make an inventory of the
productions numbers (i.e. the number of clients and deployed smartcards) of the various set-topbox suppliers. Economies of scale applies here too: set-top-box production lines with a large
number of single embedded CAS boxes will be cheaper.
•
The smartcard costs and their delivery volumes/schedules. Smartcard prices can vary significantly
between suppliers and also the way they can be ordered (the possibilities of rolling forecasts and
minimum committed order size).
•
The risk of hacking the CAS. Efforts to hack a smartcard are directly related to value of the pay-tv
package. In addition, smartcards are often only temporarily hacked and rarely cards have to be
37
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
recalled. Verify the CAS supplier’s track record and the way they have organized recovery
procedures (including the costs and who will have to bear what cost in case cards have to be
recalled).
4.2
Customer proposition
Although in the Guidelines (in functional building block 3.2) the customer proposition is being addressed
from a commercial perspective, the competitive advantage of the DTTB offering will be of equal
importance to the ASO process. In any ASO process, the actual attractiveness of the DTTB platform will for
a large part determine the success of the ASO operation and the NRT should take this aspect into account.
Table 4.3 provides an overview of the network coverage area of the main platforms in Cambodia,
expressed in household (HH) percentages. It also includes an estimate of the service uptake per platform,
expressed in the actual number of viewers or subscribers and as percentage of television households
(TVHH).
TABLE 4.3
Overview of the main television platforms in Cambodia
Platform
Network coverage area
Service uptake
% households
% HH
HH (k)
Subs or TVHH (k)
% TVHH10
100%
3,000
120 k
5%
23-40%
700-1,20011
700 – 1,200
30%-50%
Digital terrestrial (PPCTV) – PP area12
24%
700
75 k
3%
Analogue terrestrial:
– CTN network (11 sites)
– Bayon TV network (15 sites)13
– TVK (6 sites)14
– TV5 and TV3 (5 sites)
– TV9 and Sea TV (3 sites)
– Hang Meas and Apsara (1 site)
76%
84%
52%
48%
43%
32%
2,280
2,520
1,560
1,440
1,290
960
1,824
2,016
1,248
1,152
1,032
768
76%
84%
52%
48%
43%
32%
Satellite (DTV)
Cable (102+ companies)
From Table 4.3 above, it can be concluded that:
1. satellite has a footprint covering the whole of Cambodia and it offers a service bouquet including
all Cambodian channels (except one). However, its price level makes it beyond the reach of many
Cambodian households (see its limited service uptake);
2. the two main platforms are analogue terrestrial and cable having respectively a maximum
network coverage of 84 per cent and 40 per cent;
10
The Cambodia population is approximately 15 million people and with an average household size of five Cambodia has
approximately 3 million households. The national average penetration of television sets is assessed at 80%, resulting in
approximately 2.4 million television households.
11
Houses passed are assumed to be the same as the actual cable subscribers.
12
Coverage area assumed to be the same as CTN’s analogue television coverage area of its PP site.
13
Applying a Pareto principle it is assessed that the last additional sites add 2% additional household coverage as
compared to CTN’s coverage.
14
Data taken from CTN network: first six largest sites in terms of population coverage.
38
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
3. the analogue terrestrial network area varies considerably between the services/broadcasters
ranging from 84 per cent to 32 per cent, implying a varying service bouquet across the country;
4. there are five principle reception situations for households in Cambodia (illustrated in the
Figure 4.1):
a.
areas with just satellite reception (with a relative large number of services). Given the high
service coverage of analogue terrestrial and cable networks these areas are limited and
theoretically 16 per cent at the most (i.e. 100 per cent – 84 per cent, assuming a complete
overlap between terrestrial and cable networks) but most likely to be below 10 per cent;
b.
areas with satellite and cable reception. Given the terrestrial network coverage of 84 per
cent (and still growing as new sites are planned) this situation can only apply up to a
maximum of 16 per cent of the Cambodian territory;
c.
areas with satellite and analogue terrestrial (with a varying number of channels, but in most
areas just two to three services);
d.
areas with satellite, analogue terrestrial and cable reception (with a relatively large number
of services);
e.
Phnom Penh area with satellite, analogue terrestrial, cable (including IPTV) and digital
terrestrial reception15.
Not considering the first, second and fifth reception situation (because they are respectively small or
already DTTB served), the DTTB service offering has to compete on two basic markets:
1. Non-cabled areas (situation c). In these areas analogue terrestrial viewers will compare its current
analogue offering (for a large percentage of viewers this offering includes just two to
three channels) with the costs of switching to satellite or DTTB (next to comparing the channel
line-up). This is comparing the purchasing costs for a DTTB STB and antenna (including any
subsidies/vouchers) to the satellite STB and dish. Please note that for analogue terrestrial viewers
with also satellite/DTV this trade off will be different (they may decide not to switch to DTTB).
2. Cabled areas (situation d). In these areas people will have to decide between the DTTB and the
analogue cable offering. Cleary the advantage of analogue cable is that no STB is needed.
15
In the Phnom Penh area it is estimated that 20% of the population rely on analogue terrestrial television reception
(approximately 200,000 households). Consequently also in Phnom Penh a considerable transition effort is required.
39
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 4.1: Different reception situations in Cambodia
c. Satellite &
terrestrial
d. Satellite,
terrestrial & cable
a. Satellite
only
b. Satellite
& cable
e.
PP
= satellite coverage area
= terrestrial coverage area
= Cable coverage area
= Phnom Penh coverage area
4.2.1
Non-cabled areas
The Guidelines (see section 3.2.1) identifies six competitive advantage categories. Applying these
categories to the Cambodian served areas results in the following considerations for non-cabled areas
(where satellite is the only alternative after switching off analogue terrestrial services):
1. Interactivity/enhanced television services: the DTTB platform could offer interactive service as a
competitive edge. However, without any return path, these interactive services are limited to
services like the Electronic Program Guide (EPG), additional program information and enhanced
teletext. Recent market developments show that (mass produced) receivers come available with
return path capabilities, such integrated IPTV/DTTB set-top-boxes. But these boxes are relatively
expensive and given the low ability to pay in Cambodia, this seems not to be an option.
2. Additional Pay-TV platform/conditional access and billing facilities: as DTTB platforms can easily
be equipped with conditional access and billing facilities, it could provide service
providers/broadcasters a platform to launch pay-tv services, such as tiered television packages,
pay-per-view offerings and pre-paid facilities. It should be noted that even in the case of a
combined pay-tv/FTA offering, the possibilities of offering tiered television packages is
relatively limited on a DTTB platform (even with 6 or 9 multiplexes), let alone the cost
consequences for content production.
3. Additional services/multi-channel offering: In Cambodia, the analogue terrestrial television
platform offers only a limited set of services (i.e. 2 to 10 services in PP only). The introduction of a
multi-channel DTTB offering could be a key demand driver. It should be noted however that in
Cambodia DTV offers a multi-service, too (pay-tv satellite) and the DTTB platform is faced with a
lower distribution capacity. However, DTV operates in a much higher price range (i.e. receiver
installation and subscription prices) and does not directly compete with DTTB.
40
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4. Lower costs (one-off and recurring): The DTTB platform in Cambodia has the advantage of having
lower receiver costs as compared to satellite. STB retail prices are in the range of € 10-20,
implying ex-factory between € 5-15. Especially these one-off costs form a major barrier for
consumers to adopt digital television. It should be noted however, as the DTTB launch is part of
an ASO process (a government led operation), the lowest purchasing costs (including
subsidies/vouchers) for the Cambodian people is really a prerequisite rather than a competitive
edge.
5. Picture and reception quality: The introduction of DTTB could entail for many Cambodian viewers
a significantly better picture quality. Most terrestrial viewers have an indoor reception installation
(the so called ‘rabbit ears’) in a rooftop designed network. Hence, due to multipath propagation
viewers will have distorted reception and picture quality. This does less apply to viewers with
rooftop antennas. However, the number of rooftop antennas is limited in Cambodia. Hence this
could provide a competitive edge for DTTB.
6. Usability/Portability: DTTB services are wireless and can be received on compact receivers.
Hence, DTTB services have the competitive advantage of portability, especially when the receiver
comes with a small antenna. In Cambodia, DTTB can deliver better coverage and in more places
of the home. This only under the provision that marketing this competitive edge is accompanied
by accurate coverage predictions and coverage is defined for areas with a higher level of
reception probability.
From the above considerations the following competitive profile of the DTTB platform in non-cabled areas
can be drawn:
Figure 4.2: DTTB’s competitive profile in non-cabled areas in Cambodia
Interactivity
Add. PayTV platform
Non-cabled
Usability
Add. services
Quality
4.2.2
Price
Cabled areas
For the cabled areas a different market evaluation can result. As compared to the non-cabled areas the
following categories can be evaluated differently:
1. Additional services/multi-channel offering: As said the introduction of a multi-channel DTTB
offering could be the key demand driver. For people in the cabled areas this argument seems to
be less strong. The cable networks offer a service bouquet of 15-30 services. In areas where the
cable offering have been in the market for some years the window of opportunity may be gone as
people have already switched from analogue terrestrial television to cable. Consequently,
additional services may be a weaker competitive edge for DTTB.
2. Lower costs (one-off and recurring): As indicated above, for analogue cable no STB is needed and
hence the one-off costs are significantly lower. If not subsidized, the DTTB platform suffers here a
competitive disadvantage. For the recurring costs the DTTB platform can have a competitive
advantage over cable in the case where it is offered FTA. Whether this is possible depends largely
on the licensing model and the total television advertising market in Cambodia. In model B, a FTA
41
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
offer is more likely as the distribution costs can be shared between broadcasters. No data is
available on the total television advertising market (especially when introducing DTTB) and should
be investigated (see section 3.4.2 of this report). In summary, only under conditions the DTTB
platform could have a price advantage.
3. Picture and reception quality: For cable subscribers their reference point for picture quality is
most likely to be the picture quality of analogue cable. DTTB can provide a competitive advantage
here if enough capacity is allocated to each service. A better picture quality on the DTTB platform
could consist of a more stable picture frame. It is important to note that this does not necessarily
have to be HDTV. More capacity allocated to each service could result in selecting a less robust
transmission modus and hence less coverage per site. It is advised that the NRT has the picture
quality investigated of the various cable networks across the country (as part of the market
research in Phase 1 of the roadmap). This research may show that the picture quality on the cable
networks tends to be poor. If that is the case picture quality could be a competitive advantage of
DTTB even in cabled areas.
From the above considerations the following competitive profile of the DTTB platform in cabled areas can
be drawn:
Figure 4.3: DTTB’s competitive profile in cabled areas in Cambodia
Interactivity
Add. PayTV platform
Cabled
Usability
Add. services
Quality
4.3
Price
Licensing framework model A or B
The Guidelines includes several considerations for selecting either model A or B. Please note that the
guideline text below is shortened and adapted for Cambodia. Following this guideline the following
observations can be made:
1. “Spectrum management objectives: In order to increase spectrum efficiency the Regulator would
like to avoid content duplication”. In both models this can be accomplished if:
a.
42
In (a variant of) model A: the spectrum rights are awarded in combination with an obligation
to provide a defined bouquet of channels, for example as proposed in the bid book or
stipulated by the MOI. This bouquet should make use of all available capacity (so no capacity
left unused) and between broadcasters services should not be duplicated. It may also be
necessary to stipulate the quality of services as to avoid unwanted content or many repeats.
Also the spectrum licence conditions should be specified on the basis of a detailed service
planning (see section 3.4.4) stipulating exactly the spectrum use (including site location,
antenna height, ERP, and antenna diagram). This may imply changing already assigned digital
spectrum rights. It seems doubtful if the broadcasters can provide a viable business plan for
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
filling their multiplex capacity with a complete bouquet as the content production/purchase
costs are high16. Altogether, it seems doubtful if in practice spectrum efficiency can be
regulated effectively in model A. It is likely that it will turn out to be inefficient. Moreover,
given the many current terrestrial broadcasters all to be facilitated on the DTTB platform,
model A is technically not possible. There are just not enough channels available to
accomplish all DSO objectives (see Table 2.4). Only if these DSO objectives are drastically
changed, model A may be possible (for further details please refer to section 4.10 in this
report).
b.
In (a variant of) model B: the spectrum rights are award to a common multiplex/network
operator. This operator rolls-out the network on the basis of a detailed service planning. In
addition the MOI grants capacity to individual broadcasters (in a transparent and nondiscriminatory way) and does not assign capacity twice for the same service in the same
area.
2. “Competition rules and objectives: the Regulator would like to see the introduction of a new
competing platform next to a dominant (e.g. satellite or cable) platform”. The applicability of this
consideration in Cambodia seems limited. The satellite platform (DTV) has only got a market
share of 5 per cent. For the cable platform only in the areas where there is no terrestrial platform
a dominant market position may be present. This situation can only apply up to a maximum of 16
per cent of the Cambodian territory. However, in both models this objective of introducing a
competing DTTB platform can be met:
a.
In model A: the broadcast rights are assigned to the broadcasters with a coordinated
bouquet of services across all the broadcasters (see above under objective 1).
b.
In model B: when assigning the broadcast rights (i.e. capacity slots) to the individual
broadcasters, it stipulates free-to-air broadcasts and/or a single CAS. In addition, the
Regulator should stipulate a common and shared EPG.
3. “Market structure and environmental objectives: in order to avoid duplication of infrastructure”.
Given the situation in Cambodia:
a.
In model B: by assigning only one licence for the frequency (and possibly operating rights) to
the common multiplex/network operator, the Regulator ensures that only one network will
be rolled-out.
b.
In model A: by assigning the broadcast and spectrum rights directly to the broadcasters (and
no further stipulations), the broadcasters will each of them roll-out their own network. It is
doubtful whether these broadcasters can draw a viable business case for such digital
operations. This disadvantage of infrastructure duplication can be somewhat reduced if the
Regulator enforces operating rights. In order words, the Regulator imposes site and,
possibly, antenna sharing obligations between broadcasters. Such an arrangement only
‘loosely’ avoids infrastructure duplication.
4. “Media rules and objectives: the Regulator would like to see the analogue television services
continued onto the digital platform(s)”. Assuring this objective can be facilitated in both models:
a.
16
In model A: including a ‘must carry’ rule in the broadcast licence. The broadcasters have the
obligation to have at least one service in the multiplex that is the same as their current
analogue service. In addition, it should stipulate that the digital service should cover at least
the same area as the analogue service.
In the case QPSK modulation is applied the available multiplex capacity is limited and it may be that broadcasters can fill
such a limited capacity more easily.
43
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
b.
In model B: reserving capacity on the available multiplex capacity for the existing analogue
terrestrial services. Also with the stipulation to cover the same area as the analogue service.
As the above considerations show, model A seems either to run into financial problems (as the network
costs are too high) and/or cause considerable spectrum inefficiency (as broadcasters cannot finance the
content production costs and multiplexes will not be utilized). Model A seems to be only possible if major
concessions are made to the DSO objectives.
It should be noted that in terms of costs for the Government there is no difference between model A or B.
Also in Model B it is possible that in a Public Private Partnership, the private partner will bear all costs of
the network roll-out and even the promotion of the DTTB service, including subsidizing the STB.
The NRT should draft for each model a balance with the pros and cons of that model. Also the appropriate
importance/weights have to be assigned to all pros and cons. In Figure 4.4 an initial overview is provided.
Figure 4.4: Initial overview of the pros and cons of model A and B
Model A
Pros
Model B
Cons
Pros
Spectrum inefficient
Spectrum efficient
More investments in
infrastructure needed
Significantly less
investments in
infrastructure needed
Impacts PPCTV business
model as Broadcasters
will roll-out their own
service
Competition between
Broadcasters is possible
over (different) network
coverage & quality
Cons
With out regional
insertion, regional/small
broadcasters are
distributed nationally
Less/no competition
between Broadcasters in
terms of network coverage
& quality
Re-use of switched off
analogue equipment
easier
Re-use of switched off
analogue equipment will
require co-operation of
Broadcasters
Site sharing rules less
needed
Site sharing rules may be
required if Broadcasters
don’t cooperate
4.4
Required and available budget
As mentioned in the ASO planning phase of the roadmap, the ASO phase will have to deliver a business
case detailing the costs and the financial resources. In this section considerations on both costs and
‘revenue’ side are included.
4.4.1
Cost considerations
The Guidelines provide in Table 2.15.2 an overview of the relative impact on the size of the ASO
organization and costs, depending on what responsibilities the NRT takes on board. Below an adjusted
table is provided including considerations for Cambodia.
44
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 4.4
ASO activities and budget impact for Cambodian ASO process
No
1
ASO Activity
ASO organization
function
Migrating viewers
to digital
Logistic function for
administrating and
handing-out vouchers
Logistic function for
aerial retuning and
installation
Contact centre
function for
(technical) assistance
Consumer
communication
function
Considerations for Cambodia situation
Depends on the actual/final coverage of the
DTTB network. Assuming an 84% coverage
target (i.e. the largest terrestrial network
coverage) this could entail a considerable
operation.
Transmitter
network migration
efforts
Network planning
function
++(++)
Financial impact can be limited if financial
compensations is minimized (see brackets in
next column):
1.
Only existing analogue terrestrial viewers
are financially compensated;
2.
Selection of cheap set-top-boxes;
3.
Partly financial compensation (not the
whole purchase costs) or loan system
(please note this will include
interest/finance charge for the
government);
4.
Roll-out indoor coverage network, as to
avoid roof-top antenna purchase costs.
Media and Public
Affairs function
2
Relative
cost/budget
indication
Depends on the actual/final coverage of the
DTTB network.
++(+)
Costs will arise from additional transmitters
(in the case of simulcasting), head-end
systems, additional distribution capacity and
additional sites (for example to provide
better/indoor coverage).
Especially adding sites can entail significant
costs (see brackets in next column)
3
Re-farming of
spectrum efforts
and
compensations
Network planning
function
According to the current information
provided (but should be double checked)
there are no existing spectrum users to be
migrated. Although some digital licences may
need to be revoked or changed. Without
knowing the exact licence conditions it is
difficult to assess these costs. Also the
consequences of ASO on the distribution to
cable head-ends should be assessed (see
also 3.4.2). This may also result in
compensation claims
+(?)
45
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
No
4
5
ASO Activity
Simulcast period
for analogue
terrestrial services
Managing the ASO
process
ASO organization
function
Broadcast network
roll-out monitoring
function
Broadcast network
roll-out monitoring
function
Market monitoring
and research function
Consumer
communication
function
Industry
communication
functions
6
7
4.4.2
Setting mandatory
certification and
labelling
Cost for resolving
any DTTB
interference
Industry liaisons
function
Contact centre
function
Considerations for Cambodia situation
Relative
cost/budget
indication
Depends on the decision of having a simulcast
period. But even in the case of simulcasting
the costs (i.e. network operating expenses)
can be limited if (if conditions are not met
significant costs can arise – see brackets):
+(++)
1.
A thorough service planning is conducted
and the service bouquet is balanced –
most likely in model B.
2.
In case the largest analogue network
coverage has to be reproduced the
number of sites is limited to 15 (and
possibly extensions of the analogue
networks are stopped);
3.
The simulcast period is limited to a
maximum of four years (only in the case
the ASO is 2015 and not for example
2018).
Assuming all functions (see left column) will
be included in the NRT responsibilities and
NRT members will be mainly Government
entities, the managing efforts and costs can
be relatively low.
+
Given the low penetration rate of Internet
access and use in Cambodia, communication
costs might be relatively high (e.g. printed
materials, mobile and more radio broadcasts)
These costs could be minimized by:
1.
Stipulating a widely accepted and proven
transmission standard;
2.
Not stipulating a CAS standard;
3.
Implementing a voucher system for a
single standard receiver (i.e. set-topbox).
Interference issues can occur in Cambodia,
given the presence of widespread cable
networks and home installations. Costs can be
minimized if cable operators are willing to use
spectrum not in use by DTTB. That will imply
that network operators will have to change
their so-called network raster and subscribers
have to retune their television sets.
+
0
Budget considerations
An inventory should be made of the possible sources for financing the abovementioned ASO costs. The
Guidelines provides guidance on sources for funding (see section 2.9.1). The table below provides some
first considerations on the various sources.
46
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 4.5
Funding sources for the ASO in Cambodia
No
1
Source
General Taxes
Considerations for Cambodia
When financing the ASO from general taxes the following should
be taken into account:
1.
