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1977
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Section Management
Division Fish
Cummings Edwin T.
OREGON IN HATCHERIES SALMON PRIVATE
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CONTENTS
Page No.
Introduction
1
Private Salmon Hatchery Development
1
Status of Private Salmon Hatcheries
Discussion
4
9
Summary
10
Appendix
11
F I GU R ES
Figure
Page No.
1.
Location of Private Salmon Hatcheries in Oregon
3
2.
Streamside Incubators Used for Chum Salmon
5
3.
Oregon Aqua Foods Chinook and Coho Facility
6
ifi1w*
Table
Page No.
1.
Private Salmon Hatchery Permit Holders in Oregon
2
2.
Chum Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators and
Oregon State University
4
3.
Coho Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators
8
4.
Chinook Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators
8
(1)
site. release-recapture the to returning fish of sale from profit direct a make to
allowed not are operators hatchery salmon private Alaska, In Oregon. in salmon of rearing saltwater and
freshwater both for shore on built are facilities control pollution appropriate with ponds rearing Instead,
waters. public of ollution control to inadequate is technology present because estuaries small Oregon's
in allowed not is method culture pen Washington The Alaska. and Oregon in done be may as ocean the
into release their permit not does saltwaterbut in anchored pens in salmon of rearing allows Washington
of stite The time. this at advantage Oregon an mainly is facility recapture and release the to returning
adults of sale from profit and rearing ocean for salmon release to citizens private for privilege The
hatcheries. government from released those and salmon wild with common in fishermen sport
or commercial by caught be may and waters public in large at are they time the during property lic
pub- are facilities private from released Salmon facility. release-recapture authorized the to return they
when adults of recapture with rearing ocean for released be to salmon allow laws hatchery Private
personnel. or status company in
changes designated of case in ODFW of notification for provide and areas, certain in fish of stocks some
of use restrict located, be can hatcheries private where areas define further rules Administrative fish.
release or transport to permission written obtain operators (3) and operation, proposed the conduct to
applicant the of capability financial and technical the determine to reviewed be applications (2) ocean,
the near located be sites release-recapture hatchery salmon private (1) that requires law Oregon
matters. hatchery private in
guidance for Rules Administrative adopting in and statutes the clarifying in part active an taken has sion
Commis- Wildlife and Fish new The Oregon. in laws hatchery private the administering for sponsibility
re- the has now ODFW 1975. 1, July on Commission, single a under (ODFW), Wildlife and Fish of
Department Oregon the form to merged were (OWC) Commission Wildlife Oregon the and FCO
biennium. that during hatcheries chinook and coho two only allowed
which restriction a with but salmon chinook and coho include to request, citizen at again legislature,
1973 the by modified were statutes hatchery chum Private 508.700-508.745). (ORS laws the istering
admin- of responsibility given was (FCO) Oregon of Commission Fish The citizens. private several of
request the at legislature Oregon 1971 the by authorized were hatcheries salmon chum Private
DEVELOPMENT HATCHERY SALMON PRIVATE
appended. is Bay Netarts at facility
experimental University State Oregon the of history brief A Oregon. in operations hatchery salmon
private governing regulations current and holders, permit of progress development, experimental
on information includes industry salmon private Oregon's in developments recent of review This
citizens. private by propagation salmon allow to 1973 and
1971 in enacted were laws Oregon and interest, public increased incubators streamside inexpensive
using salmon chum hatching in (OSU) University State Oregon at Research salmon. propagating in
interested became again citizens private years, recent in improved techniques rearing and diets hatchery
As state. the in hatcheries salmon all of operation over taken had government the 1900 By River.
Clackamas the on Company Propagation Washington Oregon and River Rogue the on Hume D. R. by
operated hatcheries with 1870's the in built were Oregon in hatcheries salmon privute first The
INTRODUCTION
OREGON IN HATCHERIES SALMON PRIVATE
Twelve private hatchery sites have been authorized from the Columbia River Estuary to Coos Bay
(Figure 1 and Table 1) with others pending. Permits issued Include 10 for chum salmon, 3 chinook,
and 3 coho.
Table 1. Private Salmon Hatchery Permit Holders in Oregon.
Chum
Operator
Species 1/
Robert Stricklin
Arnold Manseth
Harris and Kelly
CS
N/A
CS
6
5
Keta
CS
CS
1
Alfred Hampson
Oregon Aqua Foods
CS
CS, CO, CH
3
8
Ceratodus Fisheries
Siuslaw Fisheries
CS
7
Anadromous, Inc.
