er
REPORT
of
HOP BREEDING PROJECT
January 1, 1932 to December 31, 1932
by
E. N. Bressman,
Agent,
Division of Drug
nd Related Plants
U.S.D.A.
-
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Our Most Promising Plant
Experimental Yard - 1932
IKTRODUCTXON
This second annual report on the hop breeding project is a
eompilation of experimental data, observations and related material
that is gotten together ehiefly for reference.
Last year's report
has been particularly valuable as a ready soups, of informatien
for
that year's work.
The report is divided into some twenty-five different topics
so that different phases of the work may be found mere quickly.
Most
of these topics bear directly an the problem at hand, the development
of a high quality, high yielding
mildew disease.
hop that
is resistant to the downy
Related material which has been gathered is of
particular value in answering the many inquiries on hops that have
come through both correspondence and personal sells.
These inquiries
undoubtedly are the result of the high prices which have reached as
much as 28 cents this fall.
Some twenty direct inquiries on planting
hops have come to the writer this fall.
Also, growers generally are
familiar with the work being done here on the downy mildew disease
and so they bring all types of questions and problems for solutions
Even though the actual work on the development of a mildew
resistant hap hasbeen going on but one and one-half years, considerable
progress has been made and at least one valuable new hop has been developed
and is being tnereased.
This undoubtedly shows the excellent possibilitie*
in this type of work and is an indieation
of
what clan be done in this
breeding program even though carried only as a one-half time project.
Even more 'rapid progress should be made as much valuable parental material
is on hand and such preliminary work is act of the way.
Two paper* in form for publication are included.
One was done
by O. P. Whitaker under the writer's direction and °over* an important
phase of the breeding work.
It is on chemical analyses of hops and
gets out of the way much of the preliminary work which will be quite
helpful when we need this information on new developments.
The other
paper is on the bothersome and economic question of *ex in the hop
plant.
There is much interest amongst growers am this problem and
there have been many inquiries about some of the psaul iar things that
are happening in the hop yard.
Office. laboratory, storage and filing space are inadequate
and unsuited for brooding work. All of this hop breeding work, as well
as the writer's other activities, le, carried on in a 10 a 10 space,
As the work progresses this situatLen will become 'mute and if the work
is not to be hampered, bettor facilities should be furnished.
Mg, No*
ULM DE CORVALLIS* MOO
1932
rirnisdn6
Wan Department* 0. 0* 0.
46.0
34.3
49.2
35.1
20
18
3.08
65.1
40.5
29
67
5.06
61.6
41,0
33
66.7
454,5
36
78
2,24
76*$
51.1
42
92
*24
16.5
51.1
42
90
*61
79*$
$52
4$
99
.63
795
46,6
40
$9
Trio*
67.5
46,2
35
90
'$99
NA
41.8
32
65
2.36
4029
MERU. OBSERVATIONS
la general this 1932 season was later than the season of
1931.
Very few growers were able to work in their yards this
work was
February because of cold, wet conditions, and spring
considerably later.
We had planned to attempt to put out some
seedlings in the greenhouse to the esperimental field as early as
February but were unable to put any out until the last of April,
which was
nearly three months later than our plans sailed for.
It
was fortunate, however, that we did not put out any earlier, for the
earlier plantings did not do as well fts those planted later.
true
It is
however, that the later plantings required a little more
watering, but they did give bettor growth.
The main observation in regard to growth of both seedlings and
plants of cuttings was that those planted in the first week of
Morelber in 1931 wade far better growth than anything planted in the
spring
of 1932.
In fact, both seedlings and cuttings planted in
November 1931 gave plants 'which produced a fair *rep of hopts in
1932.
The
variety trials
and the larger seedlings set out in the
spring of 1932 just produeed a few scattering hope and gave masher,
near the growth that was obtained in 1931
roots set out in that spring.
tram both
seedlings and
The results of this smirk were so
striking that they have been passed on to various growers and mentioned
at meetings.
Many growers hod observed the sane thing in other roars,
end so this recommendation is being followed out by many growers this
fall.
In other words, it is en observation which is being made use
of in a practiool way by gravers.
The months of Awful* and hoarsarY
required oonsiderable work in the greenhouse in the way of growing
and transplanting seedlings, putting up a mire trellis for
seedlings
these
training the hops, and recording the names of the growers
fields from whence the hops came.
In this way we were ready to
transplant the seedlings to the field with less confusion and more
accuracy.
The hop seedlings in the greenhouse required considerable
care from the standpoint of controlling insects.
Some damage was
obtained from slugs, which ate many of the small seedlings.
There
was considerable demage also from the white fly, which is so prevalent
in all greenhouses.
fumigation.
This fly was controlled somewhat by cyanide
The fumigation, however, was rather hard on the seedlings,
particularly if the beds were not allowed to dry thoroughly before
the opplioation.
Considerable doses of aphids occurred and these
were controlled by spraying with Black Leaf 40.
In all, however,
excellent growth was obtained and a large number of these seedlings
reached the height of 7 or 8 feet.
In the case of large seedlings,
these were out off just at the (mown when transplanted to the field.
Many of the taller seedlings were not out before transplanting,
During *arch and April this work continued and many new seedlings
were started in the place where old ones were dug and helled..in Est
a propagating bed.
In this way two crops of seedlings could be grown.
In all about 8,600 seedlings were transplanted from the greenhouse to
the field.
TWo seedlings were grown at a stake in the greenhouse bed
and these two were transplanted directly to one hill
in the
field.
Inasmuch as some seedlings died and some were very inferior, they were
taken out and the hilli planted a second tins.
plants were
In #11,11 1111 seeerdl
oitained'wers obtained at both hills, but in the fall it
_:
showed that thereiwas still room
for
about $00 seedlings.
3
Uri() s small trials incidental to the main observation were
carried on.
For example, seedlings and root cuttings were exposed
to the x-ray to observe the effects of the rays and also to pomibly
induce nutrition.
The **mallow Reaction, which is a test to determine
the sex Of a plant or animal, was conducted.
Of ten seedlings tested
there was a differential reaction of color, but as yet no information
has been obtained between the reaction and the sex of the plants.
A mosaic condition in some seedlings was transferred to other seedlings
by rubbing the infested loaves on the healthy seedlings.
It appears
that this particular condition is transferable by leaf mutilation.
These itfected plants, of course, are being carried to see if symptoms
remain the same.
Wrious mutations such as seedlings three cotyledons,
those with small leaves, and various abnormalities were noted.
One of
these mutation seedlings is shown in eomparison with a normal seedling
in an accompanying illustration.
The actual transfer of seedlings from greenhouse to field began
on April 29 and continued almost throughout the season.
Moisture
and temperature conditions, of course, varied greatly, and it appeared
to be best if the seedlings were allowed to remain in the greenhouse
untl they had reached a height of 3 or 4 feet and also wait until the
ground was warm and knod condition for growth had obtained.
In other
words, it is far better to leave the seedlings in the greenhouse until
late spring, rather than attempt to get them out early.
Ross Wood, a hop grower at Dayton, Oregon, requeited information
on a condition which was oecurring in nshis variety Ruggles.
This
condition appeared to be universal over his entire planting of several
acres of this variety and not on any other variety, and he also had
Late Clusters and Early Clusters.
The petals at a height of about four
r
k.
A General View of Experimental Yard
Corvallis, 1932,
turned to a rather beautiful golden yellow color.
Re was informed
that this more than likely mas due to the cold weather conditions
which we were passing through.
This proved to be the ease for as
*DOA as it warmed up these plants returned to their normal green
color.
However, actual experimental results obtained by the writer
in a cold room, showed that this condition could be produced artificially
by placing several plants in a cold room.
This trial $6 discussed
somewhat at length later.
A similar request from 4aelle M. Love, a hop growers at Forest
Grove, Oregon, was enswered.
old Late Clusters 1i
It was found that in his eight year
had somewhat a similar condition but that in
addition he had another trouble which he termed "blight."
It appeared
that he has some type of mosaic condition as well as the golden color
whieb was induced by the cold °audition.
Later he informed is that
these particular pleats produced very little
but in general he got
a better crop than other growers, chiefly because he was the first
to train his hops sometime in February and that he got healthy vines
on the string before mildew was prevalent.
Other yards in that
vicinity, one in particular known as the Willis yard, showed considerable
mildew.
The previous year they pleked only 4000 pounds of green hops
On 12 acres, which would be loss than 100 pounds of dry hops to the
acre.
This was also due to mildew.
Other yards in that vicinity were
very badly damaged both this year and last year with the mildew.
was particularly true of the Maxwell and LaFollst yard! .
This
It was stated
that this yard which oontained Early Clusters was hoed beak three times
and also sprayed to control thit dtseass.
Various y*rds 'ere visited in May and
um, and mildew was
prevalent in most of them.
For example, the Borst yard was spraying
for mildew on June 6, and on the same date the Morley yard was spraying
with bordeaux.
They were using 110 gallons to the acre and also were
putting in 8 emcee of Slack-Leaf-40 to 100 gallon* of water.
yard is in the Silverton district.
ThiS
Other yards in this district that
had lots of mildew were the Slkins yard, the Benson yard, the Naleery
yard, and theMeiss yard.
Maybe the yard sufferig;the greatest from mildew was the
larding yard near Independonce.
no mildew in 1931.
I was informed that this yard had
However, there way have been some mildew because
they did not recognise the disease this spring when it became prevalent
in their yard but had to have the situation diagnosed for them.
This
yard suffered practioally all year from mildew, particularly the parts
where they did little work on the disease, and the crop was nearly a
total loss.
It is surprising, however, that after the fall rains
started no mildew in the may of fresh cordite, was found.
Hop prices this year are of interest.
From picking time until
November 8, the market advanced a little from about 12 (tents up to 1a
cents en eleetion day,
After election price* went' up sharp y from 18
cents up to 25 cents on November 18. At that time there uvre'rumers
of additional increases and that maybe the market would reach 30 cents.
At the end of *lo year, however, the price at hops is zel.
Of course the increase in price has greatly stimulated the
interest in hops, and liter, formerly we received very few letters, we
now receive maw, asking various questions in regard to both the
advisability of planting hops, the control of mildew, and the methods
of planting hops, and particularly what varieties to grow.
Maybe the
most frequent questionsasked both in meetings and by letter, are in
regard to re
ilisers.
Naturally this is the ease Immense yards
already in production desire to increase their yields, and also
fertiliser salesmen find the hop growers rather receptive to their
"Tricas
materials. Without a doubt some good fertilisers on the various
soil types Should be eonducted with the hop crop.
In June and July considerable time was spent in the field
observing mildew and discussing the situation with growers. At
the same time ooneiderable time was spent in the yard hoeing,
fertilising, clipping, putting up additional wire, and stesdlisg
the posts.
During August practically all the mildew disappeared from 'the
field and during September and picking time it was praetically absent.
In addition to the usual operations in the hop yard
considerable time
was spent with hybridisation work and inoculation trials.
At the SONO
time trials were carried on in the basement of Agricultural Nell in a
room where tospereirares and humidity were maintained near the opposite
conditions for the disease.
Some of
After the hops were picked a cover crop was planted*
the slues were left to get some notes on cone infection*
The rest
of the vines 'sere out and burned in the old part of the yard where
they had made considerable growth.
The new seedlings were left
standing.
While the cleaning up of the yard was still going on, priparatione
were made for next year's crop.
Seedlings were planted in both the
greenhouse and in the propagating bed out ofdoers. Attempts wore made
to obtain fresh mildew for carrying through the winter months.
materials were put sway in storage for the rest of the year*
All
7
A brief summary of the progress mad* with new seedlings and
pleats is given herein.
in general there were approximately 1400
Fuggles seedlings, 1400 Late Musters seedlings, 1000 Early Clusters
seedlings, SOO Red line seedlings, 400 East Kent Golding seedlings,
5 U 45 seedlings, 900 California seedling*, 200 seedlings of unknown
parentage, 700 0.3.C. seedlings (these are from Seedlings produced
the previous year).
This makes a total of about 8,800 seedlings
transferred from the greenhouse to the field.
Of course several of
these have died end some have been replaced two or three times,
and so the total number of seedlings now in the field does not
equal this number.
In addition 128 root cuttings of ten different foreign varieties
were planted in the yard in the spring.
These are inaddition to the
1 45 variety and the East Kent Golding variety whioh were planted the
previous seaton.
Also, seedlings of various hybrids and linmluS
Japonieus and roots of both male and female Numulus Seo-mexieanus
were included in the trial..
In all the yerd includes 23 distinct varieties of hops in
addition to numerous hybrids and selections which differ somewhat-in
their-various oharacters,
In addition to the main problem, *doh is one of developing a
mildew resistant hop of the proper quality and yielding ability for
this section, twelve different problems were investigated and some
original work done on all of them,
this in addition to various routine
recording and report work, as well as attending growers' meetings,
giving radio talks, answering legs, reviewing literature, and making
contacts with hop breeders in various foreign oounttiso.
IRDIOSPTIULITY OP MP MIMES TO TER DOW ICELMOI
At the begianing or thieves* rtes had
only a :United know
ledge of the reeistanee and suseeptibility of various hop varieties
and of the three varieties that are groin here ehiefln the imam
Late nesters vas
classification its that ruggles its resistant,
noderatali
sox and the Mole Clusters extremely saseeptible*
classitieation of the
1$ lanes as
The
rather 1' ateterminate0 but
Also, the was a general feeling
considered rather resistant*
amongst grew* that the sole vines yore nor*
than
resistant
tho
female*
th Proressor 2 S* Salem of Sulam'
vie ewe :inter at the
Others's*,
nrtarty which he devoloped and salad I 41.
our infermatiea on the resistance and sueseptibilitY of
hop varieties was rather Unitsd.
The status or the various varieties
es changed somewhat* Ia
Te consider the Yugglee variety woqfbe the most resistant et
general,
actually testott
on this nrietyrias Observed
&AY that we hava
The greatest anovat of mildew
noted
in
Ir. "Ohs*
Orogen*
Tuggle*,
the Ices ileod "wit
rather an extensive pleating of very fine
as his erop has
been *Outvoted
takes special ear. of then
The field is
are absolutely no isintures at
'witty was rather
they sight
that
pars
very Via % and
he
there
Oa ohne 10 he **titled
A visit to his yard shooed
heaftly inteoted sad that the plants
vire typical et thi Foggia* variety*
tram those plants
for several
other varieties*
as of mildew in his planting or Yuggles*
that this
near Dayton,
are now in
be soffit ditt*rant
loot euttiags have been obtained
our eupertmental yards 'to see it
tree most
gaggles*
The pictures
A Fuggles "Spike" - Jane 1, 1932
Rose Wood Yard - Dayton, Oregon
Note Conidia on Stets
1
which follow show the large amount of mildew not only on the. seed
but also 021 the *toms of these. plants. There wore thrills or four
other roports just about this time of titian On the Fagg los variety
end so it appears that under certain conditions the Ptiggios 'variety
limy be suseoptibles but that in gonaral this variety eon still be
classed as rosistent.
Inoculation trials, particularly, are shown
one Of the
following piotraros proved to us that `cite I 4$ vari
was sasoepti'bio
to this disease, particularly in its early stages of
with*
la.
Walter filonite, Assistant' tut Pathologist in British,Oclumbia, write
as follows in regard to the II 45 ',artery;
may lb, interested to know that t e 1045 variety,
vditok ts at rroloiWboing ire at the Agaseis
ram,
With the
leaf intootioni'bejal spike and ovOn
spike 'infection in ...mut of the pleats« *ether this ',virility wilt prove
resistant in the cone stage romans to be so*. This *arty
infection is quit* characteristic of the Geldings variety
at Avowals and Sardis, but smasher or ether this Variety
seem.
assistant as thi plants get Older and the!. is
AO spraying being done on this vartoty, Although there-vie
appreciable infection in the yard; this year the growers kV*
been able to keep it under control by spraying, 1 ea a
l to afraid howwvor that Wootton in the burr stilts will
reduce the yields considerably.°
The last text Golding ',artery particularly as grown by Jr.
EurBurt of British' Columbia has been classified Ott resi st tt. We have
just one or two plants growl from root cuttings of this nrietys but
have mumerous Seedlings, and so havo.little information on it. W.
Jones again writes as in regard to the I. 45 end the Golding variety.
What ho writes is as feller";
*I was over in the hop yards lost Took ineedning
the sows of the M. 45. ''There was snght titeittio* or
Sash ar the cones end I was Merin whethor you had a
similar leitmotivs* =War Orogen oesiditiesses Unfortunately
L0
X vas n .ittle late in going °Teri, as the cones bad
browsed oensidertblyo due to natural waturing. The
hop crop this year was less that usual, owing to the
wet weatbui. The acmes apparently did not weigh up as
the growers had expected. The viorst intention its en
the Early Clusters. BeaMO of the growers lest heavily
on these* due to the *mildew.
The Golding* were eos ..
paratively free although sone Wootton of the East
tent Goldin* its found in the sone stage in AMIsdillos
Observations in the field show that without a doubt males are
just as inisoeptible it not were so than resale plants. Al**, that the
Early Cluster variety is tar more susewptible than the Late Cluster
variety. although the latter oast be infected a hundred per sent and
sem heavy leases him been obtained from the latter veriety.
1No
have obtained Tarim* varieti00. irapposeilly resistant, tren Oirwany.
Our inoculation trials have been limited. particularly on secouat of
weather oestitionso but as yet nonor of then have show infeetion.
Professor Sanest lists the following as resistant varieties*
Vinyl:nuts. 1,reacie de Pe Perin:key gem SPlat
measeho SOMILt** Choushopfesti Aussehas dehietsinger.
Alsace* the English 0o lding of ilid4barope.
4,4
ruggleo Loaded with Mildew
June 1a 191M,
Roos Wood Yard.
INOCPLATIOli
This trial was undertaken to see if infection could be obtained
in the field by artificial inoculation.
As it was thought that in
fection 'amid be more likely to result if the ineoulue contained live
zoospores* some material was put in distilled water at 4 o'clock in the
*Sten:tom of August 10 with the expectation that the conidia would
germinate *bout 7 o'clock.
Other of the same material had germinated
after 'about 3 hours soaking earlier in the day.
Rummer, there was as
yet no germination at 8 o'clock, so imacmlaticalinm made anyway at
that tine.
The inocuium was obtained by scraping from the under side of
infected leaves the black material 'Moll is made up.mostly of conidia
and coaidiophoros.
This, along with the leaves from which it had been
removed, was gated in a small bottle of cold, distilled, water and
Shaken thoroughly
with conidia.
Enough leaves were used that th4 water was filled
The material was then set aside at room temperature
until time for it to be used in making the inoculations+,
In inoculating, a leaf or short arm was stuck in the mouth of
the bottle of inecultsa, the bottle's mouth covered with the hand, and
the whole shaken vigorously so that some of the sporeimoontaining voter
was sure to come in contact with the under side of the leaf or leave*.
The inoculated leaf or shoot was then carefully removed from the bottle,
so as to leave voter /slinging to the under side of each Zest.
Observa-
tion the next morning revealed that this moisture was still present on
some picots,
On August 17, just a week later, infection could be observed
OD SO of the 32 PO** inoculated,
Of the plente shoving the disease,
nine wore classified as showing heavy illf.tetiOni eight fairs and
three a tree.« *early all the infection Waimea" was leaf infeationi
but two plants showed spikes« The other twelve plants developed no
infection« Whether this was due to resister*, or to insufficient
we.terial oinking in contact with the leaves or to too rapid drying off
has not boon ascertained«
Table
'o.II
itsst WI.** .4**,1,04 ,U
Ispit punts ja mad X«
Corvallis - 3.932«
ViscA
At in
s
Isitostioa
ikslot
tramp cituitto toss )
44
Sk
IA
TA
IA
9A
Rid Vine
10A
11A
0. S. C.
13
niggles
II
Ottitonsis
14
late Cluster
It
15
16
17
*
*
It
18
19
20
21
22
O
It
It
It
$
I
I
23
I
It
114
It
U
I
16
SI
IS
It
It
It
II
0
4
It
SO
SO
11.
SI
Os S. C.
U
U
0
It
Os Maio
111 mostilage
Trilk
NA an
None
Trees
Pair
a
II
Heavy
Pair
It
riessay
Pair
Ione
0
t plants No«
and
to Os
afr 4
"Spike" on Early Cluster, Variety Trials, Spring, 1932
Os:August 22 weather conditions mere again Plowable and se
additional inoculation trials were made.
These imeentations included
The procedure us the sane as in the inoculation trials
108 plants,
The inoculations wore made at it 30 noon, 11,00
just described.
And 9:00 pal.
In both of the first two oases the um:pores yore
germinating and in the trials oonducted at 900 p.m* in the evening,
the zoospores had not been developed.
After the inoculations /sere made
the weather oonditione were not so favorable and only eight plants vire
infected,
A11 of these eight were seedlings and of the FUggles type,
that is, these seedlings very developed frost seeds eelletted sathe
variety Fuggies.
The tenoning tables give the plants inoculated, the
time, at the inoculations* and whether or not the conidia were go nit.
lug zoospores, and also which plants were infected.
Table Jo.
lad" W.!. lad&
Pleats
taw*,
IX
U
a isle Es
12190 p.a.
134t# s.*,
1100 pot.
4110 p.m.'
11100 pox,
Uie
Tot
$ pleats
Sons
Jo
1$
10 .0 2
Germans
92 - a
91
4,
94
3,4
95
4
4
Oa August 210, odattioaal inoculations
use mad*
and all of the
Laecaltaa was pieced an in the evening in owe wimp of trials and in
the ether series of trials the lulu Wit planed on in the wrath&
In the evening inCeulations it was difficult to determine 'bother the
eenidia mere germinating or not.
These trials inoluded the applieetios
of the inoculna in various 'vs and also the inoculation of °ones.
Intuition vas obtained on omly four plants in row 111.
plants included three seedlings and one
type
grown blot ?toots*
male
The infested
plant at the Late Cluster
The following table gives the information an the
inoculations made on August 25.
?able 11°,17
tics: of
Inozulating
Mild,' Obtained 111,
Plants
Corvallis
15
4 - 7
16
5
5
9*
86
16
Ts45 an
40 5
59
5,7
18 * 4,5
57 - 544,6,7
$6
5,5,7,8,9
$$
4,5.44545
54
54'
St
410,15
$1 4* MAAS
30 - 5,12
29 - 5,7
$6
36
2.,.?
16*
5
1 - 14)
4 - 14 cones
7.14
* inset:dun
pas.
Avist $.
1952
6 t 8a» 1040
s
SS and SI
in Rem 15,
Cm, Augubtf 27, the outstanding seedling bo. 5012 was inoculated
at MO pon.
with germinating conidia.
inoculation sad no Wootton
could
There *ere
no
results from this
be observed*
On August 29, sere lama= was put to soak and Vitriettil plants
were inoculated at 4t00
plant 2
i n o c u l u n.
.mrith germinating *midis* The eulats on
14, 8 - 14, sad 9
15 were thoroughly drenches with this
18, end 4 - 35 two rather outstanding seer elsosa &plumose hop 19 1, was thoroughly maculated
in the ems manner. After this date the weather bees*. rather dry and
S e s c r o t t s l e a v e s o n plants 4
no result* were obtaied* Mary plants were left to observe possible
Potion later on, but the dry weather lasted all through aeptember and
part of °ember and so no information was obtained. Xn fact, all of the
coves tnreuibremniatural l
and intorastien on sons
blreetion MI
net
ebtained
Atimowte
Obtain infeetion by-artificial inoculation indoor*
were not se suseesaful
In
the basement
ef Agricultural Ball a roan
about 10
10 swore is made entirely of cement. This roes is not in
use and inasmuch as both lights and water were available attempts were
wad* to get favorable teaporiktures
and
husidit for bletaillaing seedlings
under control.
one of the attempts were iniceeestal1 liewever, and after
trying to obtain infection over a two menthe period the project was
abandoned.
The first work was attempted on June 27 *ten ten pots of **oiling*
were placed in this root* The temperature was about de degrees TO and
the relative busitity nearly 100
per east.
These plants were
inoculated
with fresh eonidia. Inasswoh as there was a window in the roost no lights
were used in these first trials* but later on lights were used because
the failure to get infeetion us attributed to the possible
Usk if liOmt*
The roan was kept moist by repeated sprinklings and having about
eiz
inches of water on the cement floor at all times*
On June 29 thirteen pots of seedlings
in this cool roam*
were
added to these already
On this same date three seedlings in different plots
were put in the cool room after they had been sUbjeeted in carious ways
to low temperatures* One was
finally reached 30 degrees*
hardened -off by ley temperatures which
One was placed in a 30
cold roes
Ail
without say hardening off, and one was a check from the greenhouse*
of these were inooulated and
the placed
in the *eel roma.
On July 1
28 pots of seedlings were placed in this cool rom and inoc4eted* To
be sure
of incoulatioa they were inoculated again on July 2 as pleat,
of spore material was present.
About this time we 'ere of the opinion that the tap water vas
UsPD
affecting the soospores and so distilled yaw* was" anA everything was
inoculated on July 5*
AS the weather got warmer there was a little more diffieulty
to keep dm toaperatures and keep up humidity end so a fan vas Onset
In the room* Th:s electric fan was kept running at ell times* The work
was continued on until iteptei*er 5 and at so time was any Wootton o'b-.
tated*
Theorett *a3.lyi all conditions for good gemination and infection
of downy mildew 'we Beillt141/04 in
noticed,
cool room. 'but no infection was
explain this
At this time it is rather diffieult te
as ecnoiderable work was
have
this
done on this pro400*
Apparently, there must
bomn Oisw, one factor looking for conditions appeared to
A. hygro.thermegraph was
tho temperatures were
kept
failure,
be Had
in the roes and litter the reams*
ins'
promptly' kept at around 18 to TO degrees n mati
practically slimy* ohm 90 per seat rest tvo homidity.
r
61101101i11111litillilirl
tt
k.;
A
"--
-
.
St
N.:
A general view of seedlings transferred from greenhouse to field in the
sprinT of 1932.