Given the 84% target population coverage as implied in the DSO
objectives, 16% of the population will pay towards the ASO but
will not directly benefit from DTTB. This may constitute a
political barrier;
2.
This is a form of indirect financing of activities (not through a
purpose specific tax levy). The ASO costs and benefits have to be
balanced against other national priorities (e.g. building schools
or roads). This political process might be long and the ASO plan
should take this into account when deciding to include this
source in its financial planning.
2
TV licence fees
Introducing the TV licence fee can be option to finance the ASO
process. However in Cambodia such a system is currently absent.
Experiences in the past have shown that such fees are heavily
debated and people tend to resist such an introduction. This may
cause significant political debate. Also law enforcing has shown to be
very difficult as people hide television sets and regular checks are
necessary. Perhaps not the best option to consider.
3
Spectrum usage/industry levies
The number of licensed spectrum users is relatively high in Cambodia
(9 mobile network operators, over 10 television broadcasters and
many commercial radio/FM broadcasters). Hence there seems to be a
basis for additional spectrum usage levies.
Special industry levies for equipment suppliers will be problematic for
(inter)national competition rules and policies. Moreover this may
work adversely as equipment prices will go up.
4
Spectrum auctions or tenders
As can be learned from the Guidelines spectrum auctions and tenders
procedure with substantial upfront payments are rarely seen for DTTB
licences.
In addition, In Cambodia at least one commercial DTTB licence has
already been assigned without substantial payment.
However, auctioning ‘digital dividend’ spectrum (for example for LTE
services) may prove to be a source of financing the ASO costs. It
should be noted however, that the revenues/proceeds of this auction
will become available after ASO. Hence ASO costs may have to be
advanced.
5
International organizations/loans
(ITU/NGO/Worldbank, other
countries, etc)
Seems limited but no practical information available. In the case of
international loans the ability to pay back should be seriously
considered.
47
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
No
6
Source
Commercial participation and/or
Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
Considerations for Cambodia
As indicated in the Guidelines, different forms of PPPs can be applied:
1.
A commercial and independent party (e.g. this party could be
formed by the current broadcasters, together with other
parties) rolls-out the common network/service and the current
terrestrial services are carried in a FTA bouquet (a form of
model B). In return for its investment efforts the commercial
party is allowed to use the remaining multiplex capacity and can
generate revenues from a pay-tv service;
2.
A commercial and independent party roll-out the common
multiplex/network and rents out all the available capacity to any
commercial broadcaster or service provider interested in DTTB
distribution (a form of model B);
3.
The Cambodian government and a commercial network
operator jointly finance the DTTB network (PPP), providing a
free-to-air and pay-tv DTTB services. Remaining capacity will be
rented out to any other commercial broadcasters (a form of
model B).
In Cambodia foreign ownership rules are applicable. A foreign
commercial party or a PPP financing structure may require revision of
these rules (as to make it interesting enough for foreign parties to
participate). The ASO planning should facilitate time for any such
change.
From the table above it can be concluded that financing the ASO will take a considerable effort, for any of
the abovementioned funding sources, to generate substantial money. This should be carefully balanced
against the ASO cost items (and the possibilities to minimize them).
4.5
ASO model
As discussed under the DSO objectives (see section 2.3) a simulcast period for the current analogue
terrestrial services is wished for. The DSO objectives also indicate the possibility of having extended
population coverage. In other words there will be areas in which there is currently no analogue terrestrial
television coverage (for a maximum of approximately 16 per cent of the population) and the new DTTB
network will deliver new terrestrial television services. Consequently, in case the DTTB network coverage
will be larger than the current analogue terrestrial coverage, two situations have to be considered:
1. non-served analogue TV areas;
2. served analogue TV areas.
For the non-served areas, it is advised just to introduce the DTTB service directly as a new service. So in
those areas there will be no simulcasting. The potential viewers in these non-served areas should be
informed about the new possibility to receive DTTB services (possibly next to other options such as cable
and satellite). Communication to this group of viewers should therefore be part of the ASO
communication plan too.
Other than the decision to have simulcasting in the served areas, the NRT will have to further specify what
this simulcast period will look like. Following the Guidelines, two remaining decisions will have to be
taken. In Figure 4.5 these remaining decisions have been illustrated (see also Figure 2.14.4 in the
Guidelines).
48
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 4.5: ASO models in Cambodia
i. + Phased DTTB roll-out
a. + Phased Analogue switch-off
1. ASO with Simulcast
I
III
ii. + National DTTB roll-out
II
b. + National Analogue switch-off
2. ASO without Simulcast
Following the figure above, the following can be said about the remaining decisions (II) and (III):
1. Decision II: A phased analogue can be considered:
a.
As the number of analogue terrestrial television viewers is relatively large. As observed
before Cambodia’s two main platforms for television services are analogue terrestrial and
cable having respectively 2 to 1.2 million viewers. The impact of failure would be large.
b.
As the number of broadcasters/network operators involved is large. In both licensing models
(A and B) they have to switch off the analogue transmitters. Although the number of sites
per broadcaster is limited (maximum 15 – 19 sites), by having so many networks the number
of sites is relatively large. The installation/engineering capacity may not allow for switching
off at one moment.
c.
As the number of phases can be limited to two to three in order to minimize complexity. It
should be noted that this is a region by region approach and not broadcaster by broadcaster,
also in model A. Before any region is being switched-off, it is advisable to test ASO in a closed
user group. This not only to test the working of the new DTTB network but also the
receivers, the retuning and installation at home, the customer contact processes, etc.
2. Decision III: A phased rollout of the DTTB network can be considered:
a.
As available spectrum may be limited and frequencies have to be re-used (see also
section 4.9 in this report).
b.
As the broadcasters’ installation and engineering capacity may be limited and a network rollout at once (i.e. a limited period of time) may not be possible. This seems only to apply in
the case model A is applied. In the case of model B, capacity limitations can be reduced if a
common multiplex/network operator is selected who proved to have sufficient resources to
roll-out the network in a timely manner.
c.
As broadcasters may insist on re-using transmitters or other infrastructure in order to reduce
their investment costs. This will require a phased roll-out of the DTTB network. In such an
approach the broadcaster re-uses switched off analogue transmitters (depending on the
type of analogue transmitter, see also section 4.9 in this report) of one region in the next
region. Obviously this will extend the simultcast period considerably and hence the simulcast
(operational) costs. This consideration applies in both model A and B. In model B, the
common multiplex/network operator will re-use switched off equipment from the
broadcasters. Broadcasters are likely to cooperate as they will still get some income from
equipment which cannot be used anymore.
49
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.6
ASO planning and milestones
A key element for the ASO planning is that it is well coordinate and facilitates cooperation throughout the
value chain. The table below provides an overview of possible result paths of the ASO planning and the
key tasks associated to them.
Next to the different result paths (in the table below eight result paths are suggested), the ASO planning
should specify the key milestones on each result path and the interdependencies between them. In the
table some example milestones are provided for each result path.
In this way this table can form the basis of an initial ASO planning.
TABLE 4.6
Cambodia ASO planning and milestones
No
1
2
50
Result path
Regulation and
Political Approval
Frequency
planning and
coordination
Key tasks
Example milestones
Planning considerations for
Cambodia
•
The NRT team should
include a ‘liaison officer’
to quickly check and
monitor political issues
and considerations
•
Staged approach, in
which first a DTTB
policy document is
agreed (see section 3 in
this report) and later
the ASO plan
•
Likely to be a task of the
NRT. Especially
considering the remarks
in section 3 on the need
for clarifying the
available spectrum and
the broadcast and
mobile requirements
•
Government
providing mandate to
the NRT
•
DTTB policy document
approved (see
Phase 1)
•
Government
approving the DTTB
policy document
•
ASO planning
approved (see
Phase 2)
•
Government
endorsing the ASO
planning and DTTB
licensing regime
•
DTTB licence terms
and conditions agree
(see Phase 3)
•
•
Government
approving any
necessary regulatory
changes
Regulatory framework
changed (see Phase 1)
•
The NRT should
manage and have a
frequency planning
carried out
•
Initial DTTB service
plan agreed (see
Phase 2)
•
•
Also the coordination
efforts to free-up
(temporarily)
spectrum and to
ensure interference
free broadcasts
should be included.
Detailed DTTB service
plan agreed (see
Phase 3)
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
No
3
4
Result path
Licensing
Content and
Broadcasters
Example milestones
Planning considerations for
Cambodia
•
DTTB licences assigned
(see Phase 3) or
Multiplex/network
operator licence
assigned (see Phase 3)
•
Evidently tasks to be
overseen by the NRT
•
All studio feeds
delivered at multiplex
centre (see Phase 4)
•
Broadcasters may have
to deliver different
studio feeds
•
Business model
agreed and
distribution contracts
rearranged
•
Broadcasters
distribution network to
the transmitter sites
may change (also
including cable network
head-ends)
•
Content rights may be
impacted. Purchased
content may only be
distributed in a certain
area of Cambodia
and/or only in analogue
format
•
It could be considered
to involve DTV,
although not as a NRT
member
Key tasks
•
The MOI and MPCT
have to stop licensing
analogue terrestrial
licences
•
The MOI and MPCT
need to assign the
required DTTB media
and frequency
licences (to either a
common network
operator or individual
broadcasters)
•
The MOI and MPCT
may need to revise
assigned licences to
make the ASO
planning possible
•
Regulator(s) might
need to take away
any obstacles in the
acquisition of building
permits (in case new
sites or temporarily
transmitter sites have
to be erected quickly)
or any other permits
•
Broadcasters need to
be informed about
the ASO timetable
and the impact on
their production chain
•
Broadcasters need to
communicate to their
viewers about the
ASO (by incorporating
items in their own
programming)
•
In model B,
broadcasters need to
deliver their studio
feeds to the common
multiplex/network
operator
•
In model B, existing
distribution
arrangements may
change. For example,
DTV and PPCTV
distribute the
broadcasters’ content
free of charge
51
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
No
5
6
Result path
Other Multiplex
operators/Service
providers (PPCTV,
DTV and Cable
operators
Networks and
services
•
Making sure that the
marketing around
analogue switch-off
does not favour the
digital terrestrial
platform only.
Viewers should be
informed about
opportunities for
television reception
across all platforms
•
Information of their
offerings should be
exchanged and
coordinated in the
NRT
•
In model B existing
distribution
arrangements may
change. For example,
DTV and PPCTV
distribute the
broadcasters’ content
free of charge
•
Broadcasters/
Network operator
need to detail the
network planning and
the associated service
roll-out planning
•
•
52
Example milestones
Planning considerations for
Cambodia
•
Information exchange
with other providers
agreed
•
•
Distribution contracts
rearranged
DTV, PPCTV and Cable
operators provide an
alternative platform and
hence they could
contribute to the NRT
•
In model B PPCTV’s
offering may be part of
the common
multiplex/network
operator. This may
require agreeing a
different business
model
•
In both models (A or B),
representatives of the
broadcaster/network
operator function are
evidently need in
the NRT
Key tasks
Broadcasters/
Network operator
need to carry out the
DTTB network and
service roll-out
Broadcasters have to
switch off analogue
transmission at the
right time in the right
area(s)
•
Network and service
roll-out planning
drafted and agreed
(see Phase 4)
•
DTTB Transmitter site
in region A taken in
operations (see
Phase 4)
•
First analogue
transmitter in region A
switched off (see
Phase 4)
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
No
7
8
Result path
Retail (STB and
other receivers)
Communications
Example milestones
Planning considerations for
Cambodia
•
Contract agreed for
certifying and labelling
STBs
•
This will include the
retail chains as well.
•
•
First batch of STB
available in selected
retail shops in
region A
STB Manufactures are
not likely to participate
in the NRT, but a good
‘liaison officer’ will be
needed
•
Representatives of
logistic chain providers
(shops, post offices) are
likely to be included in
the NRT
•
Labelling/certification
will require a trusted
organization to do so.
Given the limited means
for communications this
should ideally be an
organization already
know to the Cambodian
public. Such an
organization is likely to
participate in the NRT
•
Representatives of the
various viewer groups
are likely to be
consulted in the NRT
•
Will include a
customer/viewer
contact centre
Key tasks
•
Manufacturers need
to supply sufficient
quantities of DTTB
receivers in regions
•
In case of pay-tv, CAS
suppliers need to
supply smartcards
•
Manufactures may be
required certify
compliancy with any
set standard (see
section 2.1) and to
provided proper or
specific labelling
•
Setting acceptable
timetables and
understanding local
issues
•
Formulated adequate
messages and
executing
communications
through various
means/tools
(Viewers and
other target
groups)
•
ASO communication
plan agreed (see
Phase 2)
•
Customer/viewer
contact centre
operational
The Figure 4.6 provides and impression of what an ASO planning could look like.
53
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 4.6
①
Regulation &
political approval
②
Frequency
planning
③
Licensing
④
Content &
broadcasters
⑤
Other providers
Illustration of an ASO milestone planning
NRT
mandated
ASO plan
approved
DTTB licensing
approved
Detailed service
plan agreed
Initial service
plan agreed
Licensing
stopped
Multiplex license
assigned
Contracts
rearranged
Studio feeds
delivered
Providers
informed
1st DTTB site on
air
⑥
Networks &
services
⑦
Retail
2nd DTTB site on
air
1st A site off air
Manufactures
contracted
STBs available
⑧
Communications
4.7
ASO communication plan
agreed
Customer Contact Centre
ready
ASO communication plan
As indicated in the Guidelines, the ASO Communication Plan is a strategy on how to inform the public at
large and the involved market players in several successive stages. One of the main deliverables in
preparing this plan is a matrix which matches:
•
the different target groups; and
•
the different messages (per stage).
As discussed in section 4.2, in Cambodia there are served and the non-served (with analogue terrestrial
television) areas. Consequently, the communication messages between these two groups will differ
significantly.
In the served areas, five different reception situations do exist:
a. areas with just satellite reception (with a relative large number of services);
b. areas with satellite and cable reception;
c. areas with satellite and analogue terrestrial (with a varying number of channels, but in most areas
just two to three services);
d. areas with satellite, analogue terrestrial and cable reception (with a relatively large number of
services);
e. Phnom Penh area with satellite, analogue terrestrial, cable (including IPTV) and digital terrestrial
reception.
54
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
All these different reception situations will imply different messages, although some messages can be
common (e.g. in the awareness phase of communications). But definitely at the conversion stage, in
which the viewers have to be explained in detail what he/she has to do to change to digital, the message
will differ.
Next to the target group ‘the public’ the involved market parties have to be informed too. Depending on
the responsibilities the ASO organization will take on board (for example whether or not a voucher system
will be implemented), the following target groups could be included in the matrix:
•
STB suppliers and retailers;
•
certification and labelling institutes/organizations;
•
broadcasters;
•
content creators;
•
landlords and public places (with television sets);
•
government entities (e.g. local councils, regulatory bodies, etc.);
•
voucher (or loan) supplier.
In Figure 4.7, matching the different target groups with the different communication stages and messages
is illustrated.
Figure 4.7
Example communication matrix for Cambodia
Target groups 
no
Stages ↓
1
Awareness
2
Understanding
3
Attitudes
4
Intentions
5
Conversion
6
Satisfaction
Viewers
S1
Viewers
S2
Viewers
S3
Viewers
S4
Public
N1
Public
N2
STB
supplier
Broadcaster
Message 1
Message 2
Message 2
M. 5
M. 5
M. 5
Message 4
Message 4
M. 5
M. 2
Message 3
Message 3
Message 4
M. 2
M. 5
M. 5
M. 4
M. 5
Message 4
As part of the ASO planning and more specifically the Communications work stream, the NRT should
complete and detail the above illustrated matrix. Subsequent steps will include:
4.8
•
Determining the communication tools per stage and target group. For example, the non-served
public will rely heavily on the radio to be informed whilst served viewers can easily reached with
the broadcasts of the commercial/public broadcasters.
•
Mapping the communication matrix on the network roll-out planning as to determine the exact
dates for communicating (especially the conversion and satisfaction/monitoring stage).
Business model and conditional access
Agreement on the business model between the involved parties in the value chain will be a key decision
to be made. This choice cannot be considered separately from the decision on the licensing model.
55
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In the case model A is decided, the broadcasters will be free to adopt any business model. For the DTTB
services this is basically the choice between pay-tv services or FTA services (or any combination). Although
the NRT is not involved in selecting a business model for the DTTB service, the NRT should consider
setting standards for the CAS (see section 4.1 in this report).
In case model B is selected, the NRT will have to decide a business model for the common multiplex
operator. This operator can offer:
1. Distribution (or network) services only: the broadcasters (or any other service provider) will have
to pay a distribution fee for the service of broadcasting their program(s) in specified areas
(against a set of agreed service levels, including picture quality, network availability, etc.). The
impact on the broadcasters will be relatively limited as the broadcaster can still broadcast FTA.
Alternatively the broadcasters can encrypt their content and deliver this encrypted content to the
multiplex/network operator for distribution17. In this way the broadcasters can also offer pay-tv
services;
2. Distribution and television services: here the multiplex/network operator offers next to
distribution services also its own television services (i.e. its own television content and mostly
likely as a pay-tv service) directly to the viewers in Cambodia (see also section 4.4.2 in this
report). In this model the multiplex/network operator is also service provider/broadcaster. In the
case these pay-tv services are reserved for the multiplex/network operator (for example for
having a single pay-tv bouquet and not to fragment the market too much), the existing
broadcasters cannot offer pay-tv services18.
The Guidelines provides some guidance for broadcasters in selecting a business model for DTTB services.
As said above, considering the DTTB business model the key question is really whether to launch a multichannel offering on the basis of a free-to-air (i.e. a business model on the basis of advertising income) or a
pay-tv model (i.e. a business model on the basis of subscriptions).
As the Guidelines indicate whether a FTA or a pay-tv offering can be success depends on various factors,
including:
1. For FTA models:
a.
Additional viewers or viewing hours. Any FTA proposition will have to add additional viewers
(or viewing hours) not previously addressed by existing platforms. In most cases, in the FTA
model the network transmission costs of the DTTB network have to be financed by the
additional advertising income on the DTTB platform. As discussed in section 4.3, this may not
be the case in model A. Adding viewers or viewing hours is not necessarily restricted to nonserved viewers (e.g. because the channels are not broadcast on widely distributed on
analogue networks), but can also be driven by additional (viewing) value for the end
consumers. In France for example, new viewers were attracted by offering a multi-channel
HDTV offering. As discussed in section 4.2.1, in Cambodia improved picture quality (although
not likely to be HDTV) can add additional viewing.
b.
Absolute volume of the advertising market and market share for television advertising. Some
markets may have limited advertising budgets, which may not cover the additional cost of
setting up and running a DTTB services. Please note that also the advertising budget
distribution should be considered. In some markets the advertising spend might be
proportionally larger than for other media (e.g. such as radio or newspapers). As advertisers
are known to be conservative, changing these spend patterns might be a lengthy process.
17
Special attention should be given to a secure way of delivering the encrypted content to the head-end of the multiplex
operator.
18
This will require a solution for the current pay-tv services offered by PPCTV. See also section 3.4.4 in this report.
56
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
2. For pay-tv models:
4.9
a.
Other existing pay-tv offerings in the market and their bouquet composition. Existing pay-tv
service providers might address only the top segment of the market with relatively
expensive packages. There might be room in the market for offering lower-tier packages
without exclusive/expensive content. This situation seems not to exist in Cambodia as
analogue cable, with over 1.2 million subscribers, already serve a considerable part of the
market with a cheap offering. In addition, existing service providers might provide a
(perceived) bad service, providing a driver for viewers to switch to an alternative television
offering (not observed during the first visit).
b.
Existing free-to-air offerings. The potential market share for pay-tv service might be limited
by the existence of widely adopted free-to-air offerings with Cambodian relevant content
(the only offering in Cambodia is the analogue terrestrial services).
c.
Existing television content contracts in the market. Especially exclusive content deals might
limit the possibility of creating attractive pay-tv packages. For example exclusive live football
broadcast rights. Conversely, the absence of such exclusive contracts might create an
opportunity (no information available).
d.
Willingness to pay for television content. The willingness to pay is very often historically and
culturally determined. Pay-tv service providers should carefully investigate paying patterns
for television services. As said in section 3.4.2, this is an aspect that still needs to be
researched for the Cambodia market.
