V
M E S 2001
Science In Service To Animals
West Nile Virus
VETERINARY MEDICAL EXPERIMENT STATION
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
ATHENS, GEORGIA
V
MES 2001
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
July 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001
25th Annual Report
Enhancing animal production, profitability, and well-being by improving animal health.
This 25th Annual Report is published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Director: Dr. Harry W. Dickerson
Managing Editor: Melissa Brock
Writer and Associate Editor: Robin Tricoles
Designer: Lari M. Cowgill
Cover Design: Lari M. Cowgill and Kip Carter
Illustrator: Kip Carter
Photographers: Christopher Herron, Stephanie Raines, and Luke Gilbert
This report may be viewed in Adobe Acrobat form at www.vet.uga.edu/testbed/Research_GraduateAffairs/vmes01.pdf
VMES Objectives
The Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
(VMES) supports a wide range of research
that impacts on almost all aspects of our
lives, from the food we eat and the clothes
we wear, to our physical, emotional, and
economic health, to the quality of our environment. VMES research includes efforts
to improve the productivity and health of
poultry and livestock, to better the quality of
life for companion animals, and to improve
public health through disease surveillance.
This year’s research is profiled in our 2000 2001 VMES annual report.
VMES funds are intended to help develop
extramurally funded research programs at the
College of Veterinary Medicine. In addition, VMES funds are used to support shortterm applied research that directly benefits
the health of animals and livestock in Georgia. Projects supported by VMES funds are
evaluated for scientific merit, importance to
animal health, consideration for experimental animal welfare, and their roles in meeting
the research objectives of the VMES.
Our objectives are as follows:
• To improve the health and productivity of
domestic livestock, poultry, fish, and other
income-producing animals and wildlife
through research;
• To assist in preventing disease epidemics
by providing laboratory resources and
highly skilled scientific personnel;
• To assist in protecting human health
through the control of animal diseases
transmissable to man;
• To improve the health of companion animals, which serve to enrich the lives of
humankind;
• To train new scientists in animal health
research in order to provide continuity
and growth in this area of veterinary
medicine.
VMES Objectives
2
Report of the Director
4
West Nile Virus
5
Poultry
6
12
Ruminants
13
Equine
15
Companion Animals
16
Comparative Biomedicine
18
Financial Highlights
Research Funding
Georgia Livestock and Poultry: Inventories and Values
Georgia Farm Cash Receipts
20
Research Contracts and Grants
21
Administrators and Advisors
23
Researchers
24
Selected Publications
26
All programs and activities of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station are conducted
without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap.
Table of Contents
Fish
Report of the Director
This is the 25th Annual Report of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, and I am pleased to report that the
Experiment Station continues to achieve its mission of applying basic and applied research for the improvement
of animal and public health. Although our mission remains constant, I am sure everyone who reads this realizes
that the field of veterinary research has changed dramatically over the last 25 years. Veterinarians and animal
scientists have been compelled to rethink many issues during this period. For instance, the rise of antibioticresistant strains of bacteria has changed the way antimicrobial agents are used to treat and prevent infectious
diseases in animals. Increasing public concern over the use of experimental animals has heightened scientists’
awareness to more effectively communicate how research directly benefits the health of animals as well as
humans. New technologies, such as therapeutic and diagnostic monoclonal antibodies, genetic vaccines, and
rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic tests which were unheard of 25 years ago, are now readily
available for protecting animal health. The rapid acquisition and annotation of the entire DNA sequence from
genomes of animals and microbial pathogens is revolutionizing veterinary and human medicine. And finally,
whereas some diseases such as brucellosis have been eradicated from Georgia, others such as Johnes disease have
newly emerged or are reemerging to plague animal and human populations.
We can be sure that profound changes resulting from the rapid development of biotechnology and the occurrence of new diseases will continue over the next 25 years. Now as much as ever our mission remains critical
to the people of Georgia. The VMES plays a primary role in supporting research on animal health problems of
present and future concern to our state’s livestock and poultry industries as well as its wildlife resources. Our
food animal industries are valued now at well over $3 billion. Sales of livestock, poultry, and their products
account for more than half of Georgia’s annual farm income. It behooves us to protect these resources. A continued commitment at the state level to support research on animal health is a smart investment, particularly in
view of the fact that there is limited federal and private funding targeted specifically for animal health research.
Station researchers, using a science-based approach, addressed many challenging animal health problems this
year in areas ranging from the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary pathogens to the mechanisms
of fish immunity. The 25th Annual Report provides an overview of VMES-supported projects and research in
the College of Veterinary Medicine during the fiscal year of 2000-2001.
The cover of this year’s Annual Report by Chief Medical Illustrator Kip Carter and the accompanying article
by Drs. Daniel Mead, and David Stallknecht highlight
West Nile virus. As you will read, mosquitoes transmit West Nile virus (WNV) from viremic birds to
uninfected birds and other animals, including horses
and humans. This pathogen was found in Georgia
for the first time in 2001, and the number of cases is
expected to increase. Wildlife biologists and veterinarians in the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease
Study (SCWDS) and the VMES at the College of Veterinary Medicine conduct research on the epidemiology of this emerging disease. This important work
will benefit both human and animal populations in our
State.
4
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Much has been written in the popular press about West Nile Virus in the past two years and the virus has
been reported in Georgia for the first time this year. West Nile virus (WNV) is closely related to St. Louis
encephalitis virus that has long been present in the United States. However, WNV was recognized in the
Western Hemisphere for the first time in the late summer of 1999. At that time, a wildlife pathologist
and a zoo veterinarian in the New York City area noticed an unusual number of deaths in wild crows and
birds in a zoo collection. Their investigations, including postmortem examinations of dead birds, yielded the
first recovered WNV in the United States. This information was used to identify WNV as the cause of a
simultaneous outbreak of human cases of viral encephalitis.
The distribution of WNV has been increasing since it was first detected in the New York City area. The
outbreak of 1999 eventually involved Connecticut, Maryland, and New Jersey before it ceased with the onset
of cold weather. Approximately 60 patients were hospitalized with WNV infections in the New York City
area, and seven persons died. Many wild birds died and 25 cases were diagnosed in horses. In 2000,
WNV was documented in more than 4,000 wild birds in the states with WNV in 1999, as well as in New
Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Washington, DC, Virginia, and North Carolina. Two of
21 human cases proved fatal. In addition to wild birds, WNV infections were diagnosed in 57 horses and a
handful of rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, bats, cats, and a chipmunk in the New York City area.
Georgia’s first confirmed case of WNV was found in a dead crow from Lowndes County examined at the
College of Veterinary Medicine’s Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS) on July 10,
2001. The crow was examined as part of the wild bird surveillance that SCWDS conducts under an agreement
with the Georgia Department of Human Resources’ Division of Public Health. The Department of Pathology
and the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology also are participating in this surveillance effort.
The Athens and Tifton Diagnostic Laboratories are conducting surveillance of domestic animals, primarily
horses. More than 3,500 birds have been tested for WNV at SCWDS since the program began in July 2000,
and the number continues to rise. As of late August 2001, WNV has been detected in 81 dead birds from
25 counties around Georgia, including additional southern counties where WNV has been confirmed in two
horses and the metro Atlanta area where the only fatal human infection in the United States has occurred this
year. The number of affected Georgia counties continues to increase.
WNV activity also has been detected this year in wild birds from several states affected in previous years, plus
Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana in the South and Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan to the north, as well as in
Windsor, Ontario. Florida also has confirmed three nonfatal human cases as well as WNV infections in 12
horses. However, dead wild birds remain the best indicators of WNV activity in an area. Infection has
been documented in more than 55 native avian species in the United States since 1999. Crows and jays
are highly susceptible, and surveillance is concentrated on these species. Wildlife biologists and veterinarians
working with public health officials continue to play a key role in detecting the presence of WNV. Ongoing
surveillance throughout the country undoubtedly will document expansion of the range of this emerging
pathogen in the United States.
—Dr. David Stallknecht
—Dr. Daniel Mead
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
5
West Nile Virus
WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes from infected birds to uninfected birds, humans, horses, and other
animals. As with other arboviruses [arthropod-borne viruses (arthropods inlcude insects, ticks, and mites)],
WNV activity generally disappears along with the insect vectors when autumn brings colder weather. Most
humans exposed to WNV via mosquito bites do not become ill at all. However, a small percentage of
infected persons have mild flu-like symptoms, from which they readily recover. Clinical neurologic disease
is found in an even smaller percentage of infections, and few cases, primarily in the elderly or persons with
a decreased immune system, may result in fatal inflammation and swelling of the brain. Vaccination for
humans against WNV infection currently is unavailable, and avoidance of mosquito bites is the primary
mode of prevention.
Poultry
Georgia’s poultry industry dominated the state’s animal
agricultural dollars with nearly $2.7 billion in annual revenue
in 1999. The state’s poultry industry is continuing to expand
as broiler production in Georgia increased. The urbanization
of northern Georgia is causing the broiler expansion to
occur primarily in the state’s southern section. Because of the
intensive management system, poultry producers are emphasizing disease prevention. VMES scientists have responded to
industry demands by developing vaccines to prevent infectious
diseases. Scientists are also helping to improve poultry health by
developing inexpensive, rapid, and accurate methods for disease diagnosis. Although the
primary poultry health concerns are respiratory diseases, recent efforts have been initiated to
control type J avian leukosis virus, a major cause of the tumor, myeloblastosis. Researchers are
also focusing on the reduction of potential human pathogens on poultry products nationwide
and on ways to prevent the development of resistance against antibiotics.
Investigation into Factors Affecting Hatchability and
Chick Quality
Bactericidal Efficacy of Avian β-defensins Against Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry
The effectiveness of hatchery disinfectants under use conditions may not correlate with laboratory data. For this
reason, disinfectant efficacy was evaluated under conditions
similar to those present in commercial poultry hatcheries.
The marker Escherichia coli was inoculated onto the surface of fertile hatching eggs, which were then incubated
according to industry practices. A commercial quaternary
ammonium compound (QAC), mixed at the manufacturer’s recommended dilution rate, was misted into one incubator during the incubation period. A second machine
received a mist of the same QAC at the same concentration
but mixed with EDTA-tris at a 1:3 ratio. The third incubator received deionized distilled water in the same volume as
the disinfectant. Air samples were taken during the incubation period to assess the concentration of aerosolized bacteria within the machines. Upon hatching, all unhatched
eggs were broken open and evaluated for the cause of
their failure to hatch. A selection of one-day-old chicks was
weighed, killed, and yolk sacs weighed and cultured. Chicks
were reared according to industry practices in floor pens
and were evaluated at one week of age for body weight,
yolk sac weight, and bacterial contamination and at two
weeks of age for mortality and feed conversion.
Natural antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins are
important components of innate disease resistance in animals. We found that β-defensins are produced in avian
white blood cells and in some mucosal tissues. Expression
of β-defensins was detected by Northern blot analysis
in lungs, conjunctiva, and bursas from broiler chickens.
Increasing expression of β-defensins may be a way to
improve disease resistance in broilers and to reduce the
carriage of food-borne pathogens in poultry. Recently, we
synthesized the DNA that codes for a chicken β-defensin.
Next, we will insert the DNA into a mammalian expression vector such that we can evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of this peptide against food-borne pathogens and
against avian pathogens. Once the antimicrobial spectrum
of the β-defensins is known, the feasibility of improving
β-defensin expression in poultry can be evaluated as a
means of enhancing disease resistance and reducing carriage of food-borne pathogens in poultry.
Barry G. Harmon, Mark W. Jackwood,
and Charles W. Brockus
(harmonb@vet.uga.edu)
Control of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
The incubator receiving unpotentiated QAC had the highest bacterial load, but the potentiated disinfectant group
had a bacterial load similar to the nondisinfected machine.
Contamination of the unhatched eggs and day-old chicks
followed this same pattern. The eggs exposed to the potentiated QAC had a higher level of late embryonic deaths
including pipped eggs. Day-of-age and one-week-of-age
body weights and yolk-sac weights were not affected by
treatment nor was the two-week livability or feed conversion rate.
Jean E. Sander, Jeanna L. Wilson, and John J. Maurer
(Jsander@arches.uga.edu)
6
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious upper-respiratory tract disease of commercial poultry that is difficult
to control and causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry. Based on genetic analysis of a recombinant
IBV isolate (DE072), we found that it had high nucleotide
similarity in some genes, but other individual genes had a
much different level of sequence similarity. These data were
used to identify regions that may serve as recombination
hot spots, which are important for epidemiological studies
of this virus. In another study, we used genetic, serologic,
and in vivo analysis, and identified a group of IBV isolates
as a new serotype Georgia 98 (GA98). With that knowledge, we developed a diagnostic test that can differentiate
this new serotype from all other serotypes of IBV such that
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Avian Mycoplasmosis
In the case of M. synoviae, RAPD has proven to be inconsistent. We have found that DNA sequence analysis of the
vlhA gene is useful for molecular epidemiology.
Challenge studies in recent isolates of MS from turkeys
have shown that such strains are virulent and incompatible
with economic turkey production.
These results improve our ability to detect and control MG
and other mycoplasmas in commercial poultry.
S. H. Kleven, W. D. Hall, and V. Leiting
(skleven@arches.uga.edu)
Epidemiological Studies on Infectious Bursal Disease
—Virus Field Isolates in the Southeastern United States
Despite widespread vaccination, infectious bursal disease
virus (IBDV) continues to cause economic losses to the
poultry industry. Within serotype 1, there are classic, variant and very virulent viruses. The U.S. poultry industry
is affected most by the presence of antigenic variants that
Negative Control
A. cryaerophilus
E. coli 98-1804
C. upsaliensis
A. butzleri
C. fetus (1:10)
C. coli (1:10)
C. fetus (1:1)
C. coli (1:1)
S. typhimurium
C. jejuni
E. coli O157
Specificity of the Campylobacter Primer Component
of Multiplex PCR
S. heidelberg
We have developed a strategy for detection of food-borne
pathogens in foods involving an initial screen using multiplex polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (PCR-ELISA). A multiplex PCR was designed
using Campylobacter jejuni fhlB, Escherichia coli O157 rfbB,
and Salmonella invA genes as target sequences for PCR.
The OD values from PCR-ELISA for several C. jejuni,
E. coli O157 isolates and Salmonella serotypes, including
Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium, were
at least 2 standard deviations greater than the negative
controls, commensal or other non-O157 E. coli isolates.
Repeating multiplex PCR and identifying the size of the
PCR amplicon determined the identity of the food-borne
pathogen. We have also developed a molecular serotyping
scheme for Salmonella that can be performed by any laboratory with a PCR thermocycler. A multiplex PCR was
designed for detection of five major Salmonella O serogroups
(A/D1, B, C1, C2, and E1). Primers were created to amplify
gene sequences unique to specific serogroup, producing
a PCR amplicon unique in size for that Salmonella serogroup. Signal of the expected size was generated only from
multiplex PCR of Salmonella belonging to five major
O serogroups. The multiplex PCR was used to identify
which enrichments were positive for Salmonella. Sixteen of
twenty Salmonella culture-positive samples were positive by
PCR. Results of the PCR also corresponded with the identity of O the serogroup determined for Salmonella isolated
from the enrichment. Combining PCR-ELISA with this
multiplex PCR brings us closer to real-time identification
of food-borne pathogens in a contaminated product.
John J. Maurer
(jmaurer@vet.uga.edu)
We are continuing studies of methods to develop more
effective tools for molecular epidemiology. Previous results
have shown that random amplification of polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) is useful, but results may be variable and difficult to interpret. Use of a second or even a third primer
set may be required to differentiate among closely related
strains. We have since concentrated on the pvpA, mgc1,
and LP genes of M. gallisepticum. Primer sets for each
of these genes have been developed, and DNA sequence
alignments from each has been found to be useful for differentiation of MG strains. Results generally agree with those
from RAPD, but sequencing of these genes appears to be a
more accurate measure of relatedness.