Weyerhaeuser Company
Calvin Heckard
CS
3/
N/A
N/A
Skipanon R. (Columbia system)
Larson Cr (Tillamook Bay)
Dick Cr (Tillamook Bay)
Sand Cr (Sand Lake Estuary)
"
"
Yaquina Estuary & Wright Cr,
(Yaquina system)
Divide Cr (Siuslaw system)
Sweet Cr (Siuslaw system)
Coos Bay (man made trib)
2
CS
CO, CH
Cs, co, CH
Location
Priority21
3/
4N/A 3/
"
"
Catching Slough (Coos Bay)
1/ Chum = CS, Chinook = CH, Coho = Co.
2/
Priority for chum eggs from Whiskey Creek based on date application fl/ed prior to July 30, 1973, and by
permit issue date for those filing thereafter. App/ican t holding priority No. 4 has not been gran ted a
permit as of November 1976.
3/
Permits based on eggs from sources other than Whiskey Creek.
Development of private salmon hatcheries in Oregon has been limited by the availability of seed
stock. Coho and chinook eggs surplus to state hatchery needs and surplus chum eggs from OSU's
experimental facility on Whiskey Creek are sold by ODFW under terms of ORS 508.730 and a priority
system based on species and permit issue date. Eggs from the wild run of chum in Sand Creek were sold
to Keta Corporation, the first chum permit holder, from 1971-74 on thissame basis. In addition eggs
can be imported if they meet requirements for compatibility with native stocks and can be certified
disease free.
OSU placed lots of 10,000 chum eggs in each of several private hatcheries prior to 1975 to test
water supplies and hatching success rates. Afew adults of the 1972 brood returned to two facilities
on the midcoast in 1975.
FCO was able to import some chum eggs from Quilcene National Fish Hatchery in the state of
Washington in 1973 and 1974. These were placed in private facilities under agreements which provided that the private operators would pay delivery costs and a portion of the eggs from returning
adults would belong to the state. This afforded an opportunity for the state to look at success of
importing chum eggs from other areas to streams south of Cascade Head where such importation is
authorized. Experimentation is not complete as adults are not expected to return until 1976 and 1977.
Despite the egg supply problems facing the existing private salmon hatchery opeiators, there
continues to be a high public interest in acquiring permits for rearing all three species of salmon.
Inquiries have increased several times over the level of 1974 and applications are still being received.
Applications were on hand for 5 chum and 1 chinook salmon permits as of November 1, 1976. It
(2)
(3)
Oregon in Hatcheries Salmon Private of Location
1. Figure
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INC ANADROMOUS
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ESS005
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11015SF
may be several years before all existing chum salmon permit holders receive seed if they have to wait
for surplus Whiskey Creek eggs. This situation will be partially alleviated if returns from initial releases are successful enough to allow permit holders to sell eggs to other operators or if additional
sources are found from which eggs can be imported.
STATUS OF PRIVATE SALMON HATCHERIES
Facilities installed or proposed for most of the present chum hatchery sites are of the simple
streamside incubator design developed by OSU (Figure 2). A few include the extensive rearing
facilities necessary to produce coho and chinook salmon (Figure 3) which require longer rearing in
freshwater and inherently a greater investment in facilities, larger Water supplies, and more expertise
to operate.
Columbia River Estuary
Skipanon River: A chum permit was authorized for Robert Stricklin, November 25, 1975,
for a site on the outlet of Taylor Lake, Skipanon River, in Clatsop County. Mr. Stricklin proposed
to use chum eggs purchased from the Lumrni and Quinault Indians, in Washington State, to initiate
his operation. No eggs were available in 1975.
Tillamook Bay
Cecil Harris and David Kelly: Messrs. Harris and Kelly were issued a chum permit in September
1972 for a site on Dick Creek, tributary to the West side of Tillamook Bay, Tillamook County. The
water supply in Dick Creek did not appear to be good at the time of evaluation and a limit of 100,000
eggs was specified in the permit for the first 3 years of operation. No chum eggs have been available
for purchase, but OSU placed 10,000 eggs in the facility each year from 1972 through 1974 to test the
water supply. These eggs hatched comparatively well and a total of 26,600 chum fry wee released
over the 3-year test period (Table 2). Returns were expected in 1975 but none Were realized.