Digital TV frequency plan
A frequency plan for digital television contains frequency assignments to digital TV transmitting stations
that are licensed or will be licensed in the future. During the transition period the plan also contains
assignments of analogue TV stations which are licensed or will be licensed in the future. All assignments in
the frequency plan should be compatible, which means that no unacceptable interference will be caused
to any of the services resulting from assignments in the plan.
In this section the need for a digital TV frequency plan will be addressed, followed by the conditions for
developing a digital TV frequency plan, coverage considerations and the construction of the plan.
4.9.1
Need for a digital TV frequency plan
An overview of the current analogue and digital television frequency use in Cambodia is shown in
Table 2.1. Furthermore, in the framework of the digital switch-over process new channels have to be
assigned to enable digital broadcasting of:
1. the existing and already planned analogue TV services;
2. new services;
3. existing and possibly new services from additional sites;
4. future HDTV services.
Also account should be taken of channels needed for:
1. existing and planned T-DMB services;
2. new T-DMB services;
3. possibly digital radio services;
4. mobile communication services in the upper part of Band V.
57
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In order to accommodate all these requirements in the available frequency bands in a compatible way, a
frequency plan is needed. There are basically two approaches for developing a frequency plan:
1. evolutionary frequency plan;
2. A-priori frequency plan.
An evolutionary frequency plan starts from an existing situation and is developed by adding assignments
when needed. In case of an a-priori frequency plan all known and expected (long term) requirements are
planned at once. In both cases, interference calculations are carried out and a station is only entered into
the plan when it is compatible with the other plan entries.
Table 4.7 shows some of the features of the two approaches.
TABLE 4.7
Frequency plan approaches
Issue
Evolutionary frequency plan
A-priori frequency plan
Equitable
access of
services
New plan entries are included on a first
come, first served basis. Service
requirements in a later stage may not be
accommodated, or with restrictions
All current and future requirements are treated
at an equitable basis. In case spectrum demands
exceed the capacity of the bands, restrictions
affect all requirements.
Plan entries
Only assignments of existing stations and
stations planned for the short term are
included in the plan
All existing and future stations are included in
the plan
Compatibility
All plan entries are compatible
All plan entries are compatible
Coverage
prediction
Coverage of plan entries (which are only
existing stations and short term
requirements) can reliably be predicted and
will in principle not change; coverage of
future requirements (not entered in the
plan yet) cannot be predicted
Coverage of all plan entries (including long tern
requirements) can reliably be predicted and will
in principle not change.
Flexibility
As long as the capacity of the frequency
bands is not exceeded full account can be
taken of changing and future requirements
(including policy and technology changes)
Future requirements that differ considerable
from the plan entries are difficult to implement
International
relationship
Frequency use may be severely restricted if
neighbouring countries are first in
implementing analogue and digital TV (ITU
RR art 11 notifications give rights on a first
come, first served basis)
Provided that the plan is developed in
consultation with neighbouring countries,
equitable access to the bands is provided. This
aspect is one of the mean reasons for making
international frequency plans such as the GE06
Agreement.
Establishment
Need for limited frequency planning
activities with each new or changing
requirement; preferably with help of
frequency planning software
Once, a considerable frequency planning effort is
required. Frequency planning software is
essential. Several planning exercises will be
needed to come an optimal plan (iterative
process)
Spectrum
efficiency
The plan is based on the current analogue
situation; initially the digital plan may not
be optimal in frequency use. Eventually, the
plan is likely to converge to an optimal plan.
The plan is optimal form the start
58
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In Cambodian, the evolutionary plan approach is advised because:
•
it is closest to the current practice of assigning frequencies;
•
analogue switch-off date is planned between 2015 and 2018, the latter year is still well ahead and
long term requirements may change in the mean time;
•
short term requirements and transition of current analogue TV services could be planned on the
basis of the existing analogue TV planning.
In order to overcome some of the disadvantages of the evolutionary approach it is advised:
•
to establish bi- or multilateral agreements with neighbouring countries on the use of TV channels
in border areas. The Joint Technical Committee between Cambodia and its neighbouring
countries may be a good platform for coordinating cross border interference;
•
to reserve a number of channels for future requirements (see section 4.10.2).
4.9.2
Conditions for developing a digital TV frequency plan
The following considerations should be taken into account for preparing a digital frequency plan.
TABLE 4.8
Conditions for a digital frequency plan
Condition
Situation in Cambodia
Action by NRT
Defined frequency
bands and channel
arrangement during and
after transition
•
Band III: 174 – 230 MHz;
8 channels of 7 MHz
Decision on upper limit of Band V for
broadcasting (see also section 4.10)
•
Band IV/V: 470 to 698 or 790 MHz; 29
or 40 channels of 8 MHz
Assignments to be
protected during
transition
•
Existing analogue and digital TV
services (see Table 2.1)
Decision on the size of the analogue TV
coverage areas to be protected
•
Planned but not yet operational
assignments of analogue or digital
television service (to be decided)
Decision on need of protection of
planned but not yet operational TV
services (see also section 4.9.3); planned
analogue service could be introduced
directly as digital
Assignments in
neighbouring countries
that need to be
protected
•
Not known
Investigation of assignments having right
of protection according to ITU Radio
Regulations
T-DMB assignments in
Band III
•
Channel 10 (frequency blocks A, B, C
and D) is allocated to T-DMB
nationwide
Accurate and detailed
data of transmitting
stations:
•
Basic data available at MOI
Agreement with neighbouring countries
on digital TV frequency use in border
areas
Verification if existing data bases are
adequate (see Table 4.11)
Existing analogue and
digital
Planned but not yet
operational analogue
and digital
59
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Condition
Situation in Cambodia
Action by NRT
Planning criteria and
method
•
Not yet established
Decision on planning criteria (see also
section 4.9.4)
Planning software
•
Not available; some broadcasters may
have means to prepare coverage plots
Investigation of planning software
package for calculation of compatibility
and coverage; or alternatively
outsourcing of calculations
For frequency planning reasons a plan should be made for Band III and Band IV/V because of the different
propagation characteristics and channel bandwidths in these bands. The plans should be developed for
two situations:
1. A frequency plan for the transition period, when analogue TV and existing digital TV services
require protection from new digital transmissions.
2. A frequency plan after Analogue Switch-Off, when only digital TV exits.
During the transition period the analogue TV and existing digital TV needs to be protected. This means
that the existing coverage areas should not be reduced due to interference from digital TV transmissions.
Obviously, this requirement will greatly limit the number of channels that can be used for digital TV and
the radiated powers of digital transmissions. In this respect it is important that no new analogue TV
licences are granted.
Table 4.9 gives an overview of the planning situations.
TABLE 4.9
Overview of planning situations
Situation
Currently
During
transition
After ASO
1
Band III
Band IV/V
List of assigned1 stations
List of assigned1 stations
•
Analogue TV
• Analogue TV
•
T-DMB
• Digital TV
Plan taking into account:
Plan taking into account:
•
Current list
• Current list
•
Planned but not yet operational analogue
TV (if so decided)
• Planned but not yet operational analogue
TV (if so decided)
•
Digital services replacing existing and
planned analogue TV
• Digital services replacing existing and
planned analogue TV
•
New digital services
• New digital services
Plan taking into account:
Plan taking into account:
•
Digital services replacing existing and (if
so decided) planned analogue TV
• Digital services replacing existing and (if so
decided) planned analogue TV
•
New digital services and sites
• New digital services and sites
•
Additional digital services and sites
• Additional digital services and sites
•
Additional T-DMB requirements
•
T-DAB requirements (if any)
See Table 2.1.
4.9.3
Coverage considerations
The key objective in the ASO process is reducing the risk of service interruption. Hence, the coverage area
of a digital TV service should be at least the same as the coverage of the analogue service it replaces.
60
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In the preparation of the digital frequency plan it is therefore necessary to assess the analogue coverage
areas. A difficulty in doing so is that in Cambodia analogue TV viewing takes place under conditions well
below the recommended minimum field strength values in ITU19. It should be decided on which basis
analogue TV coverage should be accessed, e.g. based on:
1. experience and practical knowledge of receiving conditions;
2. calculations with either the recommended ITU minimum field strength values, or the values
indicated by ITU as reception limits20.
It should be noted that the larger the analogue coverage areas are determined, the more demanding the
protection requirements are against digital television. Consequently digital television transmissions will be
more restricted and the transition process will be more complex.
Annex 6 shows a few calculation examples in order to get an impression of the coverage area of an
analogue and a digital TV transmitting station.
A summary of the conclusions of the examples given in Annex 6 is:
•
The ERP of a digital transmission (expressed as mean power) replacing an analogue service is in
most cases less than the ERP of the analogue transmission (expressed in peak envelope power).
However, if the analogue coverage area would be defined by the limit of reception value, the ERP
of the digital transmission should me about 1.5 times higher than the analogue ERP. Table 4.10
shows the ERP ratios for three DVB-T system variants.
TABLE 4.10
ERP ratio of digital TV transmitting stations to replace an analogue coverage area
DVB-T variant
Analogue coverage situation according to
recommended minimum field strength
Analogue coverage situation according to
limit of reception
64QAM 2/3
Digital power about 6 x less
Digital power about 1.5 x more
16QAM 2/3
Digital power about 25 x less
Digital power about 2.5 x less
QPSK 2/3
Digital power 100 x less
Digital power about 10 x less
•
In some cases, existing analogue transmitters can be converted to digital. The mean power of a
digital transmission from a converted analogue TV transmitter is about 1/5 to 1/3 of the analogue
peak envelop power.
•
From a frequency planning point of view it is possible to convert an analogue transmission to
digital without inverse impact on the compatibility situation if the ERP of the digital transmission
is five times less than the analogue ERP.
•
Indoor reception areas are much smaller than with rooftop reception, but most of not all of the
Phnom Penh area will be able to receive DTTB with a simple antenna at indoor locations.
As a first approach it could be estimated that the ERP of a digital transmission (expressed in mean power)
to replace an analogue one (expressed in peak envelope power) is a five times less compared to the
analogue transmission.
19
See Recommendation ITU-R BT.417-5 Minimum field strengths for which protection may be sought in planning an
analogue terrestrial television service.
20
See Annex 1 of Recommendation ITU-R BT.417-5. In this annex it is noted that the public begin to lose interest in
installing television reception equipment when the field strength falls much below the indicated levels in this annex.
61
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
With this ratio it is possible:
•
to use an existing analogue transmitter converted to digital (with reduced power);
•
to achieve compatible analogue and digital transmissions (in the assumption that the original
analogue transmissions were compatible);
•
to cover an area at least the size of the analogue coverage based on the recommended ITU values
for rooftop reception in the absence of interference other noise;
•
to provide stable indoor reception in Phnom Penh and other towns where digital TV transmitters
will be located.
4.9.4
Construction of a frequency plan
In Cambodia there are a great number of existing and planned analogue and digital TV transmitters.
The establishment of the frequency plans indicated in Table 4.9 is therefore complex. It is advised to use
planning software for preparing the frequency plan and calculating the coverage areas, following the
guidance given in section 4.3 of the Guidelines.
In constructing the digital frequency plan it should be taken into account that:
•
frequency changes to digital assignments (either existing or introduced during the transition
period) should be kept to a minimum in order not to confuse the viewers (as they have to retune
their STB);
•
at existing sites digital frequencies should preferably be assigned close to analogue frequencies
(e.g. adjacent channels) in order to be able to use the existing transmitting and receiving
antennas;
•
the ERP of digital stations should comply with the guidance given in section 4.9.3.
The resulting frequency plans consist of:
•
The list of characteristics of each TV transmitting station (see Table 4.11 below).
•
Coverage prediction of the TV transmitting station of the network to which the station belongs.
The coverage presentation shows coverage probability (in the presence of noise and interference)
in the wanted service area, if possible the number of people or household obtaining the required
coverage quality, the system variant and bit rate of the multiplex.
The list of characteristics of a TV transmitting station should at least include:
TABLE 4.11
TV transmitting station characteristics
Characteristic
Analogue TV transmitting station
Digital TV transmitting station
Identification
Reference number, station name, network
name
Reference number, station name, network
name
Location
Geographical coordinates
Geographical coordinates
Frequency
Channel number and frequency offset
Channel number
Standard
Analogue TV standard
Digital TV standard, carrier modulation, code
rate
Radiation
characteristics
Maximum ERP, antenna height above
ground level, polarization, antenna pattern
Maximum ERP, antenna height above ground
level, polarization, antenna pattern
Network type
Not relevant
In case of SFN, the SFN identification number
and guard interval
62
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.10
Allocation of mobile services (LTE)
Allocation of mobile services in broadcasting bands is part of the digital dividend considerations. Digital
dividend is a term to express the spectrum efficiency gains due to the switch-over from analogue to digital
television. As a result of the transition to digital TV, spectrum will become free because digital television is
more spectrum efficient due to:
•
digital compression techniques;
•
advanced modulation and coding of the digital signal;
•
planning methods of digital TV networks.
The digital dividend can be used for:
•
new broadcasting services and coverage extensions;
•
new types of broadcasting services , e.g. mobile TV and HDTV;
•
non-broadcasting services, e.g. mobile communications.
Spectrum requirements for mobile services are well documented and are not described in this
section21, 22.
The main choice regarding the digital dividend is the service allocation in the frequency range that
becomes free after the existing analogue TV transmissions has been converted to digital. In most if not all
countries, the digital dividend will be partly used for new broadcasting services and/or new types of
broadcasting services and will be partly allocated to mobile communications.
The choice on the amount of spectrum to be allocated to new broadcasting services and mobile
communications is a trade-off between long term requirements of TV services and non-broadcasting
services, taking account of:
•
the cultural, educational and public information benefits of additional broadcasting services;
•
economic benefits of introduction of broadcasting and mobile services;
•
spectrum requirements of both services;
•
international frequency harmonization in the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) and ITU and in
particular WRC-12.
If the frequency requirements of both broadcasting and mobile communications can be met, the decision
is straight forward. However, in many countries including Cambodia this is not the case (see
section 4.10.2). Therefore, the government will have to make a decision that does justice to all interests.
The order in which the decisions for the allocation of the digital dividend should be taken is illustrated in
Figure 4.8.
21
The report “Socio-economic impact of allocating 700 MHz band to mobile in Asia Pacific” from the Boston Consulting
Group, October 2010, describes the mobile requirements with an emphasis on the economic and social advantages.
22
See APT REPORT On HARMONISED FREQUENCY ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE BAND 698-806 MHZ, No. APT/AWF/REP-14
Edition: September 2010; Adopted by the 9th APT Wireless Forum Meeting, 13 – 16 September 2010, Seoul, Republic of
Korea.
63
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure 4.8: Order in making decisions on the allocation of digital dividend
1
Frequency
bands
•
Determine the frequency bands
2
Converted
analogue TV
•
Determine spectrum requirements of analogue TV
converted into digital TV
3
New
digital TV
•
Determine spectrum requirements of more and new
types of broadcasting
4
•
Nonbroadcasting
5
• Trade-off between long term needs of new digital TV
and non-broadcasting services, taking account of
Trade-off
– Cultural, educational and economic benefits
between
– Spectrum requirements
requirements
– International frequency harmonization
Determine spectrum requirement of non-broadcasting
services (LTE)
In the following sections frequency bands, spectrum requirements and the trade-off between
requirements will be addressed.
4.10.1
Frequency bands
The frequency bands under consideration in Cambodia are:
•
Band I (47-64 MHz);
•
Band III (174-230 MHz);
•
Bands IV/V (470-790 MHz23).
The situation in these bands with regard to digital dividend in Cambodia is summarized in Table 4.12.
The overview given in Table 4.12 shows that the available amount of spectrum is:
23
64
•
8 channels in Band III;
•
28 or 40 channels in Band IV/V;
•
in total 36 or 48 channels.
According to article 5 of the Radio Regulations, the upper limit of the band is 960 MHz, however in Cambodia no
broadcasting is envisaged above 790 MHz.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 4.12
Broadcasting and mobile interest in Band I, III and IV/V
Frequency band
Band I
(47- 64 MHz)
Situation in Cambodia
• 3 channels of 7 MHz, one channel in use
• Will become free after ASO
• Not of interest for digital television
• No interest by non-broadcasting services
Band III
(174 – 230 MHz)
• 8 channels of 7 MHz
• Channel 10 allocated to T-DMB
• Some channels may be reserved for allocations to:
–
New T-DMB providers
–
Digital radio (T-DAB)
• Remaining channels likely to be used for digital television
• No interest by non-broadcasting services
Bands IV/V
(470 – 790 MHz)
• 40 channels of 8 MHz
• Claim from mobile service for spectrum above 698 MHz in addition to spectrum above
790 MHz
–
4.10.2
Remaining channels for use by digital television, in case of this mobile claim, is
channel 21 to 48 (28 channels)
Spectrum requirements
In Annex 7 the broadcast spectrum requirements have been assessed for the following situations:
A. Spectrum needed for accommodating the existing and already planned analogue services in
digital format, being:
1.
The digital TV services converted from the 13 existing and planned analogue TV services
provided by 11 broadcasters.
2.
The existing digital PPCTV services.
3.
The planned T-DMB services.
B. Spectrum needed for accommodating the long term digital broadcasting requirements, being
1. The digital TV services converted from the 13 existing and planned analogue TV services
provided by 11 broadcasters at all sites.
2. The existing digital PPCTV services.
3. The planned T-DMB service.
4. New T-DMB/T-DAB services.
5. New TV services.
A summary of the broadcast spectrum requirements in and around Phnom Penh, expressed in the
number of channels, is shown in Table 4.13. Not all of the indicated channels will be transmitted from
Phnom Penh; a number will be transmitted from sites around Phnom Penh but cannot be used in Phnom
Penh for compatibility reasons.
The indicated spectrum requirements are based on theoretical studies and a number of assumptions. The
numbers in Table 4.13 are not precise figures but indications of the required spectrum.
65
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE 4.13
Summary of broadcast spectrum requirements
Situation
Spectrum
requirement with
licensing model A
Spectrum
requirement with
licensing model B
A.1
Conversion of existing and planned analogue TV services
20 channels1)
11 channels
A.2
PPCTV in Phnom Penh
9 channels2)
9 channels2)
A.3
Planned T-DMB services in channel 10
1 channel
1 channel
30 channels
21 channels
Total
B.1
Conversion of existing and planned analogue TV services with
extended geographical coverage of 70% or 100%
33/44 channels
12/18 channels
B.2
PPCTV in Phnom Penh
9 channels2), 3)
9 channels2), 3)
B.3
Planned T-DMB services in channel 10
1 channel
1 channel
B.4
New T-DMB/T-DAB services in Band III
2 channels
2 channels
B.5
New TV services (to be decided)
X channels
Y channels
Total
45/56 + X
channels
24/30 + Y
channels
Capacity of frequency bands
48 channels
48 channels
NOTES
1)
20 channels are needed with licensing model A, if a low multiplex capacity is assigned to each broadcaster. If
each broadcaster would use a high multiplex capacity, the spectrum requirement increases to 36 channels
and the total requirement with model A to 46 channels (see Table A.7-6 in Annex 7).
2)
If the existing and planned analogue TV services are converted to digital and PPCTV continues to broadcast
the same services as part of its package, there is duplication of coverage in Phnom Penh and surroundings.
This can in principle be avoided in several ways:
• In model A by not assigning multiplexes to the 11 existing and planned broadcasters in Phnom Penh, by
which the spectrum requirement reduces by 11 channels;
• In model B by not assigning two multiplexes in Phnom Penh to the common multiplex operator for
broadcasting the package of 13 existing and planned services, by which the spectrum requirement
reduces by two channels;
• In model A and B by not broadcasting the 13 existing and planned services in the PPCTV package and
reducing the number of PPCTV multiplexes (channels) by two, by which the spectrum requirement
reduces by two channels.
3)
If PPCTV would be allowed to extend geographical coverage to 70 per cent or 100 per cent of Cambodia, the
number of channels needed for the PPCTV services increases to 54 or 81 channels respectively. The capacity
of the frequency bands would then be exceeded by far.
Taking into account that the capacity of the broadcasting bands is 36 or 48 channels depending of the
upper limit of Band V (698 MHz or 790 MHz), the following conclusions can be made:
a. Licensing model A or B
66
–
Model A is considerably less spectrum efficient than model B.