Multiplex PCR
16S RNA PCR
Single PCR test for detection of food-borne pathogens of
Salmonella, E. coli O157 and Campylobacter jejuni in
foods.
The avian mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG),
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM),
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
7
Poultry
Rapid Identification and Epidemiological Typing of Foodborne Pathogens by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
and Mycoplasma iowae (MI) are egg-transmitted infections
causing respiratory, reproductive, and joint and tendon disease in chickens and turkeys. The objectives of this study
were to improve detection and control measures for avian
Mycoplasma infection, to study their pathogenesis, and to
determine the incidence of avian mycoplasmas by DNA fingerprinting
E. coli O157
it can be easily identified. The spike glycoprotein of IBV is
translated as a precursor protein (So) then cleaved into two
subunits (S1 and S2) by host-cell serine proteases. We compared the cleavage site of 55 IBV isolates and determined
that the cleavage site sequence, which consists of five basic
amino acid residues, does not correlate with host cell range,
serotype, or pathogenicity. However, it does correlate with
geographic origin In addition, the number of basic residues around the cleavage site does not appear to correlate
with increased cleavability, host cell range, and increased
virulence as it does with envelope glycoproteins in orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. We have successfully
expressed the entire spike gene in LMH cells. Furthermore,
we have demonstrated that a virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a conformationally dependent epitope
recognized the expressed protein, indicating that faithful
reproduction of the virus neutralizing epitope was obtained.
This result is important for the development of a spike subunit vaccine against IBV.
Mark W. Jackwood
(mjackwoo@arches.uga.edu)
Poultry
can be responsible for vaccination failures. The VP2 gene
of IBDV has been the target for molecular classification
of the virus because it is the major host protective antigen
responsible for inducing serotype-neutralizing antibodies.
Advancements in nucleic acid technology have led to the
identification and classification of antigenic variants by
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction/restriction
fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR/RFLP) analysis.
In addition, potential antigenic regions have been identified within the hypervariable region of the IBDV VP2 gene
that may be important for pathogenesis. Molecular analyses in this region of VP2 can be used to group these field
variants based on their unique genetic properties. Recent
studies have indicated a potential for segment reassortment
between serotype 1 and serotype 2 in very virulent European isolates of IBDV. The objectives of this proposal are
to conduct an epidemiological study of IBDV field isolates
from the southeastern United States. Field isolates will be
chosen for the study based on unique restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns obtained using the
current IBDV typing system at the Poultry Diagnostic and
Research Center (PDRC). We will amplify both segments
(A and B) of the IBDV genome from the field viruses using
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
and clone the resulting products for sequencing. Finally,
phylogenetic analyses of the complete genomic sequences
of the IBD variant viruses will be compared with previously
published IBDV gene sequences.
Holly Sellers
(hsellers@arches.uga.edu)
The Impact of Competitive Exclusion on Reducing the
Level of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Poultry
and their Environment
Physicians and veterinarians are facing a situation in which
bacterial pathogens are becoming resistant to antibiotics
faster than new drugs are developed. There is a concern
that the use of antibiotics in food animals could be resulting in antibiotic resistance in bacteria in humans. We demonstrated in the first year of this work that in isolation units
an undefined bacterial culture of the ceca of chickens called
competitive exclusion, or CE, given to day-old chicks could
reduce the level of antibiotic resistant E. coli in the intestines of these chicks. This should result in much less environmental contamination of the antibiotic resistant E. coli.
The next phase of this work was to look at these same type
of CE products in chickens raised on the floor thus more
closely approximating broiler-industry conditions. However, we could no longer obtain any of these undefined
CE cultures. Both Bayer (Aviguard) and Continental
Grain (MSC) are now seeking FDA approval for salmonella control and cannot provide any of these cultures
for research. We are therefore using a probiotic
(Lactobacillus sp.) and a prebiotic (fructo-oligosaccharide)
in these studies. The results of the first study do not indicate these limited bacteria CE or probiotic products will
be as effective in reducing colonization and shedding of
the antibiotic resistant E. coli. A second study was completed in May 2001 to determine if this negative trend is
correct. If these probiotic/prebiotic products are not successful, then this research will be terminated until the undefined CE products are again available. The undefined CE
cultures may aid in reducing the level of antibiotic resistant E. coli in a broiler chicken’s environment. This may
reduce the potential of resistant bacteria on chicken meat,
therefore reducing the potential risk of transfer of antibiotic
resistance from animals to humans.
Charles L. Hofacre and John J. Maurer
(chofacre@arches.uga.edu)
Development and Characterization of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) Recombinant Virus
Dr. Holly Sellers loads microtiter plates in preparation to run an
ELISA test for avian leukosis.
8
The main goal of this proposal is to investigate the role of
glycoprotein E (gE) in the pathogenicity and tissue tropism
of ILTV. To address this question, efforts to construct a gE
null mutant are in progress, and plasmid constructs to engineer the recombinant virus have been developed. Second,
to identify naturally existing ILTV gE mutants sequence
analysis was performed for 15 strains. Analysis of predicted
amino acid for two plasmid clones of each strain showed
two types of mutations when compared with the gE consensus. Fix mutations were identified using the criteria that
at least two of the clones from the same strain had an amino
acid change at a particular position when compared with
the consensus sequence. Mix mutations were defined as
an amino acid change observed in one of the two clones
from the same strain. Three fix and 37 mix mutations were
observed among the 15 isolates analyzed. Within the 37
recorded mix mutations observed, among vaccine stains
and field isolates, 3 may be significant in the gE function.
These mutations were at position 153, 412, and 419. Mutation at position 153 produced a terminal codon indicating
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
that some viral subpopulations may be expressing a truncated gE protein. Mix mutations at position 412 and 419
were located near the tyrosine phosphorylation motif of the
gE cytoplasmic tail. These motifs are important to sort proteins within the cell and to promote cell-to-cell spread of
alphaherpesviruses. Ongoing efforts to isolate these natural
occurring mutants are progressing in our laboratory.
Maricarmen García and Sylva Riblet
(mcgarcia@arches.uga.edu)
evaluated in our laboratory. In vitro recombination events
occurring between a D-072 IBV variant and commercial
vaccine strains have been characterized by molecular
assays. In vivo studies that have evaluated the protection
afforded by commercial vaccines against a characterized
California IBV variant have also been performed. Separately,
adaptation studies of IBV to different tissues in order to
decrease upper respiratory reactions have been successful
and will be completed to prelude in vivo challenge and
tissue tropism studies.
Adaptive Responses of Avian Tendon to Injury
Several infectious bronchitis disease virus (IBDV) variants
have been characterized via molecular assays and in vivo
challenge studies. Identical studies have been concluded
for chicken anemia virus isolates. In vivo coinfection
characterization will be performed for these two viruses
using in situ hybridization.
Two avian adenovirus strains have been propagated in
the chorioallantoic sac of embryos and characterized via
molecular assays. Viral stocks have been prepared for
further purification and application for prepared antigen
use in an enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA)
format.
Several avian leukosis virus-subgroup-J (ALV-J) viruses
have been obtained and isolated in a continuous cell line
from different genetic lines, companies, and generations of
chickens. A variety of these isolates have been sequenced
and have produced substantial genomic information.
In addition, statistical comparison of ALV-J detection
sensitivity for both the established virological assay and
nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) have been performed and completed.
Pedro Villegas and John El-Attrache
(pedrov@arches.uga.edu)
Advancements in the Isolation, Characterization, and
Control of Avian Viruses
Specific investigations involving pathogenic viruses that
present a continual hazard to the commercial poultry
industry are the basis of our current research. Variant strains
of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are currently being
Dr. Pedro Villegas inoculates avian virus into chicken eggs. The
virus will propagate in the eggs, providing Dr. Villegas and his
lab with the concentrations of virus particles required for characterization studies.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
9
Poultry
A biped model using Arbor Ross broilers was developed
to investigate the response of the gastrocnemius tendon to
loading. The study protocol consisted of two treatments:
control and treadmill paced. From age 3 weeks to 6 weeks,
the paced birds were exposed to a 30-minute daily treadmill walking regimen. Gastrocnemius tendons were collected at 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age. Biomechanical
assessment of tendon behavior was conducted by quasistatic failure testing. A cubic model was applied to test
data to explain biomechanical performance of the avian
gastrocnemius tendon. Significance of age and treatment
was accepted at the 95 pct. level. In the control group, a
significant effect of age was found at all points of investigation for tensile load at failure for the gastrocnemius tendon.
Similarly, in the paced group, significant age-related effects
were found for all combinations except at 5 and 6 weeks of
age. The pacing treatment did not have a significant effect
on tensile load at failure for the gastrocnemius tendon. Linear-regression analysis indicated a high correlation between
tensile load and shank length and tibia length. R-squared
was greater than 0.97 for all comparisons. Further investigation is warranted to determine the possible structural and
material properties; however, the pacing treatment did not
generate a significant change in toughness values. Neither
age nor pacing was found to have an effect on the structural
or material tangent modulus of the gastrocnemius tendons
analyzed in the study. Despite the lack of statistical significance, the moduli of the control tendons were consistently
higher than the structural and material moduli calculated
for the paced tendons. This finding indicates that the control tendons were stiffer and theoretically stronger than
their paced counterparts. In summary, modest treadmill
pacing exposure has been shown in this study to produce
a more compliant tendon. This would suggest that further
investigations in collagen turnover, proteoglycan synthesis,
and collagen fibril morphology need to be undertaken to
explain the biomechanical response of avian gastrocnemius
tendon to moderate exercise.
George N. Rowland, Jaroslava Halper, and Tim Foutz
(growland@arches.uga.edu)
The Effects of Avian Leukosis Virus-Subgroup J (ALV-J)
Infections in Broilers
Our study on the effects of ALV-J infections in broilers consists of four major objectives. The first one is to determine
the rates of lay, hatch, and horizontal spread of the infections. There were no significant effects on hen-day egg production, but hen-housed production was decreased 5 to 8
pct. because of increased mortality (30 pct. vs. 14 pct.).
Hatch rate was depressed 10 pct. to 30 pct. Individual hen
ALV-J status was stable over time with no spread from
hen to hen. Progeny had lateral transmission with 100 pct.
infection rate by 6 weeks of age.
Poultry
Our second objective was to investigate broiler performance parameters. Positive broilers weighed less than
65 pct. of negative chicks from 1 to 8 weeks of age.
Third, we analyzed the effects of ALV-J on bone marrow,
lymphocytes, heterophils, and monocytes. Bone marrow
showed necrosis, hypoplasia, lymphoid nodule formation,
and myeloid hyperplasia and neoplasia. Lymphocytes had no
differences in mitogen responses, but there were decreased
circulating T lymphocytes and altered CD4+:CD8+ ratios.
Heterophils had no change in resting numbers, had incorporated provirus, had decreased phagocytic/bacteriocidal
activity, and had suppressed reactivity to Staphylococcus
aureus inoculation in vivo. These heterophil results may
explain the increased incidence of secondary infections seen
in birds with ALV-J infection. Macrophages contained provirus, but their numbers and in vivo functions were not
altered. To examine the effects on macrophages in vivo,
studies examining reactivity to killed commercial vaccines
are in progress.
Fourth, we produced polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. SPF chickens injected with cloned ALV-J developed
neutralizing polyclonal antibody J that was not detectable
with the commercial ALV-J antibody enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) system. This means using the
ELISA antibody test as an eradication tool will lead to false
negative results with some ALV-J isolates. Antibodies were
used to detect ALV-J in tissue sections by immunoperoxidase staining. Studies on the ability of developed neutralizing antibodies (injected in ovo) to increase resistance of
chicks are in progress.
Results showed ALV-J spreads easily between broilers after
hatch and only mildly suppresses heterophil and macrophage reactions to infections. Studies in progress will show
if maternal/injected antibody will protect against exposure
in the hatchery and broiler house and increase chick resistance to exposure.
Thomas P. Brown, N. Stedman, S. Gharaibeh, Y. Kim, and
M. Pantin
(tbrown@arches.uga.edu)
Investigation of Natural Disease Outbreaks
This project is an ongoing proposal that provides diagnostic laboratory support for the poultry industry, source
material for research, and teaching experiences for students
in the Master of Avian Medicine (MAM) program.
Serological assessment in a broiler operation with severe
condemnations at processing showed significant titers
against Connecticut-like infectious bronchitis virus. Addition of a Connecticut strain vaccine to the broiler vaccination program ended the condemnations and the financial
losses caused by this virus.
Field investigations by professional staff and students typically lead to significant changes in disease and farm management practices, which bring solutions to difficult problems.
Improvements in the lab database continue with functional
and additional data search capabilities and simplified maintenance. Lab reports are being sent by email in pdf format
and faxed directly from within the system without the need
for an intermediate hard copy. Offering lab data by secure
web site is being investigated.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is an integral part of the diagnostic laboratory as seen by the consistent demand for these tests. PCR techniques for infectious
bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, infectious bursal disease,
infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus-J
(ALV-J) provide mostly same-day results. Techniques for
large volume processing and faster turnaround are being
evaluated.
Diagnostic Services Laboratory activity is represented by
6,361 accessions, 31,340 bacterial procedures, 210 antimicrobial susceptibilities, 49,229 enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISAs), 37,726 Infectious bronchitis
virus-hemagglutination inhibition (IBV-HI) tests, 17,500
mycoplasma plate agglutination tests, 385 agar gel precipitin tests, 30,100 histopathology slides, 1,900 diagnostic
PCR tests, and 2,093 necropsies.
Stephan G. Thayer,. Stanley H. Kleven,, Thomas P.
Brown, Mark W. Jackwood, C. H. Hofacre,
Maricarmen Garcia, John R. Glisson, George N. Rowland,
Pedro Villegas, Jean E. Sander, John J. Maurer, Stanley
Vezey, and Holly Sellers
(sthayer@arches.uga.edu)
Dr. Stephan Thayer has directed the Diagnostic Services Laboratory at the Poultry Disease and Research Center for 17 years.
10
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Correlation of Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics
and Embryo Lethality in Identifying Virulent and Commensal Avian Escherichia coli
The aim of our study was to determine which phenotypic
and/or genotypic laboratory tests correlate with the embryo
lethality assay for establishing the virulence status of avian
E. coli isolates. Ten field isolates of E. coli from cases of colibacillosis and ten E. coli isolates cultured from the intestinal tracts of normal broiler chickens were assayed for
selected phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. These
tests included the embryo lethality assay, bacterial resistance
to chicken complement, colicin activity, motility, type F1
fimbriae, and the presence of the increased serum survival
(iss) and the arsH genes. The presence of Colicin-V and
the increased serum survival gene (iss) are reliable tests that
may be used to identify virulent and commensal avian E.
coli.
Richard E. Wooley, Penelope S. Gibbs, Lisa K. Nolan,
Catherine W. Giddings, Shelley M. Horne, and
Steven L. Foley
(wooleyr@vet.uga.edu)
Poultry
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
11
Fish
Georgia’s aquaculture industry is steadily expanding, with its greatest increase occurring in
channel catfish production. Pond acreage for catfish farming has
continued to grow every year. Other species being developed for
aquaculture include striped and largemouth bass, yellow
perch, and tilapia. In addition to Georgia’s developing
food-fish industry, there is an increasing interest in
ornamental fish production, particularly koi, and
cultured shellfish. It is estimated that aquaculture
production in all countries will have to expand
at least twofold to meet world demand for fisheries products over the next 25 years.