MUM min OF NOP V.ealla
SOW varieties of hops are much more r detest to the disease
than ethers, and it was thought possible that this resistance
might
be due io stoma:el di fferenoes which would prevent the entry of the
soospores.
reported VW underteken ter
Ths study herein
the purpose
of determining if disease resistance in hops depends upon stomata
struoture or behaviors
The value of such a discovery
would be,
of
source, to provide definite, easily.observed character to breed for
in the attempt to *roes one of the low*yielding, resistant varieties
with
highwlielding susceptible 000, and get 4 tionbinctien in en'
plant of high yield and resists
e.
elute sere
Three lines of
followed* *Umber of stomata, size et stomata, and time of PPeAtng
and closings
Tine of opening and closing might be
a tea
ta
determining resistance, it was thought, because a variety use
stomata *lose*
early
and *petted
late would
escape infection
by
affording the soospores no AMMO of entry during tho period when dew
is on the leaves and enough moisture is present to **use the conidie
to germinates
lumber of Stem4t4
Counts
of
stcnrata were
made on leaves of various sises of Late
Clusters end Xarly Clusters, both susceptible varieties, andlougglest
M*40,
all
Canadian Red Vine,
of which
East Kea Gelding, end some Gorman 'quietist,
are considered resistants
Clusters sere also counted.
the following table,
Leave* of same bastard Late
Results of this study are Oontained in
Table No.327
Stomata inaUt Power
15
22
14
15
25
17
22
26
21
2$
15
26
la
27
25
23
26
28
21
25
30
29
240
23
Ave sa
5
18
21
18
20
26
24
23
2:
24
Is
22
22
26
21
50
23
riela
15
22
26
10
27
19
17
21
22
24
2$
20
25
21
ix
19
18
Rua.. Ate
wiL
eik
These results can hardly be considered sufficient explanations
for the sueefotibility
of the. Cluster- wictios
It will be obiery
that the tatelausters have fewer stomata than the resistant German,
s and East Iont geldings, while Early Clusters have the same as
the Germans and practically the same as Canadian B04, Vines.
Also,
any average differences are well within the rang, of experimental
error, and differences between different leaves of the same varietro.0
eveu between different sections of the same leaf --are greater than
differences between varieties,
In older loaves the stomata were
farther apart, as 'mould naturally be expested,
Size of Stomata
No striking differences in size of stomata were apparent, very
little varietal variation being observed.
with the degree of accuracy necessary to
Sixe could not be determizmi
state with
absolute
certainty
that 'varieties do not differ, because the under epidermis of hop looms
0 El
l dash, side to break any cleanly, some chlorophyll
cells usuall being left to Obstruct
variation
within
ontaining
Too, there was much
the sone variety and the AMMO leaf.
On the larger
leaves, where stoma* were farther apart as a rule, stcaatal openings
wore larger*
What few measurements were taken, however, indicate that there
is not suffleient difference between varieties to secoant for soma
being resistant and others susceptible.
Careful eicrossopie comparisons
of eeetions of similar leaves of different varieties toiled to ehowwW
difference in appearance of the stomata*
The following table shows
not only the estimated °separative else of several stomata opening s
but alio the nuMber of stomata in the field of the mioroseope at high
power.
Table pc. S/I
*6
.8
XS
.8
as
to
.
.6
1/1
19
*8
26
18
80
27
.7
.6
.7
.6
.8
20
.8
.T
.7
19
27
19
17
of stela and 9,0sing
19
21
25
*6
.6
.6
117
.6
.6
AA
AS
A8
50
.7
*6
*7
.6
*7
$4
111;
$0
25
118
of Stomata
Hour y observations of different varieties, Isom* resistant, some
susceptible,
wire nada
on different days to detersine the approximate
ties at which the stomata opened and olosod #
On 4017 8
1912, stomata
of Early Clssters., Late Clusters and Fuggier; were all found to be
opt a 900 A.M. and still open at 4100 P.N. Oa July V these three
varieties were all open at 7130 A,11.
at 400 A.
On July 8, ell ewee were open
Oa July El, all were *lased at 8000 M. OA :July 24
an oceasional stoma of Early Cluster was found to bis open at WO A.M.
No open ones were observed on other varieties at that hour. At 5280
A.L. Early Clustere Isere nearly all
and.14.6 Clusters were beginning
to open. At WO A.M. neither Early nor Late Cluster* yet hid all their
stomata open, and Tuggle. and M-45 were beginning to open
There appears to be some possibility that time of opening of
stomata Amy be a teeter at least partially responsible for resistance
to downy mildew at hops. In early morning is an ideal time for
feetion beeause soespores of the fungue are were astive in the low
temperature* *MO prevail at that time, and because there is then
eonsiderable moisture on the leaves in the form of dew. However,
stomata of ell varieties are opens. While it is still cool and while
there is plenty of moisture on the leaves to permit the eonidia to
germinate. Toe, the results reported above can hardly be regarded
as conclusive, since mot enough observation* were made. Further
work would be necessary to establish a definite correlation between
resistance and time at opening of stomata.
Leaves are *Ise tested with Arlol and ethyl alcohol, two of a
series of liquids which are sometimes u#
to measure 040 of stomata,
Xylol will penetrate a very small opening, while alcohol raquirds
Urger openings. With hops, xylol was found to enter the leaves even
when the stomata were, as rut as could be determined by the mieroseope,
closed. Alcohol did not penetrate until sonata were wide open, and
then but poorly. So these two liquids were found to be not satisfastory
for use in detersdning the tiaa
orals&
of stomata.
deteridsod by
The actual sites and number of stomata were
otiibrating the mitroseep.
It was found that mash *Pace on this
microstrope as used, has a value or SA6 microns.
The average
sites
of the stemata lore obtained frem the preceding tables and aultkplied
by this hooter 3,es. For example, in the table vthish follewst the
Late Clusters as determined in the preceding table, have an average
size of stemata of .1. The six* of the Late Cluster stomata, therefore,
is i« ICS microns» The valuartor the ether variirkies are given in
the table following* This table shows that the
Rid.
The variety
has the largest sized stomata and the Early Clusters the smallest,
also Fusee* has saw= stomata. There appears, therefore, to be no
difference in the si**,Ot 144010140k,
resistance is
mars 2.100144a to mildew
ecnserned.
The nom' of stomata per
square milli moter
and per square
ms round on
eentimeter did not *try grottly.- itte greatest
the bastard plants in the Leto) Cluster variety. The maallest wore
found on the Red Tine variety and this in turn vas followed by
Fuggles.
It is very doubtful, however, t the umber of stomata
has anything to do with *Mew resistanse.
The tables giving actual smuts of the stomata and sites of
than are given as follows.
etcrs&
tirm4-1,
911111
P
D2olt
114101041
Stet
01
litM
A*441 tr
Dux* sr
U$t
1141011!
eat
201
tat
to:
26t
eht
'17""1104
NAMING 11OP MIES IN INN FALL
tett= i
of mildew
one of the reeemendatioas in revard to contra
This inelwies not only removing all hop vino, surromeding
a field ash as escape in tenoeroso but also the removal of the vines
in the ha 11141 soon as feasible. lihea these resommondations are made
powers usually state that the hop vines ca of be removed fres the
field until tete frosts have occurred and that all dame . of the
blooding of tho vines is over.
in the f
` 1911 sone week was done
on the err varieties,
Late Mister, Ter ly Cluster and Fugaes. to determine what effect the
various methods of hantaing would have en the following year's crop,
and so the three varieties each wore handled in tato fallowing wn71
4) lett on wire, (I) out at vire, and (1) out at ground.
The yields wore obtained in the fall of IOW Absolutely
differences could be observed at any time throat the growing season
and the results in the ten showed that there elks a slight advantage
for the plots that were out at the Vie, but there ems no difference
between those left on the wire and the cut at the ground. The result.
are given in the following table.
For both Late Olustets end Par/ r
a slight ad"
ters
witit the plots cut at the wire,
them%) us an advantage for those
results showed
with lugger
left on theme. Tor an average of
all varieties healed in the Wee methods thee* eat at the vire shooed
a slight advantage, with an average yield of US pomade
Next was those
left on the wires with an average yield of 194 peumds end last, we*
those out at the greuad with 791 pounds. However, these di fferenees
are all within the experimental error and tho general conelusieu.'
dream Imo that under the eonditions of this partiouler test, that there
WU no haze
insetting the hop vines right after picking and romeving
thou tree the field
Zn disoussing the results of this
erimont maw growers still
felt that in certain years there nay be sone hero, but several growers
followed this practice this fall, and these fields will be observed in
the following year*
lee trellised
yards
One objeetion was voiced hyagrower who had a
Xe stated that results gush as
we obt*ined**re
all right for high trellised yards such as we had but there appears to
Of ocarso this may be a feasible
be more damage in low trellised yards.
objection to the prastio44
It as found that it the vine*
Iwo out both
at the
wire
and at
the ground right after picking and then raked eft of the field and
burned tossediatilist there *Dad be
but
if the
vine* were out
very
little Chattering et leaves,
**d Wowed to lie on the ground for severe
days, mot of the leaves would shatter on and the purr** of the opera.
tion would be lost,
rote
lusters
C
\c0c$
/00
0
2,0
300
3G7
36/
4-oe,
5-oo
816
800
887
oo
g
loon
1100
12.00
q,40,,,d
at
at
Wire,
ati
t
WO
1400
Lep
Wore,
Cut
Cud
I
1300
Corvaliis
Ccirripctrotiv6.
ed
AcireJ
Nandper
YieJci5
Voriousli
Aftex
0105
wtqlsit
lairaa Po =IT
.21.01
71*-474-01A
'M` 14-Viii
lEti
*It - Oft
Mt Int Mt Oat
eat flu
94
Oft
19L
Irttn
£05
9
I
Tao prominent gravers and buyers admiring our host promising plant.
Experimental :iard, 1932.
1111.D$ or =SLIM PLAITS
The first definite results of what all of this work on hop breed
is will lead to, are given in the table which follows,
The yields
reported in this table are all from seedling plants, and these seventeen
seedling pleat* represent what appears to be the best plants in the
experimental yard this year
All of these seedlings were grain in the
greenhouse and all exnept the last four were set out in the experimental
field in Movedber 10S1,
of 1932.
The last four were set out early in the spring
Of course, other seedlings produced hops in 1032 but there
were so few hops er the plant was so inferior in other respects that
they were not pioked.
It is rather diffieult
to
give the complete information on
parentage of all of these seedlings,
the
In the oases where the one parent
is left blank, we have no information on the male parent, but the ow*,
ling was a result of a seed picked from
the first one.
a
plant which is recorded an
In other words, the female plant is named first in the
estop and the male plant is given where we had's, very good idea of what-
the male plant was,
Per emseple plant 14 1
$0 vas the result mr,
A
seed obtained from& Late Clusters plant and the sale parent *es unknown,
The next eleven plants in the table imore the result* Of seeds obtained
from a field or Fuggles where the male parent ins thought to be Late
Cluster,
Of °ours*, the male parent in each case may not hum been
Late Clusters, but Use segregation
strongly this ores.*
of
these seedlings
suggests
On the other hand, plant Ic. ZS «» 8 is a known
cross between the tnglish variety X 46 and Late Clusters, as
rade under controlled conditions
in the
it was
experimental Yard in 19$1
The outstanding seedling is 16. 4 .... 3$*
It is a wetting ,hioh
is illustrated in a picture which follows.
leaf and leaf type and
mildew
This plant shows both the
resistanos of the !Niggles variety.
On
the other hand, it shows the =se; and oluster oharsoteristio of the
Late Cluster variety. Of sours** this is emootly the combination 'whisk
we have been looking for, and so it is a plant vthioh we are extrome17
interested in.
This plant has
been Lliasi
several different tines,
both in the field and in the greenhouse with spores of the dainty ailden
organism and as yet we hove found no trams of the disease. Of cours*
subsequent trials may show that this pleat is eueseptible the
MAW that
trials have shoes that Puggles under eitortain conditions* is susceptible.
At least, this plant will be an exeellent parent for future hybridisation
work.
Its value tumid not be determined until after the 4c4= were well
foraed and so no controlled hybridisation was earried on with this plant
last year* but next year considerable work will be done. Every seed
grew on this pleat* however* has been saved and they will be green
for additional testing. Also, this plant has been propagated by rooting
above.ground totems in water. These rooted sboveolground cuttings are
Ong rapidly in the greenhouse and we should have maybe six plants
of this variety next year. There were no underground *tens en this plant
this year. In 193$ we "vest to pick several hundred or maybe a theusend
of these seedlings Oasts *kith were established in the yard in 1932 and
should rodeos sentient crop next year for testing.
Typical Cones of Hybrid No. 3012 (Center),
a nsw Seedlinz; Cones of Late Clusters (top)I
and Cones of FuTzles (bottom)* The seedling
has Characteristics of both the Latter Varieties.
Table No ,X
,individuiti SeedtinA Pleats
Itxperintentail Tara.
Corvallis
x
30
1932
3.2
0.8
- 83
7. X L.C.
1.2
0.3
31
F. x L C.
1.8
0.4
4 » 33
F. x L.C.
5.1
0.8
- 52
F. x L.C.
2.8
0.7
9- - 83
x L C.
2.8
0.7
4
10
52
P. x L.C.
3.0
0.71
14
32
F. x
2.4
0.6
14.36
F. x Lot*
1.0
0,2!
16
52
F. x L.C.
0.4
0.1
17
33
T. x
0.64
048
P. X L.C.
1.6
0.4
0.8.C. z
1.0
0.22
x46 xLC.
0.12
0003
$2.40
Col.
0.2
0.05
28 - 4
B.C. x
0.4
0.1
36
Mamma
0.44
0.11
1.9
33
28
6
TIRLDS OP INDIVIDUAL PLANTS
114rreral entstonting individual plants went- picked in 1931 and
Ottawa
Most Qt these "ergo selections or individuals which
were noted in various yards. in the fell of 1.30. They wore trise of
wildest and
vigorous growing, and so root cuttings were Obtainod fru*
these big plants, Tiaide *or* obtainad in 1931 and also rosin valuos
Tore .fletorstismd.
Van in 1932 thee, salmi plant* wens pieked and mitt
values in
of *on are Wing dote rained in Washington.
sevoral
On stii 1932 show
The oowparison of yields of thee* plants
that in 04 UAW' year the yield* on an ammo are higher but not
**any so ;such 'higher than is ordinarily observed and: expeotod This
without a doubt indiliatos a great Otforoteo
optima* growth at thee* pro
yt.
and
th0
MOa vas very
*A *AY of the plants ta MS and none. in 1931.
some or
in
conditions for
little
nildownOtot
Artirieial inoeulation0
*elate Olustors, however, sh ewed theat.t4 'be suse sptibl
bi the snly luau. of thitose.hops are-as parent* in hrbri
The largest yield was Otained frost one or the Late Clustor 'pleats
which gave 174 poust:tr irson 400 and 4.3 plaids-4 drt hays* Thls
means an average or a ton .and a half of dry hops which is about threw. tisk,*
the general averago of this iNtri
The yield is not out of. the my
be oauso this smut moot has ben reported by one poser of the Reny
Cluster variety on geed river. bottom soil* The niXt individual plant
is known as. a Bovario which yield 16 perms of green hops -sad :4 ponids
of dry hops. Th. dry weight this year ists deters
in some eales by
actual differen000 atd it other cases it was estimated on. the basis of
whet other individtal plants OW down*
On the basis
twice a
few of
of yield over two years and resin values oonsidered
the outstanding individual
pleat* will be
thoroughly tested for mildew resistanee, and
somewhat different tree the varieties
plated in varietal trial.
increased and
if they still appeor
from which
they owns,
In general, however, a
greet
to be
they will
be
deal is not esp.
rooted treat these plant* outside of totting some excellent information
on resin values of the varieties which
they
represent.
Hop seedlings ir greerhollsc beat, Spring, 1932.
IOU 14)*21
Weifitt, tit Individual Plants 1111A141 in
kt.:1111.
--"Ift Mans, Or egtestkr
t
I
93
verso
1
tIlin firri--WW;rt
Moat t
rawIfir V
lb
lbs.
Dry
i
We
6
3
I. C.
6,9
1.6
7.2
1.8
1.7
6
4
L.C.
50
1.5
9,0
2.2
1,7
6
8
t.. G.
4.8
1.2
6.0
1.5
1.3
6
9
1..C.
4.5
1.0
17.2
4.5
2.6
7
V
I. C.
6,2
1.3
12.6
3.1
2.2
8
11
1.,C,
CO
.9
11.6
2,0
1.9.
8
4
L.X.
3*7
.9
7.3
1.8
1,3
6
9
LC,
105
.4
9.0
2,2
1.3
8
10
LC.
3.8
8.4
2.1
1.5.
8
32
LC.
1.1
.25
10.0
2.5
1.35
U
3
F.
.5
.00
2.1
.5
.2?
11
5
P.
.2
.05
3.6
.9
047
11
8
P.
.6
.1
4,8
1.2
.6
12
2
r
.5
.1
3,5
.9
.5
12
4
P.
.3
.05
3.2
.8.
*42
14
4
R.Y.
5.4
.8
7.2
1.8
1.5
14
6
R.T.
.9
as
8.0
2.0
1012
16
5
R.Y.
.8
.2
4.6
1.15
.58
16
6
LIT*
*9
*5
6.2
2,0
16
7
LY,
.9
.2
4.2
1#0
16
2
fir.
1.4
.6
6,2
1,5
15
5
Bay.
3.6
.9
14.0
3.5
17
7
B*v.
5.3
1.3
9.0
2.25
17
3
raw.
3.2
1.2
12 6
5.3
rr
9
v.
6
*I
104
4.0
1.2
Taxan TRIALS yam En
The varietal trial on hops which began with three
1951 law eontinued this year, The method of planting end handling vas
deseribed in the 1951 report* in general three varieties*
to Clusters*
Early Clusters and toggles were planted in duplicate threei.row plots
Wok row had 15 hillst making a plot of 45 hills*
lash row of *soh of the plots sow picked asparetely and the Yield
eaeh. raw in dry bops per *ore is given in the table which follows,
end also the 411.04# yield
1931 and the average yield in 19$2* As
s grand *verso. the 71444. for the two year; Iwo givem in the final
oelemn of the table.
The yields ef the two highest yielding varieti
ens reirersid*
Last rser, s the Early Cluster variety out gilded the Late Cluster avAi
the Engles variety
last. This year the Late Clusters variety was
sully the leeding one as it eutytelded the L rl. r Clusters practically
firt4f Per Sent. The IN1551*** Mid** was very low in yielding
yielding only about one.third of the Late Clusters or leading variety*
As a two year average* the yields are as follows* Late Clusters*
In pounds per *ores lowly Clusters 540 pounds per sore; and reales:
SOS pounds per ore*
It is of interest to consider SAW rotes** *y the Early Clusters
did not ;mod es moth as the Late Clusters variety this yes,* In genera,
it appears that thos low yield of the Early Cluster variety ens praetiseily
datirely due to mildaw* These plots ef fly Cluster were badly flessWed
with tawny mildew during the spring. In feet, the first mildew which
showed in this yard sae on an Early Cluster plant in this variety try.
It was expiated that imr17 Cluster would yield as meek as the Late Clusters,
but
as the latter variety outfits:Weil tarty Cluster nearly fifty
per sent, it may he ooncluded under these conditions the fifty per vent
diftwrtmei was due to downy mildew.
Inmost of thecae** of downy mildew
the vine* ware kept growing by stripping and removing spikes and so the
plants reseived treatment somewhat similar to that give& by growers.
This plot is a definite damonstration of what effeet mildew has on the
yielding ability of a crop even after the vines reeover sad prods,* a
fairly good growth.
In feet, all thesis 'varieties at the end of the
'mason had prod red a good growth and were well hopped out.
The yields of each of the rows in each of the plots were fairly
oensistent and the 'variation vas not great.
In sash ease, the Late
Cluster variety greatly outyielded a similar row in the Early Clusters,
and the letter variety outyielded a similar rew in the Inggles variety.
Thelaissing hills which were fewer this year than last more eliminated
and actual yields en the hills picked were compctied.
This table is of some help to the many growers who desire to
plant hops now, imassineh as the 'wimps are so amok higher than in the
previous viers.
It helps them to &mid* between these 'varieties and
the decision appears to be in favor of the standard crop Late Clusters.
'P
k.
Lefts kAutatant seedling produeed from X-rayed
seed. Eight: :Normal Seedling.
1932.
COYA,
p a Y-
alive
ree
-1
YeIds
p
\tar
5e-r out
C
Per
Acre
es
19 31
,
1300
/
1200
Ft) 99Ies
1100
E4- y C ivsterS
Woo
eCre CIuste'rS
goo
850
800
'700
600
Soo
z
400
332,
300
2.56
2.10
ZOO
100
171977
/93/
/934
Year
2. 0
Mr'
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VIM
URINAL TRIALOIXT OUT X 3032
Resteeuss et ia* of root only two plots of each Vii. of hops
were sot out in 19210 As the yard was expanded in 1932, another set of
two plots of cash of the three varieties, Late Clusters, Orly Clusters
and luggles were set out in 1932«
As in the past year, the hops were placed on strings the first
year of their growth* This year, however, the plants did not make as good
a growth as in the previous years and so the yields obtained ware very
mall. Many plant" contain"4 no hops, but tho yields of those that
produced hops wore obtained and total yields en on acre lasts. theludisig
both plants that produced hops and those that did vat, are given in the
table which taloa*.
The varieties
403Ated in the sane order as in thAlk trials *doh
were set out the PirfiCrall year. The average yield of the two plots of
each variety is as followes Late Clusters, 44 pounds per acre; Narly
Clusters, 1 pounds per sere, and Tuggle., 2 pounds per tore. There was
no downy math* preeent
say pr these plots eneepts in the ease of sone
plots of Early Clusters ithieh were ineoulated
These plants showed lest
infection«
This venetian of these young plants is of interest, and oho**
with the rosettes of the varietal trials set out the previous year« In
ether wards, in their first sewn of growth neither suseeptible variety
showed natural Wootton frost teeny mildew« Artifitsial inteetion trials.
howevere showed that the pleats *odd be Welted. This apparent
resistance ot plants ;last set out shacks with the results the previous
year and with results which have been observed in other yards. partieulerly
the Butler yard whisk is net far sway« As 'my yards will be set out this
coming year, there should be an opportunity to see it
are subjeet
to attacks of tow mildew
In general, this trial 0mq:owes very well with the one which
began the previous year, and after the plants in both trials are well
established the yielts should be 'wry nearly the sane, In addition this
trial skews the lank of mildew in plants set out the first year and
finally* it 41411 the adaptability of Late Clusters en this good rich
river bottom soils which is typical of the najority of the larger and
better hop yards.
No.=
Tab
of Three Yarieties of ijat 244 t!
011111,1104,0
in
INS
Corvallis * 19320
#
'Variety
Lotto Buss
lar
Cl
IA so 01ustors
0
kr.r Clue
Row
s So.
1
Lb..
4
s
lbs.
lbs.
1
46
1
46
1.5
67 5
22.5
1
4
1
2
0.5
S
0.1
0,1
$
0.1
0.15
6 7
1
0,414
0.16
7.2
$
0404
0.01
5
0444
0.11
1
1.6
0.0
404
2
5.2
0.0
56.0
8
5.0
0.74
U.S
I
14
0.1
1.5
*
haggles
itold port 'tads* ylolds
of
1
BasistDry Basis* Ewe in s
.1
.025
s
4.21
1.21
5
.5
1
.06
410
.54
2
.04
.01
042
11.15
001
0
6.
etas
This splendid grth of "Bavarian" hope produced nearly 1 1/2
tons of dry
':ops in Experbsontal Yard - 1932.
Second year after plantin7.
TNE NYFROT OF COL ON SIGMAS
tuNny$Ross Wood,. II hop grower at Dayton, Grog
?MU* which wors than about throe toot in hildilltip
°Pinion that they were
a golden oolor.
time,
lovas of the
infected with aildew because they mere turning
crop wc yore
After looking at thd
this solar mas, caused
oelled *heat
by
the oold
of the opinion that
woathcs, which we were
it did net seem possible that orrery
plant would
that
homing at
be
iretoctod with
mildew* partial's:AY because AMU* is resistant to the disease.
condition was
To determine if thie
did some work in a cold room
Department
the
which vas
sensed
furniiheti
by cold wciathers we
by
our Bortioultaral
On June 23* we placed eight pots of ruggles baby hope ta
cold roast.
These plants
did not
*how any effects until June 25 end
them Not one plant sheaved some at this typical golden sorer.
4014011
It 104
ths!'t the bane ratux's * which was about 42 &Woos F. was not
cold enough to show the condition.
Theo on Juan 2'!, six pot; of Fuggles similar to
were put in another cold
roWn,whist had a
the
first lot
teaperatur e of 30 degrees F.
Thio44 hours after these plants mere put in the cold root, they Shoved
the typioal golden color 'lath was found in the Ross wood yard.
Oa
June 30* these plants all appeared dead* this temperature having killed
the above.ground growth* but after
they we remeTed
room other buds grow rather readily.
from the cold
A, picture of ono of these pleats
shoed the tyPieal golden color is Owen in comparison
plants grown under normal tempee atures.
two
rat, plant which had been sub's'
;footed to the odd temperatures is in the (tenter.
does not show very well in this pioture
with
however.
The goldin color
Golden Color
(op Oast)
Puggles in 3 Hours
cold Rom
Develop*" fla
300 F.
1932.
To get additional information on the effect of cold weathers
two pets which had undergone hardening, first at 42 deg oos F. and
then at 30 degree, r., were put in a room at a temperature of taro
dsgrees r,
At the same time two pots eontaining ruggles hops lore
placed in the sago degree cold room without any hardening offs as
they came directly from the groonhouses
These pots were allowed to
remain in the cold roam from four p.m. June 30 until the sans time on
July 2.
The following table gives the offsets of this process an this*
plants.
Table, No,X..
The Meet of ,Ittrdoning on the Growth
of Fu
.e° at Low Tempoz_.atures
Cold Room
Corvallis,
1932.
bats
June SO - 4 p.m.
3*
17*
22"
19.3*
July
6"
17.5"
$2"
19.5"
1
4 pat,
801
tod
The pots were removed to a 30 degree room on July 2 and on
Ally 6 all of than apparently were dead, but ',hon taken, out they
revived somewhat and evade a fair growth.
In all of those trials light was used on the plant but the
lights were so placed that they would not Wart the temperaturo 'shish
was recorded olose to tho plants.
In general this work showed that tho ruggles variety is ivy.
Suseeptible to cold woather, and this susceptibility is shoot by s
Olden color.
In foist, the Ross Wood Fuca*s retainsd their normal
color as soon as "loather conditions booms 'armor,'
Trials also Showed
that hardoning off before plants are subjected to cold tomporataris
is of value*
The Effeot of
...rays, on Sex and Other Characters of me
A small trial was conducted to determine the *Mot of x.-rays
on sex and abhor characteris of. hops.
Cuttings of the three main
varistieA, Tuggle*, garly Cluster, and Late Cluster, were exposed at
various lengths of tins to the x...ray on Juno 270 1932.
These cuttings
were hold in cold storage so that they soul remain in a dormant condition.
Three cuttings of **oh of the varieties mere not exposed and
used as checks.
Three cuttings of each -variety were exposed for the
following lengths of time
seconds, and 80 seconds.
5 seconds, 10 s000nds, 20 seconds, 40
The plants were put in the experimental
yard immediately after axposure.