Table 2. Chum Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators and Oregon State University
Total
Brood
Year
Keta
Siuslaw
Fisheries
Harris
Alfred
Hampson & Kelly
Ceratodus
Fisheries
Oregon
Aqua Foods
Private
Releases
OSU
1969
225,000
1970
481,000
1971
51,150
1972
251,875
1973
311,300
1974
1975
Total
1,148,400
9,5001/'
800,000
--
1,762,725 1,030,500
276,375
570,000
575,082
761,000
9,0001/ 2,796,730
960,000
2,400
600,000
9,6001/
33,1822I'
332,930 2/
225,000
8,000
7,0001/'
221,0002/'
51,150
2/
500,000
6,400
2,400
375,512
1/
500,000
1/Eggs supplied by OSU (Whiskey Creek) for test of Water supplies.
2/ Quilcene Hatchery stock hatched for FCO per agreemen ts
(4)
6,400
26,600
3,701,737 3,812,000
'ii
Photo c
rc
S
-
Photo d
--S-
S-,S
Photo b
-r
Figure 2. Streamside Incubators Used for Chum Salmon: Exterior (a) Whiskey Creek, (b) Keta;
Interior (c) Whiskey Creek, (d) Keta.
V
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Photo a
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cr*
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ki
Photo c
Photo a
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(7)
policy. in change this with 4) and 3 (Tables increased have release for raised chinook and coho both of
numbers The stock. seed of source a as ranching ocean using than rather ranching ocean to shifting
program company's The 1975. in Foods Aqua Oregon purchased Company Weyerhaeuser
is
rearing. accelerated and tion
selec- genetic with experimenting also is company The processes. rearing the throughout diets special
of use in flexibility allows plant food own their of Operation Newport. at food fish manufactures
and market for prepared are fish yearling where plant processing a operates Foods Aqua Oregon
encouraging. were sites release saltwater
and fresh- the both to coho 2 age some of 1975 in Returns small. comparatively were 1972-74 in
chinook and 1973 in coho of Releases Sites. both from released are Smolts rearing. final for ponds
saltwater to transferred are fish the or Creek Wright at tanks freshwater in completed is size release
to Rearing Creek. Wright at freshwater in reared partially are fish the and hatched are Eggs
license. propagation the under trout for pond catchout
a operate also They fish. game processed as sale for trout and salmon rearing and release ocean for
salmon rearing of operation integrated an run has company the authorizations these Under sale. for
length in 15" under fish rearing allows which License Propagation Wildlife a obtained also company
The County. Lincoln Bay, Yaquina on facility saltwater a and Creek Wright on hatchery a operates
company 19j4The March in issued were release salmon chinook and coho for permits and 1972,
November lnc.Zon Foods, Aqua Oregon to issed was permit chum A Foods: Aqua Oren
1,
Bay Yaquina
date. to eggs chum any received
not has Hampson Mr. Keta. on imposed been had as restrictions identical (3) and Creek; Whiskey
at eggs allocated his of purchase separate (2) Creek; Sand on Keta with operation combined a (1)
authorized which permit chum a issued was Hampson Alfred 1973 October In
facility. Keta's in
incubated were eggs no and spawning, natural for upstream put were fish all small, was run chum the
1975 In 1974. through 1971 from released were chum 1,762,700 of total A releases. prior own their
from Keta to returns 1974 and Creek, Whiskey stock, wild from offspring included 2) (Table 1974
through 1971 from Keta by released fry chum of numbers The operated. were facilities these time the
during year each caught were chum than other fish Few years. succeeding in spawning natural for
racks the above released be should chum many how determining for basis a give and stream the into
runs natural of size the on information provide to etc., dates, rack, the above put were species other
and chum many how recorded personnel Keta Creek. Jewel in spawn to upstream adults of number
minimum a allowing after run chum wild the from stock seed obtain to authorized was Keta
Creek. Sand in Creek Jewel above one and Creek Jewel in one traps, and racks capture
adult two and ditch; discharge incubators; pond; settling/storage Creek; Jewel from diversion water a
includes It eggs. chum million 20 for incubators accommodate to designed is facility The legislation.
current under established operation chum private first the was This County. Tillamook in estuary
small a Lake, Sand of end north the at Creek, Jewel tributary, its and Creek Sand on located facility
for 1971 December in Corporation Keta to issued was permit chum A Corporation: Keta
a
Lake Sand
1975. in available were none
but Creek Whiskey from eggs using anticipated Manseth Mr. Bay. Tillamook Creek, Larson on site
a for 1975, 25, October on Manseth Arnold to issued was permit chum A Manseth: Arnold
Table 3. Coho Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators.
Brood
Year
1973
Q2n2
Freshwater
Anadromous, Inc.