Continued commercial aquaculture success will depend on increased efficiency in resource
use, innovative farming methods, and a quality end product. Fish health is an essential issue at
every level of fish production. As Georgia’s aquaculture industries continue to grow, research
aimed at improving the health of aquatic animal species will help growers reduce production
costs and improve profits.
Identification of a Fas Receptor-like Molecule in
Tetrahymena spp.
Molecular Characterization of a Piscirickettsia-like Pathogen of Tilapia
Obligate and facultative protozoan parasite infections cause
extensive losses in aquaria as well as in farm-raised marine
and freshwater species of fish. Although both cellular and
antibody-mediated responses occur following infection,
the mechanisms of resistance to parasitic diseases remain
very contentious. We have previously reported that innate
immunity in the form of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC)
plays a direct role in the lysis of protozoan parasites. We
recently demonstrated that the Fas ligand–Fas receptor
(FasL-FasR) pathway of apoptosis participates in the
mechanism by which NCC kill protozoan parasites during
teleost innate immune responses. Before adaptive immunity
can be detected, teleost NCC participate by releasing
soluble Fas ligand that induces the death of the parasite.
The presence of NCC and sFasL in tissues may have
the most immediate and effective function in teleost
regulation of anti-protozoan immunity by amplification of
inflammatory responses and by induction of apoptosis in
parasites expressing membrane FasR. We have gathered
evidence that suggests that Tetrahymena spp. express
a protein that is cross-reactive with anti-human FasR
antibodies. The FasR-like protein binds to human
recombinant sFasL and induces apoptosis in Tetrahymena
as shown by DNA laddering and hypoplidy. Fas-receptor
antibodies recognize a protein on the membrane of the
parasites as shown by flow cytometry and microscopic
analysis of immunofluorescence stained cells of different
strains of parasites. This is the first report of the presence
of apoptosis receptors on protozoan parasites, and it could
explain the mechanism of innate immune resistance to
parasitic infections in fish and perhaps even in mammals.
Liliana Jaso-Friedmann
(ljaso@vet.uga.edu)
In the early 1990s, tilapia in farms on the island of Oahu
in Hawaii started showing signs of a new disease syndrome. This syndrome was similar to piscirickettsiosis,
caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, an obligate intracellular
bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Tilapia infected with the
Piscirickettsia–like organism (PLO) often swim erratically,
appear to have trouble staying at depth in the water column,
have occasional cutaneous hemorrhages in the skin, and
often have exophthalmia (popeye). But often the first sign
of disease is death. The gills show epithelial hyperplasia,
with some severe consolidation of secondary lamellae. Multiple white granulomas are observed in the gills and tissues.
The PLO syndrome does not form ring-shaped lesions in
the liver as seen with P. salmonis, and the agent is active
at higher temperatures. When spleens from infected tilapia
were tested with a P. salmonis–specific FA, no fluorescence
was observed. This result suggests that the PLO has different surface antigens than P. salmonis. The organisms are
inconsistently visualized with Giemsa and Warthenstarry
stains and very inconsistently with Brown and Bend Gram
stain. But they stained well with Lilly stain. In blood
smears, moderate to large numbers of intracellular bacteria
were noted with rare circulating monocytes. Some predilection for nervous tissue including peripheral nerves,
spinal cord, and brain is observed in histological sections.
In TEM pleomorphic bacterial organisms, generally coccoid in shape, approximately 0.4 – 0.67 x 0.5 – 0.89 mm
were observed. The organisms had a double cell wall with
no defined nucleus and variable electron dense and electron
lucent areas. The organisms appear free in the cytoplasm
and within phagolysosomes. Attempts are continuing to
isolate the organism in cell culture and to isolate and characterize the 16S rDNA gene for phylogenic analysis.
Michael J. Mauel and Kendall Frazier
(mmauel@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu)
12
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Cytokine and T-cell Responses to Mucosal Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Vaccination
In Georgia and across the United States, respiratory disease is a leading cause of sickness and death in cattle.
BRSV is a common cause of this problem, particularly in
young calves. Although BRSV vaccines exist, their efficacy
is debatable; moreover, vaccination has at times enhanced
disease. VMES-funded research conducted by Dr. Amelia
Woolums and Dr. Corrie Brown has shown that calves may
be better protected against BRSV by intranasal (IN) vaccination. IN vaccines have long been available to prevent
disease caused by two other important bovine pathogens:
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus and parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus. Many veterinarians find IN
IBR/PI3 vaccines the safest and most effective way to
immunize young calves. However, no IN BRSV vaccines
exist.
Research by Dr. Woolums and Dr. Brown has shown that
an experimental IN vaccine protected calves against disease caused by BRSV; moreover, IN vaccination did not
enhance disease. To determine what aspects of the immune
response were most important for protection, Dr. Woolums
and Dr. Brown measured cytokine production in vaccinated calves. Cytokines are proteins produced by immune
cells to modulate the immune response. Interferon gamma
(IFN-g) is a particularly important antiviral cytokine.
Immune cells from calves receiving IN vaccination produced more IFN-g than cells from nonvaccinated calves.
Interestingly, this was true in some regions of the immune
system but not in others. Protection from BRSV was associated with specific activation of immune cells in specific
areas of the body. Future research will be aimed at identifying ways to maximize the response of immune cells in
regions important to BRSV protection, possibly by adding
vaccine components that will directly target cells in these
critical regions.
Amelia Woolums and Corrie Brown
(awoolums@vet.uga.edu)
Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of
Cryptosporidium spp.
Dr. Amelia Woolums performs an experimental viral challenge
to study the immune response to bovine respiratory syncytial
virus (BRSV).
This study used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to provide molecular and phylogenetic characterization of various species
and isolates of Cryptosporidium. Specimens from more than
60 cases, representing eight different host species [including bovine, caprine, ovine, equine, avian (macaw), avian
(quail), prairie dog, and snake] were collected. Additionally,
the bovine species were grouped according to the eight different soil types found throughout Georgia. Three genomic
fragments (18s rRNA, acetyl coenzyme A synthetase, and
HSP-70) were isolated. Bands retrieved are currently being
sequenced. After completion of sequencing, a phylogenetic tree will be prepared, and the sequences from new
species/isolates of Cryptosporidium will be accessioned in
Genbank (after all bands are received). Restriction sites on
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
13
Ruminants
Cattle, sheep, and ruminants are three of Georgia’s important
food-animal ruminants. They are considered ruminants
because their four-chambered stomach enables them to
digest copious roughage, which is inedible for direct
human consumption. These three industries have gone through
recent dynamic changes. The beef and dairy industries have
liquidated their herds because of a relatively large cattle supply
and low milk and beef prices. Today’s cattle producers are working with narrow profit margins and must watch their expenses more
closely than ever. Consequently, biomedical researchers are providing
these industries with ways to maintain healthy animals, which will help
reduce production costs. Mastitis, Johne’s disease, pasteurellosis, pneumonia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), parainfluenza-3
(PI-3), and leptospirosis continue to challenge the immune systems of Georgia’s cattle
herds. Ruminant herd health as it pertains to food safety is also a major concern to consumers and producers. Scientists need to investigate pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella,
Campylobacter, and other food-borne organisms as to their origin, transmission, and
prevelence.
the genomes will be identified such that restriction enzymes
can be used on future samples for identification and speciation of the organism.
northern Georgia. Furthermore, we are collecting a detailed
five-year history from each farmer concerning their parasite-control methods.
The impact of this project is threefold. First, it will provide a statewide sampling of the isolates of Cryptosporidium
that affect cattle populations in Georgia, suggesting the isolates of concern for future study. Second, it will expand our
knowledge of the species variation of Cryptosporidium that
exists, allowing for a better understanding of the significance of this organism to host species (including humans),
especially when obtained from point water sources. Third,
it will improve extraction protocols and allow for the elucidation of genomic data of Cryptosporidium from banked
specimens.
Debra Lee Miller
(dmiller@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu)
Because this study must be conducted during the times of
the year when parasite transmission is optimal (summer,
early fall, and spring), the study was suspended over the
winter months. We recently resumed our research and have
four more farms to test. However, we have completed analysis on five goat farms. The most striking (and worrisome)
preliminary finding in this study is that ivermectin and
benzimidazole resistance appears to be extremely prevalent
among goat parasites in northern Georgia. These deworming compounds have been the mainstay of therapy for the
past decade. Levamisole appears to be effective in most
farms, but this drug has a small margin of safety. Moxidectin, a recently introduced milbemicin compound labeled
for topical use in cattle, appears to be highly effective.
However, this product is not labeled for goats, and it is
not formulated for oral use. Furthermore, moxidectin is
closely related to ivermectin in its mechanism of action;
thus, side resistance is likely to develop if this compound is
used extensively.
Ruminants
Survey of Nematodal Resistance Patterns in Northern
Georgia Goat Herds
Goat farming is a rapidly growing agricultural industry
in Georgia, but production losses from internal parasites
threatens its current and future vitality. This problem is not
unique to Georgians; parasite resistance to multiple classes
of deworming compounds is one of the largest emerging
health problems in sheep and goats around the world.
The intent of this study is to collect information that
will define regional parasite resistance patterns such that
informed recommendations can be made to help goat producers in Georgia develop intelligent, sustainable parasite
control programs. To accomplish this goal, we are performing a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and an in
vitro larval development assay (LDA) on 10 goat farms in
The results of the survey support our suspicion that many
goat owners are not well informed concerning parasite control in goats. Knowledge concerning drug-resistance problems was scant, and many farmers are using inadequate
doses of dewormers in their goats. In addition, many farmers are using the same compound year after year despite
their own observations that the goats do not appear to be
thriving. Pasture rotation was not routinely being used as a
nonchemical parasite-control strategy. These findings indicate that a highly visible education program is needed to
help producers make informed management choices that
effectively control endoparasitism in their goats.
Lisa Helen Williamson and Ray Kaplan
(LWilliam@vet.uga.edu)
Transmission electron micrograph of Cryptosporidium sp.
These protozoal parasites potentially dangerous diarrheas in
many species of animals including humans.
14
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
In the past few decades, horses have reemerged as
very important animal species in Georgia. In ages
past, horses were concentrated on farms in rural
parts of the state and were used primarily as work
animals. Today horses assume many roles, ranging
from companions to pleasure animals to show animals. They are used for pleasure riding, jumping,
dressage, showing, cutting, and barrel racing. The list
goes on. Because of the increasing financial and emotional impact of the horseindustry on the state, VMES
researchers are focusing on the mechanisms responsible for some of the most important diseases that
affect horses. To dissect these mechanisms, these
researchers are using state-of-the-art techniques to
get at the very heart of the problems. This year’s
VMES-funded study deals with the identification and
characterization of genes in equine intestinal parasites that control the parasite’s
ability to resist the effects of anthelmintic compounds (dewormers).
Control of gastrointestinal parasites remains one of the
most important health-related concerns facing the equine
industry. This problem recently has been magnified by the
increased prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, which is
recognized globally as one of the greatest health threats
to grazing livestock. Extensive reliance on chemical control for equine cyathostomes (small strongyles) has led to
the development of resistance to all classes of available
anthelmintics except the avermectin/milbemycins (ivermectin, moxidectin; AM). However, most parasitologists agree
that it is a question of when, not if, resistance to this drug
class will appear. When resistance to the AM drugs does
develop in the cyathostomes, the frequent and widespread
movement of horses will lead to rapid dispersion of resistant parasites, causing the incidence of morbidity and mortality from parasitic disease to rise dramatically.
pared a C. nassatus cDNA library that we are continuing
to screen for further GluCl homologs. To our knowledge,
this is the first cDNA library that has ever been prepared
for a cyathostome parasite. Characterization of these genes
is expected to provide the framework necessary to establish the genotypic basis for resistance to AM drugs that will
enable the future development of molecular assays to detect
the emergence of resistant worms. This is expected to have
significant positive effects on equine health, because it will
enable the detection of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes
on individual horse farms or in individual horses, providing
a means to prevent and control their spread.
Ray M. Kaplan
(rkaplan@vet.uga.edu)
The glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channel in nematodes is the putative receptor molecule and target of the
AM drugs. Several recent studies have demonstrated that
selection at this gene likely plays an important role in
the development of resistance. Furthermore, studies in
Caenorhabditis elegans have recently demonstrated that
mutations in GluCl genes are sufficient to confer ivermectin
resistance. Gaining basic knowledge on the biology of the
equine cyathostome GluCl homologs is, therefore, a critical
first step in understanding potential molecular mechanisms
of AM resistance.
Over the past year, we have cloned and sequenced two separate GluCl genes from Cylicocyclus nassatus (a cyathostome
parasite that commonly infects horses). We have also pre-
An example of a severe infection of cyathostomes in a pony.
(Photo courtesy of Dr. Eugene T. Lyons, University of
Kentucky)
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
15
Equine
Avermectin/Milbemycin Resistance in Equine Cyathostomes: Characterization of the GluCl Gene Family
Companion Animals
Companion animals reside in 55 million US homes. These
animals include an estimated 66 million cats, 58 million
dogs, 88 million fish, 40 million birds, 13 million small
animals (rabbits, hamsters, and gerbils), and 8 million
reptiles. The increasing recognition of the close bond
between people and their pets has magnified the importance of insuring the quality of our pets’ lives. Because of
medical advances, companion animals are living longer
than their predecessors. Longer life, however, means
more age-related diseases and ailments, such as cancer, neural
degeneration, kidney dysfunction, poor circulation, and
decreased respiratory and cardiac capacity.
However, unlike other research areas, there are no
federal funds and only limited state funds to support projects specifically for companion animals. The VMES has been useful in assisting new clinical faculty in their initial research
projects, but the vast majority of funding has come from foundations and private industry.
Industrial money has been awarded based upon the potential knowledge gained from studying companion animals with diseases comparable to diseases found in humans. Examples of
externally funded projects include urinary incontinence, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, pain
relief for arthritis, transdermal fentanyl patches for pain relief, feline bartonellosis and herpesvirus, feline AIDS, and minimally invasive surgery.
Development of Canine in vitro Fertilization and Embryo
Transfer
Assisted reproductive technology is the treatment of choice
for subfertility and infertility problems in humans. The
application of these techniques has ensured that couples
with little or no prospects of having a child can add their
unique blend of genetic diversity to the human gene pool.
Assisted reproductive technologies include in vitro maturation and fertilization of ova, intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI) of ova, and embryo transfer. Collectively,
these include several additional in vitro techniques including sperm collection and capacitation and in vitro culture
of embryos to the multicellular stages. Considerable progress in the application of these technologies to other species
has resulted in the actual cloning of an animal. However,
progress has been exceedingly slow in the dog. One major
reason for this may be that the dog, unlike other species,
ovulates an immature ova that remains in the oviduct for
up to 48 hours before maturation. Additionally, little is
known about the natural hormonal environment of the oviduct and the tissue interactions that may play a role in the
natural maturation process.
The primary objective of this study is to define reproducible
in vitro maturation conditions for canine ova and possibly
produce the first puppy using either in vitro fertilization or
intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer. Specific aims include manipulation of the hormonal environment of the ova to mimic the hormonal environment of
estrus. Capacitation conditions for sperm, in vitro fertilization, and ICSI techniques will be refined to produce fertilized ova. It is anticipated that these technologies will be
16
applicable as research tools to examine genetic problems as
well as a clinical service to alleviate subfertile or infertile
problems among our clientele at the teaching hospital and
our referral cases.
Hugh Dookwah and Richard Fayrer-Hosken
(hdookwah@vet.uga.edu)
A Canine Model of Picalic Acid-induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Phase II
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most
common acquired heart diseases in dogs, and the most
common primary heart disease in people, accounting for
60 percent of all cardiomyopathies. It is also the most
common discharge diagnosis in U.S. hospitals for patients
older than 60 and remains the most common indication for
cardiac transplantation, at an estimated cost of $177 million annually. Long-term prognosis remains poor for most
dogs and people diagnosed with DCM. Development of
new treatments is often hindered by the lack of optimal
animal models that closely mimic the natural form of this
disease.