–
Only a very limited number of new services can be achieved in the long term with model A
and only in case the upper limit of Band V is 790 MHz and a low multiplex capacity (sufficient
to broadcast two services) is assigned to each broadcaster;
–
In model A, the application of DVB-T2 would not reduce the spectrum requirements. The
multiplex capacity is not the limiting factor, but the number of channels needed to plan the
services.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
b. Conversion of existing and planned analogue TV services
–
In both model A and model B it is possible to accommodate the existing and planned
services in digital format in the available bands after ASO, even if the upper limit of Band V is
set at 698 MHz. However, this would not be the case with model A if a high capacity
multiplex is assigned to each broadcaster.
c. Simulcasting period
–
In the Phnom Penh area, 30 or 21 digital TV channels are needed with licensing model A or B
respectively, while 13 analogue TV channels are already in use and planned. During the
simulcasting period the total amount of channels needed in Phnom Penh and surroundings is
43 or 34 with licensing model A or B respectively. Taking into account the total band capacity
of maximum 36 or 48 channels, the amount of channels needed in the simulcasting period
can be met with licensing model A if the upper limit of Band V is maintained at 790 MHz
during transition.
–
If in model A each broadcaster would use a high capacity multiplex, 46 digital TV channels
are needed. Simulcasting in the Phnom Penh area would therefore not be possible.
–
The spectrum requirement during the transition period with model B, can about be met if
the upper limit of Band V is set at 698 MHz. However, it would leave not much planning
flexibility. Hence, reallocation of the upper part of Band V could better be considered after
analogue switch-off.
d. Long-term requirements
–
A meaningful package of long term requirements can only be achieved with licensing model
B and in the assumption that PPCTV services remain restricted to Phnom Penh and the
surrounding areas.
–
With licensing model B and a geographical coverage requirement of 70 per cent, 24 channels
are available for new TV services. The 24 channels could for instance be assigned to:
•
four new multiplexes with 70 per cent geographical coverage, containing 24 of more
new services;
•
two new multiplexes with 70 per cent geographical coverage, containing 12 of more
new services and 11 channels to mobile services (IMT).
•
additional requirements, either to extend coverage, to increase the number of services
or to implement HDTV, can only be met if more advanced standards are used
e.g. DVB-T2.
–
Introduction of DVB-T2 in a market with DVB-T/MPEG2 STBs is difficult. DVB-T2 STBs are not
backwards compatible; therefore introduction of DVB-T2 requires a transition period and
simulcasting. One or two of the new multiplexes mentioned above could be assigned for
introduction of DVB-T2.
–
If duplication with PPCTV services in Phnom Penh is avoided, two more channels are
available with model B.
e. Free-to air services of PPCTV
–
The spectrum requirements have been assessed in the assumption that existing analogue TV
services are converted to digital and that the PPCTV digital services in Phnom Penh, including
the free-to-air services, are continued. However, this will result in dual coverage of
13 national services in Phnom Penh and its surrounding. If this dual coverage is avoided, the
spectrum requirements could be reduced by eight channels in case of licensing model A and
two channels in case of licensing model B.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
f.
Digital dividend
–
Digital dividend is the spectrum that becomes free after the existing analogue TV has been
converted to digital. The digital dividend in Cambodia is summarized in Table 4.14.
TABLE 4.14
Overview of spectrum requirements and digital dividend
#
Digital spectrum requirement
Licensing model A
Licensing model B
A
Total band capacity
48 channels
48 channels
B
Existing and planned services
Max. 30 channels
Max. 21 channels
(from Table 4.13 and alternatively no
duplication with PPCTV services)
Min. 22 channels
Min. 19 channels
Digital dividend
Max. 26 channels
Max. 29 channels
(A-B)
Min. 18 channels
Min. 27 channels
C
Demands for using the digital dividend are:
1. Coverage extensions of the existing and planned TV services
The spectrum requirement in the Phnom Penh area for extending existing and planned TV
services to 70 per cent or 100 per cent geographical coverage of Cambodia is:
•
with licensing model A, 13 or 22 channels respectively (see Table 4.13, situation B1
minus A1);
•
with licensing model B, 1 to 7 channels respectively (see Table 4.13, situation B1 minus A1).
2. New broadcasting services
The spectrum requirements for new T-DMB/T-DAB can be estimated at two channels in Band III.
As the type and number of new TV services has not yet been determined, no spectrum
requirement can be assessed. However, from Table 4.13 it can be derived that the available
spectrum for new TV services is:
•
in case of model A, three channels with 70 per cent geographical coverage (100 per cent
geographical coverage cannot be achieved with model A);
•
in case of model B, 24 or 30 with 70 per cent or 100 per cent geographical coverage
respectively.
3. Mobile services
The spectrum claim for mobile services (IMT) is 12 channels in addition to spectrum above
790 MHz.
The demands for the digital dividend in the Phnom Penh area are summarized in Table 4.15.
4.10.3
Trade-off between requirements
From the overview in Table 4.15 it can be concluded that new broadcasting requirements and the mobile
requirements exceed the size of the digital dividend (that is the available spectrum when existing
analogue TV has been converted to digital) in case licensing model A would adopted. With licensing
model B there is a modest number of 14 to 6 TV channels available for new TV services if 12 channels are
allocated to mobile services.
68
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In order to obtain flexibility in the trade-off between long term requirements of TV services and
non-broadcasting services, it could be considered to:
•
Start mobile services after ASO in the frequency range above 790 MHz24.
•
Concentrate as much as possible digital broadcasting in the frequency range below 698 MHz.
•
Stop with licensing new analogue TV services in order to allow a smooth transition to digital
broadcasting.
•
Reserve a number of channels for future introduction of an advanced digital broadcasting
standard (DVB-T2) in order to broadcast more services in the available frequency spectrum.
•
Decide at a later stage, on the date that the range 698 MHz to 790 MHz can be used exclusively
for mobile services.
TABLE 4.15
Demand for use of the digital dividend
Services
Licensing model A
Licensing model B
Extended geographical coverage of existing and
planned services to 70% or 100 %
13 / 22 channels
1 / 7 channels
New TV services
X channels
Y channels
New T-DMB/T-DAB services in Band III
2 channels
2 channels
Mobile services (IMT)
12 channels
12 channels
Total demand
27/ 36 + X channels
15 / 21 + Y channels
Size of the digital dividend
18 to 26 channels
27 to 29 channels
5
Recommendations
When writing this report, Cambodia NRT had been formally established and was mandated to draft this
report, together with the ITU experts. Given this situation and the information collected/provided during
the two country visits, the NRT is recommended to carry out the following next steps for a smooth
transition to digital television broadcasting and switching off the analogue services:
1. Get the roadmap approved at either ministerial level and/or political level.
2. After approval, acquire a mandate to plan and manage the ASO process in accordance to the
phases of the roadmap. As indicated in the report, this mandate may come in stages.
3. After being mandated, prepare and take the following decisions as the first of the roadmap as
these decisions are needed to determine the scope and duration of the roadmap planning:
24
–
Determine ASO date and the date of the first DTTB transmissions. The latter is also relevant
for the selection of the transmissions standard. An adoption of the DVB-T2 standard will
open up more solutions and will significantly impact the frequency planning activities.
–
Determine ASO model (phased simulcasting or not).
–
Licensing model (model A or B). In the case of model B this decision should also include
whether a Public Private Partnership is envisioned.
After the second visit of the ITU experts, the MPTC expressed its disagreement with this consideration. The NRT should
therefore readdress the trade-off between broadcasting and mobile requirements.
69
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
–
Determine the date to stop licensing analogue television services. The later decision is taken
the more possibilities are excluded and the more complex the ASO will become.
4. Form a project management office (PMO) and start drafting an initial detailed ASO planning and
determine the progress reporting procedures and structures.
Apart from these next steps for the NRT to take, some additional recommendations can be provided
which seem to be evident for Cambodia:
1. Have market research carried out covering the key elements as indicated in this Roadmap report
(see Phase 1). As indicated some key research data is lacking and starting an ASO process without
this data could incorporate a major project risk.
2. Carry out detailed frequency and service planning (see Phase 2 and 3), regardless which licensing
(model A/B) and transition model (simulcast or not) is selected. In Cambodia, spectrum is
significantly limited by the large number of existing analogue services. Extensive and profound
frequency planning will be required to see what is possible.
3. Reserve capacity for the future services of DVB-T2 and DAB. Without such a capacity reservation
it will be extremely difficult (or even impossible) to introduce this services at a later date or only
against very high costs.
4. As for the digital dividend, awaiting the success of the DTTB and mobile (LTE) services, decide at a
later stage on the date that the range 698 MHz to 790 MHz can be used exclusively for mobile
services.
5. Investigate the possibilities of auctioning mobile (LTE) spectrum as an important mean for
financing the ASO process. This also includes the investigation of the possibilities of advancing the
ASO costs as the proceeds of the auction will become available after ASO.
70
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 1
Functional building blocks related to Phase 1
of the roadmap
DTTB policy development
1. DTTB policy
development
2.1.
Technology &
Standards
Regulation
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.10. Digital
Dividend
2.4. National
Spectrum Plan
The selected functional building blocks related to Phase 1 of the
Roadmap are shown in Figure 3.9 and are reproduced here.
Section 3.4.2 describes Phase 1 of the roadmap.
This Annex gives an overview in the form of tables of the status of each
of the selected functional building blocks related to Phase 1 by means
of the following codes:
A. the decisions on key topic and choices that are already taken;
3.1. Customer
Insight &
Research
2.11 National
telecom,
broadcast &
media acts
3.3. Receiver
Availability
Considerations
3.2. Customer
Proposition
4.1.
Technology &
Standards
Application
B. the decisions on key topic and choices that are partly taken;
C. the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that have not
yet been decided;
D. the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that need
revision.
For those issues that are not (fully) decided or need revision the main
activities are indicated.
The selected functional building blocks are presented in the order of
the number of the block. This number refers to the corresponding
section in the Guidelines, where more information and implementation
guidelines can be found.
The grey coloured blocks are not described in the Guidelines and not
described in the tables below. These blocks represent activities that are
not specific to digital terrestrial television.
Consultation
with
Parliament
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
2.1
Technology and Standards Regulation
Brief
description
In this section the key policy decisions are outlined on adopting or promoting DTTB
technology and associated standards.
Objective
This section deals with the question whether a standard should be prescribed/promoted
and for what system/network elements.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.1.1
Television presentation formats:
for DTTB platforms either
Standard Definition Television
(SDTV) and/or High Definition
Television (HDTV)?
A
No television formation obligation (SDTV for
DTTB) Although a minimum picture quality
should be applied when planning the DTTB
network as to provide a competitive
advantage over Cable.
2.1.2
Transmission standard: for DTTB
platforms e.g. DVB-T or ATSC. Has
the standard setting been
decided?
A/D
Two standards have been stipulated: DVB-T
and DTMB. Consideration should be given to
select one for the ASO process as to limited
viewers’ confusion.
For more detailed considerations see
section 4.1 in this report.
2.1.3
Compression technology: for
DTTB platforms MPEG2 or
MPEG4. Has the standard setting
been decided?
C
Compression technology could be regulated
but not decided yet. Depends on selected
licensing model (A/B) and assumed
responsibilities of the NRT.
The price difference between MPEG 4 and 2 is
still significant and as the ASO process is to
start in 2011/12), this price difference will be
important for the ASO budget considerations
(in case of financial compensation for affected
viewers).
Currently in the retail market the price
difference for a simple MPEG4 set-top-box
(no hard disk and CAS) is about the double of
an MPEG2 box. An MPEG2 box retails at
~ € 10-25 and the MPEG4 box at ~€ 50-65.
The latter includes simple DVB-T2 boxes too.
In the UK DVB-T2 boxes can be bought in this
price range.
2.1.4
Conditional Access (CA) system
and Digital Rights Management
(DRM): interoperability between
deployed systems for DTTB. Has
the standard setting been
decided?
C
CA could be regulated. Also dependent on the
selected licensing model (A/B).
For more detailed considerations see
section 4.1 and 4.8 in this report.
2.1.5
Application Programming
Interface (API) for additional and
interactive services: for DTTB
platforms e.g. MHP.
C
Not decided yet. For more details see the
Guidelines section 2.1.2.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Carry out market research/surveys for identifying
industry and consumer needs for standardization.
To be included in the market research as
suggested in this phase (see section 3.4.2).
2.
Determine minimum set of receiver Standards for
the DTTB market, based on the market
developments.
See section 3.4.2.
3.
Assess impact on industry and end consumers.
As part of the analysis of the market research
results (as indicated in section 3.4.2).
4.
Determine receiver requirements and include in
frequency licence terms and conditions and/or
media permits and authorizations.
See section 3.4.2.
5.
Determine communication messages, planning,
standardization/testing bodies and methods
(including logos and labelling).
The selected STB (e.g. DVB-T MPEG2)
functionality and specs are important input
for the communication plan (see Phase 2 of
the Cambodia roadmap) and the ASO
planning (e.g. the work stream ‘Financial and
installation support’ can include the logistics
of the labelling of the STB as to support the
viewer). For more details see section 4.7 in
this report.
2.3
ITU-R Regulations
Brief
description
ITU-R regulations entail the Radio Regulations (RR) and in particular the table of
Frequency Allocations (Region 3) and the relevant provisions of the World
Radiocommunications Conference 2007 (WRC-07).
Objective
In this phase of the roadmap, to identify at a high level the spectrum availability and
requirements for DTTB (and other services)
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.3.1
The international context of the
ITU-R regulations: Are the different
entries in the GE06 plan considered
(allotment/assignment)?
NA
A plan like the GE06 plan is not available for
Region 3.
2.3.2
Applicability and implications of
ITU-RR:
(a) what frequencies or allotments
will be assigned for what type of
service (for example two
allotments/multiplexes for DTTB
services and one for MTV services)?
(b) In what combinations these
frequencies or allotments will be
assigned (for example two separate
allotments/multiplexes to be
licenced to two different licence
holders or two allotments to one
single licence holder?
C
All three sub-choices (a-c) still to be decided.
Available spectrum and spectrum
requirements for DTTB and MTV needs to be
clarified (initially at a high level).
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Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
(c) When these frequencies or
allotments will be licenced or can
be taken into operation? For
answering these questions process
steps are defined in this section.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Determine frequency availability and DTTB
requirements considering (a) the planned
national and regional DTTB services (b) ASO
process (especially considering any simulcasting
areas) and (c) the operational analogue TV
services.
As said in section 3.4.2 of this report, a clear
and shared understanding of the available
spectrum will enable the NRT to develop a
well motivated DTTB policy document. At this
first phase of the roadmap, this
understanding should be established.
2.
Determine necessary changes to planned
licensing procedures, terms and conditions for
DTTB services and ASO plans.
As (preliminary) input for Phase 3.
3.
Determine necessary changes to assigned
frequency (and possibly content) licences for
operational DTTB and Analogue TV services.
Especially the assigned DTTB licence to
broadcasters and PPCTV needs to be
evaluated.
4.
Determine notification to ITU.
As discussed in section 3.4.6 the actual
execution of these procedures need not to be
part of the critical path.
5.
Possibly determine necessary budget for
compensations and network retuning activities.
Compensations might be needed in case
assigned DTTB licences will have to be
changed.
2.4
National Spectrum Plan
Brief
description
The National Spectrum Plan reflects the long, medium and short-term planning of the
available national spectrum resources for DTTB and MTV services in a particular country.
It may also include the stipulated assignment procedures for the various services and a
national frequency register, including all the assigned licences and licensees.
Objective
With a National Spectrum Plan the Regulator strives to ensure effective and efficient
spectrum usage and compliance with international standards. As well as informing
market parties on the current and future (intended) use of spectrum.
Key topics and choices
2.4.1
74
The context of the national
spectrum plan: Is the national
spectrum plan, covering the
broadcast spectrum, available and
is it complete?
Status
Decision
C
With the adoption of the Telecommunications
Law the management of the NSP will be part
of the MTPC responsibilities. This new Law
still has to pass Parliament.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.4.2
Planning current and future DTTB
and MTV spectrum use: Has the
national spectrum plan/strategic
planning process
started/completed? (for process
see this section).
C
See comments with the previous functional
building block (2.3 ITU-R).
2.4.3
National Spectrum Plan publication
and DTTB/MTV introduction dates.
C
Awaiting adoption of Parliament (Telecom
Law).
2.4.4
General approaches for pricing
spectrum usage: (a) One off pricing
and/or recurring pricing? (b) costbased or market based pricing?
C
Current pricing regime may need changes.
Especially when introducing licensing model B
the number of transmitter sites will be
reduced and hence the income from licence
fees may go down.
a. Already decided
b. Partly decided
c. Not decided yet
d. Revision needed
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Make an inventory of current spectrum use in the
broadcast bands (bands III, IV and V).
Still to be clarified. Also the already assigned
licences which are not being used will have to
be listed.
2.
Register use and provide rules for (self)
registration.
The division of tasks and activities between
the MOI and MPTC has to be clarified.
Especially the procedure for assigned
broadcast and associated frequency rights.
3.
Carry out market analyses and consultations and
forecast future spectrum needs.
Can be part of the market research to be
carried out in Phase 1 of the roadmap (see
also functional building block 2.10 below).
4.
Determine re-farming needs and assess impact on
existing and future users (including service and
financial impact), possibly reserve budget for
re-farming efforts and damages.
To be carried out in this phase of the
roadmap.
5.
Determine publication content, dates and
formats for the National Spectrum Plan.
To be checked if this has already been defined
in the new Telecommunication Law (still to be
passed). If not, then this publication schedule
should be determined and published (for
example, with the first official publication of
the NSP).
6.
Determine budget for spectrum management and
administrative fees.
As part of the introduction of the new NSP.
Administrative fees may need to be reestablished when changing the licensing
framework (see also functional building
block 2.2). Preferably, such a new pricing
regime is determined and included in the
In Phase 2 of the roadmap to be further
detailed.
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Main activities
Observation/Advice
licence conditions (in both licensing
models A/B). However if this activity will
become part of the critical path, a temporarily
pricing regime can be published with the note
that the regime may be changed.
2.10
Digital dividend
Brief
description
The digital dividend is the spectrum in Band III, IV and V that is available after analogue
television has been transferred to digital television.
Objective
Freeing up spectrum for more valuable services.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.10.1 Determining the size of the digital
dividend: has the size been
determined?
C
Dependent on the spectrum requirements for
broadcasting and mobile services. This is still
not determined.
2.10.2 Digital dividend options: have the
allocation to the different service
been determined? (broadcasting or
non-broadcasting).
B
For non-broadcasting services (e.g. LTE) it is
either above channel 48 or 60. This upper
limit is still to be decided and is dependent on
international agreements.
Also any other spectrum requirements for
non-broadcasting services still to be
determined.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Analyze current and future market developments
and possibly conduct market consultation(s) in
the broadcast (and telecoms) industries.
As the size and allocation of digital dividend is
part of the DTTB policy document, supporting
evidence and motivation is needed.
Market research and further study is likely to
be need. A close cooperation between the
MOI and MPTC will be required.
2.
Assess current and future market needs for DTTB
and MTV services, possibly based on formulated
Legislation and Policies.
To be carried out as part of Phase 1 of the
roadmap.
3.
Assess available spectrum after ASO, based on
ASO plans, National Spectrum Plan and ITU-R
Regulations.
To be carried out as part of Phase 1 of the
roadmap.
4.
Map spectrum needs on available spectrum and
determine priorities and assign spectrum to
broadcasting.
To be carried out at a high level in this phase
of the roadmap.
Later to be detailed in Phase 2 and finalized in
Phase 3 (see respectively section 3.4.3
and 3.4.4).
5.
Possibly draft spectrum re-farming plans and
compensation schemes (for network and receiver
re-tuning activities), reserve budgets.
To be checked if necessary.
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Main activities
6.
2.11
Observation/Advice
Update National Spectrum Plan and align licence
terms and conditions for DTTB services.
A check of current licence terms and
conditions for both broadcast and frequency
licences will be necessary. Also the PPCTV
licence for DTTB should be included, as well as
the other already assigned DTTB licences.
National Spectrum Plan will need to be
updated accordingly (as a regular spectrum
management activity, not specific for this
roadmap).
National telecom, broadcast and media act
Brief
description
This section addresses the compliancy of the intended policy decisions with the existing
and relevant regulatory framework. Very often this regulatory framework comprises
national Telecommunications, Broadcast and Media Acts. For Cambodia the relevant
regulatory framework is given in Table 2.3 of this report.
