8
The burden of rapid growth: the case-study of Angola
Lazzerini Marzia, Unit for Research on Health Services and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and
Child Health, Institute for Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
Background: After the end of a 27-years-long civil war, Angola is becoming one of the sub-Saharan Africa's richest countries. GDP growth (annual %) has been around 20% in
the last years, second only to Afghanistan. The capital, Luanda, has more then doubled its population in the last ten years, and hosts more than the 50% of total Angola
population, among which several millions of internally displaced. The country is now facing the challenge of improving housing, access to running water and sanitation, access to
education and health services, under the increase demand due to extreme urbanisation.
Aim & Methods: To present the case-study of Angola a broad range of economic, environmental, infrastructure and health indicators have been analysed. Sources of data
include the World Bank database (1050 indicators in sixteen domains), the Millennium Development Goals statistics, The Human Development Report 2010, UNICEF and WHO.
Population growth and Urbanisation
Labour, Social Protection
and Poverty
Infrastructures
Population growth
Improved water sources, urban
(% of urban people with access)
20000000
18000000
Employmento to population ratio, age 15+ (%)
100
16000000
90
14000000
100
80
12000000
Total
95
Urban
10000000
90
85
70
8000000
60
6000000
50
Female
80
4000000
Male
40
2000000
75
30
0
70
9
19
65
90
19
92
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
94
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
19
62%
9
19
2
19
94
19
96
19
98
0
20
0
0
20
04
20
2
20
06
20
08
20
Population in Luanda : 3 mil (2000) 6-8
00
20
90
19
mil (2010)
Completeness of birth registration: 33.8 % (urban)
Poverty headcount ratio (% of urban
population):
0
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
19
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
Slum population (% of urban pop):
5th country in Africa
(2008)
Economic growth
Education
GDP growth (annual growth %)
Literacy rate, youth 15-14 years (%)
25
100
95
20
90
15
85
80
Angola
10
75
World
70
5
65
0
2000
60
Oil rents
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
(%GDP): 67%
2009
55
In dots the trend lines for
-5
--Low income countries
50
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
--Lower Middle income countries
2008
2009
2010
GDP per capita:
School enrolment, secondary (%
gross):
15.7%
4081$
from 689$ (2000) to
Heavy floods every year displace
families and kill several people.
(2010)
Lower Middle income
(2007)
Gender Parity Index in primary level
0.81 (2008)
enrolment: 0.92 (1991)
Environment
CO2 emissions (tons)
25000000
24000000
Other gas emissions
23000000
250000
240000
230000
220000
210000
200000
190000
180000
170000
160000
150000
140000
130000
120000
110000
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
22000000
21000000
20000000
19000000
18000000
17000000
16000000
15000000
14000000
13000000
12000000
11000000
10000000
9000000
8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
Public expenditure on education
(%GDP) :
19
90
19
92
19
94
96
19
98
19
20
00
20
04
20
02
06
20
19
Nitrous oxide
emissions in energy
sector (metric tons of
CO2 equivalent)
Other greenhouse
gas, HFC, PFC and
SF6 (metric tons of
CO2 equivalent)
90
19
92
94
19
96
19
9
19
8
20
180
3rd country in the world
06
20
Depth of hunger
(kCalories per person per day)
1000
250
140
120
200
800
450
400
600
350
300
250
100
150
80
400
60
100
200
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
20
90
19
50
0
0
0
0
92 9 94
19
1
96 9 98
19
1
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
20
1
0
99
Building boom - Cost of a house in
the city centre: > 5000 $/m2
200
150
100
40
50
96 9 98
19
1
04
20
1200
160
94
19
02
Angola
Low income countries
Lower middle income
Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000)
Mortality rate, Infants (per 1000)
Mortality rate, Under five (per 1000)
300
92
19
20
:
2.6% (2008)
Health
90
19
00
Road traffic accidents (deaths ppp)
92
19
94
19
1
6
99
1
8
99
00
20
02
20
04
20
2
6
00
2
8
00
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
19
00
20
02
20
04
20
Health workers (on 1000 people):
• Physician: 0.08 (2005)
• Nurses and midwifes: 1.35 (2005)
• Community Health workers: NR
References: 1) World Bank. 2) Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals, MDG Report 2009. 3) The Real Wealth of
Nations, Pathways to Human Development Human Development Report 2010, UNDP 2010. 4) WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety, 2009.
5) UNICEF, country profiles.