The following information on the equipment used is given so
that if similar trials are to be conducted the same exposure may be
given.
The Coolidge Tube No. 38819 was used.
The height in all oases
was 20 centimeters tram table to the edge of opening in the
keel.
The rays were unfiltered,
quarts cap (middle).
The transformer was placed on the
There were 6.6 volts on the filament, and 5
Y.A. plate current.
0 b
rvca,tionl
esdAmoiken during the past growing *swoon showed that none of the
exposures killed the buds, and that practically all of the plants
grew normally this season.
Because of the late planting, however,
none of the plants developed flowers, and so no informal= was Obtained
on the efferent of sex.
No abnormalities so far have been expressed.
Next season information should be obtained on the effeet of these
x..ray treatments on sex, and other characters.
The acoompanying table
shows the planting order and hill numbers of these plants.
2
Table No 23Z
PIanttnt
Order of ?Raze. Exposed
Om Root in Hill No
2tIttu...21$
1 of Following Rows
19-20.21
-
Fuggles - °hook
22-23-24
-
8. Co - 10 moots
25-26-27
-
L. C. . 10 seconds
28.20.30
.
Fuggles - 10 seconds
31-32-33
-
S. C. . 5 seconds
34-36-36
-
L. C. - 5 seconds
37-38-39
-
F.
40441.42
-
3* C. - cheek
43-44-45
-
E. C. - 20 seconds
46.47-48
- 5 seconds
L. C. . 20 seconds
49.50.61
-
F.
52.53-54
-
S. C. » 40 essonds
55-56-57
-
L. C. - 40 seconds
58.59-60
-
F.
61-82043
-
E. Cs
64.65-66
- 20 seconds
. 40 seconds
80 seconds
L. C. - 80 **condo
67140449
-
F.
70.71»72
-
L. C. - cheek
80 seconds
3
In January of 1932 both seeds and seedlings of hops were
exposed to xrays of different intensities.
Some of the seeds
b soiution (Jr UO2(100i.
were soaked for 7 hours in a
After
exposure these seeds and seedlings were planted in regular beds in
the greenhouse
and then sot out in the spring of l962.
Sere
Onorisalities-vere notioed in the seedlings* ifth as Albinos* throe
cotyledon plants, eteetra.
Several of those died, but many seedlings
survived and shoved no ill effects and were planted out of doors.
None of these seedlings made sufficient growth in the field to
produce flowers, but next year they should be Urge enough to cibserve for any mutations.
Cover crop of Vetch - Experimental Yard - 1932.
COVER CROP TRIALS
In order to keep the soil from washing during polsible
high water conditions in the spring and also to get some information
in regard to the relative growth and desirability of commonly
recommended *over crop* for this section, plantings of various cover
crops mere made.
of
August end
The Crimson clover was seeded in the latter part
the other cover crops were all seeded the same day,
September U. The following list gives the *over *rope planted*
Crimson clover - three plantings
Comm vetch
four plantings
Hungarian watch
three planting
Hairy vetch - three plantings
Monamtha vetch
Hitter vetch
four plantings
six plantings
Austrian winter field peas - ten plantings
The entire yard was planted to these various cower crops.
It is not hoped to get actual yields of the traps the following
year on the various plantings because most of the yard is in seedlings
which vary so greatly* there is no basis for o=parison,
as to the general effect
on the
but
information
growth of the crop, if any, may be
obtained, and particularly information as to the relation between the
growth of tho cover crop and time of carrying on the various operations
in the hop field.
For example, it was found in the plantings made the
year previously that Austrian winter field peas grew too slowly in
the spring for early working of the hop yard.
In other words, if
grower desires to work his yard early, and that is the recommended
practice for
control
of mildew, he should not use Austrian winter
field peas.
On the other hand, it would be far more desirable to
grow eons of the votehes, which make en earlier growth. Amstrian
winter field peas are satisfactory if the ground is not worked until
April or May, but for February or March working, its growth is too
small.
'nano** as Austrian winter field peas are commonly reeommemded
for corer crops, it is well to have this information on hops.
no information
made
on the
Of course,
relative growth of this year's planting can be
it next spring.
At the presAnt writing in Wovember, 1982, all
of the various crops, with the exception of Crimson clover, are making
* good growth and there is very. little to choose between them at this
time.
The big differonees wilt be obtained next spring.
In the 1951 planti
r the hollowing cover crops were included*
barley, Austrian winter field peas, Rairy 'fetish, Coma= **tab, and
Monantha vetoh,
Barley made the most vigorous growth but inasmush
as it is a non-legume, it is not quite comparable with the others,
of which the best appeared to be Common vetch,
Any grower desiring
a heavy growth should maybe combine Common Teta and tall barley.
Another important phase of this work
will
be the study of the
possible relation between the hop fit;his and some of these cover crops,
which are very susceptible to aphis injury.
New it is generally
claimed that the intimate relation is between hops and prune trees
and that the hop aphis overwinters on prune trees,
if there is an
intimate relation between vats:thee and hops, it *y be desirable to
grow * vs** "bleb is resistant to aphis. and in that ease aungarian
ireteh would be the most desirable.
Drill used in plantint; cover crops in experimental yard. - 1932.
HOP ROOT STUDI
In the fall of 1931 studies were designed to get some information on hop roots.
Seedlings of seven different varieties were
transplanted from the regular beds in the greenhouse to especially
built boxes which had glass sides.
a000mganying illustration.
These boxes are pictured in the
It was hoped that these roots could be
inoeulated with the mildew organism, but under the conditions
present in the peenhouse, it was impossible to get the mildew to
thrive and infect the seedlings, and so the following results
given in the two tables were obtained.
In the first place, the roots were rather similar in appearance,
with the one striking exeeption0
Golding,
This exception was the East Kent
In practically every case the seedling prodused a charaeteristio
globe or turnip shaped type of root rather than the long cylindrical
type, which is charaeteristic of other varieties.
The roots of the
variois mtrieties are Sherwin the amooMpanying illustration,
The averages of the different varieties, shown iaCt en accompany-
ing table, are of interest.
greatest was obtained from
quick growing type of hop.
As far as root weight is eoneerned, the
the Early C luster
e
a vigorous graying and
On the other hand, the lowest weight of
roots was obtiined with the led Vine and the California, which are
similar in some respects.
The Late Cluster and 'Niggles type were
rather iutoripodiate and the 0.S.C. and the East lent Golding were
fairly high.
There appeared to be no correlation with root weights and top
-weights. At first glans* there appeared to be a negative correlation
for the California variety which was the lowest in root weight, was
the highest in top weight* but the Early Clusters, which was highest
Late Cluster Seedling with a Top Length of 21' 10" and
top weight of 97 gr. The root weighs hut 7.5 grams.
in root weight, followed next in top weight.
was obtained in the Red Tine variety.
to be a positive correlation.
The lowest top weight
In this ease there appears
At first glanoe it appears that the
early varieties may have more root than top weight because the early
Clusters are so exceptional in both these oases, but the Tuggle*,
whioh is maybe the earliest variety grown here, are the low root
weights and the fairly high top weights.
The one thing which appears
to be eerrelated is seed growth and top weights.
The two fastest
growing varieties are early Clusters and California and they both
have not only the heaviest weights but the greatest lengths.
It
moth. remembered, however, that the California variety had the
lowest root weight, and so there seems to be no oorrelation between
spmalot growth above ground and the roots below ground.
All of these varieties were dug in the spring of 193:Vet
on April 12.
The plants were carefully removed by taking out the
glass sides.
The roots were carefully washed end after weighing
were
eplanted to the experimental hop yard.
It suet be remembered
that the number of plants was not great and that there was considerable
variation between the boxes of the saw* variety and even the plants in
the same box.
In one U3 :this may be asoounted for by the variation
in inheritanse of the seedlings even though they were from the same
variety.
bi Wo.X VI,
teen**
Root Dovolo
as
i
f Soma Yeriett.a of No SAKAI
It
2
IS
Li
at SealtiO. 2050. 311110. Isle. Woo Sir Jo. 1: No. 2:
it grs 2-gr S gr. IS gr. s gr.
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s
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St
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Box #1
Box #1
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5.6: 4.1 s 41 e
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a:
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Typieal roots produced by seedlings in root study trials.
From left to
right they are as follows: E. K. Goldin, Early Clusters, Fuggles,
California, Late Clusters, Red Tne, and U.S.C.
Table No. xv ti
Sliattory ?olio of. NoR Root Studies
AT,
10.0t
41W
0.
Ot
Plants
We4ht
Weight
telgth
larly C1 stirs
8
14.06 gr.
35.62 gr.
11' 1 1/4"
Med line
9
8.32 gr.
19.77 gr.
81 1 7/9"
Late Cluster
7
7.38 gr.
26.68 gr.
81 4 01
Tuggle.
9
7.9$ gr.
32.64 gr.
10111 5/10
0.3.4 .
3
11.1
gr.
31.33 gr.
10111 2/0
East Kent Stadia*
3
10
gr.
37.66 gr.
101 8 1/51
6.23 gr.
39.33 gr.
13' 8 lie
California
Box with Glass Side Removed. This type of Box
was used in making Root Studies.
Bp
Aphids
natokrials
AU of
**vision
this* *woo yore
vas socks* in they
goons th* tow
As Ss
Ouse
WHO
sliskis *Wood ithat this
as * *prow
in a ousel is
spy
oft**
othor weeds
**Asia has
isessaist* *Mot
torron**
only ones schiok
is Of the $ asisone
Sild nicotine
of this
2
The sprays used. their *Mot*
are given in the table
*doh tellers
Table No.liZat
of the Xffeot of Various Materiels sna Sop Aphids
Experiassatal Yard
Corvallis
1952.
Observati
I
Qaltsprsy Complete Dust
*
*
a
$
Blaokleaf /t arty
$
a
Of little value as the us not
surtieiest des or soisture to halt
the duet and the greater share vas
blown et f.
Gave wasellett results for the first
two or three weeks but the *Mots
wore not lasting s
reappeared.
the aphids *OM
a
Garden Yolk
*
a
a
a
*
I
Quassia
*
*
-*
I
Gave very geed results for about two
weeks whin there lwas a reappears:0P
of aphis.
Gine only fair results, the aphids
never entirely disappear*, end than
only for t short ti.
Although someibat slew in taking
West, gave es3Ssilost moult*, ths
effects seemingly lasting the grey
part of the stanter. This seemed to
be the boat spray lay far.
* laiterials applied July do MIL
Plots oonsisted of 12 plants eaoh.
WIJUDIUTZ
D CONTROILSD 000172018
sppearsd that the nest dear.
sble hybrid- from the ~point of developing * high quality, Met
111. the todianing of this work
yielding aildesporesistaat hop toy this **Aim would be a erase between
tbilo raddlea and
*ye of sole, sad so ths plantings for the first
year were desioed so that there would only be Cluster type of 'sales in
tits asperlasatal isird sad aensequently *11 seeds an Tuggle* plants watt
be the desired lope of *ross This method vas very prednetivo of
predeeisg seeds of this woos Seed gemination. however, vu not good
and only a sistll pereadage of seedling d were obtained eras the rather
Urge assunt of seed saved fro* these Page..s pleats. of ostwso as
inwe pissed out Sato the yard avid as soon as sew or thea
proved to be sales they vould enter into pollination told one om14 not
bo *seared of p,ratit unless they were curried on under controlled coati
ti ms.
Al] of the hybrids Wired this year defer, were earrial
under oontrolled coalitions
In genera., two types of conditions wore
developed, In one case the flower blearing eras were covered by long
name, gisselas bags before the flaws aserpi la this vow, pollee,
of the various males in yard could be kept off of the flows. Then
vibes the proper time or pollization cane, polls* fres desirable sales
oould be used irk asking the crosses In sore eases desirable renal*
plots were (sowed fres the ground to the vire with large sloth bags,
then this foals pleat could be used to asks various crosses and the
arns Iasi& the bog were **Tired with the glassine bay, so that there
vas a double sesurenes of keeping out *troy pollen* These begs are
Large muslin bags cover female plants from ground to wire.
are used as arents in hybridization studies.
These plants
2
shoes in th *oe
The hybrids, under controlled condition,
this year than last*
gave far Vetter results
This Maybe duo to the cool moist conditions *doh
prevailed during most of the month of August.
Considoriblo seed of man y. different hybrids between various
varieties and select
and seedlings we obtained*
The various
cones nede, th* dates on which the cross nu stades and both the male
and finale parents are given in the following table.
)
3
Tab l NoXa
'Mord di
Yard
8/2
6-41
11
1541,
1.07
144
1641
143
343
242
143
242
1747
1042
1.43
2.4
x
x
2.4
at
1641
144
648
444
15.31
1641
2.0U
*42
16.10
16-10
74
144
17.6
17-6
174
17.7
14.10
14-10
9.43
9.43
18031
18-41
144
24
14
2.4
1641
z
x
18.42
17.32
at
1742
1041
z
x
x
x
a
x
x
x
x
x
6.41
142
841
1.32
6.1
6.41
6-1
19.41
8. 11
3. 1
11
1.4
1-1
1-1
1.1
1640
$44
1241
448
446
18.V2
x
x
x
174*
541
1.411
1740
1642
1741
641
142
x
x
x
1.40
1,40
1-30
x
x
x
x
x
x
5141
114$
164
16-1
0-13
7.$
SA6
.1
1441
*
8 /11
1.4
144
x
17.40
3.843
814
141
842
7.46
440
640
6.4'
x
x
x
x
5040
1640
eh.
36047
$646
116 4
114
x
x
x
x
7-4,1
15415
10421
543
)
EcIP INTRODUCTIOIS
Last year (1931) two variatios of hops wore obtained.
The *45 variety was obtained fro* Profossor Salmon of Nag lent
and seeds of the Mist Kent Golding wore obtained fro* irttish
Columbia.
loth of thou varistios woro supposed to be resistant
to *Min but as tar *s tooted they do not show Tory moot resistanee.
This year (Ins) ton different varieties vier. received free
foroiga eountriss. All of these, varieties bed been requested from
the various souroes and root outtingo ors furnished by the various
pleat brooders. Na addition, seeds of the following veriertioes
Whito Grape, Mont Golding, Leto (impel, ruggles, and Gold.* Cluster,
were obtained free low Aram& The sem institute Wash sent the
seed have premised, in a latter of Ostobor ill, that th4oy, had already
Shipped 11k pteket containing 4$ stetting* of hop of the varieties
Californisa sad Gresubino.
lone of the varieties received this year have made) waffisient
growth to toll a gra.* deal about then, but practically all of than
,sh.ow tho dark groin, heavy loaf type that lo found on Yugglos.
It
appears, therefore, that theme varieties will sheer eensidorable
rosietence to the downy seildow dismiss inaimateh as this loaf typo
appears to be somonthat assoeiatod with resistance.. Sono of the
varieties greet very poorly and some of the cuttings wars dead when
received, but with one or two exqoptions some plants have been ob.
tamed.
The situation is suesearisod in a letter that the miter swat
on liovonther I to this Division of Foreign Plant Introduction. The
litter is as follows
M. 45 Plant Inoculated with Mildew.
Experimental Yard - 1932.
Leaves very Susceptible.
Corvallis. Orogen.
November 7« 193/0
Mr, w.
Whitehouw.
toreiga Pleat Introduction*
Bureau of lent ladterta,y,
U. 8. Depot:4watt of Agriculture.
Washington, D.O.
Dear
Whitely:wet
Tour letter or October id reeeived. I ea glad te give you
'that information Z have in regard to the intvoductiolut titt hop riots.
also some fists
as to that I desire« Ost your pewits of NW;
this spring ; received the following: 60 rooted cutting. from Dr.
NNW, ftloW 1441,11 Stratigeo ?iO4,,, 474004 00,2144,1 VI room
cuttings troll Di% Blett ur, caeoheolovelini and 50 rooted outtings
ti
from W. Lang. Rehenheie4 Germany.
The year Were I got 50 rooted cuttings of the )545 nods*
from professor 110 P. &aim. Southeastern Agricultural College,
Wk. Ingland. en pereit issued %sr you is WA,
That this spring 41. Under and
Neufelden. Austria,
sent me a tow roots of two varieties. They stye Ausehoter Notheps,
and Itshltrertler assuatteps,
This spring X had promises of root outtings frost Professor
Rio Oursi, Wows Italy. and Protossor 16 Z. 10140:140* Wolbourn.
University. Xerboporne. Austraia. The Utter sent -se .orons seed whisk
came in good eonditioa and are grafts* lout X have net gottio refits
free either ef these parties. X haw had promisee at reoted euttioto
end you have issued a permit to K. N. Curtis. Otwithron Institute
Nelson. 1w Isalsai. but haw reeeived no material from
Prom Dr. now X moil* the following rested outtingso
Spalter. Ilsasser. and Denach, ?roe Dr. *later 'X received the .fet.
leldiw.1 said frost Dr, Lang I got the tellewing: Rettomohwger
Spat, Striefelspatter. and Tottnanger ?rub,
I have gotten sow good plants iro all Of these veristies
*wept the toe whisk ewe frost 41. Binder end Cespusys Those wore "err
poorly packed in a wall box and they were dead ikon thez topaihed hem.
We pleated then. homer. with the hove that they would loof Out. tut
'they sheeted no xrpirith,
10ei Ryetitanio litter-of Septeatbaev:
tivet,the intereatielt
In regard to the requests wade treat se' Petri**. We et the 0,0.
operative Bop Satiety, taco. Tugeoltria. I an very astious too fellow
up 'this request heeaus* believe they. have sew onesellent
'resistant saterial stui Co X' hope that 'you tenor %As' ease it the
spring of .4111,-and get the shirmient, of 'ten 'outiliagoraa--he stoned
should be sent out spring
8
Dr* Vivilov of the U.S.S.R. Institute of Plant Industr711
in Leningrad* referred v
letter for request of hop roots to Dr*
Arkhangeleky of the Xxperiment Station of the Ttnirjasey Agricultural Aeadwor* It appears that this latter perty would have roots
that we would be interested in. I =wondering if you could follow
up the request to this party?
The only hop which has produced a crop for us is the one rem,
reined in 19310 It is the M-45 from Dr* Salmon in England* Althongh
this hop is more resistant to wilder, than the Cluster varieties which
are our wain crop* it is quite susceptible to the disease, Also* it
is a typo of hop whieh is not V1171111 adapted here. I have =40
sm. us. 0 ft as a parent in hybrids, but as it stands. I do not
to
hollow* it is so deeirahle as a parent as Fuggiest) which appears
be more resistant tisin the 1-45. I believe that Professor Salmon has
many other varieties thioh would be worth testing hers* and
should
be an excellent source of resistant varieties*
The following varieties have been reported as.resistant.te
mildows di es Saab Bohemian aronhopfen, AuSsaha and Stbaetsingari,
I have not inoludettthe nanss of resistant varieties !hit*
hoolviv.
.440447 reeom04 butl believe that we should hive:rooted
troa all of the sboVe varieties to ineluds the* ta our brooding
program.
In regard too letter that 00114 be otten
worth IOU to write
witted
out
I helie,..it
to theme ilitt4!it,7sto boo already oentoeted
and'gOtten.roots freeload, state, with the ***eption of the one ease*
J. Biader & Coopsay* that their plants are doing well and-thatuelmaaAL
like to get additional varieties,, partioularlytheselarntionect above.
Also, I beliove.itwot4d-be advisable toWritello.other sokrntrilse
that are
g hops. en4 attempt to get resistitt Yertwkisa trek
n
thei6 I he:rewritten to the Agricultural Naperimettlitaticon at Itton,
Belgium. I understand that they are doing ihSPhr$40044; itrh* but X
halm minnWrooletv0d It-0017.,frovi thou gsep I undsiitand there is
consuscrowk,hop brooding work being done in ?ranee. And I satims*Umr14
If you. would ac tblo to find Out who ie doing thew*** there*
As kept are grown in limited areas and bawls.
are proda.04
from rooted cuttings, I see no reason why we can net ,get every posses
lejits0y24-,we 'lead 410-.o.. iw-;n44k. pot oont job at
tee
I baker,
**0114; *aim ''.reties
we -Ooptinuot 140 4000004 of the
breeders ia the other_hop growiag mails.
oPursii ;:limul.4 be Olad to
mend root. of our voriotioe to any of those iaterfitiod;14,110ettio.o.
glad to get TOO* Of any varieties
shoe, possibilities, ter it
We cannot use theass they stand, we can always iflotado thcm-ln
hybridisation, study. We will be glad to get the*000:sAY 'tbs. b."'
town. now and next Nay. .ws have an oxPeriesstal *rd ootblIAOSA
and
whenever .rooter oeme,
can set thine in the proper.
Ofoporse*
the earlier they eon. the better results we will get;thetirst pat,
and outtinge:,set out in either February or Marohirillillrodu400
hope the first year. Cuttings which came in May last year ~hod
*hi*
Some of the seedlings plortd in Fall of 1931 our ,tost prolaising
plant in foreground. Experimental yard, 1932.
4
here too late to produee anything except a growth of five or six
efore I am 4322d.OUS to begin this wort
fad the first year.
early end get the material ear4 next spring or anytime they oar0
to send it this winter.,
I thank you, very kindly for your help and **(operation in this
eater. "I feel that iss _have row an exeellent beginning, but only a
start in getting all the hop varieties *doh we should have inol
in our trial* and Vrogstain for developing a raiidsow..resistant hop whioh
oular seetion.
is adapted to ow
Yours very truly*
1. No Broosynni
Associate ligronemlist
and Agent 17.8.14A4
A great sans replies have been reoeived from the various
workers.
aro
q
Sono of time are of interest and so 'those at most inpertanye
it*
Groningen* Notherlanits*
February 12, 193S
S. N. Orioles's:so 111[41
A4Orentitiort
Oregon State Agrieultural College
cervallis*
Dear flirt
*1 1 say Won%
In reply to row, letter of Jan
I an not occupied with the culture ot hop varieties
rint,
that
I have however fOrwerded your letter to the sanstitunt fever
Plantenverodeline (institute for Plantbreeding) at Wageningen
Netherlands)* where they possibly o*zi help you
Yours truly.
Director ot the Betantoal
Section of the Agrioultaral
Experinolot Statio*
Orce
Netherlands*
U.1.0.R. INSTITUTE OF FLAN? nmusur
of the Janis Aoadsay of Agrioultural Seida104111
j
44 Berson Street*
April SS. 19111.
Dr.
a Breassean
Ass*. late resist
Oregon State Agrieulteral College.
School of Agrioulture aid
Iteporinort Station.
Corvallis*
Doer Sirs
In answer to your litter of February 10th. we mat lam
you that the Institute of Plant Brooding has net worked tato** last
yoars with haps, only this year tit* odium of hops hes atm in
eluded in the tutus* plea of our ireporinanital work. Therofers to
our greatest regret wo sire not ablo to scut you sanplos of thaw
plants.
Torthor with the present we as* taluiselttlag a dupliosta
of your litter to Dr. Arkhangelsk:, of the Reporinsat Station of tho
Ifildrissore Agrioultural Madmen asking hi* to meet if possible
your wish**.
Yours very truly.
N. TATILOV
6
HOPPEXIM
LAMONSINOPSZTOR
tont* 149 bet dor 4144t, Sparkesso Profs
Proising ((b.)
De member 1951
Prins Ludwig/4rib* (Omsk OffiSterikasine)
Oregon State Agrioultural College,
School ot Agriculture and
1001ortsont Station,
Coma:kiss 170-816
The bop itioloro
Opponhein and Convexly in Illinthote yore
to transmit to no your desire for masons and seeds et
hop Awns ',hi* are resistant towed hop d
sold. Ito lativ0
to this say I stet* tho follcoringt
kind (sough
In the brooding of that kind ot hop plants have boon
ongagod sine. WM Stenos. than I expooted I Otainod tint goal
as far as tho rosistsusse against Vet store menisioned fungus is
oonoorned, I halo by the easy of artificial oresoing Obtainod
already a rather Ur. number of plot** etch the dimwits* cannot
injure. 'rho soouring of tbs., plants oast us moth 'tins and Amok
now. Tom will sursky *Moreland it for the present I do not
part with any sots of the plouits either to avow or foreign
station', bet hoop them myself for tooting the vales of the plants
for our domostis h sultan.
I have at or disposai hosovor. also varieties of hops
which are oonsidersAy rosistant to the hop nil** and to a eonsidortble extant are already 'Wing green. I on gladly ready to
mod you sot* from thou if I can obtain from you sets of various
sorts from imorica. no Inglis)* kinds I have aro*. lob no
bow Of
wish.
*at kinds I nan got 10 to SO soft and how now arta you
7
J.3iJmiti CO*
Ropfen-llaudelegosotaft
Noufoldon, Ct. Oat..
Neufelden Austria.
/larch 4, i93114
Oregon Stabs Agricultural Colley
Corvallis
Our post *Moo brought to us for 3Aek
Intro 4004
s.ddrese your letter of Yobrustry 3.0 to "Direktor et* Sop Inveatigetimes Neufoldists* for '11/10WOre In st000rdanoe with this we will
sold you fiber hop pruning, uhish is Inside:Ito/37 this *d of
this nottiti 10 pieeos of hop sets. Ns will send you I difterowb
kinds produsiod here. Ono kind smut prethteed frost kashmir Itedhop sots and this plant pred110011 IL very valuable product here.
The resistance aoinst disease in this kind is sodium. tat
assording to tests by the Ministry of Agri:ow this sort is
the only one that should be nasty planted. The mond kind is
DriOnhop. This kind is
resistant agabutt
diseases. Um in 1928* here as
else, the hop
yards var. severely isttaeltad with the downy mildew. The general
attack so not able to spoil this variety oleos*
Wildeo disease is rare hors. The greatest danger cones
from aphids whisk are Oeabeted by tobeico attract*
ELIDER & CO.
don't linvo an
gltsh
eorrospondent availattole
utifortusatoly
a
sass, sIguiats.,
February
rts nu.
Dr, No
Ilresamen* Agent
.aorrallise Oregon
Dear
airs
In reply to your esteemed letti or 19 Joatury 1942 I
au nom to Iwo to inform telt* tut I
mot premiere you the
wished solo from, ow hops' 13eostueo itiuwo
s1
Oseeltoolvetio. is
prohibitive for importation for that oeto
I mai dear SI,/
9
R.
Stallion Di
Roma, Italy
April Ss 193$,
elegia Vegetal*
aro So N. Silesian
Assimilate Agrasumdst
Oregon State Agrieultural Coll.