The cause of DCM is unknown in most dogs and people;
however, one known cause in humans, dogs, and hamsters
is carnitine deficiency. Carnitine, an amino acid derivative,
is essential for generating energy in the heart from fat.
Many causes for carnitine deficiency have been reported,
including administration of drugs that contain pivalic acid
(PA), a branched-chained fatty acid used to enhance intestinal absorption of drugs. In a two-month pilot study by
the investigators, we were able to reliably reduce plasma
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
where the virus hides. The information effected by these
studies in normal cats will be the foundation of future studies on the effectiveness of treatment of FIV-induced central
nervous system disease.
M. A. Stevenson and F. Douglas Boudinot
(masteven@vet.uga.edu)
Six healthy adult Beagles were selected for study. Dogs
received oral PA daily. Preliminary results show that three of
six dogs developed reduced cardiac contractility. Paired t-test
showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in fractional shortening percent and ejection fraction. Plasma and
tissue carnitine concentrations are not now available to
determine whether the changes observed in the heart correlate with reduced carnitine concentrations.
Development of a New Generation of Rabies Vaccines
for Dogs and Cats
Based on preliminary results, daily oral PA administration
does result in statistically significant changes in cardiac function compatible with early DCM. When all results are available, if reduced cardiac function correlates with reduced
carnitine concentrations in the heart, PA would appear to
primarily affect the heart, and therefore, would have the
potential of inducing DCM if administered on a longer
term basis.
Sherry Sanderson, Clay Calvert, Lee Carter, Cathy Brown,
and Scott Brown
(sanderso@vet.uga.edu)
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Nucleoside
Analogs in Cats
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is similar to human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in replication,
genomic organization, and clinical disease manifestations.
FIV infection may be more common in domestic cats in
the United States than previously thought; the American
Veterinary Medical Association task force on FIV and feline
leukemia virus (FeLV) recently recommended routine testing for all cats, regardless of age. Our studies have focused
on evaluating the potential effectiveness, in the central nervous system, of drugs that inhibit the enzyme responsible
for FIV replication, called reverse transcriptase. We have
finished studies testing 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or
nucleoside analogs, called AZT and 3TC. These drugs are
commonly used in the treatment of humans with HIV-1
infection; thus, results of our studies may have important
implications for the treatment of both domestic cats and
humans.
Studies have been completed that measured the level of
drug in the bloodstream after oral, intragastric, and intravenous administration and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
after intravenous administration. AZT penetrated into the
CSF better than did 3TC. Analysis of data generated from
additional studies to assess the penetration of drugs into
tissue in various regions of the brain is currently being completed. These data will be evaluated further using a newly
generated mathematical model that we designed based on
the results of an experiment to measure blood volume
in various regions of the brain of normal cats. Our final
results will indicate how well AZT and 3TC move out of
the bloodstream within the brain and into the brain tissue
Prevention of animal rabies by vaccination not only protects
animals from diseases but also reduces the public health
threat to humans. Conventional rabies vaccines for dogs
and cats are made from inactivated rabies virus. Although
these vaccines are safe and efficacious, multiple immunizations are required to maintain adequate immunity. Because
adjuvant is used, these inactivated vaccines may induce
unwanted side effects ranging from local skin lesions to
feline sarcoma. Therefore, a new generation of more potent
rabies virus vaccines (for example, avirulent rabies virus
vaccines) is needed. By using the newly developed reverse
genetics technology, we constructed and selected the recombinant rabies viruses with mutations on the phosphorylation site of the nucleoprotein. Preliminary studies indicate
that mutation of the nucleoprotein at the phosphorylation
site leads to inhibition of virus replication. Propagation of
these viruses indicate that these mutant viruses grow poorly
in infected cells, and the virus yield for one of these viruses
(L16SA) is at least 4 log units (10,000 times) lower than
the wild-type virus. These data indicate that the growth of
the mutant virus L16SA is drastically restricted, indicating
attenuation of this virus. Such attenuated virus could be
developed as an avirulent rabies virus vaccine for animals
if inoculation of this virus into animals does not induce
disease but can still induce protective immune responses.
An avirulent rabies virus vaccine will induce a long-lasting
immunity in cats and dogs and therefore reduce the
frequency of immunizations. It will provide better protection for animals and consequently reduce health risks for
humans. It will also save money for pet owners.
Zhen F. Fu
(zhenfu@vet.uga.edu)
Transmission electron micrograph of a virus
closely related to rabies. Their appearance is
identical.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
17
Companion Animals
carnitine concentrations in healthy Beagles by administering oral PA, and we observed cardiac changes suggestive of
very early DCM. The purpose of this study was to determine whether administering PA for a longer period of time
to healthy Beagles could reduce cardiac and skeletal muscle
carnitine concentrations as well as result in more definitive
cardiac changes.
Comparative Biomedicine
Comparative biomedicine investigates how a
particular disease affects one species versus
another; that is, how a disease manifests itself
in say a mouse versus a human. Researchers can
compare diseases between species because
different species often share substantial genetic
information. Scientists study data such as symptoms,
disease progression, treatments, mortality, and so on.
Thus, one species serves as a disease model for
another. And interestingly, both species may benefit. For example, researchers study cardiomyopathy in dogs and humans and both have benefited in the short- and long-term. In the
abstracts that follow, VMES scientists discuss their research using comparative biomedicine
involving hypertension, malaria, toxicology, and respiratory disease.
S-nitrosocysteine Recognition Sites in Hypertension
The overall hypotheses driving this proposal is that (1) the
S-nitrosothiol, L-S-nitrosocysteine (L-SNC), is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in resistance arteries controlling arterial blood pressure; and (2) L-SNC
activates stereoselective recognition sites that may represent
a super-family of membrane-bound receptors.
The principal aim of this proposal is to establish that
diminished endothelium-dependent vasodilation in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, an excellent model of
human essential hypertension, is caused by the down-regulation of these recognition sites in vascular smooth muscle.
The principal findings include the following. (1) The
vasodilator potency of L-SNC was markedly reduced in
small mesenteric and femoral arteries from SH rats compared with arteries from normotensive, age-matched Wistar
Kyoto (WKY) rats. (2) Vasodilator potencies of nitric
oxide (NO) and the membrane-permeable cGMP-analogue,
8-CPT-cGMP, were similar in SH and WKY arteries. (3)
The disulfide bond-reducing agent, dithiothreitol, markedly improved the potency of L-SNC in SH but not WKY
arteries. (4) Dithiothreitol did not affect the potencies of
NO or 8-CPT-cGMP. (5) Endothelium-dependent dilation
elicited by agonists (e.g., bradykinin acetylcholine) or mild
hypoxia (12 pct. O2) was markedly improved by dithiothreitol.
These findings strongly support our contention that the
L-SNC is an EDRF and that the vasorelaxant actions of
this S-nitrosothiol are diminished in SH arteries because of
the oxidation of critical cysteine residues in stereoselective
S-nitrosothiol recognition sites in vascular smooth muscle
of resistance arteries. This work has immediate implications
with respect to the development of potential novel therapeutic strategies to treat hypertension.
Stephen J. Lewis and Thomas P. Robertson
(slewis@vet.uga.edu)
18
Immunity to Malaria During Pregnancy in Inbred
Mice
There is a well-established link between pregnancy and
exacerbation of or increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Malaria is one infection for which increased susceptibility in both human and rodents has been extensively
reported. Although immunomodulation of pregnancy may
be responsible for this increased susceptibility, the specific
immunologic changes in pregnant animals that compromise anti-parasite immunity have not been well characterized.
Because mouse models are readily accessible and manipulable, mice have been widely used to characterize the pathogenesis of malaria. Few studies, however, have attempted to
perform detailed characterizations of immune responses to
malaria during pregnancy in these animals or to identify the
physiologic changes that modulate immune responses to
malaria during gestation. The main aims of this project
are the following: to identify an inbred mouse-murine
malarial parasite combination that will allow us to characterize cytokine production and lymphocyte dynamics
in malaria-infected pregnant mice. And second, correlate
these immune parameters with disease outcomes, including
course and density of parasitemia and birth outcome (i.e.,
litter size and pup weight) as well as physiological parameters such as hormone levels.
Our efforts in this project have revealed that Plasmodium
chabaudi AS infection in C57BL/6 inbred mice is an
appropriate model for these studies. Whereas Plasmodium
berghei XAT, P. berghei NK65, Plasmodium yoelli 2CN and
P. chabaudi adami infections in these same mice are not
suitable because of lethality or other problems with the
source parasite stocks. Furthermore, preliminary flow cytometric work has revealed that there are specific changes in
T lymphocyte activation profiles (as determined by CD44
cell surface expression), on day 10 of infection/day 10.5
of pregnancy as compared with uninfected pregnant and
infected nonpregnant female mice. Peripheral blood samples from pregnant infected mice also contained a higher
proportion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells at 10 days p.i.
than infected nonpregnant mice, although there was no
observable difference in the level of parasitemia between
these groups during the first 10 days post-infection. This
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Role of Intracellular Oxidants in Adhesion Molecule
Expression on Airway Epithelium
Respiratory disease in poultry, cattle, and swine continue to
take a financial toll on Georgia and the Southeast’s foodproducing industries. In addition, farm workers experience
repeated exposure to farm dusts that may lead to respiratory diseases, causing additional expense to the industry via
medical cost and lost work time. Understanding mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory respiratory diseases could lead to therapeutics and preventatives of
importance to Georgia food-producing industries. Numerous inflammatory mediators are found in the respiratory
tract in pulmonary diseases characterized by airway inflammation, such as chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or even
bacterial and viral infections. Substances like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and reactive oxygen species (ROS),
produced mainly by infiltrating inflammatory cells, can
have several local deleterious effects in the airway. We have
demonstrated that airway epithelial cells express intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and produce other
cytokines that can recruit additional inflammatory cells to
the airways.
ICAM-1 contributes to inflammation in the airways by
increasing adherence of neutrophils to the epithelium via
binding to inflammatory cell integrins. Our laboratory has
demonstrated that TNFa induces ICAM-1 gene and surface expression on airway epithelial cells. Additionally, our
preliminary data demonstrate that this increased expression was inhibited by the addition of antioxidants. Thus, it
appears logical to look at intracellular antioxidant enzymes
as potential mediators of ICAM-1 expression. This proposal
will investigate the involvement of intracellular antioxidant enzymes in pathways associated with TNFa induced
ICAM-1 expression in the epithelium. Investigations into
the signaling pathways involved in adhesion molecule regulation are essential to understanding their role in lung
diseases. These studies will further define the regulating
factors controlling TNFa enhanced expression of adhesion
molecules in the lung, which will benefit animal health by
providing potential therapies for inflammation associated
airway disease.
Thomas Krunkosky and Carla Jarrett
(tmkrunko@vet.uga.edu)
of toxic organic solvents. SPME is a solventless extraction
procedure that involves the exposure of a small, coated
fused silica fiber to a liquid sample or to the headspace
above a liquid or solid sample. Exposing the fiber to the
increased temperature and gas flow of the gas chromatography injection port causes the analyte to desorb from the
fiber and enter the analytical column directly. Because of
delays in notification, funding for this project was made
available in January 2001.
The first objective of the proposal was to modify the analytical instrument and programming software to accommodate
the proposed SPME procedures. Toward this objective,
the author completed an advanced training course for the
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) in January 2001. Modifications of the instrument followed but
were delayed because of company back orders. Final installation of instrument modifications was accomplished on
May 10, 2001. Thus, very little time was available for the
remaining objectives before this report was drafted.
The second objective of the proposal was to develop SPME
protocols for the detection of zinc phosphide and metaldehyde in clinical cases of animal poisoning. Zinc phosphide
is a rodenticide that has been involved in animal poisonings
but is quite difficult to detect by standard methodologies.
Metaldehyde is a snail and slug bait that has been involved
in animal poisonings. Upon ingestion, both zinc phosphide
and metaldehyde break down under the acid conditions of
the stomach, forming volatile compounds that are difficult
to detect. Although only a few procedures have been performed to date, the use of several different SPME fibers for
the detection of chemical standards of zinc phosphide and
metaldehyde breakdown products has been accomplished.
Further work is needed to optimize the analytical conditions (injection and column time and temperature, time of
extraction, optimal SPME fiber) before spiked samples of
gastric contents (used to simulate diagnostic specimens) are
begun. Procedures will be documented by the generation
of a standard operating procedure. Because of the delay in
instrument modification, no progress has been made on the
The Use of Solid Phase Microextraction in Sample Preparation for GC/MS Analysis
The purpose of this project is to modify existing instrumentation and to develop procedures using solid phase
microextraction (SPME) for the detection of chemicals of
importance to veterinary toxicology. Sample preparation
by conventional liquid-liquid extraction methods is often
time intensive, labor intensive, and often involves the use
Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of NHBE cells.
Ciliated (arrow) and non-ciliated cells with surface microvilli
are apparent (original magnification: 2000X).
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
19
Comparative Biomedicine
preliminary work provides promising evidence that the
C57BL/6-P. chabaudi AS model system will lead to important gains in our understanding of immunity to malaria
during pregnancy.
Julie M. Moore
(julmoore@vet.uga.edu)
Comparative Biomedicine
third objective, which was to develop SPME procedures for
the detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in water.
Both compounds contribute to the problems of off-flavors
in catfish even when present in the water at low concentrations.
The use of SPME and GC/MS is anticipated to improve the
ability to detect zinc phosphide and metaldehyde in clinical cases of poisoning by these compounds. The use of
20
SPME for the detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol should improve the ability to detect these compounds
in pond water for catfish. This methodology will assist
in collaborative research into controlling the problem of
off-flavors in catfish, which currently relies on detection by
the human nose. It is anticipated that both the second
and third objectives in this project will be accomplished by
August 2001.
Larry J. Thompson
(ljthompson@tifton.cpes.peachnet)
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Research Funding
Funding Source*
Fiscal Year 2001
$3,334,563
2,226,794
129,825
3,041,722
$3,569,225
2,830,617
107,468
2,779,141
*Excluding carryover funds
a
Georgia Livestock and Poultry: Inventories and Values
Number on Farms
and/or Produced
Species
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Hogs
Poultry
Broilers
Nonbroilers
Eggs
Production Value
1,220,000
90,000
$652,300,000
350,200,000 b
480,000
31,200,000
1,229,700,000
20,816,000
5,114,000,000
2,029,005,000
21,086,000
369,913,000
aBased in part on information published by the Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service, Athens, Georgia
bIncludes value to dairy cattle and milk produced
Georgia Farm Cash Receipts
Poultry and Eggs (51.6)
Crops (36.4)
Meat Products (7.0)
Dairy Products (4.0)
Other Livestock (1.0)
note: numbers in parentheses are percent of total
farm receipts
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
21
Financial Highlights
VMES Budget
Federal Grants and Contracts
State Grants and Contracts
Private Grants and Contracts
Fiscal Year 2000
Research Contracts & Grants
Brackett, B.G. Ovarian cortex transplantation in the SCID
mouse. Reproductive Biology Associates, $35,213.
Fu, Z. Development of recombinant rabies virus vaccines for
animals. American Home Products, $70,000.
Budsberg, S.C. Investigate arthritic disease in dogs. Anonymous, $352,248.
Garcia, M. Targeted molecular typing of pathogenic avian
mycoplasmas. BARD, $113,000.
Evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of flupirtine for treatment of chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis secondary to
hip dysplasia in dogs. Bayer Corporation, $97,836.
Characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV)
vaccine derived viral sub-populations. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Association, $45,540.
A randomized, blinded, placebo controlled study of the efficacy
outcome and safety of cartrophen vet injection in the post operative management of ruptured cruciate repair in skeletally
mature dogs. Biopharm Australia Pty Ltd, $112,165.
Identification and characterization of retroviral insertion in
fowlpox laryngotracheitis viruses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $34,146.
Coffield, J.A. Mechanism of botulinum toxin action. Thomas
Jefferson University, $18,915.
Neuromuscular targets of botulinum toxin. National Institutes
of Health, $139,183.
Crowell-Davis, S.L. Canine behavior problems. Anonymous, $30,471.
Davidson, W.R. Human ehrlichiosis surveillance and epidemiology. National Institutes of Health, $172,869.
Dickerson, H.W. Can a DNA vaccine induce cutaneous
immunity in fish? Cornell University, $24,660.
Research training experience for veterinary medical students.
Merck Company Foundation, $30,000.
Evans, D.L. Streptococcus iniae infection in trout and tilapia: Host-pathogen interactions, the immune response towards
the pathogen and vaccine formulation. BARD, $143,000.
Hoenig, M.E. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Pfizer
Limited, $56,760.
Hofacre, C.L. Reducing breeder house salmonella, other
pathogens, and dust using an electrostatic space charge system.
U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, $71,875.
Howerth, E. W. Uronemiasis in Riverbanks Zoological Park
fishes: Diagnosis and isolation of the causative agent. Riverbanks Zoological Park, $1,000.
Jackwood, M.W. Attenuation and development of a vaccine
master seed for the GA98 serotype of IBV. U. S. Poultry and
Egg Association. $26,450.
Kaplan, R.M. Prevalance of anthelminitic resistance on
horse farms in the Southern United States. Merial Limited,
$26,370.
Role of P-glycoprotein in avermectin/milbemycin resistance in
equine cyanthostomes. Morris Animal Foundation, $25,222.
Finco, D.R. The ability to induce chronic anemia in the cat
nephrectomy model after phlebotomy. Pfizer Inc., $19,756.
Kleven, S.H. Improved methods for characterization of pathogenic species of avian mycoplasma and continuation of archiving
efforts. U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, $76,531.
Beneficial effects of an ultralow phosphorus diet on dogs with
induced chronic renal failure. Iams Company, $32,300.
Latimer, K.S. Marine resources utilization in Georgia. U.S
Department of Commerce, $39,155.
To determine if cats that undergo renal ablation and nephrectomy develop chronic anemia. Pfizer Inc., $56,624.
Lee, M.D. The NARMS Campylobacter jejuni culture procedures may be selecting for antibiotic-resistant strains. U.S.
Poultry and Egg Association, $28,965.
A new model of hypertensive renal failure in dogs. Pfizer Limited, $85,465.
Induced anemia in the cat nephrectomy model. Pfizer Inc.,
$43,100.
Does antibiotic usage in poultry production create drug-resistant campylobacter? U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services, $195,078.
To evaluate the efficacy of erythropoietin gene therapy product in
cats. Pfizer Inc., $111,486.
Li, W.O. Characterization and isolation of proliferation-stimulating components of an extract from lactobacillus. Ye Cherng
Industrial Products Co., $38,530.
Fischer, J.R. Evaluation of baits for delivery of oral rabies vaccine to raccoons in the United States and dogs in Latin America. Georgia Research Alliance, Merial Limited, $17,968.
Little, S.E. Efficacy of Heardgard-30 chewables when
administered to dogs 120 days after challenge with infective
Dirofilaria immitis larvae. Merial Limited, $7,177.
Frazier, K.S. Rat 5/6 remnant model. FibroGen Inc.,
$5,213.
Molecular diagnosis of atoxoplasmosis in the bali mynah
(Leucopsar rothschildi). Morris Animal Foundation,
$7,500.
22
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Maki, J.L. Ictalurus punctatus: A model to study mucosal
immunity. National Institutes of Health, $95,192.
Mauel, M.J. Preliminary studies of viral diseases in ornamental tropical fish. University of Florida, $2,500.
Maurer, J.J. Serological detection of pathogenic salmonella in
poultry. U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, $76,570.
McCall, J.W. Antifilarial drug evaluation in dogs. World
Health Organization, $60,000.
Supply of Brugia infective larvae.
Health, $96,487.
Opioid receptor subtype affinities of novel analogs. University of
Maryland, $1,800.
Nettles, V.F. Southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study.
Southeastern States, $196,420.
Peterson, D.S. Characterization of DBL-domain proteins
in Plasmodium falciparum. National Institutes of Health,
$151,323.
Quist, C.F. Development of scientific information on the
animal traps for selected wild vertebrates species by providing necropsy data on injuries associated with the use of animal restraint
devices. U. S. Department of Agriculture, $29,889.
Rawlings, C.A. Implantation techniques and cavity closure
for balloon catheter radiation delivery device in the caprine
model. Proxima Therapeutics, Inc., $41,660.
National Institutes of
Filariasis repository research service. National Institutes of
Health, $244,187.
Retroviral transduction and immortalization of filaria. National
Institutes of Health, $515,727, University of Alabama,
$25,000.
Mead, D.G. Black flies as epizootic vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey serotype). U.S. Department of Agriculture, $220,000.
Medleau, L. Therapeutic efficacy of moxidectin canine SR
injectable against sarcoptic mange in client owned dogs. American Home Products Corporation, $19,878.
Therapeutic efficacy of moxidectin canine SR injectable against
generalized demodicosis in client owned dogs. American Home
Products Corporation, $27,216.
Moore, J.N. New synthetic endotoxin antagonists incorporating structural features of the lipid-A of rhizobium sin-1.
American Heart Association, $60,000.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel endotoxin antagonists.
National Institutes of Health, $117,776.
LPS-binding protein and the major endotoxin receptor in horses
with colic. Morris Animal Foundation, $26,537.
Murray, T.F. Dynorphin analogs as kappa opioid receptor
antagonists. University of Maryland, $48,210.
Reactor for generation of compound derivative libraries. Bend
Research Inc., $57,160.
Reeves, D.E. A survey of patterns and persistence of antimicrobial resistance on swine farms using different antimicrobial
use strategies. National Pork Producers Council, $50,000.
Ritchie, B.W. Nucleic acid vaccination in the bottlenose
dolphin, (Tursiops truncatus). U.S. Department of the
Navy, $48,403.
Immunological characterization of skin from the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). U.S. Department of the
Navy, $6,213.
Sanderson, S. A placebo controlled, cross-over clinical study
evaluating plasma carnitine concentrations and L-carnitine
supplementation of glycemic control and triglyceride levels in dogs
with diabetes mellitus. Ralston Purina Company, $37,827.
Sharma, R.P. Tumor necrosis factor involvement in fumonisin
toxicity. National Institutes of Health, $158,586.
Stallknecht, D.E. West Nile surveillance in wild birds.
Georgia Department of Human Resources, $89,500.
Villegas, P. Marek’s disease virus pathogenicity study. Pfizer,
Inc., $36,364.
Adaptation and attenuation of infectious bronchitis virus.
Merial Select, $75,565.
Williamson, L.H. Survey of nematodal resistance patterns in
goat herds in Northern Georgia. American Dairy Goat Association, $1,555.
Woolums, A.R. Multidisciplinary evaluation of fatal feedlot
ARDS. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $240,000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
23
Research Contracts & Grants
Lukert, P.D. Development of experimental challenge models
for bovine enteric disease (E. coli, rotavirus, and coronavirus)
in newborn calves and testing of candidate vaccines by challenge
studies in newborn calves. Merial, $50,000.
Administrators & Advisors
The University System of Georgia
Board of Regents
Margaret Taylor,
Deputy to the Senior Vice Chancellors
Lee Myers, State Veterinarian
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Hugh A. Carter, Atlanta
State-at-Large (2002)
Daniel S. Papp,
Senior Vice Chancellor Office of Academics and Fiscal Affairs
Bill Taff, Chairman
Equine Advisory Board
Hilton H. Howell, Jr., Atlanta
State-at-Large (2004)
Vacant
State-at-Large (2002)
Donald M. Leebern, Jr., Atlanta
State-at-Large (2005)
Joel O. Wooten, Jr., Columbus
State-at-Large (2006)
Martin W. NeSmith, Claxton
First District (2006)
David M. Morgan,
Assistant Vice Chancellor Academic Affairs/Deputy
Randall Thursby,
Vice Chancellor Information & Instructional Technology/
CIO
William Bowes,
Vice Chancellor (Interim) Office of Fiscal Affairs
John Hunt, Tifton
Second District (2004)
Thomas E. Daniel,
Senior Vice Chancellor (Interim) Office of External Affairs & Facilities
James D. Yancey, Columbus
Third District (2007)
William Chatham,
Vice Chancellor - Facilities
Juanita P. Baranco, Morrow
Fourth District (2005)
Corlis Cummings,
Senior Vice Chancellor (Interim) Office of Support Services
Elridge W. McMillan, Atlanta
Fifth District (2003)
Michael J. Coles, Kennesaw
Sixth District (2008)
Joe Frank Harris, Cartersville
Seventh District (2006)
Connie Cater, Macon
Eighth District (2006)
Allene H. Magill, Dalton
Ninth District (2008)
J. Timothy Shelnut, Augusta
Tenth District (2007)
Glenn S. White, Lawrenceville
Eleventh District (2005)
The University of Georgia
University & College Administrators
Michael F. Adams,
President
The University of Georgia
Tom Thompson, President
Georgia Milk Producers
Wyatt Sumner, President
Georgia Pork Producers Association
Jerry Lane, President
Georgia Poultry Federation
Doris Miller, President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
Tim Montgomery, Past President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
Council to the Advisory Board
Bobby Freeman
Executive Vice President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
Melinda Dennis
Director, Equine Division
Georgia Equine Advisory Board
Wayne Dollar
President
Georgia Farm Bureau
Roger Bernard
Executive Secretary
Georgia Pork Producers Association
Karen A. Holbrook,
Senior Vice President for Academic
Affairs and Provost
The University of Georgia
Abit Massey
Executive Secretary
Georgia Poultry Federation
Gordhan L. Patel,
Interim Vice President for Research and
Associate Provost
The University of Georgia
James Scroggs
Executive Director
Georgia Poultry Lab Improvement Association, Inc.
Keith W. Prasse,
Dean
College of Veterinary Medicine
M. Randy Clayton
Director
Georgia Sheep and Wool
Officers and Staff
24
Glenn S. White,
Chairman
Harry W. Dickerson,
Director
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Hilton H. Howell, Jr.,
Vice Chairman
Veterinary Advisory Board
Stephen R. Portch,
Chancellor
Robert Fountain, President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Finco, Delmar R., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5870
Fischer, John R., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and Director,
Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-1741
Flatland, Bente, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6376
Frazier, Kendall S., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Fu, Zhen, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology
(706) 542-7021
Garcia, Maricarmen, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5656
Glisson, John R., DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-1904
Graves, Jonathan E., PhD, Assistant Research Scientiest,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 583-0979
Greenacre, Cheryl B., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-2376
Greene, Craig E., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-5602
Gregory, Christopher, DVM, Associate Research Scientist,
Small Animal Medicine, (706) 542-1267
Halper, Jaroslava, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5830
Harmon, Barry G., DVM, PhD, Professor and Acting Head,
Pathology, (706) 542-5831
Hartmann, Katrin, DVM, Associate Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6574
Hawkins, Larry L., DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6320
Hines, Murray E., III, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Hnilica, Keith A., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6317
Hoenig, Margarethe E., Dr.med.vet., PhD, Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5869
Hofacre, Charles, L., MS, DVM, MAM, PhD, Associate
Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5653
Hollett, R. Bruce, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-5508
Howerth, Elizabeth W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5833
Jackwood, Mark W., MS, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5475
Jain, Anant V., BS, MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate,
Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5919
Jaso-Friedmann, Liliana, MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-2875
Kaplan, Ray M., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5670
Kemp, Douglas T., D. Pharm., Clinical Pharmacy Associate,
Teaching Hospital, (706) 542-5510
Kleven, Stanley H., DVM, PhD, Distinguished Research
Professor and Head, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5644
Krunkosky, Thomas M., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor,
Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 583-0543
Latimer, Kenneth S., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5844
Lee, Margie D., DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5778
Lewis, Stephen J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5862
Li, Wan-I Oliver, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5853
Liggett, Alan D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Little, Susan E., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8447
Lowder, Michael Q., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6431
Lukert, Phil D., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, (706) 542-5795
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
25
Researchers
Allen, Douglas, Jr., DVM, MS, Professor and Hospital Director,
Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-5558
Allen, Sheila W., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs,
(706) 542-5728
Aron, Dennis N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6387
Baldwin, Charles A., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and
Director, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Barsanti, Jeanne A., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6385
Barton, Michelle H., DVM, PhD, Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-8319
Brackett, Benjamin G., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5859
Broderson, J. Roger, DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
and Director of Animal Care, (706) 542-5938
Brown, Cathy A., VMD, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate Professor,
Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5917
Brown, Corrie C., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5842
Brown, Scott A., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5857
Brown, Thomas P., DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-2066
Budsberg, Steven C., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6314
Calvert, Clay A., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6375
Carmichael, Karen P., DVM, PhD, Assiociate Professor,
Pathology, (706) 542-5834
Caudle, Alfred B., DVM, Professor & Service Chief, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6322
Chambers, Jonathan N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6313
Ciembor, Paula G., DVM, MS, PhD, Assistant Research
Scientist, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology,
(706) 542-1267
Coffield, Julie A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology
and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5979
Cornell, Karen K., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6379
Cornelius, Larry M., DVM, PhD, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6328
Crowell-Davis, Sharon L., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-8343
Davidson, William R., MS, PhD, Professor, Wildlife Disease
Study, (706) 542-1741
Dawe, Donald L., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5793
Dickerson, Harry W., Jr., BVSC, PhD, Professor and
Acting Head, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology,
and Director, Veterinary Medicine Experiment Station,
(706) 542-5734
Dietrich, Ursula, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6380
Dookwah, Hugh D., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-5595
Dzimianski, Michael T., DVM, Research Associate, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
Edwards, Gaylen L., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology
and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5854
Egger, Christine M., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6369
Evans, Donald L., MS, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, (706) 542-5796
Everett, Karin, D. E., MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 583-0237
Fayrer-Hosken, Richard, BVSC, PhD, MRCVS, Professor,
Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6451
Ferguson, Duncan C., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5864
Researchers
Mahaffey, Edward A., DVM, PhD, Professor and Associate
Dean for Public Service and Outreach, (706) 542-5716
Mahaffey, Mary B., DVM, MS, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8321
Maki, Joanne L., DVM, MS, Assistant Research Scientist,
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5819
Martin, Charles L., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-5602
Mauel, Michael J., BS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Maurer, John J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5071
McCall, John W., PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology and
Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
McGraw, Royal A., MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-0661
Medleau, Linda, DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6386
Miller, Debra L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Miller, Doris M., BS, MS, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP,
Professor and Director, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory,
(706) 542-5915
Moore, James N., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-3325
Moore, Julie M., PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5789
Moore, Phillip A., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-2377
Mueller, P. O. Eric, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-7367
Munday, John S., BVSC, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5914
Murray, Thomas F., PhD, Professor and Head, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-3014
Nettles, Victor F., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor and Director,
Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-1741
Neuwirth, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6381
Northrup, Nicole, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-7415
Okinaga, Tatsuyuki, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6340
Palmarini, Massimo, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-4784
Parks, Andrew H., MA,Vet MB, MS, MRCVS, Associate
Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6372
Pence, Melvin E., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (912) 386-3340
Peroni, John F., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-9321
Peterson, David S., PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5242
Prasse, Keith W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, and Dean,
(706) 542-3461
Purinton, Paul T., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8302
Quist, Charlotte F., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5349
Ragland, William L., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5647
Rakich, Pauline M., DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate
Professor, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory,
(706) 542-5903
26
Rawlings, Clarence A., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6317
Reeves, David, DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9330
Richey, Lauren J., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5349
Ritchie, Branson W., DVM, MS, PhD, Research Professor,
Small Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6316
Roberts, Royce E., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-8309
Roberts, A. Wayne, BS, MS, Public Service Associate, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5906
Robertson, Thomas P., PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 583-0979
Rowland, George N., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5084
Sanchez, Susan, BSC, MSc, PhD, MIBiol, Cbiol, Assistant
Professor, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory,
(706) 583-0518
Sander, Jean, DVM, MAM, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5058
Sanderson, Sherry, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6378
Sangster, Lowell T., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Selcer, Barbara A., DVM, Professor, Anatomy and Radiology,
(706) 542-8305
Sellers, Holly S., MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5647
Sharma, Raghubir P., DVM, PhD, Davison Chair Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-2788
Stallknecht, David E., MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-1741
Stedman, Nancy L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5921
Steffens, Walstine L., PhD, Associate Research Scientist,
Pathology, (706) 542-5536
Stevenson, Mary Ann M., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor,
Small Animal Medicine, (706) 583-0537
Styer, Eloise L., PhD, Public Service Associate, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Supakorndej, Prasit, MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
Thayer, Stephan G., MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate,
Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5057
Thompson, Larry J., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Trim, Cynthia M., BVSC, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6318
Vandenplas, Michel L., BSc, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD,
Assistant Research Scientist, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6389
Villegas, Pedro, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5085
White, Susan L., DVM, MS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6319
Williamson, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-9323
Wooley, Richard E., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5825
Woolums, Amelia R., DVM, MVSC, PhD, Assistant Professor,
Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9329
Yoon, Jung Hae, BSc, MSc, Mphil, PhD, Assistant Research
Scientist, Pathology, (706) 542-5832
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Aldrich, J.V., Zheng, Q.L., Murray, T.F.: Dynorphin
A analogs containing a conformationally constrained
phenylalanine derivative in position 4: reversal of
preferred stereochemistry for opioid receptor affinity
and discrimination of kappa vs. delta receptors.