St. Helens 1/
Coos Bay
Saltwater
Total
87,782
16,000
--
--
103,782
1974 2/
498,104
22,048
292,359
--
812,511
1975 2/
304,000
415,000
Total
1,300,000 3/
1,342,934
1,592,359
2,019,000
2,935,293
1/ Releases terminated with 1974 brood.
2/Includes fish on hand for feeding prior to re/ease.
3/On hand at other facilities for re/ease at Coos Bay.
Table 4. Chinook Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators.
Brood
Year
Saltwater
1972
/0,025
1973
27,000
13,000
1974
4,982
18,148
250,000
400,000
1975 2/
Total
roou
Oreqp Aqua Foods
Freshwater
St. Helens 1/
Inc
Coos Bay
Total
1,025
--
991,277
723,155
991,277
--
40,000
--
1,014,407
--
650,000
1,705,432
1/Releases terminated with 1974 brood.
2/Includes fish on hand for feeding prior to release.
Chum salmon eggs from Whiskey Creek have not been available to Oregon Aqua Foods. Some
chum have been released under OSU's test program and eggs were taken from three females of this
group when they returned as adults (1972 brood) in 1975. Oregon Aqua Foods has also released
Quilcene stock chum incubated under an agreement with the Fish Commission who imported the
eggs. The first returns of these fish are expected in 1976.
With completion of rearing for the 1975 brood fish Oregon Aqua Foods will have released
a total of 379,600 chum, 1,342,900 coho, and 723,000 chinook salmon.
Siuslaw River
Siuslaw River Fisheries: A chum permit was issued to Karl J. Manseth and Ronald F. Hichens
in April 1972, for a site located on Sweet Creek, Lane County. They tested the Water supply at
this facility with a small number of 1972 brood chum provided by OSU. Some 221,000 1973-brood
(8)
return. to yet have adults and years 3 last the in released been have these of Most salmon. 8,355,562
of total a for chinook 1,714,432 and coho, 2,935,293 chum, 3,705,837 be will releases lative
cumu- brood, 1975 the rearing of completion on and, brood 1971 the with began hatcheries salmon
private from Releases state. the of economies and techniques, management environment, rearing
the on impact real a make to first the be probably will they technology, modern of use through
but, Oregon in scene the on first the not are hatcheries private of group current The 1971. in ture
legisla- Oregon the by authorization since beginning slow a had have hatcheries salmon Private
DISCUSSION
1985. by salmon chum 20,375,000 and chinook, 9,400,000 coho, 11,250,000 reach to projected is tion
produc- company, the to according but, facilities these on begun not has Construction recapture. and
a
release, acclimation, for site coastal the to transferred then license, propagation wildlife of ments
require- with accordance in initially reared and hatched be would fish Here rearing. freshwater for plex
com- hatchery major a build could they where sites inland investigating now is company The Oregon.
County, Coos Bay, Coos of side west the on site a from salmon chum and chinook, coho, release to
Company Weyerhaeuser for 1976, 16, July on authorized were Permits Company: Weyerhaeuser
1973. since coho 1,592,000 and chinook 991,000 of total a released has or hand on has
Anadromous sites. Bay Coos and Helens St. the at systems water developing in arose problems when
state the by fish company's the of some rearing allow to 1976 in ODFW with agreement an ated
negoti- Anadromous site. release Bay Coos their to fish of transport or sale, rearing, custom allows
which License Propagation Wildlife a under operation in still is facility rearing and incubation Helens
St. The 1977. of spring the for planned are releases further and 1976 ri release for Bay Coos to
moved were brood) (1975 Fish releases. additional permit not does but previously released salmon
recapture to them allows which Helens St. at procedure termination" "orderly an following now
Anadromous Helens. St. for permits release the terminated but Bay Coos for permits authorized
Commission Wildlife and Fish The Helens. St. at facilities incubation expanded from operations
is
both support to planned company The Bay. Coos at species these of release for permits additional
requested company the 1975 In Helens. St. near River Columbia lower the on site a for 1974 in
Inc. Anadromous, to issued were salmon chinook and coho raise to Permits mc: Anadromous,
available. were eggs no however,
ODFW; for stock Quilcene from eggs some hatch to agreed and tribes Indian Washington the from
eggs
to planned Heckard Mr. County. Coos in Bay, Coos Slough, Catching of tributary a
chum
obtain
a for 1975, October in permit chum a issued was Heckard Mr. Heckard: Calvin
on located site
Bay Coos
1975. in available were
eggs No FCO. with agreement an under Fisheries Ceratodus at incubated were eggs chum Quilcene
1974-brood 500,000 Some County. Lane Creek, Divide on site a for 1973 December in Morello
Timothy and Nelson, Lester Marshall, John to issued was permit chum A Fisheries: çeratodus
fish. these from
collected not were eggs so installed been had facility trapping No fish. 1972-brood qf release small the
from 1975 of fall the in facility incubation the of outlet the at observed were chum adult Some
season. 1975 the through Creek Sweet into released were chum 1,030,500 of total A 1975. in
available were none but 1974, of fall the in eggs chum Creek Whiskey million 1 purchased Fisheries
River Siuslaw FCO. with agreement an under 1974 of spring the in released were chum Quilcene
All operators were set back in schedule in 1975 because eggs of all three salmon species were
in very short supply. Future expansion of the industry will depend more on the sale of eggs from
other private hatcheries than from state surpluses because of requirements for state eggs to support
ongoing government programs and expansion.