CorvLlli
The eulturo of hops in Vali is lisitod ft47 til ems
**tent plaOted with 14644ipt vamPlaties Air the
eh prialint ensIX cativattentorlessd, hors
consists or the varieties Seas and Spalt and some ether SerMss
or lelgian varieties*
lt oultbstsd in the vieintV
The varieties SOS
of Texernalle of the prothe ot Perugia (00atral Italy) ix* net
(sttisfaotcryl) but subject to real ftttaø ka of NO** /* mush
that the disease was noted at the and of Me by the undersigned
in 4 lookii* very ncor sum eultivationo
In Italy the Peronospora oesuri rather often an Uvulae
Silvatious partieularly in the lag and humid plass* of northern
ItslYs
If the varieties indicated above could be aSetal to your
rescarehoss I will have forwarded at your risque., some hop plants
from Tavertalle*
With *leer cut 'sluts*
XL DIRMORNo
Prof* Merrie Curd
10
TUN OANTXRON INSTITUT*
N*ls on1 New Zealand
October 310 MIL
Dr. E. N. Drammen,
Associate Agronomist,
Oregon Exper iment Stations
Corvallis* Oreon,
V. So Am
Dear Sin
Apaeket containing 42 root cuttings of hops of the
*Oalifornian° and *Oroenbine varieties has bean posted to yetu
tooglay per the $4. frgakura* vla *an Promisee. Permit number
and port of entry are uarkod on the paokage The sots *sr*
iumersogi in Choshont Solution for half an hour before being
packed.
As I sentiensd earlier, the soocallod *Californian* or
*Russian River* variety is very possibly the Oormsu Esllerisuers
hile. the *Oreenbtao* variety is of Kentith origin and is possibly
Pumford strain,
'lusting the sots arrive in good Oendi ions
Yours truly,
Ade or
the Ny'coUgy Departmont.
11
THE UNIVERSITY OF MILBOURNE
listanieal Department
Carlton nil
Yietoria. Australia*
Mar 2, 1932.
To Dr.
Dressman.
Ccrvali*,
,
Dear'Dr.'Bressmikas,,
In response to your request for hop seeds, etc. tram
Australis,* I am writing to
1 are proeured samples or
soled from Taamonia . the ehiet hop-growin4 state of the Commonwealtho
I am holding these aftitin the permit you spoke of* I am afrati
if I send them without it. they Ism never reach you. Will you
advise me 'tat to do?
av that
have also as
for hop cuttings. They may come later.
hope to hear from you OS 400411 as posoiblO
Tours $ incerely*
12
MARTON? OF AORICULTURI
Headqarter* and Teohnieal Service
Hobart, Tasmania
March SO, 1952.
Dear Sirs
Your letter to hand. During or eighteen years experience
as vegetable pathologist is ?tents I have not yet met with tease
of downy nitidow of the hop. If this disease **curs in this country
at all it must be very rare. Our principal hop troubles are ague'
by the red spiders Oryebia pratensis and TetranYehus bpi/trills, shish
sometimes cause considerable loss. We have also a root disease due
to a. Wmcnoisete which agrees in all respects with Plasmcdiophora
humuli as described by T. Xirk of New Zealand. We have no special
literature dealing with hops or the diseases to which this plant
is stibleet.
Tours faithfully,
E. IL TICS
Microbiologist.
N itiviamt
Used**.
tr.
Ito
Oregoii State Avian Ilium]. College.
Corvallis,
13
rISTITUUT VOOR PLANTINVIEREDELING
Iferbonden AAn De Landboushoogesohool Wagonin's
WhgenAngen* Holland*
April 25* 1932,
Dr. L. N. Dressran*
Asseeiate Agronenist*
Scheel of Agri trataltrii
Carina lin,
antes*
Y.S.A.
Dear Sir
Dr. 21j1stra* Oroningen gave we 7tour letter of January 21
The culture of hop in
Reiland has almost disappeared and as far as me boos there never
have been speoial selections in culture.
for reg. ! am sorry vs cannot help you.
I advise you to apply to The Bavarian people (f.i. Dr.
3C1W4WINE, at Preising near Itenchen) vho have selected a great
deal in this crop.
I am, dear Sir* the man. Director of the State Institute
for plaakbreeding*
4
14
DISTITUT OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY
Statni vyakumne ustavy semedelske
Prague-Dejvioe, Sadism,
Csechoolovakit,
&miry 21, /O
Dr. E. 16 Wessman.
Associate Professor in Para Crops,
Corvallis, Oregon. U. 8.A.
Dear Doctor
Brent
I thank you Very rala for the interesting informations about
breeding of hop varieties rag:1140=i to fteudopernspora humuli I
regret that Ism not able to send you such varieties from us, as wO
do not have then. Our variety Semsdh's red hop below to the verietiee
which are comparatively enough reastant, but although it has never
spread too =Loh, the disease is able
dostoy the color of daps tit
rainy weather, lb seeming resistance was caused dry periods durtag
which is the Pseudoperonospora humuli in its evolution suppressed.
to
Az for the Middloeuopean Golding (few years ago I sent this
variety to Prof. Seamen at Kent) I do not know whether is related with
Fuggles, as oe do not breed the variety Puggles. it is probable. Tho
MVO Niddleeuropean Golding corresponds to the name which have &twee,
breeders to the variety.
I hope to send you few root little plants
verietio
tho reason erbir I cannot send you mom is that tb0 hop-yards are
dimixishiedo therefore
1014
et this
therare 100
I beg to reoommend you to ask Mr. Petrieeki chief of the Coop.
Hop Society in Zalee4 Yougoelaria. where Is mere of Wiihileouropesn
Golding to be found (sop. iu the devizeivalley) and showed there vary
signifiCant
I an sure that, if you refer to mv name/ NO.
fttrie.*
1t4 Wit.
We *aka just now big experiments in erecting resistant varieties
against P. Moult moo as Sims rod hap ex amp red hop eitertilised
by pollen sr WA twigs grim,
hills* are very resistant* but eur
oxperimsnts are .not aompleted.
A4 far as i how, the most resistant variety us the Continent
is the atom variety Striesalepalter whieh is natio our Seuatr,
cultivated. Our breeders have some varieties ublah are net sa resistast
as the Gorman pleats, but they sex
veil in our elimate
The German varieties you could obtain fres* Zerff and I rattler
(Hopfenforsehuagsstolle der Dayerisehen Landesanstalt fir Pleasentas 14
do not 400t,
Pflaneensehuts Welshes* Deutsehlaad) who
you, as they vslrk in molesting resistant ;volatile. Use in Francs froa
pref. %Genet sad ?eta are the experts in this branek.
will mire
15
W. *gild be very snob obliged to you, if you are as kind u
to sand us tow root little plants of the variety Clusters whieh ire
do net have.
renalz, dear Sirs your. very truly;
Dr. Tag. *tiler Ilatimy
cit,topt ON SINMING0
In the first annual report on this pro feet it ims pointed out
that the hop seedling
rt&eul rlr in the ootyledoa stage* were
very susceptible to mildew.
Eves verieties uhich are supposedly
resistant* ;math as raga's* appear to be readily susseptible* at this
stage of growth.
This *audition suggested that there awy be a refs'
tionhetmeendevnysdadeer 04 the seedlings and the first mildew on
the hop shoots **Attu** in the springs
A commercial hop lord just east of Corvallis* known as the
Seam Yard*,ees onsained almost dail for signs of mildew*
Tho
first mildew eas noted *bout the middle of March and just at the time
the buds W. beginning to show.
?his mildew* however*
en old hop plants, intion a seedling'
not found
'his infested seedling is
shown in the illustrations which fallow.
The seedling wee allowed
to remain in the hill and its offset on the hill ves vatohed*
As soon
as the buds come through thyroid. some lit tle growth* but after they
yore several inches tall* it was readily sem that they 'were infected
and turning into spikmose
All of the nildeved naterial vas removed and these spikes, to-
gether with the seedling are shown in the emend of the illustrations.
Aloe* en enlarged photograph of one of the oetyledens is shown
the
illustration.
This is of putt
ar interest imam& as Professor Slams of
England has slaved,' pointed out that the winter spores of this dieease
are often food in the omit of the hop seed and of °ours., they are
Ina* eueollest position to attack the seedling as soon as it is
pridnatdo
Heavily Infected Seedling Nound
in Grover's Yard - March 1932
Note Conidia on Cotyledons (Blaok)
First two leaves above.
out this tine several fields were examined for mildew sad
seedlings.
Ome field was of interest.
at Dayton, Orogen.
This wes the Ross Wood Yard
This field is flooded rather homily end so there
yes no weed growth.
The mama ems fallow *wept for litersaY
thoesends of seedling*. Many of these were taken in and grwma in the
greenhouse to fimd
end mildew ease out of some at these seedlings
When they were grout under a bell jar.
I attempted to get sore seedlings
from this yoked but another flood covered end de stmed pres+teally
of the seedlings, and so this could not be oheeked further.
all
it is the
plan to investigate the connection between these seedlings and the
first signs of the disease in the spring of 1933.
Or courses there are several alternatives it there is an in.
tinete eonnection between seed and the mildew disease
In the first
please it may be possible and necessary to remove the sale plants so
that there till be no seed or at the most, t
to the ground and germinate.
seeds develop and fall
In the nest place, it maybe possible to
pink the yard a little better in the fail so that so many cones and
seeds to not fall to the ground.
in the third place xedighich is very
feasible, it emhasis's the cleaning up of the pirds rather thoroughly
in the tall
o that most of the unpicked lecterial is removed.
A fourth
method at overooming the dittioulties encountered with seedlings lies
in either treating the soil and hills with a dust or disinfectant that
will kill the seeds and seedlings or thorough working to kill seedlings
'aril in the wpring,
Of course, all of those operations will be
egulated somewhat by weather conditions whioh *onetime* fsvor early
verking and sometimes on river bottom yards, keep growers out of the
yards until April.
A mildew infected seedling found in a hill end the "spliced"
shoots found in the same hill.
North Seam Yard - Corvallis, 1932.
PROPAGATING BED
In. September a propRzatinc bed as built at one edge of the
experimental hop field.
This bed was built similar to a hat-bed,
in that a layer of about 2 feet of well rotted manure was placed
in the bottom of the bed and then covered with about
foot of sandy
loam soil, and this bed covered with glass frames, and so there is
considerable heat developed and protection from frost,
s.
WAS
The first seed' planted in this bed vibe on September 21, and
the first germination Occurred on October Ti, lUot a little over two
weeks later.
The first seed planted consisted of two lots of Fuggles.
The lot differed in that one lot was oollooted in 1931 and the other
in '1932.
Both lots were from th4 varietal trials of the variety
Fuggles.
The quickness of germination and the total germination
was far superior in the 1931 seed.
This indicates that either better
results may be obtained from immediate plantings, or that seeds lose
somewhat their germination ability.
Other lots have been planted and excellent germination has
been obtained.
On NoveMber 19 over lose seedlings were transferred
from this bed to the greenhouse for growing under lights and possible
transfer to the regular experimental planting.
By the end of the
year several batoossmd seedlings were obtained.
Also, the propagating
bed appears to be a place for carrying downy mildew, beoanse the
inoculations made on these seedlings have developed mildew rather
slowly, but surely.
Also, a point in favor of incoulationx in this
bed is the manner of development of the disease.
For example, a
great many seedlings were inoculated on No taws 2.
They were in-
oculated by means of aa atomizer oo taining germinating zoospores.
SUDS seedlings were transplanted on November 4 from this inoculated
material*
There was no mildew showing in the bed at that time.
In
the greenhouse, however, on November 6 one seedling *hawed considerable mildew, not only on the cotyledons but also on the leaves which
had developed.
In other words, this mildew oame out under greenhouse
conditions in two days.
At this writing no mildew has been found in
the propagating Leda, but seedlings transferred from the bed to the
greenhouse
show mildew after they halm been in the greenhouse for a
day or two.
As a contrast, seeds were planted in the greenhouse at time
of plantings in the propagating
bed.
The
germination
of the seed
under greenhouse conditions is much slower and only averages about
one per
cent of the nuMber obtained in the propagoting bed.
Of
oourse this propagating bed is only a rough way of getting different
temperatures than obtain in the greenhouse.
Temperature control
apparatus would be an excellent holp in working with this disease,
and possibly the only way of getting at the germinationk of oospores.
spotitItiaa Grown IX, #
11/411 of 19$11
Mere seedlings ire being grown in the fall of IOU to
replsas *Using hills, abnormal plants, and other ones thst
be removed this spring and summer*
In the greenhouse there is
room for graving more than 1500 seedlings,
and
at the end at
1931 we have this planting made and suffielently more seedlings
to fill other spas* it it possible to find room.
The seedlings now being grown ars possibly of higher value
the
than those graft prevlem4Y, as 10101 of
seedlings growing thie
year are definite hybrids made under sontrolled oendtbions and
many from plasts which are known to be rather resistant to the
downy "414Wmrdisease*
c4W
In one plaeOthe seeds obtained from Nem Zealand are nalcsi
and the growing of seedlings
fro* thou
le mentioned
Also,
iii
another gam, the propagating bed out of doors for growinglaul
germinating moods is mentioned,*
This propagating bed hos gi ven
emeellent results and has grown about 2,000 seeds this fall*
Several, of the seedlings were damaged by slugs, but this diffioulty
has now been ~eons by two application of copper ~bonito tio the
soil*
Apparently the
early planting" in this propagating bet, sly
ready desoribed* 'before the seed became
sueeessful, and it appears desirable
to
very dormant "ors
highly
geminate imodlia50 b
dormanwy period *ones about. Si in thoie seeds it is
dittieult to grow thou unless they are stratified and kept in *Ai
storage for at Period of
time
On Ootaber 10 seeds of both Date Clusters and Toggles were
stratified in a esibination of moist
sand enti
peatimats,
Portions
of the seed were left out of doors at ordinary temperatures and
also plowed in a soli 'vilest just about frogman temperature.
at Tookly
Samples of eaoh sof these lots were planted
iatervala.
beginning Oetober 17 or just one week after they wee stratified.
Prostioelly no results were Obtained until the
wore planted.
vember y seeds
This group begin germinating on Soveiber 11 and sine,
then has germinated nearly one hundred per pent.
In other words.
it required just *bout one month of stratifieation with these seeds
to
get
them to germinate readily.
Seeds stratified out ofdoers
did praetieally as well as those stratified and kept under the
treesiog +auditions of tho eold room.
On the other hand. seeds planted direstly in flats and kept
ta
greenhouse make a very poor de
tie
Istreggling
seedlings are developed out of large plantings it seed.
In addttioa.
the seedlings are week and spindly compared to the strong, vigorous
dsviloped throttet strotitiestion
sairedl i>
All
or
the beds uhere seedlings are graving have
with a formaldehyde dust.
been
treated
This dust is keeping down the damptareff
'whisk closed so mush trouble last year.
This dust is applied
to
the
soil just before the seedlings are planted end apparently warms no
Wary.
about ton
At the end of 1951 the tallest seedlings are
is height
and vary all
at this time trio
under light.
the
lay down tont*,
growing very
rapidly.
Sp until about the
ni441*
inebes in height,
Of oourse,
fats
feet
and
are growing
of Iloweraber the light were
3
tumid
by Kean* of an alarm °look at midnight,
are burning the entire night.
t now the lights
I4' .1131eLTRAD
AILS
Three mooting. of hop growers were held in Salem, Oregon,
during the past year.
These meetings were in addition to some
smaller ones which were held from time to time.
attended all of these meetings and discussed the
The writer
work
at the three larger moetings,which were held on April 27, August
18, and October 29.
The last meeting, October 29, was the first annual mooting
of the Rop Growers' Association.
by a banquet and dance..
It was an all dor meeting followed
Following is a proms of this meeting.
The writer's paper is given in the following pages.
addition an exhibit of charts
prepared for this meeting.
In
pictures end mounted spoolmens was
More than 200 grower* and dealers were
present at this meeting and the papers were well received, particularly
the one
by
Professor Rusek on fertilisers.
There appears to be a
great deal of interest in the possible use of fertilisers. particularly
to increase yields it hops increase in priee. Also there was considerable interest in the chemical analyses for hops, as the eheirman
stated that it appears that some of the buyers are buying
analyses rather than
on appearance.
Two radio talks on hops were given* one
on October 11.
Pags
on eheadmal
on May 13 and the other
These radio talks also are given in the following
r
ti
,..0
440. ..,
4. AL
I-
Above.
3elow.
4
Late Clusters h&dly infested with mildew, June first.
Growth seven weeks later and after vines were out back.
loss Toad's Yard, Dayton, Oregon. - 1932.
HOP BREEDING AND ,R0 1:10
There were two fundamental principles that had to be recognised
before plant breeding beeame an art.
These were the nowiell known facts
that plants have sex, the same as animals, and that variations, or at.
ferences, are universal in the plant kingdom.
With the knowledLe of these
two things, plant breeding has made considerable progress in the last 150
Of course, there have been many refinements to the art, and um..
years.
eral important laws have been developed from theories which have been
proved so many times that they are now accepted as laws.
This is neither the time nor place to discuss these various theories
or laws in regard to plant breeding, but I do want to say that they are
recognised in our hop breeding program which is designed chiefly to develop a high yielding, high quality, mildew.resistaat hop for this section.
These laws of inheritance are of great help to us in avoiding pitfalls and
are particularly of value in reducing a large amount of unnecessary mork
stitch characterised some of the earlier plant breeding efforts.
In generals there are three main ways of obtaining new varieties
of a particular plant.
follows:
These three main divisions are designated as
(1) introduction, (2) selection, (3) hybridisation. ma first
method involves the introduction of established varieties from other see.
time of not only this country, but also the entire world.
Talk given at annual meetin6 of Oregon iop Wearier
Oregon, Ootober 29, 1932.
It is a simple
Association, salami,
2.
but an extremely tmportant and filniemental method.
Asoause hops are
grown in rather limited And definite areas throughout the worlds it aopars
possible for us to get practically all known varieties of hops and test
them not only for their immediate orimmercial value Ivhen !Town in this area
but also as parents in, our hybridization method of Attack.
have made considerable start in this program.
Already Tve
We have introduced hops
from Bavaria, Pla lands Austria, Csecho-Rlorakta, and New clolith
Right now we are a!ain makinfr contacts with other eountriesi particularly
YUgo-Slavia liMch has qn erlbrkrzo a!,:ainst the shippinr, out of hop sots*
However. for our purposes, they P e meson! lame ooncession, and a recent
letter states that they are planning to send us sets of their varieties,
Most of the important h 1 and horticultural varieties that are growing and
established in this state have been introdueed from other places, and the
continued improvement is being made on them as a basis.
.
Our only intros'
duotion which has made sufficient Growth to be thrirol.thly tested is the
M .45 variety from England il
This variety was the first one reoeived and
the only of that got hers in tine to be 'set out in 1930.
this variety is not very well adapted to our retlion.
Unfortunately,
it is not a vif!;orous
rower, does not arm well and in our inooulation trials, we have found it
to be rather susceptible to downy mildew.
It is not as susceptible as our
Clusters varieties, but I see no Zraat hope for it as it now stands.
It
may be possible that crosses that we have between the d!..45 and the Fugglee
variety will develop strains that are better than some of our other crosses*
but of course this remains to be seen.
The varieties from the Continent
of Europe were received this spring, and they made a strong rsrowth, but
did not bear any hops.
They are well established, however, now* and next
year we should be able to obtain their value.
Many of them are supposed
to be n ldewareeistant and from their appearance, I believe that they have
5.
these qualities to a great extent* and although I have no great hopes for
them as they now stand* they appear to be exoollont material for breeding
purposes.
The next method which is made use of in plant breeding is known
as the selootion method.
This involves, in hops, the going out into the
yards, taking outtings from superior looking plants and then testing them
to see if they are better than the variety from which they were selected.
In some types of plants* this is an extremely popular and valuable method
of breeding* but as a rule* in vegetatively propagated plants such as hops*
that is* plants that are sot out from root cuttings* the variation is not
great and that is particularly true from the heritable typo of variation
that we desire.
As many of you know, we classify variations or differ-
moos in a variety in two groups' those variations which are inherited and
handed on from generation to generation, and those variations which are
the result of the environment or the,surroundiag conditions.
For example*
most of our variations are of the latter kind because of great differences
in soil fertility, handling* etO,* of the various plants in a field.
I
believe it is possible that some of our selections maybe a little superior
in yielding ability, but as yet none of them have shown any great differ.,
*noes in resistance to
mildew,
from experience with similar orops such
as potatoes* we do not have as much hope for the possibilities of this
method of improvement as in the third method, which I will now attempt to
explain and the one to which we are devoting most of our Um*.
The third method* as previously stated, is the one of hybridise.,
tion* or crossing.
In a crop such as hops, this is a oomparatively easy
method to carry out for the sexes are on different plants.
In may crops*
such as wheat, oats* barley* rye* corn and most of our grasses, we do net
have this condition* and to got a cross we must emasculate, or remove the
4.
male flowers, so that we can introduce the
pollen which
carries the hers.
editary factors from the male plants from whatever variety we wish to use
as a parent.
In 1930 we designed our plantings so that every Fuggles plant in
the field which bore seed would be a cross between Fuggles and Clusters.
In that year, the only male plants in our experimental yard were of the
Clusters type, and so the Fuggles seed moulted from crosses with these
males.
Of course, as the yard progresses and we produce a large number of
seedlings that are males, we cannot be en sure of the crosses on the
Fuggles and so we have to control pollination somewhat.
In our crossing work this year, we followed several different
methods.
In certain female plants which we desired to use as parents we
made large bags which covered the entire plant from the ground to the top
of the wire.
These bags we placed over the plants early in the season so
that there would be no crossing
chute*
from male
plants that we desired to ex»
Then we covered individliial arms with small glaseine 'bookend intro»
duced to these female flowers the pollen from the male parents.
We had
several plants of the Fuggles variety covered in this way and then used a
desirable Cluster type of male plant for parent.
All of the plaata in
our experimental yard are numbered and recorded in a card index system.
The
following
is a list of some of the crosses that we made this
year I
Ruggles x Late Clusters
Fuggles x Early Clusters
Fuggles x Various Seedlings
1-45 x Fuggles Type
Bavarian x Puggles Type
As you can readily see, this work
get an enormous amount of seed.
results more quickly
than we
builds up quickly and
we soon
In this esq, we approach the desired
did in the first year of our work, which was
5.
one of laying foundations.
The initial work in the beginning of our breed.
ing program was to get both root cuttings and seeds of all of the established
varieties.
We did this and got excellent root cuttings of the following
our first seasons
Late Clusters, Early Clusters, Red Vines, Bavarians,
Fuggles, Geldings, eto.
We got seed from practically all of these var-
ieties from 69 Yards. extendingall the way from British Columbia to California.
in addition, we were able to get other species of hops, particu-
larly the ones known as Tumulus Nee-Mexicana.
This particular hop is a
wild one growing chiefly in Utah and Colorado, and we have root cuttings
of both male and female plants.
We were in hopes that they would show
some resistance to downy mildew, but our trials have shown them to be
sueoeptible and so they are being eliminated.
Another hop which has Shawn
great possibilities from the standpoint of mildew resistance is the annual
Japanese hop which is used as ornamental.
Our trials have shown it to be
rather resistant to downy mildew and we have hybrids between it and our
common commercial type of hop.
Our future work, of course, will involve the testing of these
seedlings first fray the standpoint of mildew resistance and, if they show
promise, from the standpoint of adaptation to our soil and climate, yield*
ing ability and quality which involves resin value, odor, etc.
In other words, we have set up a rather complete project which in-
volves greenhouse studies for the beginning of seedling growth, transferring the seedling to our experimental yard out of doors, increasing indi*
vidual seedlings up to where we have a sufficient quantity to get accurate
tests, but not doing this until we are fairly sure that a new seedling is
of value.
The growing of hops from seed involves scams little technique and
diffioulty, for most of the seeds: do not grim
di44 For example, if
6.
we plant hop seedlings in a flat in the greenhouse, a few of them will
grow, but not many.
We have had to establish a technique and have called
in the help of various workers including the well-known Boyce Thompson
Institute for Plant Research.
Dr. Crocker, the Director of that insti-
tute, has made a life long study of germination of seed, and right now in
and for the last year has bean working an the germination of hop seeds for
us.
In general, WO have found that we get our best results when we
stratify the seed, that is, mix it up thoroughly with moistened granulated
peat,moss and sand,
he place this material either'out of doers in the
fall or in an ice box and leave it for several weeks' time.
Then, when
it is taken into the greenhouse and planted in a flat, it germinates
readily.
In addition, we have found it necessary to soarify or scratch
the seed as sometimes the seed coat is rather hard.
From the flats, we
transfer these seedlings to beds in the greenhouse and attempt to grow
them to a height of at least three feet before they are set out in the ex-
perimental yard. any of our plants have grown to a height of fifteen or
twenty feet in the greenhouse before we set them out.
A year ago we had
excellent results setting out not only seedlings but also root cuttings in
the fall and in fact, we had far better success with the plantings a year
ago this fall than we did with plantings made this spring.
3,706 hills in our experimental yard.
planted with two seedlings eadh.
There are
Nearly 3,000 of these hills were
some of these seedlings died and others
were pulled out because they were apparently abnormal, and so there were
about 600 seedlings that we re-planted, making a total of 6,600 seedlings
set out in our yard this year. At the present time, there are still soma
hills to be re-planted and indications are that at least 500 seedlings
should be grown this winter to be set out in the yard to completely sill
it.
Our method of inoculating and roguing out undesirable and abnormal
7.
seedlings will make our program a continuous one and our experimental yard
will be changing from year to year as we set out new seedlings.
In the beginning we had hopes of growing hop seedlings in flats,
inoculating them with the mildew organism and then increasing only those
which showed resistance to
the ,disteso#
Theoretically
this was an ex-
cellent plan and would lend itself to the rapid development of a large
number of resistant plants which we could test later for other qualities.
We found, however, that in the seedling stage, all varieties were
susceptible to the disease, even Fuggiest, and that the plants had to be
grown to a larger size before they could be tested.
true in other plants.
The sane thing is
For example, with wheat rust, we find that there is
a great difference between the resistance of seedlings and that of mature
plants.
In general, this has complicated our work and makes the task a
little harder. Homer, we find that it is not altogether undesirable to
grow many seedlings to a larger wise even though they are ausoeptibas
for
we are getting some plants which may be of value for other qualities.
we grow the seedlings
Now
as stated before, to a height of three feat and then
transfer them to the experimental yard, and are doing much of our inocula.
tion work in the yard.
For example. I will give you the outline of one
specific inoculation trial which we followed in the month of August.
Nye
were of the opinion that infection would more than likely result if the
iaoculum contained live zoospores, that is. if the small black conidia or
spores which you see on the under side of the leaf, have germinated and
produced the swimming spores.
The inooulum or mildew material which we
used was obtained by scraping from the underside of infected leaves bladk
material whioh you have so often seen.