Objective
To be compliant with existing regulations, which might also include regulations on cross
and foreign ownership and state aid.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.11.1 Checking compliancy with existing
national, Telecommunications,
Broadcast and Media Acts: is the
formulated DTTB/MTV policy in line
with the Acts?
D
The new Telecommunications Law should be
checked. Also any other current legislation,
e.g. the Proclamation on TV and Radio
Standards (see Table 2.3 in section 2.2 of this
report). This analysis may show that there is a
need to introduce new legislation. Although
this may not need to be on the critical path of
the roadmap.
2.11.2 Checking compliancy with other
legislation, especially related to
cross and foreign ownership and
State aid: is the formulated
DTTB/MTV policy in line with the
Acts?
C
Foreign and cross ownership rules do exist in
Cambodia. The DSO strategy has to be
checked on compliancy (especially in the case
of model B and PPP – see also section 3.4.4).
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Make inventory of current Legislation.
The Table 2.3 in this report could form a
starting point.
2.
Identify gaps and draft proposals for additional
and/or changes in Legislation (based on ‘best
practices’).
As described in section 3.4.2 in this report,
this entails a first assessment. Results of this
assessment will provide input for the plan of
action (included in the DTTB policy
document). During Phase 3 of the roadmap
(DTTB Regulations), the gaps and necessary
changes can be further detailed.
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Main activities
3.
Observation/Advice
Determine planning for changes in the law and
determine ‘must haves’ for launching DTTB/ASO
and MTV.
3.1
As part of the plan of action of the DTTB
policy document.
Customer Insight and Research
Brief
description
Launching a commercial PSB DTTB service, will require the identification of demand
drivers (i.e. customer needs), competitive advantages, service uptake projections and
possibly market entry barriers in the local market(s).
Objective
The NRT will have to carry out some form of market research for identifying these
demand drivers, competitive advantages and service uptake projections.
Key topics and choices
3.1.1
Status
Overview of the DTTB markets:
market definition, key service and
market characteristics.
B
Decision
The broadcasters in NRT have great
knowledge of the Cambodia market. This
knowledge should be utilized.
Willingness to pay for STB should be
investigated.
Hence the following attributes should be
investigated: (a) recurring payments (b) oneoff payment (c) number of channels and (d)
the television content (e.g. theme channels).
Also the current television market has to be
analyzed/researched (see also section 3.4.2
for more details).
3.1.2
Market research methods: basic
market research approaches and
embedding market research in the
DTTB business planning process.
C
Main activities
Apply low cost methods to research the
Cambodia market.
Observation/Advice
1.
Determine need, timing and scope for market
research.
See also section 3.4.2 for more details.
2.
Draft market research plan, staff and budget
market research project.
Utilize resources and staff from the
participating broadcasters in the NRT.
3.
Analyze competitive offerings, substitutes and
technology developments.
Utilize resources and staff from the
participating broadcasters in the NRT.
4.
Design and develop preliminary DTTB service
propositions.
As part of the market research.
5.
Carry out market research and analyze results,
translate into DTTB service propositions, if
necessary carry out additional market research.
As part of the market research.
78
The results will be used for justification or
supporting evidence for the DTTB policy
document but also for the initial DTTB service
planning as described in section 3.4.3. (ASO
planning) in this report.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
3.2
Customer Proposition
Brief
description
This section focuses on determining the PSB DTTB competitive advantage and what the
related service attributes could look like.
Objective
Finding the best customer proposition in line with the business plan objectives (see
initial DTTB service planning in Phase 2 of the roadmap).
Key topics and choices
3.2.1
Status
DTTB competitive advantage and
related Service Proposition
attributes.
B
Decision
Better picture quality, more channels and
maybe price were identified as possible
attributes that could provide DTTB a
competitive edge (during the first visit). For
more detailed considerations see section 4.2
in this report.
Attributes still to be decided/defined (e.g.
coverage and number of channels).
Main activities
1.
Observation/Advice
Analyze earlier DTTB service launches and
compare with customer research results/local
market conditions.
As a start the PPCTV service launch could be
analyzed.
2.
Define DTTB service propositions and check
feasibility in terms of network planning and
business case.
As part of the second Phase of the roadmap.
3.
Possibly redefine DTTB service propositions and
test in market again, i.e. additional market
research.
Redefining of DTTB service proposition will
occur. However testing such revised offerings
in the market will probably take up to much
time (given a possible DTTB service launch in
2012) and budget.
3.3
Also service launches in other countries could
be considered. For example in the
neighbouring countries.
Receiver Availability and Considerations
Brief
description
The consideration of the many different DTTB receivers commercially available today.
Objective
For a Service Provider it is important to draft the receiver’s functional requirements
based on the defined Service Proposition(s). Only those requirements supporting the
Service Proposition should be incorporated. These ‘must have’ requirements might
prove to be too expensive for the business case and therefore receiver considerations
might result in a revised Service Proposition.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
3.3.1
DTTB functional receiver
requirements and availability (see
receiver model).
3.3.2
MTV functional receiver
requirements and availability.
Status
Decision
C
For ASO budget limitations and the low ability
to pay in the market, the functionality will be
to provide the basic set of functions (to
include, zapping, EPG, software updates and
standard compliancy). Please note that
including (embedded) CAS will increase the
price.
NA
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Analyze earlier DTTB service launches for STB
supplies and functionality requirements.
This market survey exercise is to address the
aspects as included in the Guidelines but also
the additional Cambodia specific issues as
included in section 3.4.2 (i.e. independent and
warranted supplies and affordable and
sufficient supplies).
2.
Check any prescribed Technologies and
Standards, Receiver regulations and analyze
market research results.
As part of the DTTB Policy development
process (first phase of the roadmap) the
standard setting is mutually dependent on the
receiver requirements.
3.
Assess and make inventory of availability,
product roadmaps and supply planning of various
receiver types/attributes.
Especially the supply planning of the various
STB suppliers might be a key input for the ASO
planning and might impact the decision on
the setting receiver functionalities.
4.
Check network compatibility and interoperability
(radio interfaces and API/applications).
The DTMB system might need extra attention.
Extra testing of interoperability between
network and STB might be necessary (not
such much for the interface but aspects like
frequency/network changes and software
updates).
5.
Assess and detail ex-factory and retail pricing for
various receivers.
This activity should also include the
assessment of the suppliers’ cooperation to
work together with the local retail in
Cambodia.
6.
Decide key receivers and their attributes, draft
receiver/service roadmap.
This might be limited to one type of STB.
Functionality/attributes for IDTVs could be
considered to be left to the market. Although
labeling and the inclusion of IDTV information
in the ASO Communication plan is strongly
advised.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.1
Technology and standards application
Brief
description
Technical comparison of key DTTB standards and the characteristics of associated
systems
Objective
Technical evaluation of DTTB transmission standard and choice of systems for required
services
Key topics and choices
4.1.1
Technical tests to evaluate system
performance
Status
Decision
B
DTTB transmissions with the DVB-T standard
are operational. The DVB-T standard could be
evaluated in practice.
Tests to evaluate the technical performance
of DTMB standard are not needed; however
technical information on the DTMB standard
in ITU-R Recommendations is currently far
from complete. It is advised to study the
relevant ITU-R Recommendations (when
available), before deciding to implement the
DTMB standard.
4.1.2
SDTV and HDTV specifications
B
SDTV and one sound channel. Bit rate for
services still to be decided. Picture ratio 16:9.
4.1.3
Selection of DTTB transmission
standard
B
Both the DVB-T and DTMB standard are
permitted for use in Cambodia. DVB-T is in
operation by PPCTV. In principle DTMB could
be selected by operators, however it should
be avoided that viewers need more than one
STB.
4.1.4
Compression system
A
MPEG2 is the optimal choice considering the
costs of MPEG4 and DVB-T2. However in the
long term transition to DVB-T2 may be
necessary for accommodating all long term
DSO objectives.
4.1.5
Encryption system
C
Only applicable if pay-tv was decided to be
included in the service proposition.
4.1.6
Additional services
C
There are no teletext services in Cambodia
and there is not a requirement for
implementing teletext on the digital platform.
For Access services there are no requirements
(yet).
Provisions for System Software Updates (SSU)
are likely to be necessary.
Main activities
1.
Studying technical characteristics and planning
criteria of DTMB standard when this standard is
considered to be implemented
Observation/Advice
Currently in ITU-R work is in progress
regarding the DTMB standard in
Recommendations ITU-R BT.1306 and
BT.1368. (In ITU-R, the DTMB standard is
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Main activities
Observation/Advice
referred to as “System D”).
Please note:
• The DTMB standard has two versions, a
single carrier system and a multi-carrier
system. The standard can be applied in
7 MHz and in 8 MHz channels.
2.
Estimate required bit rate of SDTV services
(including sound channels)
The bit rate of the multiplex is trade-off between
picture quality and multiplex capacity. Final estimation
can only be made after design principles and network
architecture (see functional building block 4.2 in
Phase 2) and network planning (see functional
building block 4.3 in Phase 2) have been considered.
•
It is advised to consider the multi-carrier
standards only, because multi-carrier
standards provide maximum ruggedness
against multipath interference. This is
important in case of reception with simple
antennas, a means of reception
commonly used in Cambodia.
•
DTMB is less suitable for SFN operation
because of the limited choice and shorter
maximum guard interval (55.6, 78.7 and
125 μs) compared to DVB-T (28, 56, 112,
224 μs).
First estimate could be:
Video bit rate: ≥3 Mbit/s (MPEG2), depending
on the kind of program, because good picture
quality is an objective.
Audio bit rate: 192 kbit/s (MPEG1 layer 2) for
a stereo channel and 96 kbit/s for a mono
channel.
3. Evaluation of conditional access (CA) systems
The choice for a conditional access (CA) system is a
trade-off between costs of the system and security.
If pay-TV services are considered the use
encrypted signals is necessary. In order to
save costs and discomfort for viewers the
same system should be used by all service
providers (otherwise more expensive
receivers with a Common Interface or more
than one STB has to be bought).
The use of CA systems must be supported by
the transmission standard; in case of DTMB
this has to be checked.
4.
The Service Information required for the EPG
may take about 0.5 Mbit/s.
It is recommended to undertake testing of
SSU beforehand to avoid risk of problems
during live data transmission.
The use of additional systems must be
supported by the transmission standard; in
case of DTMB this has to be checked.
Estimation of required bit rate for SI and need
for SSU
Service Information (SI) is needed for constructing the
EPG in the receiver. System Software Updates (SSU) is
likely required to be able to upload new software to
the receivers.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 2
Functional building blocks related to Phase 2
of the roadmap
ASO planning
2. ASO planning
The selected functional building blocks related to Phase 2 of the
Roadmap are shown in Figure 3.9 and are reproduced here.
Section 3.4.3 describes Phase 2 of the roadmap.
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.14. Transition
Models
2.9. Business
Models &
Public
Financing
2.15.
Organizational
Structure &
Entities
2.16. ASO
Planning &
Milestones
2.18. ASO
Communication
Plan
3.2. Customer
Proposition
3.4. Business
Planning
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
This Annex gives an overview in the form of tables of the status of
each of the selected functional building blocks related to Phase 2 by
means of the following codes:
A. the decisions on key topic and choices that are already taken;
B.
the decisions on key topic and choices that are partly taken;
C.
the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that have
not yet been decided;
D. the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that need
revision.
For those issues that are not (fully) decided or need revision the main
activities are indicated.
The selected functional building blocks are presented in the order of
the number of the block. This number refers to the corresponding
section in the Guidelines, where more information and
implementation guidelines can be found.
The grey coloured blocks are not described in the Guidelines and not
described in the tables below. These blocks represent activities that
are not specific to digital terrestrial television.
Consultation
with market
parties
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
2.3
ITU/R regulations
Brief
description
ITU-R regulations entail the Radio Regulations (RR) and in particular the table of
Frequency Allocations (Region 3) and the relevant provisions of the World
Radiocommunications Conference 2007 (WRC-07).
Objective
In this phase, to determine what possible ASO model are possible given the insight of
the first phase.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.3.3
The international context of the
ITU-R regulations: Are the different
entries in the GE06 plan considered
(allotment/assignment)?
NA
A plan like the GE06 plan is not available for
Region 3.
2.3.4
Applicability and implications of
initial inventory (see Phase 1): what
are the possible ASO models given
the available spectrum and initial
spectrum requirements.
C
As part of the ASO planning process. Please
note that simulcasting is a requirement,
although the exact model is not decided yet.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Map the preferred transition models on the
available spectrum for DTTB services. Select on
the basis of this analysis the most optimal
transition model.
To be carried out as part of Phase 2. See also
functional build block 2.14 and the details
provided in section 4.5 on transition model
selection.
2.
Determine necessary changes to planned
licensing procedures, terms and conditions for
DTTB services and ASO plans.
As input for Phase 3.
3.
Determine necessary changes to assigned
frequency (and possibly content) licences for
operational DTTB and Analogue TV services.
Especially the assigned DTTB licence to
broadcasters and PPCTV needs to be
evaluated.
2.9
Business models and public financing
Brief
description
As part of the DTTB service planning, the associated costs and funding for the ASO
process (including the PSB DTTB offer) should be established.
Objective
Financing the ASO in order to have a smooth transition from analogue to digital
television broadcasting. To equip the NRT with sufficient resources to plan and manage
the ASO process.
Key topics and choices
2.9.1
84
General ASO financing models and
sourcing. Has the different sources
for DSO/ASO been selected and is
the budget fully financed?
Status
C
Decision
Still to be analyzed and decided in the ASO
planning Phase. For more considerations see
section 4.4 in this report.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
2.9.2
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
DTTB specific financing issues:
C
All still to be addressed in the ASO planning
Phase:
a. STB financing options to be considered
(including a common multiplex/network
operator providing and subsidizing the
single cheap STB).
a. Financing of digital receivers.
b. Financing the impact of free-to-air
stipulations.
c. In case the PSB service is encrypted
content rights can be lowered.
b.
Additional FTA (TVK) channels on digital
platform still to be determined.
c.
d.
Still to be considered. Although no
current stipulations on FTA.
Still to be considered.
e.
NA.
d. Financing the simulcast period.
e. TV licensing fee system might need
revision.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Consult public broadcasters and government on
possibilities to contribute to financing the ASO
process.
During the first visit it was suggested that TVK
may be positioned as a PSB (like Telecom
Cambodia). It should be investigated whether
such a decision would come with additional
financial resources.
2.
Analyze market situation and assess possible
market distortions.
Due to the high number of television service
providers (see figure 2.1 in section 2.1 in this
report) and their relative market share (see
Table 4.2 in section 4.2), market distortions
are likely.
3.
Define or complete required (public) service
offering on DTTB (if not defined in Legislation
yet).
Current legal framework does not quantify
the required DTTB services. Here the NRT has
some degree of freedom. Although the ASO
plan will need approval in Parliament.
4.
Align defined public service offering with other
DTTB licence terms and conditions and media
permits, and their planning.
Special care should be given to the PPCTV
licence and other assigned DTTB licences.
5.
Determine and establish budget for ASO plan.
The ASO plan should pass Parliament and
hence should be well prepared and
introduced in Parliament (lobby).
2.14
Transition Models
Brief
description
This section deals with the situation that analogue television broadcasts have to be
stopped and the existing analogue services are migrated to a DTTB platform in one
coordinated effort, led by the national Government (i.e. the ASO process). This section
deals with what ASO or transition model will be applied where in Cambodia.
Objective
Existing analogue services are migrated to a DTTB platform in one coordinated effort
and without service interrupts.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
2.14.1
2.14.2
Status
Decision
ASO objectives and hurdles: What
are the ASO objectives (To have a
universal television service on the
DTTB platform, and/or to securing
the future of the terrestrial
platform).
B
Partly because NRT would like to see
additional services on DTTB and MTV. See
also ‘DSO objectives’ in section 2.3 in this
report.
ASO factors: consider the following
factors:
C
When considering the current analogue
viewing situation, the NRT should include the
impact of ASO on cable companies feeding
their head/ends over the air. See also
section 4.4.1 in this report.
B
Although the NRT has decided on a simulcast
model, it should still define the exact model.
For more considerations see section 4.5 in
this report.
Still the exact number of additional services to
be decided. Also what type of service
coverage the NRT would like to see (this could
include Universal coverage).
a. Required (PSB) services.
b. The number of analogue terrestrial
television viewers.
c. Availability of spectrum.
d. DTTB service uptake.
2.14.3
ASO transition models: Which
models is envisioned:
a. ASO with simulcast period, with two
sub-categories:
i) Phased approach to analogue
switch-off.
ii) National approach to analogue
switch-off.
b. ASO without simulcast period.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Check existing Legislation and policies for Public
television service (e.g. FTA) and coverage
stipulations (e.g. nationwide coverage).
Current legal framework does not explicitly
states a minimum coverage percentage. This
provides a degree of freedom for the NRT.
2.
Carry out market research on ASO affected
viewers/listeners. Identify any hidden
viewers/listeners (2nd television sets, regional
programming, prisons, etc.), Identify impact and
risk areas.
To be carried out in the previous Phase of the
roadmap (DTTB Policy). See section 3.4.2 on
the market research of the current market.
The result of this market research can be used
here for this activity.
3.
Analyze and assess complexity and size of
network modifications and receiver transitions.
In the first visit it was concluded that
spectrum and infrastructure incompatibilities
were unlikely to occur. Given the many
networks (although with a relatively low
number of transmitters) in operations, the
complexity of the ASO process can be high (in
terms of many parties working together).
4.
Involve and discuss ASO with broadcasters, other
service providers and consumer associations.
To be included in this phase of the roadmap
as part of the NRT.
5.
Decide transition model (simulcast period and
ASO phasing).
To be included in this phase of the roadmap.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
2.15
Organizational Structure and Entities
Brief
description
The ASO process is a complex and time consuming operation and a special purpose
entity (e.g. Task Force, Committee or separate company) may coordinate the overall
process and planning. In Cambodia this task is assigned (not formally yet) to the NRT.
Objective
A coordinated ASO process between all involved parties and stakeholders.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.15.1 Organizational ASO structures and
entities: ASO organization
completed and in place?
B
The NRT has been established in Cambodia.
Her exact mandate has to be specified yet.
Also membership of the NRT might have to be
extended in the future (for example to include
major retailers or other broadcasters).
2.15.2 ASO costs and support: ASO cost
analyzed and determined (use table
in this section).
C
Detail inventory necessary as part of the
process of balancing DTTB service planning,
Customer Proposition and financing (see
section 3.4.3 of this report).
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Establish overall coordination tasks and needs.
2.
Establish clear mandate (which is politically
approved).
3.
Establish budget and communication means (airtime, website, etc).
2.16
All to be included as part of this phase of the
roadmap. For more details see section 3.4.3
and 4.4.1 of this report.
ASO planning and milestones
Brief
description
Overall ASO planning and its key milestones, managed by the NRT.
Objective
ASO planning respecting the set dates for ASO and providing a progress monitoring tool
for the NRT.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.16.1 Outlining the ASO planning: when
and where to begin the process and
how long the entire operation
should last.
B
Switch off date is set to be between 2015 and
2018.
The PPCTV operation provides already
simulcasting in PP. Consequently the ASO
process has already started. If this operation
may become part of the ASO planning, the
operation may have to be secured (as to
limited the risk that the ASO process is
dependent on the business success of one
single company).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
2.16.2 Overall ASO planning set-up:
including the overall program
structure and the key result paths in
an ASO plan.
C
2.16.3 ASO planning phases (in a phased
approach): the three phases and
their key milestones.
C
Main activities
1.
For more considerations see section 4.6 of
this report.
Observation/Advice
Draft comprehensive ASO planning (milestones
and activities) and assign tasks and
responsibilities (including core project
management team).
2.
Establish ASO project monitoring framework and
reporting structure.
3.
Identify ASO project risks and draft risk
mitigation plans (including fall back and/or roll
back scenarios).
2.18
Decision
All to be included as part of this phase.
An example ASO report can be found on:
www.digitaluk.co.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0
009/19791/Digital_UK_Ofcom_Q2_2007_FIN
AL.pdf
ASO Communication Plan
Brief
description
This section focuses on communication to the viewers and other stakeholders in the
DTTB value chain.