Chirality 13:125-129, 2001.
Aronovich E.L., Carmichael, K.P., Morizono, H.,
Koutlas, I.G., Deanchimg, M., Hoganson, G.,
Fischer, A., Whitely, C.: Canine heparan sulfate
sulfamidase and the molecular pathology underlying
sanfilippo syndrome type A in Dachshunds.
Genomics 66:2-7, 2000.
Barber, M.R., Fayrer-Hosken, R.A.: Possible mechanisms of mammalian immunocontraception. J.
Reprod. Immunol. 46(2):103-124, 2000.
Barber, M.R., Lee, S.M., Steffens, W.L., FayrerHosken, R.A.: Immunolocalization of zona pellucida antigens in the ovarian follicles of dogs, cats,
horses, and elephants. Theriogenology 55(5), 2001.
Barsanti, J.A., Finco, D.R., Mahaffey, M.M., FayrerHosken, R.A., Crowell, W.A., Thompson, F.N.,
Shotts, E.B.: Effects of an extract of Serenoa repens
on dogs with hyperplasia of the prostate gland. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 61(8):880-885, 2000.
Barton, M.H.: Use of polymyxin B for treatment of
endotoxemia in horses. Comp. Cont. Ed. Pract. Vet.
23(11):1056-1059, 2000.
Beringer, J., Hanson, L.P., Stallknecht, D.E.: An epizootic of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in
Missouri. J. Wildl. Dis. 36:588-591, 2000.
Bounous, D.I., Stedman, N.L.: Normal avian
hematology: chicken and turkey. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl
JG, and Jain NC eds. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology.
5th edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins pp.1344,
2000.
Boyd, K.L., Latimer, K.S.: Hepatic hyaline globules in
an Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus). J. Vet. Diagn.
Invest. 13:289-296, 2001.
Brown, C.C., Kilgo, P., Jacobsen, K.: A survey for papillomatous digital dermatitis in adult cattle presented
for slaughter in the Southeastern United States. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 61:928-930, 2000.
*Research publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment
Station
Brown, C.C.: Economic considerations of agricultural
diseases. Annals of the New York Acad. Sci.
94:92-94, 2000.
Brown, S., Finco, D., Brown, C., Crowell, W.:
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition
in chronic renal insufficiency. Am. J. Vet. Res.
62:375-384, 2001.
Brown, S.A., Little, S.E.: Capillariasis. In L.P.Tilley and
F.W.K.Smith (eds.), The Five Minute Veterinary Consult, 2nd Edition, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins,
Baltimore, MD, pp. 517, 2000.
Brown, S.A., Brown, C.A., Jacobs, G., Stiles, J.,
Hendi, R.S., Wilson, S.: Effects of the angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with
induced renal failure. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:375-383,
2001.
Bush, R.M., Everett, K.D.E.: Molecular evolution of
the Chlamydiaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
51:203-220, 2001.
Calvert, C.A., Rawlings, C.A., McCall, J.W.: Heartworm disease. S.J.Birchard and R.G.Sherding,
(eds.), Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice,
2nd Edition, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp.
557-567, 2000.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Pickus, C.W.: Results
of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy
Doberman Pinschers with abnormal echocardiograms. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217:1328-1332,
2000.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Kraus, M.S.: Failure of
spectro-temporal mapping to detect ventricular late
potentials in dogs experiencing ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. Am. J. Vet. Res. 60:396-401,
2000.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J.: Heart rate variability in
Doberman Pinschers with and without echocardiographic evidence ofc. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61:506-512,
2000.
Calvert, C.A., Sammarco, C., Pickus, C.W.: Positive
Coombs’ test results in two dogs administered
oral amiodarone. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
216:1933-1936, 2000.
Carmichael, K.P.: Diagnositic features of polysaccharide
storage myopathy. Comp. Cont. Ed. Pract. Vet.
22:507-509, 2000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
27
Selected Publications*
Allen, J.H., Utley, M., Han van Den Bosch, Nuijten,
P., Witvliet, M., McCormick, B.A., Krogfelt,
K.A., Licht, T.R., Brown, D., Mauel, M.,
Leatham, M.P., Laux, D.C., Cohen, P.S.: A functional cra gene is required for Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium virulence in BALB/c mice.
Infect. Immun. 68(6):3772-3775, 2000.
Brown, C.C., Chinsangaram, J., Grubman, M.J.: Type
I interferon production in cattle infected with two
strains of foot-and-mouth disease, as determined
by in situ hybridization, Canadian J. Vet. Res.
64:130-133, 2000.
Selected Publications*
Carmichael, K.P., Coates, J.R., Shelton, G.D.,
Johnson, G.C.: Pathologic features of cerebellar
granule cell degeneration in Jack Russell Terriers:
Light microscopic findings. Acta Neuropathol (Berl).
101:2-8, 2001.
Chang-Won, L., Chang-Seon, S., Young-Jeong, L.,
In-Pil, M., García, M., Suarez, D.L., Sun-Joong,
K.: Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of
H9N2 Korean avian influenza viruses and assessment
of the pathogenic potential of isolate MS96. Avian
Dis. 44:527-535. 2000.
De las Heras, M., Barsky, S.H., Hasleton, P.S.,
Larwson, E., Wagner, M., Egan, J., Gimenez,
Mas J.A., Ortin, A., Palmarini, M., Sharp, J.M.:
Human lung adenocarcinomas contain a protein
related immunologically to the capsid protein of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Eur. Respir. J. 16:330-332,
2000.
Dinkins, M.B., Brackett, B.G.: Chlortetracycline staining patterns of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa
treated with beta-cyclodextrins, dibutyryl cAMP, and
progesterone. Zygote 8(3):245-256, 2000.
Chou, T.M., Stich, R.W., Scott, M., Brown, C.C.,
Rawlings, C.A., Damian, R.T.: Development of
a molecular probe to baboon interleukin-10 mRNA
for in situ hybridization during experimental schistosomiasis. Ann NY Acad. Sci. 916:410-416, 2000.
Dinkins, M., Stallknecht, D.E., Brackett, B.G.: Reduction of infectious epizootic hemorrhagic disease
virus associated with in vitro produced bovine
embryos by non-specific protease. Anim. Reprod. Sci.
65:205-213, 2001.
Cornell, K.K., Bostwick, D.G., Cooley, D.M., Hall,
G., Harvey, J.J., Hendrick, M.J., Pauli, B.U.,
Render, J.A., Stoica, G., Sweet, D.C., Waters,
D.J.: Clinical and pathologic aspects of spontaneous
canine prostate carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of
76 cases. Prostate 45:173-183, 2000.
Dinkins, M.B., Stallknecht, D.E., Howerth, E.W.,
Brackett, B.G.: Photosensitive chemical and laser
light treatments decrease epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus associated with in vitro produced bovine
embryos. Theriogenology 55:1639-1655, 2001.
Cornell, K.K.: Cystotomy, cystectomy, and tube cystostomy. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Med. 15:11-16, 2000.
Crippa, G.E., Lewis, S.J., Johnson, A.K., Correa,
F.M.: Medial prefrontal cortex acetylcholine injectioninduced hypotension: the role of hindlimb vasodilation. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 79:1-7, 2000.
Cross, A.R., Newell, S.M., Chambers, J.N., Shultz,
K., Kubilis, P.: Acetabular component orientation as
an indicator of implant luxation in cemented total hip
arthroplasty. Vet. Surg. 29:517-523, 2000.
Daniel, R., He, Z., Carmichael, K.P., Halper, J.,
Bateman, A.: Cellular localization of gene expression
for progranulin. J. Histochem. Cytochem.
8:999-101, 2000.
Daoust, P.Y., Wadowska, D., Kibenge, F.,
Campagnoli, R.P., Latimer, K.S., Ritchie, B.W.:
Proliferative associated with virus-like particles in a
Northern Gannet. J. Wildl. Dis. 36:378-382, 2000.
Davidson, W.R., Dawson, J.E., Ewing, S.A.: Ehrlichioses. In E.S. Williams and I.K.Barker, (eds.), Infectious
Diseases of Wild Mammals, 3rd edition. Iowa State
University Press, Ames, Iowa, 2001.
Davidson, W.R. Goff, W.L.: Anaplasmosis. In E.S. Williams and I.K. Barker (eds.), Infectious Diseases of Wild
Mammals, 3rd edition. Iowa State University Press,
Ames, Iowa, 2001.
Dishman, R.K., Hong, S., Soares, J., Edwards, G.L.,
Bunnell, B.N., Jaso-Friedmann, L., Evans, D.L.:
Activity-wheel running blunts suppression of splenic
natural killer cell cytotoxicity after sympathectomy
and foodshock. Physiol. & Behav. 71:297-304, 2000.
Dubey J.P., C.F. Quist, Fritz, D.L.: Systemic sarcocystosis in a wild turkey from Georgia. J. Wildlife Dis.
36(4):755-760, 2000.
Eggleston, R.B., Mueller, P.O.E., Chambers, J.,
Bentley, A.: Use of an external ring fixator for correction of an acquired angular limb deformity in a
donkey. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217(8):1186-1190,
2000.
Enongene, E.N., Sharma, R.P., Bhandari, N., Voss,
K.A., Riley, R.T.: Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism in small intestines, liver, and kidney of mice
dosed subcutaneously with fumonisin B1. Food
Chem. Toxicol. 38(9):793-799, 2000.
Escorcia, M., Jackwood, M.W., Lucio, B., Petrone,
V.M., López,C., Fehervari, T., Tellez, G.: Characterization of Mexican strains of avian infectious bronchitis isolated during 1997. Avian Dis. 44:944-947,
2000.
Evans, D.L., Bishop, G.R., Jaso-Friedmann, L.:
Methods for cell cycle analysis and detection of
apoptosis of teleost cells. Methods in Cell Science
22(2-3):225-231, 2000.
Evans, D.L., Jaso-Friedmann, L.: Nonspecific cytotoxic
cells and innate cellular immunity in teleost fish.
Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology: Immunobiology and Pathology 5:243-268, 2000.
28
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Evans, D.L., Oumouna, M., Jaso-Friedmann, L.:
Nonradiometric detection of cytotoxicity of teleost
nonspecific cytotoxic cells. Methods in Cell Sci.
22:233-237, 2000.
Evans, S.J., Murray, T.F., Moore, F.L.: Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a membrane
glucocorticoid receptor from an amphibian brain. J.
Steroid Biochem. 72:209-221, 2000.
Everett, K.D.E.: Chlamydia and Chlamydiales: More
than meets the eye. Vet. Microbiol. 75:109-126,
2000.
Fang, H., Adler, K.B., Akley, N.J., Fischer, B.M.,
Jaing, N., Krunkosky, T.M., Martin, L.D.: AirLiquid Interface Culture Systems for Exposure of Differentiate Cells to Oxidant stress. In T.M. Bray and
N.W. Schoene, eds, Models and Methods in Cell Signaling and Gene Expression: Applications to Oxidative Stress
Research, pp.15-34, 2000.
Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Dookwah, H.G., Brandon, C.I.:
Immunocontrol of Reproduction in Dogs. Anim.
Reprod. Sci. 60-61(1-4):365-373, 2000.
Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Grobler, D., Van Altena, J.J.,
Bertschinger, H.J., Kirkpatrick, J.R.: Immunocontraception of African Elephant. Nature 407:149,
2000.
Filipov, N.M., Thompson, F.N., Sttuedemann, J.A.,
Elsassor, T.H., Kahe, S., Stanker, L.H., Young,
C.R., Dawe, D.L., Smith, C.K.: Anti-inflammatory
effects of acute ergotamine administration to endotoxin challenged steers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
225:136-142, 2000.
Frazier, K.S., Dube P., Paredes, A., Styer, E.: Connective tissue growth factor expression in the rat
remnant kidney model and association with tubular
epithelial cells undergoing transdifferentiation. Vet.
Pathol. 37:328-335, 2000.
Frazier, K., Liggett, A., Hines II, M.E., Styer, E.:
Mushroom toxicity in a horse with Meningioangiomatosis. Vet. Human Toxicol. 42(3):166-167, 2000.
Galland, J.C., House, J.K., Hyatt, D.R., Hawkins,
L.L., Anderson, N.V., Irwin, C.K., Smith, B.P.:
Prevalence of Salmonella spp. In Beef Feeder Steers
as Determined by Bacterial Culture and Salmonella
ELISA Serology, Vet. Micro. 76, 143-151, 2000.
Gharaibeh, S., Brown, T.P., Pantin-Vera, M.: Cloned
avian leukosis virus-subgroup J (ALV-J) induces antibody not detectedable using either of 2 commercially
available ALV-J antibody specific immunoassays. Vet.
Pathol. 37(5):546, 2000.
Giambrone, J.J., Dormitorio, T., Brown, T.P.: Safety
and efficacy of in ovo administration of Infectious
Bursal Disease viral vaccines. Avian Dis. 45:144-148.
2001.
Goldstein, C., Lee, M.D., Sanchez, S., Hudson, C.,
Phillips, B., Register, B., Grady, M., Liebert, C.,
Summers, A.O., White, D.G., Maurer, J.J.: Incidence of class 1 and 2 integrases in clinical and commensal bacteria from livestock, companion animals,
and exotics. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(3):723-726, 2001.