We put some of th5s black inoculum
in distilled water at four o'clock in the afternoon with the expectation
that the germination would occur in about three or four haws.
At eight
8.
o clock in the evening the conditions were so excellent that we made our
inoculations.
To inoculate a hop leaf, we stick the leaf (still attached to the
plant) in a bottle containing the emerging-germinating zoospores,
We
covered the bottle as well as possible with our hand and then shook it
vigorously so that some of the spor-eoontaining water was sure to come in
contact with the underside of the leaves which were still retained on the
cop :`plant,
The leaf or shoot was then carefully removed from the bottle
so as to leave water clinging to the ander6idt of the leaf.
Observation
the next morning showed that moisture was still present on mo t of the
plants.
Just one week later infection was observed on twenty of the
thirty-two plants inoculated the week before*
Of the plants thowing the
disease, nine were classified as heavy infection, eight mediusa and throe
just a trace.
Praotically all of the infection was leaf infection, hut
two of the plants showed typical spikes.
veloped no infection.
The other twelve plants de-
Whether this was due to resistance or just escaping
the disease, we could not tell from that trial, but three inoculations at
various times later in the season showed the plants to have real resist.
apes to the disease*
This is an example of how we attempt to proceed with
the testing of our new seedlings from the standpoint of resistance to the
disease
Of course, next springy; there may be considerable natural infection
in the yard and we will be able to eliminate many seedlings which are sus..
ceptthle and retain those which apparently show resistance and then arti
ficially inoculate them time after time to determine more definitely
whether they are truly resistant or not.
As we have told you several times
the entranee of the zoospore
_20
9.
of the downy mildew disease is through the stomata or breathing pores
-"Ili& are chiefly on the underside of the leaf of the hop plant.
These
little stomata are of interest, therefore, in regard to their relation to
the disease.
It has been demonstrated in diseaseeresistmace with other
pleats and disialles that there is a definite MAU= betweentheie little
structures and disease resistance.
Tie thoughts therefore, that it would
be of prime important)* to find out this relationship in hops.
three lines of study.
followed
We attempted to get at the number of stomata size
of stamata and time of opening and closing of stomata in various varieties,
particularly those which were susceptible and those which were resistant,
to see if there MUA any difference.
For example
time of closing might be a factor in determining re-
sistanoe because a variety with stomata that close early and open late
would escape infection by affording the zoospores no means of entrance dun.
the period when dew is on the leaves and enough moisture present to
allow the conidia to germinate.
If a variety has few stomata, the chances
for entrance are fewer and also if the size is small
the zoospores may not
enter readily.
Counts of stomata were made on leavez of various sizes of Late
Clusters and Early Clusters, both susceptible varieties; Fuggiest 11-45,
Canadian Red Vines, East Kent Goldings and some German varieties
all of
which had been reported as somewhat resistant; and miscellaneous seedlings.
Our results showed that all of them had about the same number of stamata.
In fact, the Late Clusters had fewer stomata than same of the resistant
varieties which we got from Germany.
Of course, we had to use leaves of
comparable size and age as in the older leaves the stomata were farther
apart, but we are fairly well convinced that the number of stomata has
very little to do with mildew resistance.
10.
No striking differonoe in wise of stomata was apparent, and there
was little varietal variation.
Size could not be determined with the
degree of aeouracy neeesaary to state with absolute certainty that varieties do not differ because the upper epidermis of the hop leaves can
seldom be made to break away cleanly and there is some interference with
vision.
As
Differences in age and size of leaf affect sise of stomata.
a rule, where the stomata are far apart
the openings are larger.
The
measurements that were taken, however, show very little differences in
size of stomata in Late Clusters, Early Clusters, Fuggies* Canattan Red
Vines and East Kent Goldiags.
The time of opening offered us the best clew to resistanoe.
On
July 6, for example, we found that Early Clusters, Late Clusters and
niggles were open at 2 a.n. and still open at 4 p.m.
Ve extended the ob.
servations to a little earlier period and on July 7 these varieties were
all open at 7:30 a.m.
The next day we investigated them at 4130 in the
morning and found that all three of them were open and stayed open to as
late as eight o'clock in the evening.
as July 24, an 000asional stoma
of Early Cluster was found to be open at 2: al is the morning.
There were
no other open stomata on any other variety at that hour. At 3150 a.m.,
Early ..lusters were nearly all open and Late Clusters were beginning to
open. At 4 30 a.m., neither Early nor Late Clusters had all of their
stomata open, and Juggles and L-45 were just beginning to open.
There
appears to be some possibility that tine of opening of stomata may be a
factor, at least partially responsible for resistance to downy mildew of
hops.
Early morning is an ideal time for infection because zoospores of
the fungus are more active in the low temperature and the moisture which
prevails at that time.
However, stomata of all varieties are open while
it is still cool and while there is plenty of moisture on the leaves to
11.
permit the oonidla to germinate.
Also, the results reported above are
not regarded entirely as oonclusive, since we must make more observation,
but we feel that this is an important field of research and we hope to
make a careful study of all of our seedlings which ahaw resistanoe and
find if they havethis characteristic of late opening of stomata*
It is
a good example of one of our methods of attack to find out just exactly
what resistance to this disease consists of.
y1,0110131i0
Information
A. breeding program wi.bh a perennial erop like hops requires a
long period of years and the first few years are needed to establish a
yard and grow not only seedlings but also to establish variety trials as
a basis of comparison.
In the trials during these first years, wo were
able to collect some data on methods of production and habits of hop
plants.
It would be a long story if I told you of the details of these
results and so I am presenting a few charts on these subjects.
Already
Professor Ruxek has told you of some of our work with fertilizers and Mrs
hitaker related his experiences with hop analyses.
These important lines
of research were initiated by us for they are intimately related to our
program.
We have gathered some information on the followinGs
1. Yields of hop varieties under uniform conditions.
2. Effect of fertilizers.
3. Cover crops for the hop yard.
4. Chemical and biologioal analyses.
6. Eandling the hop yard after harvest.
6. Sex reversals.
7. Sexless (bastard) hop plants.
8. Time of pruning.
12.
9. Size end kind of roots.
10. Aphis sprays.
11. Classifiostion of hop varieties.
12. Time of planting.
In conclusion then, I just went to make a few general statements
in regard to the progress of our work. As is customary in beginning a
project of this kind, it is well to review and find out what work had been
done.
Much to my surprise I found that there was little of value pub-
lished in regard to hop breeding work and that me could not find mush
information that would be of great help to use
lioation
tine of the very few pub..
I found stated that it required at least five years to get a
hop from seed that was big enough to produce sufficient cones for testing
for quality and yield.
In our very first year, we were able to grow a
hop to a height of twenty feet and full production in nine months' time
in the greenhouse.
in two years we have grown a large number of plants
from seed to maturity.
It is true that they al-, not in full production,
but I believe that a great majority of themnwill be at least next year.
Of course, we have used modern conveniences, such as a greenhouse, elec-
trio lights at night, etc., to push them along, and I believe that we are
farther along in our program than we really thought that we would be at
the beginning just about two years ago.
I want to just say a word or two in regard to the propagation and
increase of seedlings.
As you all know, the hop does not produce maw(
underground stems or cuttings in its first year of growth.
We have
found, however, that we can often make the arms or staas above ground
take root by placing than in water, and we feel now that we can get a hop
into pretty good production in a very thort time.
A plant breeder who is not enthusiastic about his work and
13.
particularly its possibilities is not worth his salt, and it is necessary
for him to be enthusiastic if he ever hopes to make any new developments.
Cn the other hand many mistakes have been made by overisenthusiastio
breeders.
We hopes
however,
with the plenty good balance wheels which we
have surrounding us, to proceed slowly and cautiously when it comes to
the final decision on a new hop.
be hope to analyze our new developments
from every possible standpoint before we release them to th.) growers.
Any
good worthwhile developments may be patented. under the new patent law, and
our hope is to take out a public patent an any new development so that it
will he free for anyone who wishes to progagate and grow the variety.
In conclusion, I wish to thank Dean vialker Ross lifood, Bert
Butler, Cy Linn, Cliff Noakes, Frank Neeham and all Growers that I have
con%acted for the splendid cooperation and help they have civon in the
solution of this problem.
') 5-
0 41
.411rAr'lle-,-
'ar,r4t4
.
4
.itcp
.AL
, I
,11111t.
Above.
%low.
Late Clusters being cut back,
June first.
Growth seven weeks later and after vines were cut ha(*.
Ross A)od's Y,trd, Dayton, Oregon. - 1932.
Radio
Mazi.....419M
TIMELY SUGGESTIONS FOR HOP GROWERS
spring brings new planting, pruning, and tillage
operations in the Willamette Valley.
This is particUlarly true
here because of the varying conditions from year to year.
For
example, this spring appears to be markedly different tram last.
Last spring Where many of the growers were able to work their
yards in FebruarY, and when many of the bops were on the string
at this time
great advance was made in spring work.
This is
in contrast with conditions this spring, When very, very few of
the growers have done anything at all in their yards as yet.
Several are planning to begin some kind of operations today.
However many of the yards are still too wet to work.
Last season was of particular interest because of the
extremely dry conditions in May and then the very wet June
season.
More than likely conditions will be somewhat reversed
this year, and if we have any moisture later on it will be more
than likel
in May than in June, but, of course, no one knows.
The one operation Wash :has been completed in many yards
is replanting of missing hills and hills whiCh were removed during the fall and winter.
Some of our very progressive growers
have made Vast imProVements in their yards which will be reflected
in hi
er yields in future years.
productive
wealtaand missing
hills,
They have staked all nonduring the past graving season
and have already this spring replanted these hills.
doubt these replants
will mean
Without a
much in yields of future crops.
4
To me this practice is very comparable to the excellent one
being carried on by progressive orchardists who are top-working
their trees to better varieties.
When prices come up, as they
surely will, these growers will be in excellent position to take
off high yields at the lowest possible costs.
Bone growers are still replanting, and we have had inquiries in regard to "roots" to use for replanting.
Dr. Stalkberger states that "the hest cuttings are those
taken from Young Plants
as they are more resistant to the disease
and should be more Productive than those from older plants.
cuttings Should be ca
a.
All
inspected before 'planting and the
diseased and damaged ones rejected.
The opportuntty 1,Or 'produc-
ing improved sorts by.celection of the stook tram which cuttings
are taken offers a promising field for the progressive lipp,grower..
Many growers Who tite.MUch attention te improving the fertility
of their field and their methods of cultivation take their cuter
tings for planting tram the nearest available supply without any
consideration of the prodUctiveness and othir qualities of the
plants from Which the cuttings are taken.
This has resulted in
many yards in the loss of certain distinct Nartetal character.
istics, and in almost every field mixed varieties and light and
heavy producers occur indiscriminately.
Productivenees of an acre of hops
A careful study of the
California has ahown that
the yield of individual hills varied tram a few ounces to 18
pounds of green hops.
hills is large
Such.
When the number of thebe lowyielding
the total yield wil4. be correspondingly reduced,
should be removed and replaced by roots taken from
lants giving high yields."
I do not know of any grower Who is putting very much
emOha is in regerd to the kind of plant from which he takes hop
MOre emphasis should be placed on this, and I believe
roots,
in the future if we want to reduce costs by increasing yields
more attention will have to be given to the type: of roots
*elected*
Thousands of new roots have been planted this year*
and there has been little attention to the type of plants from
Which they came.
It is also of importance to avoid planting roots which
are small, withered, broken and maybe infected with such diseases
as crown gall, or root knot, as the disease is called by some
growers.
This disease is all too prevalent and should be read-
ily cleaned out by rogueing and some care in sanitation when
cutting roots.
In general most growers are of the opinion that
tip roots are the choicest, and they make every effort to get
this type of root*
I have been unable to find any actual work
done on this Point in hops, but in other crops it aPPears that
the tips* i.e. those that are out on the enei of the runners,
have the strongest eyes.
It may be worth While to get this type
of root.
I have boon making observations on some of the cover
crops grown with hops the past season.
Many of the legume cover
crops have not made the growth which they ordinarily do, and
they appear a little disappointing in their productiveness this
year.
I believe this is particularly true of the winter field
pea* which has not grown as rapidly as one would like fOr a corer
Crop which must be plowed at this time*
I am particularly im
1'2
pressed with the mustard which is so prevalent in many Of our
fields.
This is not the true Aiuetard of the Kiddle..west but is
in reality a wild turnip,
pstead
I am told that wok at North
as
England, indicates that this makes an 8=one:A cover orop
In general,
1124,(1 by actual effect upon yields of following crops.
most cover crops are as valuable as the amount of growth they
make, and in this ease mustard makes more growth by the 'first
April than any of our other common plants.
of.
In addition this
SrouP of plants is high in nitrogen, a fertilising element which
is of importance in producing growth, particularly in a rank growing crop like hops.
Those growers Whose fields are flooded and
ho have a good stand of mustard are rather fortunate because it
appears that they have about as. tin* a cover crop as they. could
seed.
It appears that it may be very mubh werth While to make
plans to harvest mustard seed.
Who is making
Right now I do not know of anyone
mess of this but it is a point Which should
be emPhasized and I believe there are lots of possibilities in
this crop.
In our trials at Corvallis last year we planted several
cover crops, including barley, Austrian winter field peas, hairy
vetch, common vetch, and Monantha vetch*
Barley has ma4e the
most vigorous growth, but of course it is a non-legume not very
high in protein, and more than likely it does not compare with
the others, of which the best right 11,10W in appearance ii common
vetch*
Our fertilizer trials on hops and in two different yards last ye ax
to get both the effect of the fertilizer on miaidew anl on yields
and quality of hops did not give very significaht results*
1
This
130
may have been due to the extremely dry weather along in May,
just after the fertilizers were placed around the bill*
The
trials inoluded all possible combinations of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, potadh and sulfur, these various elements alone and
in all combinations
very great
The actual increases in yields were not
and our Chemist is just completing analyses of
these bops and finds that the fertilizer apparently does not
have much effect on the lupulin content*
To get results fram comlereial fertilizers on hops, I
believe that growers are going to have to put on extrenely
heavy applications and also make provisions that the fertilizer.
are placed down in the feeding
zone of the roots, rather than
at the surface of the soil, bee use many of the fertilizers
become fixed right at the place where they are applied, and if
we are to draw conclusions ircm results with larger plentS
as peas, such a procedure will have to be followed
sudh
I hope that
I am able to carry on some such trials in cOmmeetion, with rate
of applications and methods of applications of fartilizerso
I
believe that they are just as important, if not more so than the
kind of fertilizers, alt totem quite often we can tell fram the
soil type just about what may be needed.
The season so far bag surely been wet aid sold.
It has
been sufficiently moist tor the increase of the downy mildew
disease but has been a little too cool.
Mildew was found as
early as March, and some little amounts have been found in
various places but no large outbreaks as yet*
I was in a yard
Dear Goshen, Oregon, ten days ago or so and found absolutely
none in a yard which was practically a totem.
loss,
as far as the
one variety was conserned last year.
It may be that there will
be no mildew present there this year, and it may be that it has
been a little too cool.
There appears to be a rather intimate
and important association between the small hop seedlings pro.
duced from seed which was dropped on the ground last fall and
the mildew disease.
These seedlings are very, very susceptible
to mildew, and as they are found growing right in the hill and
all about the vines coming up, there is every possible she
for infection which is carried in the coat aroUnd the seed to
get an the see din and then, be transferred to the Vine'.
This
association is being watched closely and it may be that it is
wise to pick hope a little cleaner and also if poesible clean
up the field before these are allowed to make any growth.
#44
of course, are very much interested in the seedlings from the
standpoint of developing new varieties, and in supplementing
our work last fall, When we collected seed from a large number
of yards in all parts of Oregon Washington, California and
Waelington and British Columbia we have been collecting seedfa
lingo this spring, and find them in numerous numbers in most
yards
Growers
X am sures will be interested in. knowing the
progress of our seedlings which we planted at various times
beginning last fall in the greenhouse.
have attained a he
time.
Some of these seedlings
t of 21 feet and are producing hops at thiS
They hale made an enormous root growth in some oases,
producing roots at least 2 feet deep and greatly branched.
have about 5,000
We
seedlings in the greenhouse, most of them on
strings and ready to be placed out in the yard as soon as it can
be plowed and gotten into Shape.
Also
we are anxious to wait
.7.
until
after the middle of April, when most danger of frost is
past.
Our plan, if weather permits
seedlinse this w0017,...end
over 5 acres.
is to put out many of these
Plowinc has started in our yard of
of our hops which were planted last year bailie
made a good growth alreadY, and we hope to have a five-acre yard
containing several thousand seedlings, selections, fertilizer,
varietal, green manure trials well under may this season.
l bop.
later that we can have a field day here in our yard at Corvallis
and that 1 can invite zany of the growers to go over these various
trials and individual plants, to note variations in not only
varieties but milder resistance, yielding abilit-,T, quality, and
nany other important factors which go to make up a high.yielding,
low costing hop which will corpete with those produced in the
other hop growing areas of the world.
11 3 3
Radio . October 11
1932
After Wiest Care of the 1122. Yard
After the busy days of hop harvest, most growers are interested in
getting away from the work in the hop yard and usually plan to seek some
recreation.
beginning
It is true that the hop growing season is a long and busy one,
in many °Mai as early as February when the yard is plowed and
the hills hoed and pruned.
In rapid suocession many operations such as
staking, twining, suckertn4, oaltivating, stripping, training, and so forth
follow one another.
All of these operations are capped by the big task
of harvesting an enormous crop in a comparatively short time.
It seem
logical that one would desire some change and hope that the hop yard could
be put to bed to rest until the following February at least.
With the years, however, conditions appear to be &waging and with
lower prices, keener competition, and the necessity of getting the greatest
yields at the minimum cost it becomes necessary to do other things.
In
addition, the constant threat of the downy mildew disease requires more and
different operations and particularly clean cultivation, sanitation, and
the necessity of removing vines and debris from the yard as soon as possible.
Hop growers have long been interested in the use of cover crops
in their yards.
These cover swops serve several purposes,
Growers as
indicated by their interest in the best possible cover crop, are realising
more and more the importance of growing a cover crop in the yard each year.
In the first place, many of the yards are subject to overflow during the
winter season and washing.
The damage from erosion and washing can be
materially redacted by a growth of crop on the ground, and so in these yards,
particularly, the cover crop serves an important function.
In the next
place, a cover crop adds fertility to the soil, particularly if the crop
3 -1
2.
This is of importance
is a leguminous one and, also, it adds organic matter.
in many of the yards which have a coarse, sandy soil, and it is also of
Importance in the yards on upland where the soil is rather heavy for the organic'
ratter tends to open the compactness of these types.
In tk-ds way, the physical
condition of the soil is kept up and operations such as plowiag and cultivatinz
are made easier and more than likely yields are increased.
Ihere is a great
,hoice of cover crops varying all the way from the wild turnip or mustard,
as it is called
to the cultivated turnip, Crimson clover, Austrian winter
field peas, and the many vetohes which are available and the most comm.=
of which are Common vetch, Hungarian vetch, Hairy vetch, and Monantha*
Seed
of all of these crops is available and all of them offer possibilities.
FOr
a L;iven set of conditions, however, the best ones can be limited to one
or two.
in the fall of 1931 in our experimental yard at Corvallis we planted
several cover crops.
Monantha
vetch,,
in the trial we included Hairy vetch, Coon. vetch,
Austrian winter field peas, and barley*
T;ie greatest
growth was made by barley, and this in turn was followed-, Comuon vetch,
Hairy vetch, iionantha vetch, and Austrian winter field peas.
04: course,
it is difficult to get an exact measure on the value of a cover crop, but
in general, a cover crop is measured in value by its growth.
In other words,
the cover crop that makes the greatest growth will, usually brint the
highest returns if handled properly.
legumes.
This is particularly true of the
Non leguminous plants, suoh as barley, are not high in nitrogen
and are limited somewhat in their value in that respect.
were is no doubt,
however, that if a person wants to add green growth to his leguminous cover
crop, he would find it profitable to add barely to the mixture*
The barley
in these plats, in fact, crow so rank that we had some little difficulty
in turning it under and preparing the ground for later operations. We
13 5
3.
found that the best method in handling it was to disk it thoroughly before
plowing.
The response of the hops in all of these trials was exoellent, maybe
not due to the cover erop but the fine oondition of the soil which is
oomperatively nwr and has n)t been cropped to any extent.
of the barley no
The great growth
way affected the moisture content and the hops made a
splendid growth 0.1 season.
cove
It was noted that the plats whioh had these
crops were comparatively free of weeds throughout the entire season and even
up to the present time.
This fall QM Septether Urd we made our main planting of cover crops
in the 5-acre experimental yard.
In the tAals this year we included Common
vetch (AK per lb.), Hairy vetch, (V), Hungarian watch (2101), Monantha
vetch (AK), Bitter vetch (AK), and Austrian winter field peas (2 ZAK). About
a month previous, however, we made some seedings of Crimson olover (6K)
.
Hone of this seed is sprouted as yet and more than, likely it is fortunate
that none of it sprouted becase of the extremely dry weather whieh 'we are
having.
There is no doubt but that this seed will sprout after the first
fall rains.
The seed this year was planted with a small drill whioh goes
between the hop rows.
This drill not only makes it easier to put in the
crop but also puts the seed at the proper depth and gives one an economioal
and satisfactory distribution of the seed.
Growers whose fields are naturally covered with wild turnip or mustard
have a good °aver °rep and one which makes en enormous amount of early
growth.
This *over crop is particularly valuable for those growers who plan to
do early plowing and get their yards in shape early in the season.
We also
have great hopes for Bitter VetC as it is an early grower and usually
make more growth than any other vetch by the middle of March.
in this respect,
Austrian winter field peas are not satisfactory because they do not she
their greatest growth early in the spring.
Growers who do not plant end
13g.
4.
plow until late in the sprinr (last of April) will find Austrian winter
Seed for a cover orop does not need
field peas, however a orop well worth trying.
'ne absolutely pure or clean.
Quite often good buys of tied seed, that
is seed that is a little low in gl,rmination or seed that is act satisfactory
for a hay or seed crop.
This type of seed may be utilized to Lood advantage
for a cover crop and, In many oases, may he purchased as low ac one cent per
pound.
The smaller seeded vet:thee such as Hairy vetch requil%) about thirty
pounds seed per acre, while the larger seeded ones such as Calmon -etch and
Austrian winter field peas should be planted at the rate of :7,1_#y pounds per
acre.
At these rates of planting the seed cost is not high and one is
buying, maybe, the Cheapest and best fertilizer possible as far as adding
nitrogen and organic matter is Concerned.
Many of the growers sow their cover crop before the hops are picked,
Anti in some seasons this is e. good practice.
This year if '!.,1e seed sprouted
it more than likely was killed later by the ertreme dry. and
September.
It is not
too,
-.)t weather ir
late to put in plantinss of a cover erop, and,
in fact, plantings at this time should do as well as earlier f,nos.
SO much for cover crops.
Another important factor in regard to after
harvest stare is the dispostion of the hop vines.
There is no doubt that
vines infected with 'mildew are a source of Contamination for the following
year.
Growers who had considerable mildew during the past epa6:-)n should ;lake
preparations to cut the
vines,
and burn them as early as feasi10.
vines cut and removed the same day
been
done in same yards already,
will
get rid of the most le&ves.
and what
Green
This has
work we have done shows that there
is no particular offset on the hills if the vines are out comparatively soon
after harvest.
The removal of the vine and burning will also reduce somewhat
the number of seeds which fall on the ground and offer a source of contamination when
they
sprout the following spring.
There appears to be an intimate
5.
association with the small hop seedling and downy mildew infection early
in the spring.
Considering the large sums paid out for removing spikes and
training clean vines in the spring in mildew infeoted yards, growers can
afford to put some extra time and effort on cleaning up the yards, in the
fall.
This work has to be done sometire and can be done just as well in the
fall as later.
This is particularly true this fall when we have had so much
excellent weather for working in the yards.
The weather is all in favor
of reducing mildew infection this fall and consequently the amount of mildew
next spring.
Any additional work done to remove all possibilities of
contamination will be of real importance this year.
Growers who stake non-productive and missing hills dhring the growing
season are in an excellent position to replace these hills and it is still
none too late to replant at this time.
Hops that we put ou+ last fall made
an excellent growth this spring, and growers who are in a position to plant
at this time could do so, I believe, with safety,.
Of courses the limiting
tactor is extremely cold weather this winter which may injure the young shoots.
There are an excessive number of male plants.in.some yards, and this is
',.;
+
particularly true in certain sections of a yard.
There is no need of having
four or five or even more male plants adjacent for they take valuable space.
Actual counts in one yard this year have shoran as many as ZE. per cent
of missing or non-productive hills and this is in a yard which is considered
to be kept in excellent condition.
No grower can afford to have one44third
of his yard out of production because his growing costs, with the exception
of harvest and drying, are just as great.
Many times we have mentioned the
importance of a uniform and full stand of bops to produce the greatest possible
yields at the least cost,
There is nothing that a grower can do which will
bring him better returns than to see that each hill in the yard is producing
not only same hops but the greatest amount possible.
In same yards there is
6.
a dearth of Taale plants, aad ilese growers are not only betting lighter yields
ilut also they are having difficulty with their hops ripeninL, and closing
don before proper picking time -ye,lf.oh in a wet fall may be quite early and
extremely different from the excellent picking and harvest:Ai, c3ilditions we
have had this year and which have made an excellent crop an
seen tueugh yields are smaller.
a hillar price,
1 3 ,9
HOP MUM PROGRAM
At the ompseis of Sr. Dean 1Ia 2kor* Prosideat of the Sop Omer*
Assoliatica the wit.* assembled information es a hop rosoaroh prepas
'Various woken at the Oregon Exporiatst Statics sore ooneultod as to
chat work cas noosooary is their partioular
.esd *sat sot they
inelools it properly Massed* ?ha molts of this study are given
in the out
aol diesuesies Wish tell.
Seedlinf,s transferred to :',i,xperimental lard in spring of 1932 "reach the
sire" in late summer.
41
NOP RESEARCH PROGRAM
At the request of Mr. Dean walker. President of the Hop Grower*
Association,
the writer assembled information on a hop research progran4
Various workers at the Oregon Experiment Station were consulted as to
what work was necessary in their particular line and what work they could
The results of this study are given in the
include if properly financed.
outline ant diecuesicnistich
I. drawing and marketing the crop
1. Varieties and unproduettv plants
2
Fertilizers and irrigation
S. Tillage, pruning and training practices
4. Picking, drying, curing and baling prastiees
S. Pests
A. Diseases
B. Insects
6. Cost of production
7. Grades, grading and van rehous ing
S. Financing
9. Markets and Marketing
U. Improvement of the crop by breading methods
1,0 Related to all of the above practices
Vi HIS
ECONOMIC swot Opp BOP INDUSTRY IN MEOW
PROFESSOR GORGE L. MUD STkTESAI
!Bops hare bean grown commercially in. Oregen for the Past five
deoado. and therefore co
'ti'
one of the oldest eitilateb4a4rioUltural
142
industries in the state,
Statistics asseabled by Oregon hop dealers
and growers indieate that in 1930 there were some 14,000 sores of hops
15,600,000 pounds of hops were obtained.
harvested is Oregon from
When expressed ih terms of December 1 farm prices, this crop had a 'value
of $2,344,500.00, representing 3,4 per cent of the value of all crops, and
4.0 per vent of the value of the major tam crops in this state.