Objective
To help viewers prepare adequately, the whole broadcast community needs to address
all viewers relying on the analogue terrestrial platform using targeted communication
tools that can reach out to diverse population segments.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.18.1 Communication strategy: including
communication messages (related
to the communication stage) and
target group(see phased model).
C
The establishment of a ‘trusted brand’ for
labelling certified/approved receivers will be
necessary.
2.18.2 Communication tools: the various
communications means to reach
the listed target groups.
B
The main tools are likely to be (a) Radio and
Television (b) printed media (c) SMS coverage
checker (d) social Cambodian structure
(neighbours helping each other).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Draft communication plan (including target
audiences, timing, means, etc.).
2.
Continuous alignment with ASO planning.
3.
Determine and establish compensation schemes
and systems, include in communication plan.
3.2
All to be included in this phase of the
roadmap.
For more details see section 3.4.3 and
section 4.7 of this report.
Customer Proposition
Brief
description
This section focuses on determining the competitive advantage and what the related
service attributes could look like. In this phase it is part of the service planning and
service proposition review and financing cycle.
Objective
Finding the best customer proposition in line with the business plan objectives (i.e. ASO
plan and budget).
Key topics and choices
3.2.2
DTTB competitive advantage and
related Service Proposition
attributes determined.
Status
Decision
C
Competitive advantage already established in
previous Phase. Attributes still to be defined.
Main activities
1.
Observation/Advice
Define DTTB service attributes and check
network feasibility and cost levels.
As part of the service planning, service
proposition review and financing cycle as
described in section 3.4.3. See also
considerations in section 4.9 in this report.
Review Table 3.2.1 in the Guidelines for
example service proposition attributes.
3.4
Business planning
Brief
description
This section will focus on agreement on business case (budget) for the ASO plan.
Objective
To have the ASO plan successfully passing Parliament.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
3.4.1
Business models for DTTB services:
which model or combination of
models is considered (may vary per
multiplex).
C
All business models are under consideration
for DTTB services: (a) FTA only, (b) pay-tv only
and (c) any combinations.
3.4.2
What does the business case look
like for the ASO plan?
C
The business case = ASO plan budget. Still to
be drafted and decided.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Assess market up-take and project revenue
streams, based on customer research and
proposition.
2.
Assess and calculate associated costs for
different ASO plans.
3.
Carry out sensitivity analysis, draft business case
/ASO plan for scenarios. For example yes/no
simulcast; indoor/outdoor (i.e. different quality
levels) or yes/no pay-tv services.
4.
Quantify total investments and their associated
risks, assess financing and public funding
possibilities, consider co-operation/joint
venture/vendor financing/revenue sharing.
5.
Prepare approval of ASO budget by Parliament
(as part of the ASO plan).
4.2
All to be carried out as part of this phase.
For more considerations see section 3.4.3 and
sections 4.4 and 4.8 of this report.
Design principles and network architecture
Brief
description
Implementation priorities and network architecture
Objective
Initial technical description of the main network elements in relation to service quality,
coverage, costs and timing requirements, serving as input document for preparing the
initial frequency plan and ASO plan.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
4.2.1
Trade-off between network roll-out
speed, network costs and service
quality,
C
4.2.2
Main reception mode and defining
receiving installations
B
In principle the objective is to plan DTTB
services for rooftop reception. Indoor
reception will be possible closer to the
transmitter; see example in Annex 6.
Services for national, regional, or
local coverage
Insertion of regional programs at a site
requires a remultiplexer at that site.
Alternatively the regional programs could be
transported to a central multiplex centre
and the transport stream distributed to each
site, where the appropriate transport
stream will be selected and broadcasted
(see also section 4.2.3 of the Guidelines)
A
TVK has regional windows (regional programs
at a site replacing national programs).
4.2.4
C
4.2.3
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Frequency plan and network
topology
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
4.2.5
Head- end configuration
C
4.2.6
Equipment reserve configurations
C
4.2.7
Type of distribution network
B
Decision
Distribution of signals is currently provided by
satellite and optic fibre. This type of
distribution can in principle be used for
distribution of digital signals, but the capacity
needs to be reviewed.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Education and training of technical staff
It is essential to train technical staff in time.
Education plans should be developed for each
staff category
2.
Determine roll-out scheme for head-ends,
transmitting stations and distribution links
Installation of head-ends, distributions links
and transmitting stations should be in
conformity with ASO planning (see functional
building block 2.16)
3.
Define receiving installation for estimating
coverage
In principle it has been decided to plan for rooftop
reception.
Unless specific data regarding noise figure,
receiving antenna gain and receiving antenna
height are required in Cambodia, the
receiving installation as defined in
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368 , Annex 2,
section 5 could be adopted with regard to
DVB-T; these characteristics are:
Characteristic
Band III
Band IV/V
Noise figure
5 dB
7 dB
Antenna gain minus
feeder loss
2 dB
7dB
No data are available for DTMB yet.
4.
Evaluation of network topology
Existing sites could be used as far as possible,
also depending on the choice of licensing
model A or B. Preferably, on a site the digital
channels should be close to the analogue
channels in order to be able to use the same
transmitting and receiving antennas.
For use of existing antennas see also
functional building block 4.5.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
5.
Drafting multiplex composition plan
The bit rate of the multiplex should be lower than the
bit rate of the DTTB variant set at the transmitters in
order to avoid overflow.
Observation/Advice
The initial multiplex composition for the headend, should take into account the bit rate
requirements established in functional
building block 4.1.
Final estimation of the multiplex composition can only
be made after network planning (see functional
building block 4.3) has been considered.
The use of statistical multiplexing is in
principle advised, when more than two
services of different kind of content are
carried in the multiplex. However,
implementing statistical multiplexing may
impose some technical constraints – for
example it would probably be necessary for
the MPEG2 coders and the multiplexer to be
physically close to each other and controlled
by the same computer.
In case of DVB-T, a network ID (one per
country and operator) should be obtained at
the DVB project office.
Need and way to obtain a network ID in the
DTMB standard has to be investigated.
6.
Broadcasters in Cambodia will have their own
experience with operation of transmission
equipment under the environmental
conditions of Cambodia and will have
specified the reserve conditions of the
existing transmitter stations based on this
experience.
Solid state transmitters have a build-in
redundancy because the power amplification
of transmitter has several power amplification
units.
Additional redundancy can be obtained by:
• Installing a spare exciter in each
transmitter
• Installing a spare transmitter in n+1
configuration, in case more than one
multiplex (transmitter) is needed at a site.
Evaluation of the required operational availability
time of transmission equipment
The operational equipment availability time is a
tradeoff between costs and acceptable off-air time
due to failures.
With regard to the head-end, it is advised to
install a spare encoder in an n+1
configuration.
7.
92
Evaluation of type of distribution network
Distribution by via a fixed satellite service or
optical fibre is possible.
The type of digital distribution link must be
supported by the DTTB standard.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
8.
Observation/Advice
Review of transmitting station lay out
Facilities at sites should be dimensioned in such a way
that the DTTB transmitting equipment, plus ancillary
equipment, can be accommodated. During ASO also
analogue transmitting equipment is operational.
4.3
Station lay out may need review to
accommodate additional transmitters. The
number of transmitters per site will depend
on the choice for licensing model A or B.
The power supply facilities and electrical
features of the antenna need to be checked
and if necessary adapted.
Network planning
Brief
description
Iterative process of achieving optimal coverage and multiplex capacity using several
system parameters and varying radiation characteristics. Several network plans are
likely to be made (e.g. before and after ASO, for rooftop and indoor reception, with
normalized and calculated transmitting antenna characteristics, or for testing different
service quality or coverage targets).
Objective
Basis for verifying service proposition and financing (see functional building blocks 2.9,
3.2 and 3.4).
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
4.3.1
Service trade-off
C
4.3.2
SFN or MFN
B
As indoor reception in large areas is not a
requirement, there is no apparent need for
SFNs
4.3.3
Fill-in transmitters
C
Some fill-in transmitters may be needed in
mountainous areas to improve coverage in
future.
4.3.4
Feed back to business plan and
service proposition
C
Main activities
1.
Planning criteria and planning method
2. Coverage analysis
Coverage presentations and a list of stations
characteristics are the result of a network planning
exercise and form the key tools for analysis coverage.
Observation/Advice
In order to avoid continued discussions on
planning results and coverage presentations
the NRT should agree on the planning criteria
and planning method.
It is advised to prepare coverage plots using
network planning software that takes into
account:
1.
The DVB-T and DTMB standard (if so
required).
2.
Accurate terrain and clutter data.
3.
Transmitter database of operational and
planned stations (analogue and digital)
including stations from neighbouring
countries.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
3.
Observation/Advice
Gap-filler planning
Gap-fillers, also called fill-in stations, are fed off-air
from a main transmitter. The transmission frequency
can be different from the received frequency (MFN
operation) or the same as the received frequency (SFN
operation).
Detailed coverage analysis resulting from
main activity 1, is likely to show areas where
coverage can be improved by means of gapfillers.
In general the receiving antennas of gap-filler
need line-of-sight with the main transmitter.
In case of SFN operation, the power of gapfillers is restricted, depending on the isolation
between input and output signal.
4.
Carrying out “service trade-off”
Radiation characteristics, multiplex capacity coverage
quality are interrelated.
4.4
The “service trade off” should be carried out
to find the optimum balance between
multiplex capacity and coverage quality. The
multiplex capacity depends on the choice of
licensing model A or B. With regard to the
radiation characteristics see also the
considerations given in section 4.9.3.
If no satisfactory solutions can be found in the
“service trade-off” a review is needed of
customer proposition, business case and/or
design principles and network architecture.
System parameters
Brief
description
Parameters related to the DTTB transmission standard
Objective
Selecting system parameter by trading-off between coverage, multiplex bit rate and
radiation characteristics, serving as input in the initial network planning
Key topics and choices
4.4.1
Decision
A
DTTB reception at high speed is not a
requirement; therefore the 2k option in
DVB-T does not need to be considered.
Consequently the FTT size is 8k in case of
DVB-T and 4k in case of DTMB.
4.4.2 Carrier modulation and code rate
Radiation characteristics, multiplex capacity
coverage quality are interrelated.
B
The choice will mainly depend on the required
multiplex capacity resulting from the adoption
of licensing model A or B (see also the
considerations in Annex 6. Initially QPSK 1/2
and 64QAM 2/3 could be chosen in case of
licensing model A or B respectively.
4.4.3
A
As MFNs are envisaged, the lowest possible
interval is sufficient:
• With DVB-T a guard interval of 28 μs.
• With DTMB a guard interval of 55.6 μs.
94
FFT size
Status
Guard interval
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
1.
Observation/Advice
Evaluation of carrier modulation and code rate
Higher order modulation and higher code rates
provide more multiplex capacity but at the cost of a
higher C/N resulting in more restricted coverage.
Lower order modulation and lower code rates provide
a more robust coverage at the cost of a restricted
multiplex capacity.
4.5
Coverage analysis and evaluating the net bit
rate of the multiplex through the “service
trade off” should verify the initial choice of
QPSK 1/2 and 64QAM 2/3 in case of licensing
model A or B respectively.
Radiation characteristics
Brief
description
Determination of transmitter power and transmitting antenna gain in order to achieve
the required or allowed effective radiated power and configuration of the optimum
antenna diagram and polarization.
Objective
Specification of transmitter power, antenna gain and antenna diagram as input for initial
network planning.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
4.5.1
Transmitter power and transmitting
antenna gain
C
4.5.2
Polarization
A
In order to minimize costs for the viewer as
much as possible existing receiving antennas
should be used; consequently the polarization
of transmitting antennas should be horizontal.
4.5.3
Use of existing antennas or need for
new antennas
B
In order to achieve low cost operations as
much as possible existing transmitting
antennas should be used (subject to the DTTB
frequency assignments and electrical features
of the antenna).
Main activities
1.
Evaluation of transmitter power and antenna
gain
Observation/Advice
The ERP of a transmitting station is
determined by applying the “service tradeoff”. The initial choice of ERP could be guided
by the values indicated in section 4.9.3.
The transmitter power is given by subtracting
feeder and combiner losses from the ERP
value.
If the assigned digital frequency is not close to
the frequencies in use, the antenna gain and
the antenna pattern is probably not optimal.
A new antenna could then be considered.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
2.
96
Calculation of antenna power budget
Observation/Advice
In case more than one transmitter has be to
fed into the same antenna (see functional
building block 4.2 Design principles and
network architecture), an antenna combiner
is needed and the antenna power budget has
to be calculated to ensure that allowed mean
power and peak voltage of the antenna is not
exceeded.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 3
Functional building blocks related to Phase 3
of the roadmap
Licensing policy and regulation
3. Licensing policy &
regulation
2.2. Licensing
Framework
2.3. ITU-R
Regulations
2.5.
Assignment
Procedures
2.6. License
Terms &
Conditions
2.8. Media
permits &
authorizations
2.2
4.2 Design
Principles &
Network
Architecture
4.3. Network
Planning
4.4. System
Parameters
4.5 Radiation
Characteristics
International
frequency
coordination
Consultation
with market
parties
License
assignment
procedure
Update
National
Spectrum Plan
The selected functional building blocks related to Phase 3 of the
roadmap are shown in Figure 3.9 and are reproduced here.
Section 3.4.4 describes Phase 3 of the roadmap.
This Annex gives an overview in the form of tables of the status
of each of the selected functional building blocks related to
Phase 3 by means of the following codes:
A.
the decisions on key topic and choices that are already
taken;
B.
the decisions on key topic and choices that are partly
taken;
C.
the activities needed regarding key topic and choices
that have not yet been decided;
D.
the activities needed regarding key topic and choices
that need revision.
For those issues that are not (fully) decided or need revision the
main activities are indicated.
The selected functional building blocks are presented in the
order of the number of the block. This number refers to the
corresponding section in the Guidelines, where more
information and implementation guidelines can be found.
The grey coloured blocks are not described in the Guidelines
and not described in the tables below. These blocks represent
activities that are not specific to digital terrestrial television.
Licensing Framework
Brief
description
For Cambodia the licensing framework concentrates on the selection of the appropriate
model; either model A or B.
Objective
The objective of the licensing framework should be to actually implement the defined
policy objectives for the introduction of DTTB, including the analogue switch-off (ASO).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.2.1
A licensing framework for any
television services comprises the
assignment of three sets of rights
(a) spectrum (b) broadcast and (c)
local/building rights. For DTTB
services has the model been
decided?
C
The adoption of the new Telecommunications
Law may change the licensing framework for
assigning the spectrum rights.
2.2.2
For the extra function of the
multiplex operator in the value
chain, two basic licensing models
can be distinguished for DTTB;
model A or B. Has the basic model
been decided?
C
For more considerations see section 4.3 in
this report.
2.2.3
Has the PBS services and spectrum
rights been defined yet (and where)
for the DTTB services?
C
Not decided yet. See also considerations in
functional building block 2.9.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Make inventory of current spectrum and
broadcast rights of licensed broadcasters.
To be carried out on the basis of the results of
the functional building blocks 2.3 and 2.4 in
first and second phase of this roadmap.
2.
Make inventory of current licensing framework
and check applicability for DTTB service
introductions (gaps/conflicts).
To be carried out on the basis of the results of
functional building block 2.11 in the first
phase.
3.
Assess and evaluate different options for
licensing DTTB services.
All to be included as part of this phase of the
roadmap.
4.
Assess compatibility with ASO plans and National
Spectrum Plan.
5.
Possibly revise current licensing framework and
assess impact.
6.
Draft planning for licence assignment, framework
changes and update National Spectrum Plan (and
possibly Legislation).
2.3
For more consideration see section 4.3 of this
report.
ITU-R regulations
Brief
description
ITU-R regulations entail the Radio Regulations (RR) and in particular the table of
Frequency Allocations (Region 3) and the relevant provisions of the World
Radiocommunications Conference 2007 (WRC-07).
Objective
In this phase, to perform conformity checks whilst carrying out detailed DTTB service
planning.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.3.1
The international context of the
ITU-R regulations: are the different
entries in the GE06 plan considered
(allotment/assignment)?
NA
A plan like the GE06 plan is not available for
Region 3.
2.3.2
Applicability and implications of
initial inventory and ASO planning
(see Phase 1 and 2): what services
are exactly possible given the
available spectrum, initial spectrum
requirements and financial
constraints?
C
As part of the detailed DTTB service planning
(see section 3.4.4 of this report).
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Carry out a detailed DTTB service planning.
For more details see section 3.4.4 in this
report.
2.
Determine necessary terms and conditions for
planned DTTB services and ASO plans.
For more details see section 3.4.4 in this
report.
3.
Possibly redefine necessary changes to assigned
frequency (and possibly content) licences for
operational DTTB and Analogue TV services.
Whether this will be necessary depends on
the results of this functional building block in
Phase 2 of the roadmap and the detailed
DTTB service planning.
Especially the assigned DTTB licence to
broadcasters and PPCTV needs to be
evaluated.
2.5
Assignment Procedures
Brief
description
Assigning spectrum/broadcast rights for DTTB services and the common instruments
and procedures applied.
Objective
Assign spectrum/broadcast rights to the PSB, commercials broadcasters or any other
entity (such as the common multiplex/network operator) in a transparent manner in
line with the ASO plan.
Key topics and choices
2.5.1
Basic assigned instruments and
procedures: what is the preferred
assignment instrument (FCFS,
auction or public tender) for
broadcasting?
Status
Decision
C
No legislation present arranging assignment
instruments for spectrum and/or broadcast
rights.
The current situation is that all licences to the
Cambodia broadcasters and service providers
were assigned on the basis of FCFS.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
2.5.2
Assignment procedures for DTTB
services: what is the selected
assignment instrument (FCFS,
auction or public tender) for DTTB
services?
Status
C
Decision
The NRT should make a difference between
assigning licences to broadcasters (model A)
and multiplex/network operator (model B).
In case of model B the NRT could apply a
different instrument (for example public
tender).
In case of model A, the NRT should be aware
of the risk that introducing another
assignment instrument (other than FCFS) may
lead to claims of unfair competition.
Mitigation may be needed.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Consult market (current broadcasters and
potential bidders/applicants) on assignment
methods and licence terms and conditions.
2.
Evaluate results and select assignment method
and procedures.
3.
Draft detailed plans and planning for DTTB
assignment procedure (for detailed steps see
Appendix 2.5B).
4.
Prepare approval of assignment Procedures by
Parliament.
5.
Publish assignment planning and procedures and
update National Spectrum Plan (and possibly
Legislation).
2.6
All to be carried out as part of this phase.
Drafting of the Licensing procedure and
passing Parliament should be aligned with the
ASO planning.
Licensing procedure should be ‘future proof’
in the sense that after ASO additional licences
might be assigned.
Licence terms and conditions
Brief
description
The licence terms and conditions of the DTTB frequency or spectrum licences.
Objective
Assigning DTTB/MTV frequency rights is carried out in conjunction with assigning the
other two types of rights as well. The objective is to have all rights covered, in the right
balance, between the various licence types.
Key topics and choices
2.6.1
100
Licensing and fair competition rules:
Are the licence terms and
conditions in line with the
competition rules (transparent and
non-discriminatory)?
Status
Decision
NA
(yet)
Competition Law for telecom/broadcast
market still in development. Compliancy to be
checked later/when appropriate.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
2.6.2
Status
Decision
C
Depends on model A or B. In case of model B
the licence conditions are likely to cover other
terms and conditions (next to the spectrum
usage rights). For example to implement ONP
rules.
Please note that DTTB licences have already
been assigned to PPCTV and other
broadcasters. The licence terms and
conditions for new assignments should be
checked and aligned with these existing
rights.
Frequency licence terms and
conditions: have all licence terms
and conditions been determined
and is the list of conditions
complete (see list in this section)?
Main activities
1.
Check relevant paragraphs/ entries in
Legislation/Policies, ASO plan and National
Spectrum Plan.
2.
Analyze market conditions and assess ‘levelplaying-field’ requirements/provisions.
3.
Determine DTTB Terms and Conditions and align
with Media permits/authorizations and their
planning.
4.
Update National Spectrum Plan (and possibly
ASO plans).
2.8
Media permits and authorizations
Observation/Advice
All to be carried out as part of the Phase.
For details on and example licence terms and
conditions check the Guidelines.
Depending on the licensing model selected,
the frequency rights (in combination with
operating rights) could be assigned separately
from the broadcast rights.