Graham, J., Roberts, R.E.: Perianal apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in a ferret. Comp. Cont. Educ. Small
Animal/Exotics, April 2001.
Finco, D.R., Cooper, T.L.: Soy protein increases glomerular filtration rate in dogs with normal or reduced
renal function. J. Nutr. 130(4):745-748, 2000.
Green, C.E., Singer, M., Brockus, C., Cornell, K.,
Mahaffey: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a dog. J.
Vet. Intern. Med. July 2000.
Fischer, J.R., Zhao, T., Doyle, M.P., Goldberg, M.R.,
Brown, C.A., Sewell, C.T., Kavanaugh, D.M.,
Baumann, C.D.: Experimental and field studies of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer. J. Appl.
Env. Microbiol. 67(3):1218-1224, 2001.
Grosse, W.M., Kappes, S.M., McGraw, R.A.: Linkage
mapping and comparative analysis of bovine
expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Anim. Genet.
31(3):171-177, 2000.
Flatland, B., Leib, M.S., Warnick, L.D., Sponenberg,
D.P.: Evaluation of the Bromosulfophthalein (BSP)
30-minute retention test for the diagnosis of hepatic
pathology in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14:560-568,
2000.
Halper, J., Hu, W., Kisaalita, W.S., Griffin, A.,
Rowland, G.N.: Immunohistochemical detection of
fibrillar collagens in tissue sections and in cultured
cells. J. Histotechnology 23:333-400, 2000.
Harmon, B.G., Kelly, L.C.: Immunohistochemistry of
ultimobranchial thyroid carcinomas in seven slaughtered cows and one bull. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 13:
101-105, 2001.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
29
Selected Publications*
Evans, D.L., Taylor, S.L., Leary III, J.H., Bishop,
G.R., Jaso-Friedmann, L.: In vivo activation of
nonspecific cytotoxic cells by Streptococcus iniae and
amplification with apoptosis regulatory factor(s). Fish
and Shellfish Immunol. 10:419-434, 2000.
Fontaine, G.L., Belknap, J.K., Allen, D., Moore, J.N.,
Kroll, D.L.: Expression of interleukin-1 beta in the
digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of
experimentally induced laminitis. Am. J. Vet. Res.
62(5):714-720, 2001.
Selected Publications*
Hay, W.P., Mueller, P.O.E., Harmon, B.G., Amoroso,
L.: One Percent Sodium Carboxymethylcelluose Prevents Experimentally Induced Abdominal Adhesions
in Horses. Vet. Surg. 30(3):223-227, 2001.
Hill, N.S., Thompson, F.N., Stuedemann, J.A.,
Rottinghaus, G.W., Ju, H.J., Dawe, D.L., Hiatt,
E.E.: Ergot alkaloid transport across ruminant gastric
tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 79:542-549, 2001.
Hines II, M.E., Frazier, K.S.: Expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA in lymphoid tissue from swine
experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium
serovar 2. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61:1487-1491, 2000.
Hnilica, K., Medleau, L., Alva, R., Case, J.L., Clekis,
T., McArthur, T.R., Barrick, R.A., Jeannin, P.:
The control of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs and cats
using frontline topspot. Vet. Derm. 11(1):35, 2000.
Hnilica, K., Medleau, L., Cornelius, L.: Evaluation of
the toxicity of topical enilconazole in cats. Vet. Derm.
11(1):42, 2000.
Hoenig, M., Hall, G., Ferguson, D., Jordan, K.,
Henson, M., Johnson, K., O’Brien, T.D.: A feline
model of experimentally induced islet amyloidosis.
Am. J. Pathol.157(6):2143-2150, 2000.
Hoenig, M., Reusch, C., Peterson, M.E.: Beta cell
and insulin antibodies in treated and untreated diabetic cats. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 77:93-102,
2000.
Hofacre, C.L., Primm, N.D., Vance, K., Goodwin,
M.A., Brown, J.: Comparison of a lyophilized
chicken-origin competitive exclusion culture, a lyophilized probiotic and fresh turkey cecal material against
Salmonella colonization. J. Appl. Poultry Res.
9:195-203, 2000.
Hofacre, C.L., ‘de Cotret, A.R., Maurer, J.J., Garritty,
A., Thayer, S.G.: Presence of fluoroquinolone resistant bacteria in poultry litter. Avian Dis. 44:963-967,
2000.
Hoque, A., Bates, J.N. Lewis, S.J.: Redox regulation of
S-nitrosocysteine-mediated vasodilation in vivo. Eur.
J. Pharmacol. 408:195-198, 2000.
Howerth, E.W., D.E. Stallknecht.: Hemorrhagic disease. In E.S. Williams and I.K. Barker (eds), Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, 3rd edition, Iowa State
University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 77-97, 2001.
Howerth, E.W., Stallknecht, D.E., Kirkland, P.D.:
Orbiviruses. Infectious diseases of wild mammals,
Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, pp. 77-98, 2001.
Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary III, J.H., Evans, D.L.: Role
of nonspecific cytotoxic cells in the induction of programmed cell death of pathogenic protozoans: Participation of the Fas ligand-Fas receptor system. Exper.
Parasitol. 96:75-88, 2000.
30
Johnson V.J., Tsunoda, M., Sharma, R.P.: Increased
production of proinflammatory cytokines by murine
macrophages following oral exposure to sodium selenite but not to seleno-L-methionine. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.39(2):243-250, 2000.
Jones, C.J., Budsberg, S.C.: Physiologic characteristics
and clinical importance of the cyclooxygenase isoforms in dogs and cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
217:721-729, 2000.
Jones, C., Newby, T.J., Holt, T., Doster, A., Stone,
M., Ciacci-Zanella, J., Webster, C.J., Jackwood,
M.W.: Analysis of latency in cattle after inoculation
with a temperature sensitive mutant of bovine herpevirus 1 (RLB106). Vaccine 18:3185-3194, 2000.
Kablack, K., Emertson, R.M., Bernard, W., Bramlage,
L.R., Hance, S., Reimer, J., Barton, M.H.: Uroperitonium in the hospitalized equine neonate: retrospective study of 31 cases, 1988-1997. Equine Vet. J.
32:505-508, 2000.
Kalandakanond, S., Coffield, J.A.: Cleavage of intracellular substrates of botulinum toxins A, C, and D in
a mammalian target tissue. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
296(3):749-755, 2001.
Kalandakanond, S., Coffield, J.A.: Cleavage of
SNAP-25 by botulinum toxin type A requires
receptor-mediated endocytosis, pH-dependent translocation, and zinc. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
296(3):980-986, 2001.
Kang, L., Jun, H.W., McCall, J.W.: Physicochemical
studies of lidocaine-menthol binary systems for
enhanced membrane transport. Intl. J. Pharm.
206:35-42, 2000.
Kapczynski, D.R., Meinersmann, R.J., Lee, M.D.:
Adherence of Lactobacillus to intestinal 407 cells
in culture correlates with fibronectin binding. Curr.
Microbiol. 41:136-141, 2000.
Kaplan, R.M.: Liver flukes in cattle: A review of the
economic impact and considerations for control. Vet.
Therapeutics 2(1):40-50, 2001.
Katakam, P., Hoenig, M., Ujhelyi, M.R., Miller, A.W.:
Cytochrome P450 activity and endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. J. Vasc. Res.37:426-434,
2000.
Keller, K.A., Coffield, J.A.: Age dependent influence
of dietary zinc restriction on short-term memory
in post-weaned male rats. Physiol. Behav.
72(3):339-348, 2001.
Kim, J.Y., Brown, T.P., Stedman, N.L., Gharaibeh,
S., Pantin-Vera, M.J.: Real-time quantitative reverse
transcription-polymerase reaction for detection and
quantitation of avian leukosis virus subgroup. Vet.
Pathol. 37(5):547, 2000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Kinnamon, K.E., Engle, R.R., Poon, B.T., Ellis, W.Y.,
McCall, J.W., Dzimianski, M.T.: Anticancer agents
suppressive for adult parasites of filariasis in Mongolian jirds. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 224(1):45-49,
2000.
Klohnen, A., Peroni, J.F.: Thornacoscopy in horses. In
W.B. Saunders Company, Veterinary Clinics of North
America, Equine Practice, edited by DA Hendrickson,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 351-362, 2000.
Kocan, A.A., Ewwing, S.A., Stallknecht, D.E.,
Murphy, G.L., Little, S.E., Whitworth, L.C.,
Barker, R.W.: Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia
chaffeensis among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) by Amblyomma maculatum. J. Wildl. Dis.
36:592-594, 2000.
Krautmann, M.J., Novotny, M.J., DeKeulenaer, K.,
Godin, C.S., Evans, E.I., McCall, J.W., Wang, C.,
Rowan, T.G., Jernigan, A.D.: Safety of selamectin
in cats. Vet. Parasitol. 91:393-403, 2000.
Krunkosky,T.M., Fischer, B.M., Martin, L.D., Jones,
N., Akley, N.J., Adler, K.B.: Effects of TNF-alpha
on expression of ICAM-1 in human airway epithelial
cells in vitro. Signaling pathways controlling surface
and gene expression. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22
(7):685-692, 2000.
Kumar, V., Murray, T.F., Aldrich, J.V.: Extended TIP
(P) analogs as precursors for labeled-opioid receptor
ligands. J. Med. Chem. 43:5050-5054, 2000.
Lamb, F.S., Kooy, N.W., Lewis, S.J.: Role of Cl--channels in adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the
anesthetized rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 401:403-412,
2000.
Latimer, K.S., Rakich, P.M., Weiss, R.: Thymoma in a
finch. J. Avian Med. Surg. 15:32-38, 2001.
Latimer, K.S., Campagnoli, R.P., Danilenko, D.M.:
Pelger-Huët anomaly in Australian Shepherds: 87
cases (1991-1997). Comp. Haematol. Int. 10:9-13,
2000.
Lee, C.W., Jackwood, M.W.: Evidence of genetic diversity generated by recombination among avian coronavirus IBV. J. Arch. of Virol. 145:2135-2148, 2000.
Lee, C.W., Song, C., Lee, Y., Mo, I., Garcia, M.,
Suarez, D.L., Kim, S.: Sequence analysis of the
hemagglutinin gene of the H9N2 Korean avian influenza viruses and assessment of the pathogenic potential of isolate MS96. Avian Dis. 44:527-535, 2000.
Lee, C-W., Hilt, D.A., Jackwood, M.W.: Identification
and analysis of the Georgia 98 serotype, a new
serotype of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis.
45:164-172, 2001.
Lee, C.W., Jackwood, M.W.: Spike gene analysis of the
DE072 strain of infectious bronchitis virus: Origin
and evolution.Virus Genes 22:(1)85-91, 2001.
Lee, M.D., Maurer, J.J.: The genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance among veterinary pathogens. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences (reprinted
from Trop. Vet. Dis.) 916:643-645, 2000.
Leiting, V.A., Kleven, S.H.: Preparation of a heterogeneous conjugate to detect Mycoplasma iowae by immunofluorescence. Avian Dis. 44:697-700, 2000.
Levisohn, S., Kleven, S.H.: Avian mycoplasmosis
(Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int.
Epiz. 19(2):425-442, 2000.
Liu, T., García, M., Levisohn, S., Yogev, D., Kleven,
S.H.: Molecular variability of the adhesin-encoding
gene pvpA among Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains
and its application in diagnosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39:1882-1888, 2001.
Lower, K., Medleau, L., Hnilica, K.: Dermatology
challenge: A dog with elephant-like skin. Vet. Med.
95(5):360-362, 2000.
Lower, K., Medleau L, Hnilica, K.: Dermatology challenge: A cat with chronic alopecia and pruritus. Vet.
Med. 95:194-197, 2000.
Maeda, D.Y., Ishmael, J.E., Murray, T.F., Aldrich, J.V.:
Synthesis and evaluation of N,N-dialkyl enkephalinbased affinity labels for opioid receptors. J. Med.
Chem. 43:3941-3948, 2000.
Maeda, D.Y., Berman, F., Murray, T.F., Aldrich, J.V.:
Synthesis and evaluation of Isothiocyanate-containing
derivatives of the opioid receptor antagonist Tyr-TicPhrPhe (TIPP) as potential labels for opioid receptors. J. Med. Chem. 43:5044-5049, 2000.
Maeda, N., Palmarini, M., Murgia, C., Fan, H.:
Direct transformation of rodent fibroblasts by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 98:4449-4454, 2001.
Maki, J., Brown, C., Dickerson, H.: Occurrence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis within the peritoneal cavities
of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Dis. Aquatic
Organisms 44(1):41-45, 2001.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
31
Selected Publications*
Kiupel, M., Stevenson, G.W., Choi, J., Latimer, K.S.,
Kanitz, C.L., Mittal, S.K.: Viral replication and
lesions in BALB/c mice experimentally inoculated
with porcine circovirus isolated from a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting disease. Vet. Pathol.
38:74-82, 2001.
Lee, C.W., Hilt, D.A., Jackwood, M.W.: Redesign of
primer and application of the reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment
length polymorphism test to the DE072 strain of
infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 44:650-654,
2000.
Selected Publications*
Massett, M.P., Lewis, S.J., Stauss, H.M., Kregel,
K.C.: Vascular reactivity and baroreflex function
during hyperthermia in conscious rats. Am. J.
Physiol. 279:R1282-R1289, 2000.
Neuwirth, L., Romine, C.: Ancillary equipment to
increase quality and reduce radiation exposure in the
equine nuclear medicine laboratory. Vet. Radiol. &
Ultrasound 4(5):470-475, 2000.
Mathew, J.S., Sharma, R.P.: Effect of all trans-retinoic
acid on cytokine production in a murine macrophage
cell line. Intl. J. Immunopharmacol. 22:693-706,
2000.
Northcutt, J.K., Buhr, R.J., Rowland, G.N.: Relationship of broiler bruise age to appearance and
tissue histological characteristics. J. Appl. Poultry
Res. 9:13-20, 2000.
Maurer, J.J., Doggett, T.A., Burns-Keliher, L.,
Curtiss III, R.: Expression of the rfa, LPS biosynthesis promoter in Salmonella typhimurium during
invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Cur. Microbiol.
41:172-176, 2000.
Novotny, M.J., Krautmann, M.J., Ehrhart, J.C.,
Godin, C.S., Evans, E.I., McCall, J.W., Sun, F.,
Rowan, T.G., Jernigan. A.D.: Safety of selamectin
in dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 91:377-391, 2000.
McCann, M.E., Moore, J.N., Carrick, J.B., Barton,
M.H.: Effect of intravenous infusion of omega-3 and
omega-6 lipid emulsions on equine monocye fatty
acid composition and inflammatory mediator production in vitro. Shock 14(2):222-228, 2000.
McCarthy, R.A., Steffens, W.L., Brown, C.A., Brown,
S.A., Ard, M., Finco, D.R.: Effects of dietary
protein on glomerular mesangial area and basement
membrane thickness in aged uninephrectomized dogs.
Can. J. Vet. Res. 65:1-6, 2001.
McCrackin, Stevenson, M.A., Stiffler, K.S., Schmiedt,
C.W.: One-step placement of a nonendoscopic percutaneous low-profile gastrostomy port in cats. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc. 217(11):1636-1641, 2000.
McTier, T.L., Shanks, D.J., Watson, P., McCall,
J.W., Genchi, C., Six, R.H., Thomas, C.A.,
Dickin, S.K., Pengo, G., Rowan, T.G., Jernigan,
A.D.: Prevention of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in dogs and cats
with a single topical application of selamectin. Vet.
Parasitol. 91:259-268, 2000.