Even
though these percentage figures are not large, the product here represented
is of real impox tant). to those areas and produoers eonened* Hops, re
quiring as they do, such a large amount of hand labor in their production,
contribute a proportionately larger sash income to the soonomie welfare
of the community than crops of less intensive culture"
VARIETIES
UNPRODUCTIVE PLANTS
A varietal trial is one of the most basic investigations which is
conducted with all crops.
The research work with hops has been so limited
that a mell-vonduoted trial of this sort has not been undertaken.
it is
0020031 knowledge that varieties and their adaptations differ greatly and
no piece of investigational work is more productive of results than a trial
of this sort 'which is comparatively easy to undertake.
Last year a limited
trial comparing the three most important varieties was begun*
Even in the
first year of production, wide differences in yielding ability were obtained.
A research program should call for a oomparative trial of not only the
varieties which we are now growing, but also a comparison of all variarties
that are available.
Plant breeding stations in England and on the Conti*
ent are constantly producing new sorts and it is essential that these be
grown in comparison with the varieties that we now have.
This trial would give results not only in yielding ability, but also
143
3.
in quality* ease of pi eking disease and insect resistance, and many other
important faators which affect a crop variety.
In addition to various varieties, we have many types of plants with
a variety.
Some of the outstanding plants 'which are yielding very
little to the grower are thoso which produce no flowers, and those
produce both male and female flowers.
which
The cause of these plants is not
known, and an important piece of work would be to find out not only their
cause but possible remedies.
The large number of plants of this type is
not only wafting down yields, but requiring growers to spend muoh time and
money in their removal
Along the same lines some work could be done in
regard to the effect of male plants on yield and quality.
A trial of this type would require repitoated plots of each variety
and growing them for a period of years.
This would require from 1 to 2
acres of land and mould cost about $100.00 per year per acre.
SOIL PROBLEM IN CONNECTION
yam us HOP r/IDICSITT
1. Physical Classification and Improvement.
Bottom land soils of
Some
Chehalis series are believed to be most extensively used for hops.
of the sandier types of this and of the Nyberg series are law
in usable
meter capacity and organic matter content requiring careful handling sad
cover cropping if they are to be kept in use for this intensive crop.
what is the relative coat and value of vetch and barley, mustard, turnips,
spoiled legume hay, or straw and nitrates, or barnyard mans 'e for hunts
building on these lands?
Should cover crops be fertilised to insure
profitable growth and if sos haw and when
Will similar methods apply to
the brown (Willamette) silt lows of the Valley floor?
2
that is the economic
amount of irrigation for hops on
typical
44
4.
bottom land?
Ca
corer crops be started more promptly on irrigated Land
so as to insure a profitable growth of green minaret
Can they be left on
later in spring where irrigation is available? ghat per cent of moisture
taken by hops is removed from the surface layers (2 or 3 feet) of soil?
At what moisture content should irrigation be applied? Will mtver cropping
substantially reduce the irrigation requirement?
3
What is the °commie rate, form and ool*Lurtion of fatiliser
nutrients for hops on bottom land?
On'valley floor land?
Now do differ.
out fertilizers 'afoot quality. maturity and disease resistance?
what profitable uses maybe made of tub-marginal hop land?
TILLAGE
ITUNING, AND TRAINING PRACTICES
Considerable work has been done on most of the oomman crops as to
the best tillage prattle-es,
Time and methods of plowing, harrowing, etc..
vary greatly and it is desirable to know what
omical and also give the beet results.
anti one are the most aeon.
The hop plant, beeause of its in..
tenu re mature and method of growing. offers many possibilities in tillages,
pruning and training practices,
Praotieally no investigational work has been done along these lines
to determine when the operations should be carried on and to what extent.
The relation between these operations and yield, disease resietanoe quality,
eta., is not known. Actual practices earried on by the growers vary greatly
and according to inquiries there is much interest in knowing what method*
are the best.
Right now there is considerable interest in methods of training which
will produce best results not only from the standpoint of yield but also
from the standpoint of quality.
Some growers are lowering trellises in
order to get away from losses from Noiritibipping."
They find that with a
145
5.
high trellis the wind not only knocks off large quantities of hops, but
also bruises those which are retained on the vine.
Some research into a
training practice for the different localities would be welcomed by most
growers.
At least two acres of ground should be devoted to this type of
work and the cost would be somewhere around $100 per acre per year'
PICKING. DRYING. CURING, AO BALING PRACTICES
These praotioes involve the most expensive operations and offer
much in the way of reducing costs of production.
Little is known in regard
to the time of picking on all of these operations and little advancement
has been made along these lines.
The adaptation of new trials and also methods being carried on in
continental area* offer much in the way of investigational work.
The final relation between these praotioes and quality of hops is
not known and some investigational work in cooperation between agranomio
and chemistry workers has been begun in a limited way.
It is hoped that
these investigations can be extended so that some definite recommendations
can be trade on best practices.
HOP DISEASES
In 1931 the invasion of hop downy mildew caused an estimated loss
to Oregon growers in excess of $200iO3 at existing low prices although this
was only the second year of its known promo' in the State.
This places
the mildew ahead of all other hop diseases in rapidity of spread and power
to produce damage, but survey of Pacific Coast hop fields discloses the
presence of a number of diseases which cause large aggregate annual losses.
Most of these are diseases for which adequate information about cans*. spread
146
6.
end control is not avilable.
Only investigational work can bring out the
The follow..
facts which are needed for effective reduction of these losses.
bag is a list of the chief known diseases of hops in this region,
1. Downy Mildew
2, Root and Crown Rots averaging probably at least 5% loss of plants
ammsllyi--examples of 30% loss in one year are known, So-called
sleepers may perhaps fall in this group.
3. Sooty mold assooiated with late applied woek. a serious aad frowidesp4mtd loss and lowering of grade.
quent cause
4. Crown gall as bacterial tumoro-cspeeially important on nursery
plants. As high as 10% field infection has been reported.
S. Stem canker or wilt responsible for drying up of plants in CODA
Just previous to harvest. A local problem.
6. Virus diseases of various types generally termed *blight" by
growers, As high as 40% loss has been found ta a single yard,
Sec .called "bastard" plants probably come in this class,
BOP INSECT PEST C ITROL PROBLEMS
1. The Hop Aphis* Phorodon huwoli Schrank
iii-Vrion.
inseet pests occur
One of the most serious
No systematie investigation of the hop aphis has been undertaken
since 1911 wad 1912, when Quassia and whale oil soap were room*
mended. New insecticide§ have been developed since 19121shich
*Load be tested in the control of the hop aphis.
2, The Red Spider Ate.
telarius (Iinn0
The most widely distributed and destruetive red spider in the
western states. No systematic investigation of this red spider in
relation to hop production has been undertaken six oe 1911 and 120
and most of this work was done to California under conditions different from Oregon. There is need for research on the new deg clop.
merits in contact insecticides and their adaptation to red spider
control 011. hops.
3. The 12.spotted leaf beetle Diabrotioa sorer Lee.; the ho
beetle, pa iliodoe
tNirtall mabwormi
op Inittalry, Polnonia eitjyrne
ounea D try;
142rlihappers # and thrips
flea
stereo
reworms0
These insects occasionally do serious damage in hop fields.
Little is known about their life habits and methods of combating
their ravages.
/47
7 ft
4. Most of the growers are still using quassia and whale oil soap
for aphis control and many of the growers are still using flour
paste as a spreader. It is estimated that it costs the hop
grower from five to seven dollars an aore per application, in
spraying for red spider and aphis. At least three applications
are made. Estimated cost* 15,000 acres (si #15.00 - $225,000.
ANNUAL ESTIMATE OF COST OP INVESTIGATIONS
Plan No. I
This plan provides for the establishment of a Research Assistantship, covering a period of three years and leading to a Ph. D. degree.
Salary of
Research Assistant (Part-time)
4 ,500.00
(This maniwill devote at least one
third of his time to the studs of
insectO of hops during the school
year and all his time' during the
summer. The reminder of his time
to be devoted to advanced study
and thesis, leading to his degree.)
Materials and supplies
.
150.00
Travel
Oar
-
.
OD
$675
Upkeep
100
Subsi stance
150
Total.
925.00
$1575.00
*1575.00
Plan No. II
This plan provides for a full time assistant who will devote all
his time to the study of insect pests of hops.
Assistant in Research, En-W=1ov
Materials and Supplies
WW WO
$1800.00
OW
WO
WO
150.00
8.
Travel
$875
Car *r
..
Upkeep Subsistenos
100
99500
150
$2875.00
Total s
GRAM AND GRAMM mons PROM VIERPDX IT OF
TRADE CUSTOM AN ACTUAL VALUES
Definite grades important ins
(1) Settlement of oontraets
(2) Avoiding purely sexpkitrancaotions
(3) Cooperative settlement with growers and with
bilities of blending to meet grades in some cases.
I.
Physical tests
(1) Mbisture content
(2) Texture
(5) Weight and seediness
(4) Cleanliness or purity
(5) Color
and
may
(e) Odor
(7) Soundness and freedom from damage
(8) Lupulin content
XI. Chemical and bacterial values
(1) Soft and Bard resin contents
(2) Bactericide test as check on chemical value
Storages
Weight changed under storage
Chemical and physical changes
$2875.00
I4
9.
(1) Due to place of storage
(2) Due to period of storage
COST AND EFFICIENCY STUD* OF THE
OREGON HOP ENTERPRISE
Since the publication of the results of the first enterprise cost
and efficiency studies node by the Oregon Experiment Station several years
ago, many growers' organizations have petitioned the Experiment Station
for similar studies of the enterprises with which they were concerned.
As a result, a number of studies of this kind have now been oom.
pleted or are under way--Eastern Oregon Wheat Production, Alfalfa ay Pro.
duotion Strawberry Production, lillamette Valley
Hays,
Silage mid Kale,
Rogue River Pears, Commercial Egg Production, .iestern Oregon Prunes, Dairy
Farm Production,,English Walnut Production, *toe
(See attached list.)
Purpose
Under present-day conditions of low price levels and severe compe
tition from other regions, Oregon growers have come to realize that the
surest means of survival in their enterprise is through reducing cost of
production to the utmost.
Price is difficult or impossible to control, but cost of production
lies largely within the hands of the individual grower.
Cost studies have
shown in every enterprise a vide variation in cost among individuals work..
ing under practically identical conditions
Analysis of the data obtained
shows clearly why costs vary .sets out the factors which make costs high
or lowand as a result enables growers to adopt those practices which
reduce cost and leave a margin of profit even at the lower price levels,
50
10*
Obt)iptive*
A cost and effieieney study
the hop enterprise would have these
three major objectives,
First, to find what, the cost of hop production in thoWillamette
Valley rosily iso..4ehat the chief it
of cost are
ow much is oash or
out-of-apooket cost and how much non -cash, overhead and absorbed cost...-
what capital is invested or required per sore and how distributed, what
the labor and material requirements are, what the cost of each operation
is, what yields are required to cover cost, what the variations in cost
are under different conditions, etc.
Second, to determine what factors in the organization operation
and management of the enterprise have moat influence on oasts and thereby
haw costs oaf be reduced or kept low--sueh factors as yield, quality, die..
ease and insect pests, size of unit, cultural methods, harvesting and
drying methods, wanagerent of labor variety, soil type, soil fertility,
etc.
Third, the economic place of the enterpri
in iiiillarcatte Valley
agriculture.
Cost of
Probably complete cost records taken by the survey method from 100
representative farms for two successive years would give a body of data
from which accurate conclusions could be drawn,
The expense of the project for field work, computation and analysis
and preparation of manuscript would approximate $ .000 per year, or a total
of 04,000 for the project.
Funds
The federal Purnell fund budgeted to the Department of Fara
11.
Management weuld perhaps take oare of half of this expense and cooperation
with the Department of Farm Crops and the federal Department of Agrioulft
ture might be a possible source of the balanee needed.
The support and approval of Dr. Sohoenfeld
Direrc for of the
Experiment station, would be the first step necessary.
(Sample
bulletin
attached.)
BREMIlfa
The field of plant breeding in.hops in this country has been sadly
neglected in the last 20 years.
Before that
time,
some -monk was done and
this is responsible for the varieties now being grown,
It must be remembered that the field of breeding involves introdu*.
tion of new varieties, selection of superior plants, and hybridisation
between varieties.
Hops are vegetatively propagated by the growers and little is known
by thaw', of possibilities of obtaining better varieti we through seeds,
comprehensive program
of breeding;
was undertaken last year.
Thousands of
seedlings have been grown and are ready to be transplanted in a 5.maore yard
devised for thie type
of work'
laready one acre has been established and
the moat promising mildew resistant hop from agland has been introduced.
Correspondence with
practically all
of the hop growing areas has yielded
the premise of the best varieties and the hope that these oan be ineluded
for observation this year.
A program of this sort must extend over a
period of years in order to
establish
plants and get their possibilities
from all the important standpoints, such as yield, quality, disease
resistance, etc,
AA this work is already well establiihed the cost far tiontinuirt
Abnormal (left and center) and Normal Nettles.
(No mildew found). Ross Mood Yard. Jane 1, 1932.
The Applioation of Chemical and BieleOciel
Methods to the Evaluation of
Oregon Ism
INTRODUCTION
Si ava 1930 the United States Department of Agrioulture has
appropriated funds for the purpose of making studies on the control
of downy mildew on Willamette Valley hops. The investigation inoluded
ohiefly pathological studies for the sontrol of the mildew and the
breeding of resistant varieties of hops. As the problem advanced it
became evident that ineofar as the plant breeding and related trials
were coneerned, ax thing that might be acoomplished would not be of
full value if the new developments were unsuited for brewing.
That different varieties of hops and even the same variety
handled under different conditions, vary considerably in brewing
value is well known. It is well known that, in this country at least,
the method for evaluating different samples of hops has been for Iniyers
to grade them on physical characteristics alone, such as color, odor,
lapulin oontent dryness, foreign material, and so forth. That this
method of judging hops was inadequate was voiced as long ago as 1907
when Dr. 14 I. Stockberger(1) said, aft determining the quality of
marketable hops, **Oh consumer has been a law unto himself with the
frequent result that individual preference instead of intrinsic value
decides the choice. Thum, it actually oecurs that a hop rejected.by
one consumer will be readily purchased by another; a state of affair*
whist is directly responsible for the sentiment sometimes vatted among
hop growers that 'No matter how inferior the hops may be, someone will
be found who will buy thesis."
group of English workers have since 1020 given oon.iderablit
thought and work to the development of chemical and biological methods
A
for the determination of the actual brewing value of hops, and to all
appearances have succeeded to a very marked degree. It is the appli..
cation of these methods to the problem at hand with which this paper
is ooncerned.
RICTIEw OF =BR OM
Bxcept in a few cases, the literature prior to 1926 has not been
exa mined, due largely to the limitations of the library at my disposal.
tortramore, the referenees are restricted almost wholly to an English
publieation, the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, because it eon.
tains the reports of the uResearoh Scams" promulgOted by the Institute
in 1920 for the purpose of studying the preservative properties of hops.
55
Up to the beginning of 1932* twelve reports have been made to the
Institute on this research problem. In addition to the research
sponsor** by the Institute of Brewing* there have been a number of
independent English workers together with German* French and Russian
workers interested in the problem.
It is well known that the chief value of hops in brewing is
the inhibition of undesirable bacterial action during and after brewing.
Also that the antiseptic or preservative properties of hops are tied
up with the se.esilea soft resins or the portion of the total rosin*
that is soluble in light petroleum* and that hops of high soft resin
content are likely to have thigh preservative value. The preservative
value and the soft resin content* however* do not run parallel because
the soft resins consist of* mixture of oempounds of different aotivi.
ties in varying proportions. As long ago at 1888 it was-shown-hy
Bayduck that the soft.reein could be separated into at least two frame
tons by treatment with alodholic lead acetate. Theoc.fraction was
precipitated as a sparingly soluble lead salt while the B-fraction was
not so precipitated. Since that time* such work has been done toward.
devising simple and accurate chemieal and biologioal methods for
determining the preservative value of hops.
In 1923* walker(3) published an article on the nature of the
preservative principles ofops
h. Be stated that hops are used in
brewing for the purpose of (1) imparting flavor, (2) acting as a
preservative* and (3) assisting in classification. The resins may
be divided into two major divisions. The so-called hard resinathat
are valueless from a brewing standpoint and the so-Galled soft resins
in which* it is believed* all Of the preservative power rests. The
soft resins mazy be separated into two fractions. Theo( -fraction
which contains (*.acid or hUmulen and the 8-fraction which contains
8-acid or lupulon.
In 1924* Wa lker(6) published a method for the extraction of
crystalline lupslon from crude soft resins. 8resin was found to
contain 26 . 33/g lupulon. Whole
extracted with light petroleum
gave 3% 3- .resin, lupulin gave 10.6
-resin.
In 1924, Walker
r l) found lupulon to be a monobasio* unsaturated
hydrocarbon, having the formula C25 1136 04. M.P. 944° .... 965° 'foie
weight 400. It is insoluble in water* but solUble in the usual organic
media though only slightly so in light petroleum. Forms metallic salts
and bromine addition products, Oxidation or treatment with aqueous or
alooholio potash produces valeric acid.
F. Kolbaoh(10) reviewed our present knowledge of the hop resin*.
Thea..bitter and B.bittcr acid*, termed humulon and lupulon respeotively,
being crystalline substances should not be designated as resins. These
by polymerisation sr hydrolysis formocand B soft resins and going
finally to 0( l and oC 2 hard resins and
and6g hard resim04,,(11 and
a
3.
?;)2 hard resins are insoluble. ,,,Ka and c<1, hard resins are soluble
in ethyl ether. The soft resins, and acids are soluble in petroleum
ether. The o<mbitter acid is preolpitable by lead aoetate.
.
In 1928 Windisoh, Balbach, and Grohn(I1) studied the offset
of hydrogen ion in aqueous boiling Solution on the transformation of
humulon. Solutions ranging in hydrogen ions from pU 344 to PO 9.18
were used. The smallest amount of deoemposition took place at OK 8,540
la% in an hour's boiling, At pH 8,5 there was 40 deoomposition indioated in an hour of boiling. When the bum .on is boiled for periods
longer than an hour it was found that the transformation took place
at a somewhat slower rate is duration of boiling is inereased.
ollmer(12) is valuating a series of hops, prepared from each
of the hop resins, three separate fractions; (1),,,cabitter &old,
(2) c-fraotion consisting of that portion of the soft resins not preoipitated by lead acetate, and (3) the 1-..resin or hard resin, insoluble
in petroleum ether. The separate fractions were boiled with wort, the
liquid fermented, and the taste and stability of the resulting beers
examined. The bitter flavors imparted, by the resin fractions were
Judged by several persons, while the length of time the beers -kept
sound was taken as a criterion of the antieeptie power. The T- .resin
imparted no 'bit tE taste to the beer, the rp...fraction a slight bitter-.
nags, while/thit.M..aoid an extremely bitter flavor resulted. That the
antiseptic power resided in thecK-aoid was provedlihrs beers treated
with this fraction kept sound for months, whereas beers hopped with the
fraction or r.resin soon went sour. The author suggested that the
brewing value of hops be taken as 7/6 x humulon, or humulon + 1/9
c-traotion.
In 1985, Wieland(14) stated that humulon C
R
06 is a weak
acid swing its aoidity to au venal group and is capable of f:rming di.
metallie salts with heavy* motels. Ruoulon is readies decomposed by
alkalis into buodlinie acid, Oa R22 04 and either a 0 .*acid or a
mixture of isobutyraldebyde and acetic acid. Wolter is quoted with
stating that en estalytio hydrogenation with the aid of palladium,
hunislou takes up six atoms of hydrogen andiields teopentane and an
*aid substance, 016 R24 06Hwhich is a derivativs of hydroquinone.
Wieland suggest* the following as the constitutional formulas
(CH3)2
ecO.CR20110113)2
0 tH0
HQ
CRO0:6(043)2
Wolboor(15) &leo in 1921 described Impulen as a
without coutaining a hydroxyl group, but doss not form
with heavy motel*,
ncelobasio &odd
salts
dimetallio
It is south more stable than Inuallon toward alkilligh
156
57
4.
On hydrogenation lupulon will take up 8 atoms of hydrogen and yields
the same pentane as humulon together with a resinous residue.
C21 R34
04 which on oxidation in alcoholic solution in the presence of load
acetate produoes a substance differing from humulon in oomposition only
by containing 4 more hydrogen atoms in the moleoule (two double
linkages loos). An analogous constitution is assigned and the oompound
termed tetrahydro humulon.
The suggested oonstitutional formula for lupulon is:
In which R1 + R2 moy equal Olo H2O 0
c10 H16 0 or 010 His 0
and R3 may be 05 Hu or 05 H7 or
05 119
In 1925, itolbaehU6) writing on the prOblems of hop ohemistryik,
discussed the limitations of hop almaysi4 frill the standpoint of gtadiAgs
He suggested the use of iodine absorption as a means of measuring deteri
oration of hops during storage. The Vorsuohs and Lehranatalt in Berlin
grades hops on the following basis:
Development of cones
Lupulin
Aroma
Color and lustre
Dryness
Picking and sorting
23=4%
23.0
23.8%
1547%
74%
4.
10044
He discussed the possibility of substituting analytical standards
for the more or less empirical methods now in use.
in
Walkor(18) believed that the large part of the resin traotions
hops are derived from huvazion and lupulon through polymerisation, hydrow
lysis or oxidation or all three together, When the lead aostate preeipitate from the soft resins is treated with sulfuric acid Or hydrogen
sulfide a resin is obtained *blob is a mixture of humUlon (whit& larta7
erystallises out) and an amorphous derivative of hmmalonlihioh oannst be
obtained crystalline, This latter he4i is the true<=<resin, Walker
obtained about Ophumulon from this fraetion, Sint* a Small amount or
the lead salt iS sOrdble-in the alcohol the Q)...fraotion will elesIs
contain a vein amount of resin derived orginally from humuIon.. In
addition the
also contains 15 to 33, per (lett Inpulon, rosins
derived from luvulons and about 40% of a neutral nateriallOhleh appears
not to originate from either humulen or inpulono The Poresin or hard
15
6*
resin is insolubl, in light petroleum and is probably made up of
further deeomposition products of humulon and Wpm.
together with
substanoes derived from the neutral portion of the
-fraction. The
.resin has no antiseptic value.
oland(20) in 1926 published more material on the chemioal
His formula for humulcns
nature of Masa= and lupulon.
PIO
(ON3)2 CR,
4E44E9
p,0000=2,41 (
*al
0
NO
OWNsON Off3)2
he telt wee aoeurate except for the position of ono of tho doable
linkages. It is optieally active by virtue of the dissimilar groups
attached to the lowest carbon atom as pictured.
When humulOn is converted to humulinio aci
cue\
(ess)2
(213)2
/1041
*Off
this lesor carbon atom is removed and the othor carbon stoma in the
molecule are all sukioct to keto.onol transformations and thoreforo to
meemiestion with the result the molooule is marred inaetive optically.
lielandts fo;aula for lupulon is
OXY2 CVONeWRO
010\
00.422.0
7A,,011
\ /
/C\
06N9
Ls in the case of humnlOnf the position of ono of the double linkages is
still in doubt. This compound is optically inactive boeause of thee
similarity of the groups attaehed to the lomat carbon at0n4
In 1926. Windisch. Kolbaeh, and Banheleer(21) as a oosparison
of several analytical methods and the visual method of experts for the
valuation of hops. ronrteon samples of hops were need.
159
In the chenioal analysis the following values were deters ineds
(a) the total resins representing the fraction soltible in ether and also
in methyl aloohol; (b) theme- bitter acid, determined gravimetrioally by
precipitation with lead acetate; (e) the *soft resins" 40 determined by
extraction with petroleum ether and weighing, also by alkaline titration;
(d) the hard resin representing the differenee between (a) and (c). The
range of the series of 14 hops tested was 17.1% to 13.9% for 1. 7.1%
The
to 5 * 0% for (b) 15* 2% to 1.0.2% for (a) and 3.0% to 1.0% for (d
lupulin oontent as estimated visually ranged from the maximum of 16
points down to 6 points. There was no approach to satisfactory oorrespon4ence in grading between the visual and analytical methods* The order
at the arrangement or the samples was also entirely different* The
authors therefore oonolude that visual examination of the amount of
lupulin in hops appears to be a very unsafe criterion of their actual
oontent of bitter eubstanees.
In 192S, Windiseh, Kolbaoh, and Yole(4) studied the effect of
molecular oxygen on humuloni In the presence of air, humulon undergoes
oxidation, although net as readily as lupulon, and yields resinous
products. In the pure dry state, humulen is not readily altered even in
the presenee of oxygen* If oxygen is absent, it will remain unchanged for
long periods even in the presenee of water, and it undergoes very little
ehange on heating for six hours at 1000 0. It is more readily des posed
when heated lathe air, but resinification is usually far from oomplete,
as the resinous product* tend to protest the unaltered humulon fres
further oxidation* In solution, its eusoeptibility to oxidation depends
on its oolloidel eondition. In alcoholic solution it is only slightly
attaoked. During storage of hops, humulon undergoes resinification much
more rapidly than when in the pure state due to substanoes present that
accelerate oxidation. Stored hope should not be heated because or the
On the other hand, troth
reaction of peroxides that may have been formed*
hops oan be heated to W30 0. with benefit, as volatile matters are thereby
in part removed and in pert oxidised beyond the stage at which they would
acoclerate the oxidation of humulon.
In 1920, Ch0Pnkn(26) examined
some very old cold ...stored hops for
resin content* After 30 years, cold storage, he found quite a high per.
center, of soft resins* The 0(..seid had empletely dieeppsared* The
author oontends that his theory (rather rapid deterioration at first,
after which a more or less stable condition obtains for long periods) WA0
uphold.