Brief
description
The right or permission to broadcast television content on a defined broadcast DTTB
platform in a designated geographical area and for a specified period. In this section we
focus on granting media/broadcast permits/authorizations for commercial broadcasters
(for public broadcasters see section 2.2.3 in the Guidelines).
Objective
In regulating access to the DTTB platform and/or to determine content composition on
the DTTB and MTV platforms, the Regulator can avoid unwanted broadcasts, promote
defined broadcasts or avoid duplication of content.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
2.8.1
Broadcast licensing framework: the
different levels of granting
broadcast rights, program or
platform level?
C
Dependent on model A and B. If model A is
selected, NRT may continue with current
system (although to avoid having different
STBs has to be resolved).
2.8.2
Broadcast licensing requirements:
have all licence terms and
conditions been determined and is
the list of conditions complete (see
list in this paragraph)?
C
The NRT should considering the exiting digital
broadcast rights in the market.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Check existing media legislation, DTTB policy and
licensing framework (model A/B).
All to be carried out as part of this phase of
the roadmap.
2.
Check Technology and Standards Regulation
(receiver regulations) and include in media
permits policies.
For more details check section 2.8.2 in the
Guidelines.
3.
Determine media permits/authorizations and
procedures and review PPCTV/other DTTB
licence terms and conditions.
4.
Publish policies for media permits and
authorizations (may include waivers).
4.2
Design principles and network architecture
Brief
description
Implementation priorities and network architecture, based on results of Phase 2
Objective
Detailed technical description of the main network elements in relation to service
quality, coverage, costs and timing requirements serving as input document for
preparing the national coordinated frequency plan and licence procedure and planning.
Key topics and choices
Status
4.2.1
Trade-off between network roll-out
speed, network costs and service
quality,
C
4.2.4
Frequency plan and network
topology
C
4.2.5
Head- end configuration
C
4.2.7
Type of distribution network
C
Decision
The initial results obtained in Phase 2 (ASO
planning) should be verified based on the
initial frequency plan and ASO plan.
The main activities are the same as described in Phase 2 (ASO planning) and should be carried out in more
detail based on:
102
•
the initial frequency plan; and
•
the ASO plan.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.3
Network planning
Brief
description
Based on results of Phase 2 ( ASO planning) and the review of design principles and
network architecture (see functional building block 4.2 above), network planning is an
iterative process to achieve optimal coverage and multiplex capacity using several
system parameters and varying radiation characteristics. Several network plans are
likely to be made (e.g. before and after ASO, for rooftop and indoor reception, with
normalized and calculated transmitting antenna characteristics, or for testing different
service quality or coverage targets).
Objective
Preparing of list of station characteristics and detailed coverage presentations
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
The initial results obtained in Phase 2 (ASO
planning) should be verified based on the
initial frequency plan, ASO plan and review of
Network design and network architecture
(see functional building block 4.2 in Phase 3).
4.3.1
Service trade-off
C
4.3.2
SFN or MFN
C
4.3.3
Fill-in transmitters
C
4.3.4
Feed back to business plan and
service proposition
C
The main activities are the same as described in Phase 2 (ASO planning) and should be carried out in more
detail based on:
•
the initial frequency plan;
•
the ASO plan; and
•
the review of network design and network architecture (see functional building block 4.2 in
Phase 3).
4.4
System parameters
Brief
description
Based on results of Phase 2 (ASO planning), review of parameters related to the DTTB
transmission standard
Objective
Selecting system parameter by trading-off between coverage, multiplex bit rate and
radiation characteristics, serving as input in the detailed network planning
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
The initial results obtained in Phase 2 (ASO
planning) should be verified based on the
initial frequency plan, ASO plan and review of
network design and network architecture (see
functional building block 4.2 in Phase 3).
4.4.1
FFT size
C
4.4.2
Carrier modulation and code rate
C
4.4.3
Guard interval
C
The main activities are the same as described in Phase 2 (ASO planning) and should be carried out in more
detail based on:
104
•
the initial frequency plan;
•
the ASO plan; and
•
the review of network design and network architecture (see functional building block 4.2 in
Phase 3).
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.5
Radiation characteristics
Brief
description
Based on results of Phase 2 (ASO planning), review of transmitter power and
transmitting antenna gain in order to achieve the required or allowed effective radiated
power and configuration of the optimum antenna diagram and polarization
Objective
Specification of transmitter power, antenna gain and antenna diagram as input for
detailed network planning.
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
The initial results obtained in Phase 2 (ASO
planning) should be verified based on the
initial frequency plan, ASO plan and review of
network design and network architecture (see
functional building block 4.2 in Phase 3).
4.5.1
Transmitter power and transmitting
antenna gain
C
4.5.2
Polarization
C
4.5.3
Use of existing antennas or need for
new antennas
C
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 4
Functional building blocks related to Phase 4
of the roadmap
DTTB implementation
4. Planning &
implementation
DTTB network
4.6 Network
interfacing
4.8
Transmitting
equipment
availability
4.9 Network
rollout
Site
acquisition
Project &
resource
planning
Testing
`
106
Equipment
ordering
Equipment
installation
Analogue
TV tx
switch-off
The selected functional building blocks related to Phase 3 of the
roadmap are shown in Figure 3.9 and are reproduced here.
Section 3.4.5 describes Phase 4 of the roadmap.
This Annex gives an overview in the form of tables of the status
of each of the selected functional building blocks related to
Phase 4 by means of the following codes:
A.
the decisions on key topic and choices that are already
taken;
B.
the decisions on key topic and choices that are partly
taken;
C.
the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that
have not yet been decided;
D.
the activities needed regarding key topic and choices that
need revision.
For those issues that are not (fully) decided or need revision the
main activities are indicated.
The selected functional building blocks are presented in the
order of the number of the block. This number refers to the
corresponding section in the Guidelines, where more
information and implementation guidelines can be found.
The grey coloured blocks are not described in the Guidelines
and not described in the tables below. These blocks represent
activities that are not specific to digital terrestrial television.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
4.6
Network interfacing
Brief
description
Interfaces between parts of the network, the studio and the head-end, the transmitting
antenna and the receiver and transmitting equipment and the monitoring centre.
Objective
Defining interfaces with network elements in order to obtain satisfactory service
delivery.
Key topics and choices
Status
4.6.1
Interfaces with head-end
C
4.6.2
Interfaces between parts in the
network
C
4.6.3
Radio interface between
transmitting station and receiving
installation
C
4.6.4
Interfaces between transmitter sites
and monitoring system
C
Decision
Main activities
Observation/Advice
Drafting interface specifications between parts of
the network
Parts of the network are head-end, distribution links
and transmitter sites.
The specifications of the interfaces depend on
the chosen transmission standard, type of
distributions links and network architecture
(see also functional building block 4.2 in
Phase 3).
2.
Operational status of head-end equipment
and distribution links should be visible at the
monitoring centre. The interfaces between
the equipment and the monitoring centre
should be in accordance with those specified
for the transmitters.
1.
Drafting interface specifications between
network monitoring system and head end and
distribution links
3. Describing radio interface
The interface between transmitting antenna and
receiving installing is the radio interface. It takes into
account the receiving installation as defined in
functional building block 4.2 in Phase 3.
4.8
It is advised to describe the radio interface by
means of reception probability. It indicates
the probability of good reception in the
presence of noise and interference.
In order to avoid continuing discussions on
coverage results, the method for assessing
coverage (including the transmitter databases
for different situations, e.g. during and after
ASO) should be agreed by the NRT.
Transmission equipment availability
Brief
description
Transmission equipment complying with the chosen transmission standard and systems
and fitted to transmit all planned services
Objective
Defining transmission equipment specification complying with network architecture and
design principles and network planning
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Key topics and choices
Status
Decision
4.8.1
Market research
B
PPCTV has DVB-T transmitters and a head-end
in operation. Hence the market research has
been carried out. Results may be shared by
the NRT. For further transmitting equipment
an update of the research would be
necessary.
4.8.2
Technical specifications
B
The technical specifications of the PPCTV
transmitters, antenna and head-end have
been set.
Further equipment needs to be specified
based on the results of the network planning.
Main activities
Observation/Advice
1.
Carrying out market research for head-ends and
distribution links
In order to get an impression of prices and
ranges of characteristics it is advised to obtain
technical data sheets and budgetary prices
from a number of suppliers.
2.
Drafting specifications of distribution links and
head ends
The specifications should include:
transmission standard, compression system,
CAS and SMS system (if required), reserve
configuration and interfaces.
4.9
Network rollout and planning
Brief
description
Implementation plan taking into account coverage priorities, services priorities, ASO,
equipment availability and capacity of the network operator
Objective
To provide implementation schedule for the DTTB services within budget and time
constraints
Key topics and choices
Status
4.9.1
Test transmissions
C
4.9.2
Implementation plan
C
4.9.3
Information to end consumers
C
Main activities
1.
108
Describing pilot tests and demonstrations
Decision
Observation/Advice
Before a site is brought into use it is advised
to perform technical tests. After it is assured
that the equipment functions perfectly,
demonstrations may be arranged in particular
in areas where DTTB is broadcast for the first
time.
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Main activities
Observation/Advice
2.
Roll out planning in accordance with ASO plan
The milestones of the roll-out plan are given
by the ASO plan. The roll-out plan should take
account of the time periods needed for
delivery of equipment, installation and testing
of equipments, tests and demonstrations.
3.
Coverage assessment at each stage of
implementation
For each stage of the implementation (before
and after ASO) detailed coverage maps should
be produced. These maps are needed for
managing switch-over and as a basis for
communication to viewers.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 5
Information on DTTB standards
In this annex a summary is given of technical information on transmission standards obtained from ITU
and other sources.
1
General
The most important ITU-R Recommendations regarding DTTB standards are:
•
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306, Error correction, data framing, modulation and emission
methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting25.
•
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1877, Error-correction, data framing, modulation and emission
methods for second generation of digital terrestrial television broadcasting systems26.
•
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368, Planning criteria for digital terrestrial television services in the
VHF/UHF bands27.
These Recommendations can be downloaded freely from the ITU website by using the indicated
hyperlinks. For all other ITU documents mentioned in this annex ITU TIES login and password are
required.
Work is in progress on Recommendations ITU-R BT.1306 and ITU-R BT.1368. ITU-R Working Party 6A is
carrying forward:
•
a Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306 with new information on the
DTMB standard;
•
a Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368 with new information on the
DTMB and DVB-T2 standard.
It is expected to progress this work at the next meeting of Working Party 6A in May 201128.
2
Current status of Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R
BT.1306
Status of the work
The current status of the work on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306 is shown in Annex 5 to the chairman’s
report of Working Party 6A29. In this draft the standards are represented by letters:
•
System A is ATSC;
25
See www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.1306-4-200909-I/en
26
See www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1877-0-201005-I!!PDF-E.pdf
27
See www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.1368-8-200905-I/en
28
At the time of publishing this Roadmap report the revised Preliminary Draft Revisions to Recommendation ITU-R
BT.1306 and ITU-R BT.1368 are not yet available.
29
See www.itu.int/md/choice_md.asp?id=R07-WP6A-C-0454!N05!MSW-E&lang=en&type=sitems.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
•
System B is DVB-T;
•
System C is ISDB-T;
•
System D is DTMB.
The information regarding “system D” in the Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R
BT.1306 is based on the following input documents from China:
397
Preliminary draft revision of Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306-4 – Error-correction, data
framing, modulation and emission methods for digital terrestrial television
broadcasting30.
287
Chinese digital terrestrial television broadcasting system31.
In the Appendices 1 to 4 to Annex 1 of the Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306,
a bibliography of each standard is given, showing references to specifications and implementation
guidelines.
Observations regarding the DTMB standard
The DTMB standard has two versions, a single carrier system and a multi-carrier system. The standard can
be applied in 7 MHz and in 8 MHz channels. It is advised to consider the multi-carrier standards only,
because multi-carrier standards provide maximum ruggedness against multipath interference. This is
important in case of reception with simple antennas; a means of reception commonly used in Cambodia.
The multi-carrier version of DTMB seems to have in general similar technical features than DVB-T.
However, DTMB is less suitable for SFN operation because of the limited number of guard intervals and
the shorter maximum guard interval (55.6, 78.7, 125 μs) compared to DVB-T (28, 56, 112, 224 μs).
The specifications and implementation guidelines of the DTMB standard do not seem to be publicly
available. However, the English version of GB20600-2006 is provided with the above mentioned Chinese
input document 287.
Observations regarding the DVB-T2 standard
The DVB-T2 standard is an improved version of the DVB-T standard. DVB-T2 offers an increased efficiency
of 30-50 per cent in its use of spectrum compared to DVB-T. ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.1877 gives
information about the DVB-T2 standard.
The specification of the DVB-T2 standard can be downloaded freely32. More high-level information on
DVB-T2 can be found in the DVB-T2 factsheets33. Compared to DVB-T, DVB-T2 can offer:
•
a higher bit rate or a more robust signal;
•
a lower required power (in the absence of interference other than noise) with the same bit rate;
•
larger SFN areas;
•
reception at higher speed.
30
See www.itu.int/md/R07-WP6A-C-0397/en
31
See www.itu.int/md/R07-WP6A-C-0287/en
32
See www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/302700_302799/302755/01.01.01_60/en_302755v010101p.pdf
33
See www.dvb.org/technology/fact_sheets/DVB-T2_Factsheet.pdf
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In the factsheet referred to above, among others the following data are given:
•
Typical bit rate (as used in the UK)
DVB-T: 24 Mbit/s
DVB-T2: 40 Mbit/s
•
Maximum bitrate (at a C/N of 20 dB)
DVB-T: 29 Mbit/s
DVB-T2: 47.8 Mbit/s
•
Required C/N (at 22 Mbit/s)
DVB-T: 16.7 dB
DVB-T2: 8.9 dB
3
Current status of Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R
BT.1368
Status of the work
The current status of the work on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1306 is shown in Annex 10 to the chairman’s
report of Working Party 6A34. It reported that China made the following input document:
396
Planning criteria for DTMB digital terrestrial broadcasting system in the VHF/UHF
bands35.
The Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368 does not provide information on
protection ratios of the DTMB standard; Annex Y only contains a placeholder for information. The
chairman of Working Party 6A notes the following regarding the last meeting of Working Party 6A
(November 2010) in respect of the Preliminary Draft Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368:
This document relates to the continuing discussion of the protection ratios of DVB-T versus
DVB-T, UMTS and LTE in different adjacent channels as a result of several new measurements
reported in this meeting. Further work is still needed. Also some place holders are considered for
the protection of DTTB systems other than DVB-T which need future contributions. China also
presented Doc. 6A/396 dealing with planning criteria for the DTMB digital terrestrial television
broadcasting systems in VHF/UHF bands. China intends to provide its suggestions for revision of
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368 to the next meeting of WP 6A .
Observations regarding the TDMB standard
Information on protection ratios of the DTMB standard is currently not available in the Preliminary Draft
Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368.
Comparison of the provisionally DTMB data with the DVB-T data for two similar system variants shows
that net bit rates and co-channel protection ratios (DVB-T interfered with by DVB-T and DTMB interfered
with by DTMB respectively) do not deviate considerably; see table below.
Protection ratio
(Ricean and Rayleigh channel)1)
Net bite rate at shortest guard
interval
DVB-T 64QAM 2/3
20/23 dB
24.1 Mbit/s
DTMB 64QAM 0,6
18/20
dB2)
24.4 Mbit/s
DVB-T 16QAM 2/3
14/16 dB
16.1 Mbit/s
DTMB 16QAM 0.6
13/15 dB2)
16.2 Mbit/s
System variant
1)
The Ricean channel is representative for fixed reception, the Rayleigh channel for portable reception.
2)
Provisional values.
34
See www.itu.int/md/choice_md.asp?id=R07-WP6A-C-0454!N10!MSW-E&lang=en&type=sitems
35
See www.itu.int/md/R07-WP6A-C-0396/en
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Observations regarding the DVB-T2 standard
Information on protection ratios of the DVB-T2 standard is currently not available in the Preliminary Draft
Revision to Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368. However, detailed information on frequency and network
planning is given in EBU Tech 3348 Frequency and Network Planning Aspects of DVB-T2, Geneva
May 201136.
36
See http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3348.pdf
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 6
Coverage considerations
This annex presents a number of examples of the coverage achieved by analogue and digital transmitting
stations and indicates the ratio of the effective radiated power (ERP) of an analogue and digital
transmitting station covering the same area. First calculation examples are shown with rooftop reception,
followed by considerations regarding indoor reception.
1
Coverage with rooftop reception
Calculation examples of the coverage achieved by an analogue and a digital transmitting station are
shown in Figure A.6-1 and Figure A.6-2 respectively37. The radiation characteristics in these examples are
given in the table below.
TABLE A.6-1
Radiation characteristics in calculation examples
Characteristic
Analogue TV station
Digital TV station
IV (470 – 582 MHz)
IV (470 – 582 MHz)
Transmitter power
10 kW
1 kW
Antenna gain minus cable loss
10 dB
10 dB
Effective Radiated Power (ERP)
100 kW
10 kW
Antenna height
150 m
150 m
TV standard and modulation
G-PAL
DVB-T: 64QAM, 16QAM, QPSK
with code rate 2/3
Frequency band
In the example of analogue TV the minimum field strength values are taken from Recommendation ITU
BT.41738 and Annex 1 of that Recommendation with regard to the reception limit39.
In the analogue TV example, the coverage range (distance from the transmitter) in the absence of
interference other than noise, is (see Figure A.6-1):
•
about 43 km according to the recommended minimum field strength (62 dBµV/m);
•
about 60 km according to the limit of reception (52 dBµV/m).
37
Field strength prediction is according to Recommendation ITU-R P.1546-4 Method for point-to-area predictions for
terrestrial services in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz, Annex 3 Figure 9 (600 MHz, land path, 50% time).
38
See Recommendation ITU-R BT.417-5 Minimum field strengths for which protection may be sought in planning an
analogue terrestrial television service.
39
See Annex 1 of Recommendation ITU-R BT.417-5. In this annex it is noted that the public begin to lose interest in
installing television reception equipment when the field strength falls much below the indicated levels in this annex.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure A.6-1: Example of analogue TV coverage area
120
G/PAL transmission 100 kW/150 m
100
Recommended
limit
Field strength in dB µV/m
80
Reception
limit
60
40
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distance from transmitter in km
With digital television a choice should be made between:
1. a high multiplex capacity (net bit rate) but a relative high minimum field strength requirement;
2. a relative low minimum field strength requirement (robust reception), but a relative low
multiplex capacity; and
3. somewhere in between 1 and 2.
With the DVB-T standard, this choice can be made by selecting one out of three carrier modulations
(64QAM, 16QAM and QPSK) and for each carrier modulation one out of five code rates. The DTMB
standard offers similar choices. In Cambodia, the selection of the carrier modulation and code rate will to
a great extent depend on the choice of the licensing model (see section 4.3). In case of model A, a
multiplex will only carry a few services which lead to the choice as indicated in point 2. In case of model B,
a high number of services need to be carried in a multiplex, which lead to the choice as indicated in
point 1.
With regard to reception of digital television it should be reminded that, contrary to analogue television,
there is no smooth degradation from good to poor picture quality when the field strength is decreasing.
This is the reason that digital television is planned for a high location probability (normally 95 per cent,
where analogue TV is planned for 50 per cent).
Because of the high required location probability and the fact that field strength predictions are normally
made with a location probability of 50 per cent, the term “median minimum field strength” (Emed) is used
for planning DTTB. Emed is the field strength value necessary to achieve the minimum field strength
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
(Emin) at the required percentage of locations (normally 95 per cent). In Recommendation ITU-R
BT.1368,40 the Emed values are not given, but can be derived from the minimum field strength values
using the formulas given in Appendix 1 to Annex 2 of this recommendation. The Emed values for three
selected system variants (carrier modulation and code rate) in Band IV are given in Table A.6-2.