McTier, T.L., Shanks, D.J., Wren, J.A., Bowman,
D.D., McCall, J.W., Pengo, G., Genchi, C.,
Smothers, C.D., Rowan, T.G., Jernigan, A.D.:
Efficacy of selamectin against experimentally induced
and naturally acquired infections of Toxocara cati
and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats. Vet. Parasitol.
91:311-319. 2000.
Michels, G.M., Boudinot, F.D., Ferguson, D.C.,
Hoenig, M.: Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent, troglitazone, in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res.
61(7):775-778, 2000.
Mizan, S., Henk, A., Stallings, A., Maier, M., Lee,
M.D.: Cloning and characterization of sialidases with
2-6’ and 2-3’ sialyl lactose specificity from Pasteurella
multocida. J. Bacteriol. 186:6871-6883, 2000.
Nesbit, E.G., Gibbs, P., Dreesen, D.W., Lee, M.D.:
The epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni cultured
from poultry broiler houses investigated by molecular
strain typing. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:902-906, 2001.
32
Onions, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Alexander, T.J.L.,
Brown, C.C., Claasen, E., Foweraker, J., Harris,
D.L., Mahy, B., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Pastoret,
P.P., Yamanouchi, K., Minor, P.: An approach to
the control of disease transmission in pig-to-human
xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation, 7:143-155,
2000.
Osborn, D.A., Miller, K.V., Hoffman, D.M., Dickerson, W.H., Gassett, J.W., Quist, C.F.: Morphology
of the white-tailed deer tarsal gland. Acta Theriologica 45(1):117-122, 2000.
Palmarini, M., Datta, S., Omid, R., Murgia, C., Fan.
H.: The long terminal repeats of jaagsickte sheep
retrovirus (JSRV) are preferentially activated in the
differentiated epithelial cells of the lungs. J. Virol.
74:5776-5787, 2000.
Palmarini, M., Hallwirth, C., Spencer, T., Murgia,
C., DeOliveira, T., York, D.F., Fan, H.: Molecular
cloning and functional analysis of three type D-related
endogenous retroviruses of sheep reveals a different
cell tropism compared to the highly related exogenous
jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. J. Virol. 74:8065-8076,
2000.
Parviainen, A.K., Barton, M.H., Norton, N.: Evaluation of polymyxin B in an ex vivo model of endotoxemia in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62(1):71-75, 2001.
Parviainen, A.K., Trim, C.M.: Complications associated
with anesthesia for ocular surgery: A retrospective
study 1989-1996. Equine Vet. J. 32:555-559, 2000.
Peroni, J.F., Robinson, N.E., Stick, J.A., Derksen, F.J.:
Pleuropulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of
thoracoscopy performed in healthy standing horses.
Equine Vet. J. 32(4):280-286, 2000.
Peters, J., Miller, J.M., Jenny, A.L., Peterson, T.L.,
Carmichael, K.P.: Immunohistochemical diagnosis
of chronic wasting disease in preclinically affected
elk from a captive herd. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.
12:579-582, 2000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Pizarro, M., Villegas, P., Rodriguez, A., González,
M., Flores, J.M.: Capillaria contorta parasitism in
red-legged Partridge under farm conditions in Spain:
Histopathology of the upper digestive system. World
Poultry Sci. J. 56:159-166, 2000.
Ritchie, B.W., Latimer, K.S.: Common viral diseases in
companion birds. Int. Zoo Yearbook 37, 2000.
Prieto, G., McCall, J.W., Venco, L., Genchi, M.,
Simon, F., Genchi, C.: IgG response against infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally
infected cats. Vet. Res. 32:93-96, 2001.
Roemer, G.W., Coonan, T.J., Garcelon, D.K.,
Starbird, C.H., McCall, J.W.: Spatial and temporal
variation in the seroprevalence of canine heartworm
antigen in the island fox. J. Wildl. Dis. 6(4):723-728,
2000.
Quist, C.F., Bounous, D.I., Kilburn, J.V., Nettles, V.F.,
Wyatt, R.D.: The effect of dietary aflatoxin on wild
turkey poults. J. Wildl. Dis. 36(3):436-444, 2000.
Ramis, A., Fernández-Bellon, H., Martínez-Silvestre,
A., Latimer, K., Campagnoli, R.: Adenovirus hepatitis in a boa constrictor (Boa constrictor). J. Vet.
Diagn. Invest. 12:573-576, 2000.
Rawlings, C.A., Mahaffey, M.B., Chernosky, A.,
Huzella, L.: Immediate urodynamic and anatomic
response to colposuspension in female beagles. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 61:1353-1357, 2000.
Rawlings, C.A., Van Lue, S., King, C., Freeman,
L., Greenacre, C., Chernosky, A., Mohamed, F.,
Damion, R.: Serial laparoscopic biopsies of liver and
spleen in schistosoma-infected baboons. Comp. Med.
50:551-555, 2000.
Rawlings, C.A., Barsanti, J.A., Chernosky, A., Oliver,
J.E.: Comparison of medetomidine with xylazine for
cystometrography and urethral pressure profilometry
tests in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:167-170, 2001.
Rawlings, C.A., McCall, J.W.: Current uses and hazards
of melarsomine. J.D. Bonagura (ed.), Kirk’s Current
Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, W.B.
Saunders, Philadephia, PA, pp. 787-790, 2000.
Rawlings, C.A., Foutz, F.L., Mahaffey, M.B., Howerth, E.W., Bemet, S., Canalis, C.: Laparoscopicassisted incisional gastropexy: Simple, quick, strong.
Am. J. Vet. Res. 62:871-875, 2001.
Renberg, W.C., Johnston, S.A., Carrig, C.B.,
Budsberg, S.C., Ye, K., Veit, H.P.: Evaluation
of a method for experimental induction of osteoarthritis of the hip joints in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res.
61:484-491, 2000.
Rhoads, W.S., Allen, D., Mueller, P.O.E., Neuwirth,
L.: Septic tenosynovitis caused by metallic foreign
body in a horse. Eq. Pract. 22(6):22-24, 2000.
Rohrbach, B.W., Legendre, A.M., Baldwin, C.A.,
Lein, D.H., Reed, W.M., Wilson, R.B.: Epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis among cats
examined at veterinary medical teaching hospitals.
J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc. 218:1111-1115, 2001.
Rosati, S., Pittau, M., Alberti, A., Pozzi, S., York,
D.F., Sharp, J.M., Palmarini, M.: An accessory
open reading frame (orf-x) of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is conserved between different virus isolates. Virus
Res. 66:109-116, 2000.
Rotstein, D.S., Taylor, S.K., Bossart, G.D., Miller, D.
L.: Dissecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in
a free-ranging Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi). J.
Zoo Wildlife Med. 31(2):208-210, 2000.
Rzucidlo, S.J., Bounous, D.I., Jones, D.P., Brackett,
B.G.: Acute acetaminophen toxicity in transgenic
mice with elevated hepatic glutathione. Vet. Hum.
Toxicol. 42(3):146-150, 2000.
Schoemaker, N.J., Dorrestein, G.M., Latimer, K.S.,
Lumeij, J.T., Kik, M.L.J., van der Hage, M.H.,
Campagnoli, R.P.: Severe leukopenia and liver
necrosis in young African grey parrots (Psittacus
erithacus erithacus) infected with psittacine circovirus.
Avian Dis. 44:470-478, 2000.
Schultz-Cherry, S., Simmons, V.M., Koci, M., Seal,
B.S., Brown, C.C., Barnes, H.J.: Reproduction
of a PEMS-like disease by inoculation of thymic
homogenates from clinically-affected turkeys, Avian
Dis. 44:256-265, 2000.
Seibert, L.M., Sung, W., Crowell-Davis, S.L.: Fearful
behavior in a Goffin’s cockatoo. J. Am. Vet. Med.
Assoc. 281(4):518-520, 2001.
Seibert, L.M., Crowell-Davis, S.L.: Gender effects on
aggression, dominance rank and affiliative behaviors
in a flock of adult cockatiels (Mymphicus hollandicus).
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71:155-170, 2001.
Sellers, H.S., Villegas, P.N., El-Attrache, J., Kapczynski, D.R., Brown, Corrie C.: Detection of infectious bursal disease virus in experimentally infected
chickens using in situ hybridization. Avian Dis.
45:26-33, 2001.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
33
Selected Publications*
Primeaux, S.D., Holmes, P.V., Martin, R.J., Dean,
R.G., Edwards, G.L.: Experimentally induced
attenuation of neuropeptide-Y gene expression in
transgenic mice increases mortality ratea following
seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 287:61-64, 2000.
Ritchie, B.W.: West Nile Virus - A recent immigrant to
the United States. Comp. 22:576-587, 2000.
Selected Publications*
Seo, K.H., Holt, P.S., Gast, R.K., Hofacre, C.L.:
Combined effect of antibiotic and competitive-exclusion treatment on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding in molted laying hens. J. Food Protect.
63(4):545-548, 2000.
Seo, K.H., Holt, P.S., Gast, R.K., Hofacre, C.L.:
Elimination of early Salmonella enteritidis infection
after treatment with competitive-exclusion culture
and enrofloxacin in experimentally infected chicks.
Poultry Sci. 79:1408-1413, 2000.
Sevalla, K., Todhunter, R.J., Vernier-Singer, M.,
Budsberg, S.C.: Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan maintains DNA content and proteoglycan
metabolism in normal and osteoarthritic canine articular cartilage explants. Vet. Surg. 29:407-414, 2000.
Sharma, R.P., Bhandari, N., He, Q., Riley, R.T., Voss,
K.A.: Decreased fumonisin hepatotoxicity in mice
with a targeted deletion of tumor necrosis factor
receptor 1. Toxicology 159:69-79, 2001.
Sharma, R.P., Bhandari, N., Tsunoda, M., Riley, R.T.,
Voss, K.A.: Fumonisin hepatotoxicity is reduced in
mice carrying the human tumor necrosis factor alpha
transgene. Arch. Toxicol. 74(4-5):238-248, 2000.
Sharma, R.P., Bhandari, N., Tsunoda, M., Riley, R.T.,
Voss, K.A., Meredith, F.I.: Fumonisin toxicity
in a transgenic mouse model lacking the mdr1a/1b
P-glycoprotein genes. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
8(3):173-182, 2000.
Spalding, M.G., Frederick, P.C., McGill, H.C.,
Bouton, S.N., Richey, L.J., Schumacher, I.M.,
Blackmore, C.G.M., Harrison, J.: Histologic neurologic, and immunologic effects of methylmercury in
captive great egrets. J. Wildl. Dis. 36(3):423-435,
2000.
Stallknecht, D.E., Perzak, D.E., Bauer, L.D., Murphy,
M.D., Howerth, E.W.: Contact transmission of
vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey in pigs. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 62:516-520, 2001.
Stallknecht, D.E.: VSV-NJ on Ossabaw Island, Georgia:
The truth is out there. Proceedings of the Society of
Tropical Veterinary Medicine, New York Academy of
Sciences 916:431-436, 2000.
Stallknecht, D.E., Howerth, E.W.: Psuedorabies
(Aujeszky’s Disease). In: Infectious diseases of wild
mammals, Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, pp. 164-169,
2001.
Stevenson, G.W., Kiupel, M., Mittal, S.K., Choi, J.,
Latimer, K.S., Kanitz, C.L.: Tissue distribution and
genetic typing of porcine circoviruses in pigs with
naturally occurring congenital tremors. J. Vet. Diagn.
Invest. 13:57-62, 2001.
34
Tims, T., Briggs, D.J., Davis, R.D., Moore, S.M.,
Xiang, Z., Ertl, H.C.J., Fu, Z.F.: Adult
dogs receiving a rabies booster dose with a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein
develop high titers of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine
18:2804-2807, 2000.
Tkalcic, S., Brown, C.A., Harmon, B.G., Jain,
A.V., Mueller, P.O.E., Parks, A., Jacobsen, K.L.,
Martin, S.A., Zhao, T., Doyle, M.P.: Effects of
diet on rumen proliferation and fecal shedding of
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in calves. J. Food Protect.
63:1630-1636, 2000.
Travis, M.D., Lewis, S.J.: Apparent association of MK801-sensitive ion-channels with L-S-nitrosocysteine
recognition sites in the hindlimb vasculature of the
rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 407:309-312, 2000.
Travis, M.D., Hoque, A., Bates, J.N., Lewis, S.J.:
Blockade of voltage-sensitive Ca2+-channels markedly
diminishes nitric oxide- but not L-S-nitrosocysteineor endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vivo. Eur.
J. Pharmacol. 408:289-298, 2000.
Tsunoda, M., Johnson, V.J., Sharma, R.P.: Increase
in dopamine metabolites in murine striatum after
oral exposure to inorganic but not organic form of
selenium. Arch. Env. Contam. Toxicol. 39(1):32-37,
2000.
Valentino, L.W., St. Jean, G., Anderson, D.E.,
Desroches, A., Kersting, K., Lopez, M.J.,
Adams, S.B., Huhn, J., Mueller, P.O.E., Cohen,
N.D.: Osseus sequestration in cattle: 110 cases
(1987-1997). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. (3):376-383,
2000.
Weeks, J., Crowell-Davis, S.L., Caudal, A., Heusner,
G.: Aggression and social spacing in light horse
(Equus caballus) mares and foals. Appl. Anim. Behav.
Sci. 68: 319-337, 2000.
Whalen, E.J., Johnson, A.K., Lewis, S.J.: Adrenoceptor dysfunction after inhibition of NO synthesis.
Hypertension 36:376-382, 2000.
Whalen, E.J., Johnson, A.K., Lewis, S.J.: Functional
evidence for the rapid desensitization of 5-HT3
receptors on vagal afferents mediating Bezold-Jarisch
reflex. Brain Res. 873:302-305, 2000.
White, D.G., Hudson, C., Maurer, J.J., Zhao, S.,
Ayers, S., Lee, M.D., Bolton, L. Foley, T., Sherwood, J.: Characterization of chloramphenicol and
florfenicol resistance in Escherichia coli associated with
bovine diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4593-4598,
2000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
White, D.G., Piddock, L.J.V., Maurer, J.J., Zhao,
S., Ricci, V., Thayer, S.G.: Characterization of
fluoroquinolone resistance in veterinary isolates of
avian Escherichia coli and cross-resistance to human
fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
44:2897-2899, 2000.
Woods, L.W., Latimer, K.S.: Circovirus infections of
nonpsittacine birds. J. Avian Med. Surg. 14:154-163,
2000.
Wooley, R.E., Gibbs, P.S., Brown, T.B., Maurer, J.J.:
Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the
virulence of avian Escherichia coli isolates. Avian Dis.
44:318-324, 2000.
Wooley, R.E., Sander, J.E., Maurer, J.J., Gibbs, P.S.:
In vitro effect of thylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris
on the efficacy of hatchery disinfectants. Avian Dis.
44:963-967, 2000.
Wu, M., Okino, T., Nogle, L.M., Marquez, B.L.,
Williamson, R.T., Sitachitta, N., Berman, F.W.,
Murray, T.F., McGough, K., Jacobs, R., Colsen,
K., Asano, T., Yokokawa, F., Shioire, T., Gerwick,
W.H.: Structure, synthesis, and biological properties
of kalkitoxin, a novel neurotoxin from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
122:12041-12042, 2000.
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
35
Selected Publications*
Williams, C.K., Davidson, W.R., Lutz, R.S., Applegate, R.D.: Health status of northern bobwhite
quail (Colinus virginianus) in eastern Kansas. Avian
Dis. 44:953-956, 2000.
Wooley, R.E., Sander, J.E., Maurer, J.J., Gibbs, P.S.:
In vitro effect of EDTA-Tris on the efficacy of hatchery disinfectants. Avian Dis. 44:901-906, 2000.