Wieland and Marts(26) in 1927, stated that humulon on treatment
with dilute alkalies yields humulinic acid, 015 1122 04, and this on reduction yields C16 1128,
The question of whether one of the side chains tui*
the structure of (1) (0113)20;011,0020 or (2) 088)2 messeR seems to be
solved in friror of (1) when acetone is formed by treatment of the above
hydrocarbon with ozone and cubeequently hydrolysing the osenides* It (2)
at this point.
were *arrest, isobutyraldehyde would be for
7,
In 192 7, Pyman ( 27) reviewed the work on the chemical oonstitution
ref hunulon and lupulon, Humuion was first eeen in a orystalline etate
by Hoyduck in 1888. and first isolated by Lintner and A. Bung nor in 1801.
In 1916, Wellmer isolated it in a pure state and found the melting point
to be 650 - 66.80 0. and to have the formula 021 1,31 O. The
tion of its oonstitution was accomplished mainly through tho clever
experimental work otWollmor. and its brilliant interpretation bylWieland,
Lupulon probably wan first disoovered by ',armor in 1883, It MAO redid owed and CharaotOristed by M. H. Bungenor in 1888 and its empirioal
H
0
formula established in 1926 by Wollner as 0
Its oonstitutioxi
has not been definitely established at this tine.
WiegsannOSO 1927. showed that spraying hops before. during. or
after oene formation with bordeaux for mildew control has no apparent
offset on flavor and brewing value. The Loth and bittor substanoros 'tor*
normal and tha Cu804 content at .1* C4
432%. On the other hand. if as
little as .002% of CuSO4 is added to the finished beer, a metallic flavor
is imparted.
In 1927 Vindiseh. Kolbadho and Schleicher(32) studied the transfornation of the c4..bitter, acid of hops in boiling solutions of different
pH. They found that when humulogin is boiled in slightly acids neutral, or
slightly alkaline liquids or in wort it undergoes decomposition and forms
a mixture of resins pert of which are insoluble in petroleum ether (hard
resins) and part of whioh are soluble (soft resins). The soft resins
formod are more acid than the original humulon although it resembles it
in many of its reactions and in its bitter flavor. It is not precipitated
by lead ***tate, In strong alkali no solution. humulon is hydrolyzed to
hnnulinie acid. a honest acid, isobutyreldohYto# and avotio.acii. The
formation of the hard resin is an oxidation pr000ss and does not occur
when humulon is boiled with aqueous liquids to the exclusion of air. Soft
resins, however, are tomcod even in the &bonse of air. Soft resin is
thought to be an intermodiate stag. in the transformation of humulan to
humulinio acid. With
caustic soda humulOn is completely transformed
in 8 minutes in the absence of air to 91.4% soft rosin. and 8.0%humuliniO
acid. After 'two hours' boiling under same conditions the ratio is 20
soft rosin and 78% humainic acrid. At the pH of brewery worts there is
scarcely any butsulinic acid formation. In a citrate buffer at PR 8.2,
33% soft resin is formed an two hours, boiling in absenco of air.
In 1928. 8tadnik(35) showed that the quality of h*Po doPended On
mush more than the resin content. Among the compounds present in hops
that may attest the flavor of beer are the tannins the fatty compound*
in seeds the very slight solubility of hop oil. certain gluoosides and
organic sulfur compounds. The small amounts of waxy matter, omelet**,
citrates. and sugar present are of no apparent significance. Certain
nitrogenous compounds are concerned with the occurrence of a disagreeable
aroma.
In April 1928010ymn(38) gave the extent of the knowledge of the
preservative prinoiples of hops in 1920 at tho beginning of the Reesareh
160
Fund obese of the Institute of Brewing* and gem a eummaly of idet bed
been emoomplished to date. This was hollowed by s diseussigni et the
modified Mord and tilt gravinstrio method* Ch
's plate *Abed* and
the E delbruehii method* all of witioh give comparable results. There
VW no bibliography et the early work.
in 192$* Hastings and Walker(40 studied the. effeet Of
stathods et drying en the preservative per at %bps. The ropesi
used were (1) in a warren*. of air at 40° Q. (2) in a steam jacketed
lriteanat
UMW
wes raised V. 10C. C. and then the steam shot
Ott Whin intnodu inien of the hops* 01) water treated Yowls at 40. 004
(4) regular eematoreial soothed without nee of sulfur* The sonolusions
are that law epode.) mwtheds of drying yield produsts of UO4'1'117
greater as tieeptio powers but after six months of eold storage otter
drying the antiseptic. ms applieziztate. that of the sem variicty
WOO
after treatment tik the ordinary menmer hollowed by six lianthe storage*
rhe ronamia.
sat not be used until after the Storage period. The
meow tor these superier preservative powers is not definitely known.
In & seeond part of tide paper the authors studied the antiseptis
material prow* in green hops and in hops dried =dor special conditions*
Several methods at extraotiaa wore employed as well as severel methods et
treatment et the oxtrasted praduots. The authors estaslude that the extra
antieptio poser et green hops and of lonowteriperatursodried hops* is
to the mimeo Of
prorpOrtiet Of erystalline Impulse in the pi
perticue at their *met resins. This is partly destrarod whoa the hope
are dried by the ordinary kilning proses** Both hassolon and Impales surfer
progressive destrustion* which is mwe severe in the ease of the latter
substaneei when hops are baled in water or in wort in the brewery stopper.
In bomber* len* Chapasn(42) to of the essential 441 of hops*
The sil
4obtained from glands sumanding the seeds at the bass et the
bras* in ithe Slow, of the mason hop* tif diltillatticia Theo. glands
00111147 ka0101 as lupulin and also contain a large motion of the
preservative prinsiples. The oil wars in largest quantity in the fresh
hops, With Ass it
ear slightly'
darkens*
bosommildA44uss,141sinil$010
'took oil is
soluble in eater* but beoomes increasingly more soluble in
vutermalNiMamdatOfts until in 140:aleshol it is oampUtte17 so. At
atmospherie pressure the oil starts to bet] at 150 0. Oa Urger portion
distilling between Me C. and 2700 0. Reduced pressure is neeeesary tar
obtain hither boiling fractions withost deeemposition. The Ohirot
tunctisms of the 41
brewixtg aro aroma and flavor. The wality of
these oluttraoterist4e1 seems to depend on age* origin of the hops* ant
proportions of the various constituents. Chapman hal isolated and
identified eight fractions from the essential oil* each of whit* he
desoribee briefly. The author points out that it is useless for a brewer
to purehase hitOs. rade hops if he doss not take suitable preoautions in
its use in Wooing. About 90% of the essOntial oil is volatilised en
in an open vessel:
two hours,' Will,
1 ;2
In Ina. $h ilthrontts(43) pointed out that hops dried
mom= or
old Mena iti vary sm i le r in frppoarance and in their sentents
of total resin* soft resins. and humulon.
hello wore of
scarehat lower cluality
tin Noilenbors 302. Welke'r(47) presented a paper entitled 13.**
Recent Ideas on the Pa luation of Hop*** wbieh us followed by
eensiderable discussion. Bse welkor(48),
In 1931 wallow and Sawn W(6° publid hed. an outline et =Asia
experiments on the copper boiling of hope. It us estah.
4
..resin =awe much more bitter properties on wort then
that two bitter affect at c:c *resin Immo= PrOtritnilrel7
prelimi
Win. boiling until a maxima is reached, after whisk a mauseous. 11211.
pleasant Mire, is prethee41 that *Mita
no area ta ihatoOollar
in wort but that a pleasant aroma is produeed
loottit pirtimateu
when wafts Deteradomtions on the rat= at which hop antionotiee suffer
ohm. or destruction during the =woo of brewing operations wail
deemed until acre delicate method* for estimation of antiseptic
patentor are developed.
In January. 1931114, Walker( ) reviewed the progreas of the work
with *Oh he has been essoisiated sine* 1911. A resent modifieation at
the reecelasaded gravimetrie procedure is given. The soft resin is passed
through lig* petroleum before precipitation with load motet*. TKO
preens eliminates an *sidle substanee whisk is soluble in the methyl ides.
hel but insoluble in l
petroleum and *dohs when present*
totted aam I lead cospeuad, by lead acetate.
preeipi.
6piagrimwt40
Artelerzirig Olt gatruttion of hung= and lupe= from hop
Oi
Waterooll in 1923 devised a new method making use of methyl alseb*/ to
qualitative tests he found that light petroleum was unsuitable booms
(1) it us slew in extractive action* (2) taiie of eemplete extraction in
the =Ids and (3) Imortens reeinitieation a
64144 Sthyl other is a
ma eh better =tooter** tout is else an aucoollent *dust tor *Et. IWO
eohol is melt superior 'booms* (1) extraotion is speedy and emylete in
the 48014, (2) a minimum at time is required* ($) no tautamey to mass
resinifiestion and (4) solvent wen be easily rescrered. In quantitative
tests the minced hops were extrastad tor 24 hours With cold methyl
0.0041. 14X1 ee. et the extract ie Oaken with SO se. light polonium
b.p. 30400 following which 206 se. tee water are added. The petroleum
low is drawn oft end We further extractions with SO 00. petal UM Oa*
are *WO. The petroleum is evaporated and the realty* dried to oemotoodi
weight at ?O.
In 1924
and TaitO) brought forth a method for Us lima
esin. The hops are extracted with methylate.1 ether.
The ether evaporated in a uTent of 005 and the residue redissolved in
et 0(oesid and
10.
10.071 easehol The-aeld is precipi tot with lead gestate at 5Q40.
mailman is Obtained fromithe
004, filtered dried, and weighed. The
filtrate *edition of salforis sold and extraction mith light petre..
Was The *Ames is filtered and dried to constant weight. In testing
Vases two fraeticus hielegieelly against Bacterium A; it was found that
.itioesin. the feuds
.,..6tesid was 5 tines as powerful an entiseptio as
* V5 was suggented all 1,32410ating the preservative value.
In 19101, ilastings and lialker010 proposed some xedifioatione t.
the Ford and Tait method
ehessisal analysis. *Amities if the bops
is made in a leshlet with sethyloted ether tor three hours. The ether
is evaporated and the resides extrested with methyl aleihel, filtered
and made is volume. A portion if the 3610tign S1041113niellettla
Pr**
eipitated in the usual way with load asetate The
*min* boneler,
is obtained indireetly tiff treating a esseced portion of the methyl
samba clilmtien with Wise its volume of cold water and extraeting the
suspension ferret with four parties of "strolls= ether, The
ea shined ether extreetiess are evapereted to dryness and the residue
sausgabei
weighed and ealeulatied as total soft resin. The <7.K.,realati
from the lead eat preeipitate, is subtraeted fres the tett). resin too
*resin. In pretipitsting the c7.< *Min with lead senate*
obtain the
sere smart be exereised sines the preeipitate is soluble in an monsir et
the preeipitating agent. I al, lt as. mous is allowable, however,
in 112$, van limir0/40 discussed the meal woithei f valuating
bops. Es states that esrly gravimetrie wetheds *Ate utseatistaeten7
sin. The bielogi*
beeause of the variability of the eespenents St
oal tests are suseertain due to variability of the erganism used, and
Vst
furthermore they are met laborious of eperatien. The torsole.
is quits satisfantory emeept there is se unanimity as to the some* value
zj nushers mnging taw 3 ins have been given by different workers.
UMW& obtained a vane if 10 for x tree determinations if the preserve*
time pew bereft boiling, after boiling ter two hour*, and after boiling
and fermentation, inverts of pI 804 74, 160# and 44. It is **grated
that a laweicHige of the preservative value retained in the finished beer
is of wars interest * the 'brewer than that pessessed by the hops. The
ientribution of the bufrevia to the total preservative power is so men
that variations in senstitutten are of little eensequense.
In Usno
tzegs Ani Irnikirr(41) further modified the Ford and
Tait gravimetris method,' Zn the plasm of methylated ether it is pasted
set that eemplete extraction of the soft resins may be had with sOldmetawl
slochel in a paled at 10 iii. The authera again peinted Out the
neesseity of carrying est the lead acetate preelpitattis at a temperature
of 100 0. and further suggest a digestion of 3 or 4 minutes atter e+
on
of preeipitation to assist in filtering when cold. The earp sempes should
not be minced usttl they sun be analysed, 'Amid hips that are allowei
to stand aroswd Ss! a few days have a tendeney to torn diffiesilt nealsionsi
when the petroleum other extreition is made of the original mothyl alb.
extract. Inspaii antics may be the eau* of this.
163
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aftus
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Mat mos* 01. plot **owe
t itoombis 04*Wilevid "UM A* Si *re **IS
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val*P***Pottd Ow" 0410** 05 MP* *4 s* 011****te swit4At** 4r* A441*
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irposit saospoAd Wm 00140007 Or* Imo
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1.14116148***0
*Wm. *woos* ses poonpoinoui **iv 410/4 11004 atia ustematsi am*
spospadomhe atis, ow*: swoop to tibt4ai 11141ists sue opt Intinam*
m***
Its
*ma*
moors
*pi tArokivi
yowl tart4inolit 4410fV.c,14 *OH&
Al*
la *Pc pa* pa pa pis ( 41408116.
vetsgattes
4,1*
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.0
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save urt
Watt.OXSI
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111
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eirtniurtillitt
.010PItlEnt
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*KS
tftvilievi
sirs
ft;
40111t1.11 4010,1100
wok V1*1
iftwims on *owe*
tolPILIP str4 104**4
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Tow opteg, aft; aurwtte. try amp
Porrratin
41144
14
pri itivirpmato
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41 An
410
vormoto*
lopziovoluas tea Atzu litriPa0*** Olt
ftura4 tauktootno
sqx
fI
12,
t
ltsere employed.. tut according to this part of the plant from 'ethic&
hops have been pluelmmi.
vie1lmer(5.) in MO published a gravimmtrie **that tor hope that
Ines ether tor the original extraction and hexane as solvent for tho
soft resins. lithen drying the resins tor weighing, the last traces of
*Went are removed * a ourrent ot pure, dry 00s.
In 1931. ireneh(515) propoced a simplified oolorimmtrio method
for the determdlation Aft** preservative value of hopes based on that
of Guthrie and Philiptai. Theme. is a wring of tins and materials on
methed. Standards are made up with terrie ohloride based
the of
ex an original 041414041 made with hwealon. Various grades of alcohol tires
pare to industrial methylated spirit oan be used Trl.th equal success pro*
wided the stud is mule with the sane alcohol. the determination* On
the hops should be made as soon after extraction as possible* Zvi
uranium salt must be 100 in amber bottles. The determination is made
directly on the original aloohol extraet.
Xn
1081, Wildasr(") analysed a number or hop maple. or werieue
01404 b7 moot of the methods whieh have been prepeoped ter the estimos.
tip of the bitter acids and resins. The results are set out in tables
eat eemparets and the praetical advantages and disadvantagot of the
varies* methods are sumearisetle The methods osapared are those proposed
by Staidoieks Wollner. Biller* and dugs and Wal ker.
19310 Seints(") stated that hops are liable to become raneld
on to stomps espeeially in the warms and that tato or **Us may be
present. A study was mode of the eubstanoes extraCted fres hers by
rotrolown ether and *MO other relloved by aleohols niter end dilute
alkali. It vas obsormi *het petroleua ether and ethrl ether 0141110.4
*me* other things oertaixt non-resineus substexees or an acid nature*
These were thought to bo tatty acids and the ax or devised a mettead Or
separation whieh purred the assumption to bo true. Abov4 SO of tatty
acid is soluble in petroleum ether and has the general etharisteristies
adds .le tho reusludor is soluble in ethyl other Ind
saturated avid. These made are not presiont sO glieeridoS
of *lets
resembles
in the. Mp. After sepezatiens the *voids are titrated with standard
tannin was remit present in hope.
1951* Hess dg) deoaribed a volumwkric awthoit of analysis
based upon the vothees rent work as noted in the preeeeding abstract*
The her. are extriketed first with petrallnia ether and then with ethyl
Wow. The petroleum( extract is treated to ecterity the fat* *side
filtered trom wax and titrated with alkali for detoraination, o soft
resins. The ether otkraft ib es rte in sans way emi titre*** ter
hard resins. Another potties ot the hop* extraoted with **A etd*r
and titrated without estoririmition. This latter titration Zees the
tyro privity* titre*** styes the tree fitty aside. The suthOr ram*
IMO* t fl s
Ortiakili trait bap $1011 before analysis, Weals,*
165
15.
ibute praeticelly no va luable onstitut =tea but their
o veriable as to vitiate exact comparative studies on the
rosin content of different hops.
they o
*mount
Bielerical Itethefla
1412.5* Irwin and Clubb(2) carried on a number et esperisonte
biologisal method for evaluating hops. A bacterium was isolated
from beer wort which they chess to oall Bacterium ant the tbilitr or
on e
hop extrasts to. impress the astivity of this bacterium es* noted.
'reesiPsised that for oomparable results the determinations
The
Should be made at0 or about. the same time, using the lame culture
medium* =40 Oo tar as passible, vultures of Bacterium' *little same
se and viger
Stolerr(9)
ted to fix mere or 3A ss precisely
the Giamatti*** under whioh hope exhibit their antiseptic( properties.
In 1924
It was found that the remotion of the (mature medium must be *said.
When the reaction "las at pH 5.6 to pi 6.3 the best results were ~rod.
At neutrality $ at pi 7.4 to pH BA the antiseptic' pow s almest
Neutralisetion of the hop resins (Which no
hydroxide had no influence on antiseptic *Amen
*suture medium were acid.
are acid) with sodium
0 providing ttio
In 1925* Chapmen03) devised a biological method in whisk oultures
an ergotism isolated tram beer wort were treated with varying amounts
of an iniNiiien at hops and the point of growth inhibition noted.
Chapman also ebeerved that hops deteriorate in preeervimg power mare or
less rapidly with age. and Isthed of storage. lams deterioration was
VOW with Arid steret as against 'ordinary stored
4-
el(l3) in the same year suggested a biological method of
analytis that wakes use ef Bacillus delbruchi0 a laetie *Aid for
bacillus* 3iM40 the bitter acids of hops are ealr slightly soluble in
water* it is suggested that an alcoholic extract be made in the WAWA
different mew% aided to a series of tubes conteining work :i wend
series of tubes are prepared to which different ampunts of pure melon
are added Ami comparison. Both series are sterilised and itirmented
with yeast followed by inoculation with B. delbruchi. /nhibiting amount
st hop extract is determined by absence of lactic ace id Animation which
can be detected by titration with alkali.
( 7) studied the soft resin, as extracted, from
In 1920* Walker-1
aleoheli in detail. 4coholie lead *estate separated the
lupulin
resin inteanc-60fresbien and a
...fraotion. Theo* two traction* were
further divided and each enb.fracticm tested against femr different
srgsuisse omen which was the Baoterimm2 et Wril d. 840 Ford. Of the
purified imstituents* /toll= was found to be %lee as powerful=
antiseptic as hummen.
antiseptie power of the
G4Ammidai was found to have three times the
oresin.
166
In ISM. lord and
prewteomay
le OS VW/
19)
t(.19)
ix
out that while they bad
that tium c=Niorcein wt. five times as
tam' MON* WOrk hat -iniimpated the ecomparto
son figure te be 44 instead Wit S sIt deetered by *lbw 46) * La smw
event. it is painted Out that when fresh heps are wed* the dittorcase
in antideptto vain. ealmet,tated with anzr of the above figural is
negligible* IM aumbletpag the biological tarts, Nosterias leas used.
but diffisultiec *We elqtcrienecd b0000100 **Mittens *meld not be
standardised to ebtain reliable uniformity of development of the
inilsnisa Thee, club sot of results would be emeperat4s within itself
b
amt mmagessarilly with Other set** Mao agreement was obtained be.
tom ittotogima and meal witheds
loitr
let 1920, rovilowat roiled; advammeed in the knowledge
et- hop reetnat
12101"kide s'ait' in SW MOW** bY realift
'Of the method of eating the hop clieoetten and also ter the diffieulty
with which bacterial oueree et the se m idrulermee are edmtainedo The
sheeted method awe give* identioal results in abeelwte value.
3$$$,:ifammtingsii Pismino end WiakerOki) made ocaparisone
Yard and Tait110(d) parbastrie methods Obapmem*s(?) Molested method
end the 3. delbruchi methods all of which gave emeparable Moults.
Nacterituk% bad 'been food unsuitable, and definite reamItems are Oven
for its being dropped boon oonsideretidon. The authors eenolude that
the winetrio method is tbs best suss it aoji be obandardisod int is
obitauto The bielftioal methods at present are hardly mine than
coaparetivs
25, Chnotn *AA WWIas) tined stme peon and
hops by the cantor author's biologieal method* nen the results wore
redwood to a mezieture-free bests, it was shown that very little different*
emisted between stiartdiustky green hops and fatty ripe hope* but during the
of the antiseptic velem wee 141101to
kilnedrying preset* $0% t*
Wallor(M)
Oettiber Mi. gave a lecture *doh was toll
by a disoueston on the mere generally sioepted gravinetrio and biologto4
methods for mlmutting hepe
tet lagias chap/000s) otimertod to oloautertiso the strength st hin
keteriat *C against pure phenol. Nutrient sou' in tubes containing
tram .8 as. to US co* of 3$ *mg vita 4nptullaiod with 2 droes of an
18 hoar trot& soltor. ot Secteritum Vb. Plates more pawed. and taabitlat
st fn. 04, ter 4$ holm** Nvidenee of growth was taken es the 'eriteriea
Baotertun 'O was folsoul to be quite mutant.
n mho walker, Naetings. and Parfet 156) published t long and
**ailed iiimount of a new biological lathed which made use of Ito tulgariene
instead of Si 401b
, It is oIaiined for Ude method that it is *soh
more sencitive and that
wall differenees in the antiseptie ply
Aeoted. The sothoi brads Upon tho produatita
of different hops ean be *wary
of definite and eavareble onounto of WU* add *Wit ars subsolsonidy
150
titrelsed with alba to the pH of the original wort* Speeifie and
detailed techaque is desoribed* Coups:ism ce results with those
obtained by Peri and
gravimetric method end Chaplain's bielegi.
esti method show
llent agreement*
Djateitaa
Or v....1.1,Lati
&Val Le
Choutioe4 Evaluation ,g
3:t has been knee* ter *mottos that the preservative ow'" s*
of hops are amseciatei with the so-called *soft rosins the fraretion
or the to
resins soluble in petroleum of
a hope
containing e bilth preVertiCal of sett resins are
te have high
preservative nine. experience kw shoat that the tut are net .zest
parallel* All earl/ as 1866 it was shown that the soft resin *mad be
split into at least two filiation* by treatment with aleohelie lesA
acetate*
Later tort and WO) developed a shoat sal method for stemparing
the antiseptio properties of diffinitnt hops* The portion et the sett
resin that precipitated with the lead aoetate was(\tersaed the
and the fraetion net precipitated was termed the iNprtssis* Upon
e.
iag these trade opstamtely as to their power to aupress tbss growth
certals organisms in it InfOrt a. it MO found thet
an
had 8 tines the poteney of the istractiost hones if ems wished W
express the value if the partieular bap initersw of tho -4.4resista
would be merely a saw at dividing the percentage et P-44101114 )sy 6 and
adding the result to the pert:tentage c%.s.resin found* --c," WE is the
grapbic represents:tion for the veilue of a b.op in terms of itsKeratin
eanterst. A. UM* lasers Walkert17) eagle a study of the soft resin
oonstitoonts or hops* Ihnsulomi a crystalline cesepoundi was isolated
trek the
sin end its preservative properties eampared with these
of the original c>ci.resin* The properties of the humalon
'the Camel*
were se nearly alike that it wee clonsidermi that the G<ftesein sae mai
3Argel,y of bimmlen and its degradation product** The **resin WWI
another problem* To fractionate this portion it was *41140041614 tO
extraction with equieuss alkalies in increasing strengths est relieves
4% seams biestrbonate extraeted /.44: of
41420allOtt carbonate extracted 6*$ of
sodium carbonate extracted 14.5% of
eaustie votes* extraeted
1104.0
Remainder of neutral material 42.0% of
*Man
-resin
-reds
wresin
*resin
The neutral material was tornado for all practical purposes. to
have no preservative value. Of the portion soluble in eaustie Pita
abort bait Of it, meeid be obtained as erystalline lupulen *Ash wee subsequently preved to I* largely responsible for the preservative power
168
16,
s,
live mires*
of ths$ orosin, T ether half was a w
Impale% and it, towmaterial. probably t deoevositioa produot
slather with the portions soluble in *eau* catiemat* and suasoniva
earbonato had a proomuti vo value it about 1/4 that of the orystalline
01.0001131t. Tho
'Apulia, The sodium bicarbonate &motion vu ot a
rystalline upelo* *as found tte hay, e:bart two* tho antisoptio rumor
the
of oryotillivo Ali 'hut the \isprosin as a who had only
anidatiptio per ot the c<opresin, Thus Walkor proposodc, t d as
th110
ter la fir caloolating the antisoptio pour as against tho<.