Development of hatcheries is progressing on all fronts but present knowledge on the rearing
capacity of the ocean is not readily available so little is generally known about the limits that should
be placed on releases of young salmon to the ocean by private or government hatcheries. This is a
complex problem involving several states and countries. Political negotiation will undoubtedly be
required to resolve problem areas as our knowledge base is increased. No one group, state, province,
or country is going to be the first to "sacrifice their rights" to use the ocean pasture. At present
the general view appears to be that the ocean can support more salmon.
While these problems are being resolved the private hatcheries can supply fish for the public
and their own profit. The combined efforts of private and government hatcheries will provide
more fish in public waters than could public supported hatcheries alone. Private operators in Oregon
purchase commercial licenses, pay poundage tax to the state on adults sold, and pay local taxes on
operating facilities. Experimentation with rearing methods, diet manipulation, release timing, etc.,
by private operators can supplement research activities conducted by government agencies.
Private industry will, no doubt, find it advantageous to develop rearing methods to get
returns of marketable salmon which have spent less than normal times atlarge. Larger numbers
of salmon available for a shorter period could still increase the harvest potential in the ocean.
SUMMARY
Private salmon hatcheries were authorized for chum in 1971 and for coho and chinook by the
1973 legislature. Interest in private salmon hatcheries has been high with 10 chum, 3 coho, and 3
chinook hatchery permits issued atl2 separate locations along the Oregon coast. Releases from private hatcheries through the 1975 brood total 3.7 million chum, 2.9 million coho, and 1.7 million
chinook. Poor egg supplies have slowed development of existing facilities and authorization of new
operations.
Limited knowledge of ocean carrying capacity has caused some concern about increased release rates from both government and private hatcheries. Much work remains to be done on this
matter. Resolution of harvest levels for salmon in the ocean is the subject of continuing international negotiation with adequate resolution yet to be reached. Stocking rates may be included in
these negotiations in the future.
There are many unknowns in what the specific impacts of private hatcheries may be. Growth
of government and private salmon production portends interesting problems for the future.
Certainly there will be adjustments in management techniques and philosophy as salmon production
is increased by both government and private hatcheries.
(10)
(11)
techniques.
and facilities of development with improved have rates return Comparative Creek. Whiskey at
experimentation of years 7 the during OSU by released been has chum 3,812,000 of total A
ago. years 20 some logging by affected adversely was which
stream the in spawning natural from expected be could than level higher a at run Creek Whiskey the
maintaining is and returns to contribution a making be to appears hatchery experimental The ators.
oper- private to sale for available were eggs chum no and needs their of 60% only realized OSU when
1975 in again low were Returns operators. private to eggs chum million 2 of sale allowed 1974 in
Creek Whiskey at surplus The Canada. in and states Coast Pacific all in biologists by noted was trend
upward This area. the in streams other to chum wild of returns did as improved, Creek Whiskey to
returns 1974 through 1972 From eggs. available of numbers low by hampered was experimentation
Early 2). (Table fry 950,000 to 225,000 from varied have 1969 since chum of Releases
Creek. Whiskey to native salmon
chum the only with continued was work so releases Creek Whiskey from returned salmon pink No
1970. through experiments for used were salmon pink imported and chum Both 1968. in built were
incubators prototype and 1967 in Creek Whiskey from salmon chum with work began OSU
ODFW. by sold are eggs Surplus use. experimental for eggs chum million 1
of harvest and chum) of pair 100 of (minimum run natural the of maintenance for provides which
ODFW with agreement an under operated is facility This Bay. Netarts Creek, Whiskey on University
State Oregon by developed that is Oregon in hatcheries chum private by used design basic The
Facility Experimental University State Oregon
APPENDIX