TABLE A.6-2
Emed values in Band IV
Factor for determining Emed for rooftop reception
(DVB-T standard)
Carrier modulation and code rate
Emin at 550 MHz
64QAM 2/3
16QAM 2/3
QPSK 2/3
45 dBµV/m
39 dBµV/m
33 dBµV/m
9 dB
9dB
9 dB
54 dBµV/m
48 dBµV/m
42 dBµV/m
Location correction factor (µ x c), for 95% location probability and
a standard deviation of 5.5 dB: 1.64 x 5.5
Emed
In the digital TV example the multiplex capacity and coverage range (distance from the transmitter), in the
absence of interference other than noise, is (see Figure A.6-2):
•
24 Mbit/s and about 40 km with 64QAM 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (54 dBµV/m);
•
16 Mbit/s and about 50 km with 16QAM 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (48 dBµV/m);
•
8 Mbit/s and about 60 km with QPSK 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (42 dBµV/m).
Figure A.6-2: Example of digital TV coverage area
100
DVB-T transmission 10 kW/150 m
90
80
64QAM 2/3
24 Mbit/s
Field strength in dB µV/m
70
16QAM 2/3
16 Mbit/s
60
50
QPSK 2/3
8 Mbit/s
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distance from transmitter in km
40
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368-8 Planning criteria for digital terrestrial television services in the VHF/UHF bands.
Annex 2 of this Recommendation deals with DVB-T. No data available yet for DTMB.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
The power requirements of a digital transmitter compared to an analogue transmitter covering the same
area, in the absence of interference other than noise, can be obtained by comparing the Emed values for
digital TV and the Emin value for analogue TV. Table A.6-3 shows this ratio for the three DVB-T variants
used in the example above.
TABLE A.6-3
ERP ratio of digital TV transmitting stations to replace an analogue coverage area
DVB-T variant
Analogue coverage situation according to
recommended minimum field strength
Analogue coverage situation according to
limit of reception
64QAM 2/3
Digital power about 6 x less
Digital power 1.5 x more
16QAM 2/3
Digital power about 25 x less
Digital power 2.5 x less
QPSK 2/3
Digital power 100 x less
Digital power 10 x less
It should be noted that the power of an analogue transmitter is defined as “Peak Envelope Power”,
whereas the power of a digital transmitter is defined as “Mean Power”.
In some cases, existing analogue transmitters can be converted to digital by replacing the analogue
modulation unit by a digital modulation unit and reducing the power amplification to obtain the required
linearity for digital transmissions, taking into account that:
•
An analogue TV transmitter with combined video and audio amplification has been equipped with
the required 7 or 8 MHz bandwidth filter and can easily be adjusted to digital transmission.
•
An analogue TV transmitter with separate video and audio amplification needs to be modified;
only the video power amplifier can be used and a band filter should be added.
•
Analogue TV transmitters with klystrons are not suitable for digital transmissions because of the
non-linear characteristics of the klystron.
•
The mean power of a digital transmission from a converted analogue TV transmitter is about 1/5
to 1/3 of the analogue peak envelop power.
From a frequency planning point of view it is possible to convert an analogue transmission to digital
without inverse impact on the compatibility situation if the ERP of the digital transmission is five times
less than the analogue ERP41.
2
Coverage with indoor reception
An advantage of digital television compared to analogue TV is the good and stable picture in the presence
of reflected signals (no ghost images and loss of synchronization). For that reason good indoor or outdoor
reception with a simple antenna (referred to as “portable reception”) or vehicular reception is possible
provided that the signal strength is sufficient.
The median minimum field strength values of portable reception are considerably higher compared to
rooftop reception, because of:
41
•
the lower receiving height;
•
the lower receiving antenna gain;
•
the building penetration loss in case of indoor reception.
This value was used in the Chester 1997 Multilateral Coordination Agreement; an agreement by a number of European
administrations on the introduction of digital television before the Geneva 2006 Agreement came into force.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
In DTTB planning two portable reception modes are defined:
1. Portable outdoor reception
with a simple antenna at outdoor locations, in planning a receiving height of 1.5 m is assumed.
2. Portable indoor reception
with a simple antenna at indoor locations, in planning a receiving height of 1.5 m is assumed.
The specified reception mode should in principle reflect the actual practical receiving conditions. In
Cambodia reception at indoor locations with simple antennas (so-called rabbit ears) is commonly used.
Portable outdoor reception is a balanced compromise for the type of receiving installation normally used
in Cambodia, because:
•
It represents reception with a simple antenna.
•
It is a well defined receiving condition; portable indoor reception would require the
establishment building penetration data (mean value and standard deviation), because the
absence of measurement data in Cambodia, the Portable indoor reception values would be
arbitrary anyway.
•
Portable outdoor reception represent also portable indoor reception but with lower reception
probability. When reception takes place indoor, an optimal location for the antenna should be
sought. Indoor reception is easier relative close to the transmitter, at higher floors and when
building penetration losses are minimal.
As for rooftop reception, the median minimum field strength values (Emed) can be derived from
Recommendation ITU-R BT.1368 by using the formulas given in Appendix 1 to Annex 2 of that
Recommendation. The Emed values for three selected system variants (carrier modulation and code rate)
in Band IV are given in Table A.6-4.
TABLE A.6-4
Emed values for outdoor reception in Band IV
Factors for determining Emed for outdoor reception
(DVB-T standard)
Carrier modulation and code rate
64QAM 2/3
16QAM 2/3
QPSK 2/3
45 dBµV/m
39 dBµV/m
33 dBµV/m
Correction of Emin for reception in presence of multipath
“Rayleigh channel”, taken from Chapter 3 to Annex 2 of the GE06
Agreement
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
Location correction factor (µ x ς), for 95% location probability and
a standard deviation of 5.5 dB: 1.64 x 5.5
9 dB
9dB
9 dB
Height loss (reception at 1.5 m instead of 10 m), taken from
Chapter 3 to Annex 2 of the GE06 Agreement
16 dB
16 dB
16 dB
Difference in receiving antenna gain, taken from Chapter 3 to
Annex 2 of the GE06 Agreement
7 dB
7 dB
7 dB
79 dBµV/m
73 dBµV/m
67 dBµV/m
Emin at 550 MHz
Emed
The multiplex capacity and coverage range (distance from the transmitter), in the absence of interference
other than noise, of the digital transmitter example given in Table A.6-1 is shown in Figure A.6-3):
118
•
24 Mbit/s and about 13 km with 64QAM 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (77 dBµV/m);
•
16 Mbit/s and about 18 km with 16QAM 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (71 dBµV/m);
Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
•
8 Mbit/s and about 24 km with QPSK 2/3, according to recommended median minimum field
strength (65 dBµV/m).
Although the reception areas are much smaller than with rooftop reception, in most if not all of the
Phnom Penh area and other towns where DTTB transmitted will be located, it will be possible to receive
DTTB with a simple antenna at indoor locations.
Figure A.6-3: Example of digital TV coverage area with portable reception
100
DVB-T transmission 10 kW/150 m
90
64QAM 2/3
24 Mbit/s
80
16QAM 2/3
16 Mbit/s
Field strength in dB µV/m
70
60
QPSK 2/3
8 Mbit/s
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distance from transmitter in km
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Annex 7
Broadcast spectrum requirements
In this annex the broadcast spectrum requirements in Cambodia are assessed. First a description is given
on the approach for assessing spectrum requirements of digital broadcasting. This is followed by the
assessment of the digital broadcasting requirements in Cambodia of existing and already planned services
and the long term digital broadcasting requirements.
1
Approach for assessing spectrum requirements
The digital television service requirements are indicated in the overview of current TV frequency use (see
Table 2.1 in section 2) and the DSO objectives (see Table 2.4 in section 2). The service requirements can
be summarized as follows:
TABLE A.7-1
Summary short and long term digital TV requirements
Service requirements
Short term (1 year after ASO)
Long term (5 to 10 years after ASO)
Existing and planned TV
services
13 TV services not at all locations, but
more locations than presently
13 TV services at all locations
New TV services
Possibly a few at some locations
New TV services at all locations
Factors influencing the spectrum requirements and the assumptions made for Cambodia for assessing the
spectrum requirements are indicated in Table A.7-2 below.
TABLE A.7-2
Factors influencing spectrum requirements
Factors influencing spectrum requirements
Assumption for assessing spectrum requirements
Transmission standard and compression system
DVB-T/MPEG2 (see section 4.1)
Picture quality
≥ 3 Mbit/s (see Annex 1 functional building block 4.1 )
Coverage target
50%, 70% and 100% geographical coverage
Reception mode
Rooftop reception (see Annex 2 functional building
block 4.2 )
Type of network
Multi Frequency Networks (see Annex 2 functional
building block 4.3)
Licensing model
A and B (see section 4.3)
It should be noted that the decision on band allocations (step 5 in Figure 4.6 in section 4.10) refers to
Cambodia as a whole and should therefore take account of the area with the highest frequency
requirements, which is in Phnom Penh and surroundings.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
An indication on spectrum usage for digital television can be obtained from studies made in Europe in
200142. These studies show spectrum requirements for providing a DVB-T/MPEG2 coverage over a large
land area for a range of planning criteria such as transmitter separation distance, antenna height, system
variants and coverage requirements. In these studies, it is assumed that all transmitters have the same
characteristics. The study does not take into account national or regional borders. However, as a very
large area is involved it takes into account the requirements of neighbouring countries, albeit with the
assumption that all transmitters are the same. In practice the spectrum requirement can be higher or
lower than the calculated theoretical values depending on e.g.:
•
national and regional borders;
•
receiver specifications;
•
practical transmitting station characteristics (different antenna height, directional antenna
patterns, non-uniform transmitter distances);
•
propagation characteristics (such as terrain shielding in mountainous areas);
•
presence of sparsely populated areas, with no or a limited number of TV transmitters.
In order to indicate the spectrum requirement for various coverage situations the term “pixel coverage”
has been introduced in these studies. 100 per cent pixel coverage is the situation where the signal from at
least one transmitter is receivable at any location. Figure A.7-1 illustrates the concept of “pixel coverage”.
Figure A.7-1: Illustration of concept of pixel coverage (source EBU)
In the shaded circle 100% pixel
coverage is provided,
coverage radius = r
In the shaded circle 80% pixel
coverage is provided,
coverage radius = r√0.8
In the shaded circle 50% pixel
coverage is provided,
coverage radius = r√0.5
In Cambodia, most transmitting stations have antenna height of about 120 m. The results of the EBU
study closest to this, are for an antenna height of 150 m. Figure A.7-2 shows the number of channels
needed to provide a data capacity of 20 to 24 Mbit/s, for rooftop reception at different percentages of
pixel coverage.
42
EBU BPN038 Report from ad-hoc group B/CAI-FM24 to B/MDT and FM PT24 on spectrum requirements for DVB-T
implementation.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
Figure A.7-2: Number of channels needed for coverage of 20-24 Mbit/, rooftop reception, heff 150 m
Source: EBU
The required number to channels to provide coverage of 20-24 Mbit/s ranges from about 4 to 9 channels,
mainly depending on the required “pixel coverage”. Figure A.7-2 is representative in case licensing
model B is chosen, when several service are combined in a multiplex to make optimal use of the
20-24 Mbit/s. For making the assessments of the spectrum requirements with licensing model B in the
following sections it is taken that:
a. To achieve 50 per cent geographical coverage, four channels are needed.
b. To achieve 70 per cent geographical coverage, six channels are needed.
c. To achieve 100 per cent geographical coverage, nine channels are needed.
In case of model A, each broadcaster has its own digital channel with one or two (CTN/My TV and Bayon
TV/Bayon News) services in the multiplex. In this case QPSK with a multiplex capacity of 6 Mbit/s would
be sufficient. The EBU studies show in case of QPSK a spectrum requirement of 2 to 4 channels depending
on the required “pixel coverage”. For making the assessments of the spectrum requirements with
licensing model A in the following sections it is taken that:
a. To achieve 50 per cent geographical coverage, two channels are needed.
b. To achieve 70 per cent geographical coverage, three channels are needed.
c. To achieve 100 per cent geographical coverage, four channels are needed.
2
Digital broadcasting requirements of existing and already planned
services
In Cambodia, the geographical coverage of the TV services is not equal. Some TV services have only
coverage in Phnom Penh and surroundings, others a considerable part of the country.
In order to estimate the spectrum requirements a number of simplifications and assumptions have to be
made. The table below gives an overview of the existing and planned TV services as in Table 2.1 in
section 2, with a simplified geographical coverage assumption.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE A.7-3
Overview of assumed geographical coverage and required number of channels
Service
Standard
Number of sites
TVK
B-PAL
6
50% of Cambodia
CTN
G-PAL
9
70% of Cambodia
My TV
G-PAL
9
70% of Cambodia
B/G-PAL
15
70% of Cambodia
Bayon News
G-PAL
1
PP
ArmyTV ch5
B-PAL
5
50% of Cambodia
B/G-PAL
5
50% of Cambodia
Apsara
B-PAL
1
PP
Sea TV
G-PAL
3
50% of Cambodia
B/G-PAL
3
50% of Cambodia
TV5 Monde France
G-PAL
1
PP
Vietnam TV
G-PAL
1
PP
Hang Meas TV
G-PAL
1
PP
PPCTV
DVB-T
1
PP
TVK-DMB
T-DMB
1
PP
Bayon TV
PPMTV3
TV9 (Khmer TV)
Assumed geographical coverage
From the above estimations the digital spectrum requirements can be assessed for accommodating the
existing and already planned digital broadcasting services (see step 2 in Figure 4.6 in section 4.10), being:
•
the digital TV services converted from the 13 existing and planned analogue TV services provided
by 11 broadcasters;
•
the existing digital PPCTV services;
•
the planned T-DMB services.
Table A.7-4 shows the spectrum requirement in and around Phnom Penh for the above mentioned
services in case licensing model A is chosen for digital TV services. Far away from Phnom Penh the
spectrum requirement reduces to minimal seven channels (areas around sites that provide the 70 per
cent coverage assumption plus the channel for T-DMB).
It should be noted that in case of model A, the multiplex has a capacity of about 6 Mbit/s and contains
one or two services. In case of one service, the multiplex is loaded for less than 50 per cent. In these cases
an additional service can be transmitted without increasing the spectrum requirement.
Would a multiplex with a high capacity (e.g. 24 Mbit/s) be assigned to each broadcaster, the number of
channels to achieve the required coverage increases and the spectrum requirements will increase
considerably (see Table A.7-5).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE A.7-4
Spectrum requirements of existing and planned services with model A and a low capacity multiplex
Existing and planned broadcasters and
services
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model A
Number of channels
for achieving
required coverage
Spectrum
requirement
in Model A
Broadcasters with TV services in PP only
4
1
4 channel
Existing broadcasters with 50% geographical
coverage
5
2
10 channels
Existing broadcasters with 70% geographical
coverage
2
3
6 channels
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
9 channels
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in TV
channel 10)
1 channel
Total
30 channels
TABLE A.7-5
Spectrum requirements of existing and planned services with model A and a high capacity multiplex
Existing and planned broadcasters and
services
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model A
Number of channels
for achieving
required coverage
Spectrum
requirement
in Model A
Broadcasters with TV services in PP only
4
1
4 channel
Existing broadcasters with 50% geographical
coverage
5
4
20 channels
Existing broadcasters with 70% geographical
coverage
2
6
12 channels
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
9 channels
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in TV
channel 10)
1 channel
Total
46 channels
In model B, with shared multiplexes, 13 services are or will soon be transmitted in Phnom Penh, eight
services at additional sites with an assumed geographical of 50 per cent and three services at a few more
sites with an assumed geographical coverage of 70 per cent. With a maximum of six services per
multiplex, the multiplex composition would be:
1. Mux 1, at all sites (assumed geographical coverage of 70 per cent ) with three services.
2. Mux 2, at a number of sites providing an assumed geographical coverage of 50 per cent with five
services.
3. Mux 3, in Phnom Penh with five services.
It should be noted that the multiplex capacity is not fully used, without increasing the spectrum
requirement additional services can be transmitted.
Table A.7-6 shows the spectrum requirements in and around Phnom Penh for the above mentioned
services in case of licensing model B for digital TV services. Far away from Phnom Penh the spectrum
requirement reduces to minimal seven channels (areas around sites that provide the 70 per cent coverage
assumption plus the channel for T-DMB).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE A.7-6
Spectrum requirements of existing and planned broadcasting services in case of model B
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model B
Number of channels
for achieving required
coverage
Mux 3, with 5 TV services in PP
1
1
1 channel
Mux 2, with 5 TV services at additional sites –
50% geographical coverage
1
4
4 channels
Mux 1, with 3 TV services at additional sites70% geographical coverage
1
6
6 channels
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
9 channels
Existing an planned services
Spectrum
requirement in
Model B
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in TV
channel 10)
1 channel
Total
21 channels
3
Long term digital broadcasting requirements
In the long term all 13 existing and planned services, provided by 11 broadcasters, plus a number of new
services should be transmitted from all sites.
The number of new TV services has not yet been determined. However, the need for future T-DMB and TDAB services is indicated in section 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 respectively. Therefore a future T-DMB/T-DAB
requirement of two TV channels in Band III is assumed. Within these two TV channels8 T-DMB/T-DAB
frequency blocks can be accommodated.
Summarized the long term service requirements are:
•
the digital TV services converted from the 13 existing and planned analogue TV services provided
by 11 broadcasters at all sites;
•
the existing digital PPCTV services in Phnom Penh;
•
the planned T-DMB services;
•
the future T-DMB/T-DAB services;
•
A yet not determined number of future TV services.
Table A.7-7 shows the spectrum requirements in and around Phnom Penh for the above mentioned
services in case licensing model A is chosen for digital TV services. Far away from Phnom Penh the
spectrum requirement is reduced by nine channels (the channels used by PPCTV in Phnom Penh).
From Table A.7-7 it can be concluded that after having accommodated the existing and planned
broadcasters with 70 per cent geographical coverage, there are only three channels left for new TV
services. The condition is that the coverage of the existing and planned services does not exceed 70 per
cent geographical coverage.
Would a multiplex with a high capacity (e.g. 24 Mbit/s) be assigned to each broadcaster, the number of
channels to achieve the required coverage increases and the spectrum requirements will exceed by far
the band capacity (see Table A.7-8).
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE A.7-7
Overview of long term spectrum requirements in case of model A with low capacity multiplex
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model A
Number of channels
for achieving required
coverage
Existing and planned broadcasters with
70% /100% geographical coverage
11
3/4
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
Broadcasters and services
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in
TV channel 10)
Spectrum
requirement
In Model A
33/44 channels
9 channels
1 channel
New T-DMB/T-DAB services (8 frequency
blocks in 2 TV channels in Band III
2
2 channels
New TV services (type and number to be
decided)
X channels
Total
45/56 + X channels
Band capacity
48 channels
TABLE A.7-8
Overview of long term spectrum requirements in case of model A with high capacity multiplex
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model A
Number of channels
for achieving
required coverage
Existing and planned broadcasters with
70% /100% geographical coverage
11
6/9
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
Broadcasters and services
Spectrum
requirement
In Model A
66/99 channels
9 channels
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in
TV channel 10)
1 channel
New T-DMB/T-DAB services (8 frequency
blocks in 2 TV channels in Band III
2 channels
New TV services (type and number to be
decided)
X channels
Total
78/111 + X channels
Band capacity
48 channels
In model B, with shared multiplexes, the existing 13 services can be broadcasted in two multiplexes, one
multiplex with six services and multiplex with seven services.
The spectrum requirement in and around Phnom Penh is shown in the table below. Far away from Phnom
Penh the spectrum requirement is reduced by nine channels (the channels used by PPCTV in Phnom
Penh).
From Table A.7-9 it can be concluded that after having accommodated the existing and planned
broadcasters with 70 per cent or 100 per cent geographical coverage, there are 24 respectively 18
channels left for new TV services.
If it would be required to extend coverage of the PPCTV services to all sites, the spectrum requirement of
the PPCTV services would be 54 or 81 channels for 70 per cent or 100 per cent geographical coverage
respectively. The total requirement would increase to 69 + Y respectively 102 + Y channels (Y is the
spectrum requirement for new TV services). This exceeds by far the band capacity.
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Transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television – Cambodia roadmap
TABLE A.7-9
Overview of long term spectrum requirements in case of model B
Number of digital
multiplexes in
Model B
Number of channels
for achieving
required coverage
Existing and planned services with
70%/100% geographical coverage
2
6/9
PPCTV multiplexes in PP
9
1
Services
Spectrum
requirement in
Model B
12/18 channel
9 channels
T-DMB multiplexes (4 frequency blocks in
TV channel 10)
1 channel
New T-DMB/T-DAB services (8 frequency
blocks in 2 TV channels in Band III
2 channels
New TV services (type and number to be
decided)
Y channels
Total
24/30 + Y channels
Band capacity
48 channels
127