Ord and Tait, Walkor *a moults yore obtained using the llaatoriss
of tort and Tait togothor with three abhor organisms obtainod fres
S. 0, aspen,
Still later;, Yord and Tait(3) again as an exaninati of
rosin oonstituents of hops and found that + W4,11 woe the a+ at
forage to aso whoa voloulating the Tab* of any particular aosple
They point oat. however. that when fresh hopes aro seed tho ditteroneo
in antiseptic vale* oslathited with any ot tho throe foraulas prooentod
noglitible, In erriSin at this now formula.Add Tait made wee
ths saw kotorion I as previously but they admit of difficulties
it* to that' inability to iltandardiso conditions for unitore develop*
sant .t the oronline, Thos. oitilo each sot of results would be
eamparible with
compariale with in itself. they would not nooessarily
flor ****
In the original Yoxd. and Tait (5) yethOd tho hops airs extrasted
or 6 hours in a lothlot with notitylated ether and then algid to
stand over night, This- was followed by nor* fltreetiOn until the "nu.
off other was ooleorloss The extraot was evaporstod in a ourrenb of 0%
until tree, of other and the rosidus dissolved ix het netlwl alcohol*
mod. filtered 1034 31111410 to 144%1X0* The c7<.aeid is detunined by prow
eiPitation at SO C. '. 600 0, with ate alooholio lead aerate, the
preeipitate beim alleged to sottlo over night before filtoring sad
voighing, Tho ..ltesin is libilla12041 by acidifying the l' to tree tbs
load aootato precipitation with sulfuric acid and extresting the mixture
filtered, evaporated end trial
with petrolatum *Ow, Tho extraet be
tine involved iw
at 1000 C. There is causi
to oonstant we
propOsed soot nodifi*
this Pro0s6sre and in 1926 Rooting* and walker
ovations designed to lillerb011 the tine appreciably nal to 'oda* the limits
the first plow** it was found that throo hour* in the
of error,
Bethlet with reothylatod other was suttioient tor propor fraction,
matorial that is
a nattier of toot their data showed that nearly alI,
oalublo is Zetbri eleohol ie extracted is one hour. The ethor is
rid by distillation the laot
air. under diainished proosuro and
with sueteosivo pertioa, of warn *ethyl gasohol
the rosidus extractosi
Until dant UPO oo, have been obtained 'hen all portions are stud to.
setter, filte red and redo to volute*, Ms -...watid is oftainod in the
usual euxuar b3r procipitstion with sleoholio load seotate. harovors
cao.half hour only is ollavodper the proo4itets to se ttle bed
filtration takes pia**. The V.resin obtairod Indirsotly by raking
a total *eft resin detendmation during the tires allowed for tho
169
1?.
lead sal* Ate settle' This is acecmplished by treating
r portliest
of the methyl alcohol solution of resins with twice its i ume of water
and subsequently extraeting the mixture with petroleum ether after vide
the petroleum is evaperated and the residue dried and weigh
The
percentage et total sett resin lees the percentage of.-weid emu
the pereentage et
suggested 141. Rotting, and walker(
between Yard and Taitte
-+
4,3 s itad La lbw's
ether
resin before
extraetient wit ligtrt petroleum was that euttained in' the few esti.
in the is& ot ID:traction with' pet
Tait sopthed the enly.Water added to tU,
elentimeters
sum
slime *Aid used to procipitate the lead, USW these
esaditiome light pertrelowe toes net gin a oomplete eadaraetion et the
methyl, eloiabel s
i
T1%tl Utter fact was; well knows by 1Pord and
Ttitip but* eta** 'fit eendititnut of their waperiments at that time tho
residue lett in the metbyl aleohol vas found try them to b without
entiseptie value. end hence they neglected it. The addition of water
to the ;methyl elce41 solution of me* three* these resins out of
*Intim In 11. oolleidal 'Opened= Widish is sueseptitile to a rapid ant
ooerpletsi extrection with light petroleum* Hastings out Wallow sant
Out that le every eau that has view to their attention tate *resin
obtained by the laitter meldled has alereys. nig* for welght. an esti*
septie value of 3/3 that et husulon. while the \5 ..restit obtained try
I/44 that of"
husagen The preper mat ett water to add to the eutt4.1 44044
the Ford 4,134 Tait 110thed has an antisevtie wales
extract. nit temnd eaperimentally by Trestinp and Wallow to be in the- ratio
of 2 parte wetter to I part aleehelic *street. Alm* 1% et *onto Wet
is
to the oelloidal suspension Wore extraction with light
petroleum to prevent emalaification treutiles.
to being ski ed with methylated ether a primary selven*.
Ultima and Wallow(
soli *hanged the lord 11334 UM; iliwthod tor tie
grevimetrio
is of the prsertative properties Of hope. Neerbeing a .selvent ter the soft resins dem is a
bated ether best
solvent for is hard resins which* under normal wendMem
4r7in&
and storage* may fere a protective esrAting aver the soft resin. Ether
else stbntote ether substanees .ohiefly
a fatty nature idthoki *OS
soluble letter en in light petroleum, have the ten
o predates high
Wilts * The soft resins besides eontelning the entiseptie pmertiee
ore disieribeet as the pertiem eat the total resins selluble in
petroleum. It was found, herever. Abe* a primary extraotion th light
petrol** bad the tendency to give too low results . prowl um*, fe
the pronto" action of the hard resinso Ibthyl aleehol vas oensidereet
end appeared to be the ideal solvent sines it would moles both the
bard resins end the soft mine and la
ehell the fatty minatiel
whieh was 'a Ward to accurate work. A Sexhlet heonvero sin nct,
want with austisyl aim heeectee the Wiling pet* of that *4,00 it
euffloieniskr high to cm. **risco ohangee in the oevooltien Of the
sett mine. in the eeld it was felons* that with alheiktitield 41404004
a ample of ten
of hops *cold be ably extrooto4 with 100 so.
17 0
18*
methyl aloohol in I isinutes or if 1019.3011 by hand a period of 10 minute*
should be allowed* The ,--<-soft resin or -6.4.1.4 is precipitated
directly frost the filtered methyl alcoha extract* There were no ether
changes in the procedure recommended but it is apparent that a creat
saving of time and an inert*** in accuracy is brought about by this
modification* Partioular emphasis is placed as the impertanes itif the
to
*t fah preeipitation with lead acetate is oarried ant*
604 C. is the recommended temperature with 3 or 4 sinutes digestima
after preoipitation is oompleta to i3111114141, a granular precipitate that
will filter -easily* Another note of warning ia *OundedIvimen it is
advised that the Samples of hops he minced only so ihst as they 01432 be
analysed* rt the hops are allowed to itsnd for se nti 411$ in the
zirtod condition. they mocy become troublesome through omulsitiostion
&t the time of =traction with light petroleum* lt is suggefited that
this *audition say be brought about by the liberation, Of lipase* when
the cells *re bayuised during mincing, which could then result intthe
sapeni.fiestion and oxidation of the esters of the fatty abide with the
production of ovals- ifying arnts*
Xn answer to an inquiry in the fall of 1931. Dr* Waller explained
that a still further modification of the Ford and Tait gravimetric
process had been meAe0
Ind
ad of precipitating the avoid directly
from the methyl also al extraeta a portion is first diluted-with 1%
aqueous sow eh :Wide and extraoted with light petroleum* After
filtering and making to volume half of this petroleum extract IS
evaporated. the last few co* under diminished pressure. the residue
taken up with methyl Alta
and the
presipitated in the usual
manner* The reminder of the extract is dried and wsigluid*
/as
found that 'mortals hops contained an acidic subs an which is not true
c=.0.,resin. but which is soluble in methyl alcohol. and which is recipl.
toted as a lead compound by lead acetate* This substance or sis6
r of
aubstanee is Insoluble in light petroleum. hence the extraction with
light petroleum before treatment with lead acetate* This motifleation
has since been published in connection with a review of ten years.
re arch work en the antiseptic acoistituents of hope (50)*
The details or the gravimetric method as submitted by Walker
Nino. 40 grams of earefully selected ops and mix wall together*
Stir 10 grams of the mimed hops with 100 co. of methyl aloohol for 10
minutes* Filter through paper. Transfer 40 co* of the filtrate to a
separating funnel. add 00 ea* of 1 aqueous cowmen salt solution and
extract four times with light petroleum, using 45 cc* of light petroleum
for eat& separate extraction* Combing" the petroleum =trusts" filter
follow**
into a 200 0o* graduated flask, wash the filter paper with a little
light petroleum and make up the solution to the 200 es* mark* Pipette
10 oe* of the light petroleum extract into a 200 Ise* flask and
evaporate. removing the last few ass* under diminished pressure* The
resin left behind is dissolired by gently warming with sttoesesive imall
portico* of pin* methyl aloe hols timing a total of about. /A eett This
is placed in a beaker end tbiti,(..r*Sin precipitated at 01, C. by KW*
M.= of a 1% solution of lead acetate in methyl alcohol* The proper
meant of load acetate solution to use is determined by bringing Ai drop
171
12.
of essomtium or sodium sulfide. The issediato amporenee St * brown
ring is roldonee at excess. Beoeuse the -<,-reisin loot aostete pre..
oipitate s .44.03,0 in an excess of precipitating *gent net mere than
2 oe. excess is allomible. At the omagotion at proolpitetimip the
mixture is allowed to digest for 5 or 4 stunt*/ before setting *side
for halt en hear to settle and geol. When cool filter on a goo*.
417 ter halt in hour it 1000 C., cool end weigh. The total soft
rosin is Sstormined b ovaponsting and drrinC the resatituS 100 cc.
of light Fora.= tortriket.
obtainot by differ's**.
0.6.resin load salt x .651 ,K-resin. The lead acetate used is the
05 * hydroteo The metiliy1 alcohol must be pure. The light petroleum
should distill between, $P C. 400 0. Harriesiri Ut pirlsr4gown
boiling between 500 C. 56* C. gives good results.
;
THE PREVENT INVESMATIONS ON THE GRANIISTRIO 151220D
When the work involved in t
paper wee started the recent
molitiestion as suggested by 'Plalkor be) had not .been made public and
eines there was no intottion *lb devising a *Theme ot .analyeis but t
attempt to pot Lute ragtime' One that hid already; bein,.ileveloped and
reinossendeat
woo seemed that t 1929 metluods Relltin$11 tald /41.101Pr%
woe entirely equate. $ dithealty wee evetioneed with the prom,
ipitation and filtration of the,<*resin lead salt* The preeipitate
Quo darn eles:ity and in very finely divided soniition* linoerteil*y
will wirawrionoed as to the propor mount of lead acetate solution to
add* This was do) no 41k1Ubt- to the finely divided oondition of the
ptoeiptte,te *doh ,retSrdi or prevented settling ise that email partieles
*1$ (tarried cut out the test plate with the drep of supernatant
the particles of t
preeipitate producing the brown 11044w with the sol*
fide indisotive of (meets Of lead toe*** When the *Maw* had
it was found that the Imeeipitate had the tendency to adhere very
tenoielous4 to the sides of the beaker* So hard did it adhere that
rubber polieing Ws no impression and it was neeessary to resort to
the use of a, wall Itafis to serape the precipitate 1~0 And in the
filtering process the finely divided preeipitate had a tendency to peas
through the asbestos felt ors failing that, filled the pores of the
felts asking it praetically impervious, thus ooneoming large amounte
of time in the filtering process*
All of these diffioulties were overcome with the exception of
precipitations with the advent of the resent modifieation whereq the
retine are passed through light petroleum before trealummt with lead
acetat* rn an effort to determine the proper amount of aloolloilo lead
acetate for preeipitating the,..C.oresin in an average he, toot. were
made, using varying *mounts of the lead acetate *elution* The texts
varied by Voisto from 5 two* to 20 es* The results of the tests intim
Gated there was an inerease 121°C...resin lead salt fansation up to the
addition of 13$ cc* lead acetate pantie's, but remained
thereto.
after. In ether words, the slum* of preeipitate formedconstant
by SO oc* of
the lead mate oolixtion was omparable with that termed by 15 oo*,
while less than 15 cc* produced a diminished quantity of the preoipio.
tate* Therefore, in all of my analyses 15 co. of lead *estate
itelUtion were used to precipitate the Zresin exeept in oases that
were obviouslr of very poor quality* In this procedure, the lead
acetate nOlution is added at once instead of dropsy's and a flocculent
precipitate was produced which settled easily, did not adhere to the
sides of the beaker, and filtered easily. The temperature was raised
to 600 0* before addition of the lead acetate solution and
for Werta minutes thereafter to assist in the eaagulitien*
As stated by Wallcer(n) it was observed that the results for
c<iiwrotin. using the 1929 method were somewhat higher than the results
obtained with the recent (1923) modification. Furthermore. the .==c -ruin
lead malt preoipitete from the 1929 method changed of
from a dirty
greeniihoyellow to a brown wpm heating in the oven, while the bright
174
21*
greenish-qv/11cm c
the precipitate from the reeent moolifioation,
rawainwit unalutniO4 "von After everamight drying at 100* 0. The color
change amy be asesaated ter by the presence of certain 1440$04.11
Materials which are present in the methyl aleobaa watreset*
The full details of the procedure used in making the analyses
are as follows:
About 30 grams-of hope are put through a coaree food shopper*
The first 5 grams to pass through are disearded sine* a certain *mu*
of the resine will adhere to the chopper and introduce an error in the
deterainat4on* After 5 pass have passed throush, it is *soured that
the ameunt adhering to the shopper will remain conetants sout thus was*
ne further error* The sample is thoroughly mixed and 10 grams of the
minced hops are shaken with 100 cc, methyl alcohol for 10 spinntes* The
extraeted hops are filtered through paper with suction and washed by
breaking the *notions saturating the packed mass with methyl alcohol
and then sucking dry *gain* This process is repeated g times by which
time the Omaha). owes through nearly selorless* The filtrate is trans*
tarred to a 200 ea* vOlumetric flask and made to the mark*
SO oe* of the methyl alcohol extract are transferred to a
tilled water containing about 1% sea=
chloride are added at once. The mixture is es acted 4 tines with
petroleum ether using about 5 cc* for each extraotio*4 The oontitned
POtrcklaux wawa:to sre poured through filter paper inter a 200 oe*
Ireltrio flask, the paper washed with more petreleumether and the
flask:filled te the mark* 100 cc* are withdrawn and placed in a 400 oe*
**pare. cry funnels:ma 100 cc* t
tusk trim which s but 10 cc* of the ether are distilled* The maim*
Viketalla oven regulated to 40* 0* The time
oessary heating, 10 id *dna** usually
suffioing* The maids* is dissolved with a small amount elf *ethyl
41004 and washed into a 50 ea* beaker until 040 co* are ebtainsa*
The beakers are set in a water bath maintained at 600 0. When the
tenverature of the sontents has reached that Of the water 1245 oas st
a 1$ load acetate solution in methyl alcOhol are added at ono.* The
precipitate is digested for b minutes to assist in and settling* After
0001 g for halt Malheur the precipitate is colleeted on a gcoahvakshot
with methyl alcohol, and dried over night at SOO G.
Leg 10 co* are remeved
was watched to pre
a
The relakiang 100 0. of petroleum ether ea traot are placed
400 ee* tat extraction flasks the petroleum is distilled oft GM the
finally for half an hour at
residue dried, first in the vacuum oven
8000 and weighed as total soft resin. The grin is *tabled by
tintren00
644**IMIXt lead salt 3; .621 a
*rsin
Total sett resin * -<*resin
*ethyl alcohol Baker's Absolute «» acetone free
its C.P. gaili. range SO.
Petroleum ether
VP 0
When the methyl alsehel anailLet is obtained. the remainder or
isteradmatim *head be oompleted as seen as possible to ferestall
U.
excessive deterioration of the resin while in solution. At the be in.
ning of this work: * number of trials were made to become familiar with
the =Ueda at hand. During the *purse of those trials it was observed
that not the slightest agreement (teed be obtained between aliquots
dram trate methyl almehel extract if they were analysed a day ax' tee
*Part. rho elder the aleehel extract the less wee its antiseptic,
value as evidenced by the diminished quantity of theG4.resin lead salt*
No anima* was experienced in obtaining comparable results on fresh
methyl aloehol extractions*
Another point of interest. not noted in the literature. Wiry*
the soIehilitY of thecKalesin lead salt after it has been Asa dried*
It was thought that a eonvenienoe and time-saving feature that sueeessive
filtrwtions could be MAO on the same gooch without alteration of the
asheetos pad or the previous prooipitates. Filtration preoceded in a
satietaotery manner. but arreement between duplicates wee not satinw
foctOry and eaCh succeeding collection of preelpitate was reduced. The
preparation of fresh asbestos pads for each determination eliminated the
abeve mentioned diffioulties. I =net prepared to state deftnitel,Y
atilt the diserepanoies are due. However. a slight cloudiness in the
filtrate would smut to indicate that fine partielso of the PrestPitate
or
possibly of asbestos had been carried through, 011A041 the oleudiness
did net sbisruo until the second and succeeding filtrations* If dryer
breaks up the original particles so fine that portioon meT be carried
through the filter then it seems peesible that an inoreese in
solubility
brou;ht about. Freshly prepared shed are neeesserY
for aeeurate results.
is
DISMISSION
FaR svAizatita
BOPS
The bieleSical methods. while they are too cumbersome for routine
analyses. are nevertheless indispensable. particularly tar checking le
are Used even the atilt*
the accuracy of toe ohemioal methods. T
ions of hope to inhibit t
growth Or development of
of hops or de
certain taeteria.
the first to de work along this lime were Breen end Olubb
organismfna beer wort which they called Bacterium
who lee
Their experiments were rather extensive and they fame to the otmolusiems
that to be strictly comparative the twits should be wade at, or abewit,
the same time, using the same culture nedium4 and se far as possible,
eultures of Bacterium X of same age and vigor.
4
I,
km time later in 1125 Chap's:n(0. in an attempt to overuse
some of the difficulties of previous workers. devised a method in whiff
organiam isolated from raw suaar maa used.
Inhibition of growth vas
Wanes the measure of the antiseptio power
Ford and WOO
used Bacterium X to determine the relative
antiseptic values of 04nd
resins& The had the was difficulties
Brom and CU*
experieneed
2$
Men .11astings, Pyrnano and Walker(23) undertook the study of
tbi method of analysis. they made a tharough investigsktiva of several
'd them one with the other* Baeteriumi: was given
mods nd w
thorough trial and finally disearded for the same reasons as given
plus ths fat* that it prodwed only small amounts of laotic
*old :n4 evidenoe Of
owth was diffioult to distinguieh, In its place
Bacterium delbruchil was suggested b the fact that it produeed large
quantities Of lactic acid in normal growth, and vras Particularly
Sensitive to the inhibiting powers of hop infusions, In using B.
deihruchil, the suppression of growth as measured by the formation Of
Usti* tad is taken a the criterion* The acid ts titrated with
S/40
sbOvis
Yor **operative purposes the authors conducted empermentt
using Ford and Tait's gravimetric method, ChaPmsz*S plate method and
the above mentioned Be delbruchii method* Good agreement was obtained
frontal the methods and it was ooncluded that satisfactory result.
o id be had with am' or all of the methods tried, in diellnaiing the
too biological methods the anthers seem to favor ChIPnanfte plate MetyktOd
sin,* the bacterium uted is more easily maintained in a T. .1 matte*
thsz:B. deltruShii, and it appears to be more sensitive te0 the AZ:ti
septic tobien 0: hops. In working out a biological method, however, 011
seems desirable to have the conditiont as nearly like those eneounterei
in actual brewing practice is poseible From that etandpOiut, the B,
delbruchil method vest nearly fulfills the requirement*, The ergs
wet obtained from works the medium is liquid and the formation of
leetic acid is envpmswed* Studies hams shown, that growth end acid
Situation do XOt gobs:ad in hand winos there is a aortas lag period
the growth carve before any appreeiable amount of acid is formed*
Very little *Aid is formed during the first 18 hours* The rate of torsi.
times intros*** up to 24 hours where it remains oonttant until 40 hours
frea.tims or inoculation after which the rate decreases until the amount
of acid beeows neariy emote:at* Thus a titration which indicates tiler*
hat been no acid formation does not necessarily man there has been
growth*
in
paper of astings. ?roan end walker(23) was
written, the gravimetrie method regitired a longer period of tins to
eomplote than either of the biological methods* It was, however,
eonsidered the most susceptible of standardisation and for that reason is
recommended as the most pretarred of the three in spite of the time hots%
Subsequent improvements in the gravimetrio method have out the tine from
66 hours
hours or less, and increased the aceuracy se that it is
even more to be preferred at the present tine*
At the
time tho
toe
The biologietil method had its place in hop investigation*, however*
as a Check en the grallmetrio method and as a scheme tor testing the
actual preservative properties of hops*
Chaman(40 in an attempt to standardise his plate method, tested
his Bacterium we against pure phenol. He found that the organism otiad
24.
bo cultivated over
leVel of ,virilityo
te long periods of t
at &
rly emstant
Late in 1.51, Walker et 4100 published the detail* or *
mow main zuoit te Bo tulgariotts, for whioh is clateed molt higher
degree of eetaitiveness than the Bo delbruchli method and a considerable
color a tip**
the 11* diabruoisii lathed was *moidered outt&ble
tor routine deteneinatiosek for V* Intieeptio.petencly, when it eame to
the cdsosips mder vine. during brewing it was ,foOnd inadequate* Far this
purpose* 'ANA uting Bo bulgarious was woikoki tuto
Thiti
**theft is
tempt taw legsnase swathed, sines it depends on the fact that when,
under specified isonditions, the antistrptio is added to the oulinives at
en early stop in the legarithado phase of growth, the relatienehip bes
teem dmps and onset is shown by the expressions Pereentage rewtrio
St mid remotion + peroentage ooncentration of antiseptie substanoe
lt (a oonstant Iralitta).
In studies on the growth of baoteria it has been found that a
succession of phases aro passed through. There is on initial lag period
during ithieli the. Ember of cells increase ver7 slowly a
of
maximal growth, * stationary sr resting period, end a
darts%
whit& the mober t living organics* prop's:mainly
nishea until all
have died* With teidsftreing bacteria the prodtustion of aotd parallels
the troth sum to the beginning cif the third or rooting period* Frei
that point the prollootion of ae eontinuos tt a mch slower rate until
* wax** is recoiled, whence it bemuses stationary,. The fliot that. 000
waxissza *told et:Intent of the indium is not reached until sass little tine
after the maxima bacterial population has been attained has been ox.
pi&j,Thad is duo ragetbir to bacterial enzymes whiot oontiass. t tomtit*
OM when the cells are ting or in the process of autolys40 b Wiwi
ouo woo found to illovolop according to the above outline and to protium
lams qoantitios Ot lactic acid when grown on sterile waltiertato
When
a quantity of hemulca is added to *ONO maltwwort Idaich is subsequently
inoculated with Bo bulgarious, the quantity of acid which the latter
produood in a given interval of tip las regulated to an extent eipendios
on the quantity of the antiseptic present. But it was found that
different amonts of told night be produced when using the sem quantity
of antiseptic if the Ointiseptie sae added at different stages in the
diroeloposnt of the 0r
m. The principle of the nethed is best avoisi
up in the words of the authors *Oat *Addition ot an spitropriste
quantity of Immilen to a maltose solution undergreing fomentation by
lactic ateid bacteria of the type in question, when made at a definito
the licorithate phase, results in a reduction of this rate et
acid fanatical anti, within certain aseertelne4 limits, the
e
of suoh restrietion is in a fixed ratio to the quantity of " Ion Wed*
stage
3
as
The results of experizental wait in commotion with the develops
of ishis method follows
lo b. bulgarious dogrel
freely on a walticsort of sp g ' 1.. so
and, for the pusposes of this work, pH of 5.0 and temperature rat $ 0. ea
177
25.
Dating wort or *p. gr. 1.050 and pH 6.0 and incubating at
300 0.0 the logarithsio period of oell-multiplieation terminated when
there were present approtimately 4 z 108 organisms per so.* no matter
to mdkat extent VI number introduoed as inooulum was varied within
the limits 4 x 10, te 1043 organisms per co,
2
3. The ascent of asid produced was determined by titrating
with g
sodium hydroxide. using the quin.hydrone oleo de and
ti*ating.te the pH posseseed by the medium at the beginning of the
experiment. The end at the logaritlumio portion of the acidity-time
curve is reached at the point at *Ma 100 cc. of the oulture required
about NO ee. NM sodium hydroxide to bring bask its pH value to that
of the original wort.
e4 4PProdnately 50 peroent
the said formation. The greatest restriotion is obtained
whiny the antiteptio is added at the beginning of the 1
ithmie photos
of development or when the culture is about six hours old.
40
One Plirt hamulon in 5009000 ae
restriotton
jai 4 production should be allowed to oontinue for as long
a moo. a possible before estimmtion of acidity. but not beyond the
end of the legaritheie period.
54
6. A quantity of ai ise tic should be used so that the
suiting restriction in amid formation lies between 201C and 60.
7. Addition of a given dace of husulen to the oulture mauls
earl/ in the lag phase retards multiplioation of the
to a
relatively greater extent-than it restricts acid format
the method as finally developed is quite emp
in that the
details an laid down by the authors most be strietly *awed 40 if
ace rate results tr. to be obtained.
Am outline at the method follows:
In all oases the medium used is a steri
1.050 end pit d.0 Ineubation is at 304 0.
malt...wort of *
10 cc. at wed
is inoftisted with 2 loops of * 24-hows old
culture of 3, %vulgarian* grown on the woe medium and incubated for
exactly eighteen hours. 1 cc. of this culture is diluted to 100 ee.
with OP es. of the sterile medium. IMO oo. of the wort are placed in
a ISO se. flask and after worming to 304) 0. is inoculated with 1 Oc.
of the 1400 culture and then plaeed in the incubator for 6 hours. At
the est of this time the antiseptlio is added and incubation olcd;inuitol
for an additional 17 hour's. This latter time may be varied from 16 10
hours. At the end of the second insobetion period the flasks are remowed end an appropri.ate Amon* of quilisohydnne *Mod two.diate3.7
after *doh the titration may be leieurea7 440:44Plisheil
C
drat
elwrcised throughout that the temperature does liot go below 1$011' C.
179
during the entire incnhat on period.. The addition et quin.hydrone
puts an end to ail fomentation* The results are ealsulated en the
Otis et the pereentate restriction of passible *aid predeetien a*
determined in th* abitenes. of antiseptic, The sample coming the
combo* to*
bang essigned a value of l00 the ether* are
001011,04, prepertionately to it*
27.
Tal MO NT INUSTIGATIONS ON TI BIOLOGICAL VET:HODS
The *mount of time available tor condueting tests on the
lyielOgieal method was (pits limited and for that reason no fair test
mould be lade of that *shone for determining the entiseptie Talmo of
hops. At the time this projeet was started; the wow soothed making
use of B. bulgorions had net been published, and it was not until tome
months later that it was *milled to my attention. Consequently what
little work was done involved the SO delbruchii method only*
Thriniet cooperation of the Dopartsent of Btotiorisieff fit
Oregon Stat. 0011ogoo spa*. and equipment were provided for oonducting
the oxperimmtal work. A eulture of S. delbruahil was obtained from
likesrison Typo Culture** in Chicago* A standard wort broth was
preparod; me bv uttifslow malt extract. The pH when first med. mu 8.1
but after a half doom or so steriliwations the was redneed to 5.2.
The spoeifie gravity was not determirod. At the otomeneemant the
organisms seemed to grew quite prolifieally apt 42* C.; but on repeated
transfer. an apparent lees in virility Was noted. The reason tor this
is not known.
Several determinations were made using a .20 deceation of the
hops; 20 ea* of broth were tutted in each determination. Afttor measured
oneunts of dettootion are added to *ash tube, enough 'miter to mks a
total of 54) co. is aditiod. The tub's are sterilized and one co. of a
145 mature of SO detbauchli is added. The 145 dilution is nods
front a 240heor Obi culturo that has been onithoeultured for throe or
tour suotessivo dos. Artier 40 hours ineubation at tio C. the tub
are removed and allowed to 0001. gash detorminttion is diluted tO
about 100 es. with distilled water and the laotie add present is
titreted with N/40 alkalis using phonolphthalein to the indientor. A
tube containing only broth and one eontaining broth and organisms only.
were serried along with each series ot doterld.notions.
let titreting sena ingtorts,inty ito experienced in dotornining
the e*, points, due tO the dense **ler of the broth. The control
without organism was titrated first to aseertain the amount of *otdity
due to the broth ale** and an attet was made to ow** the ond point
oolOr teredmood in the oontrol tubs. Wm the erratic results obtained
it was obvious that either the growth or acid produetion of B. delbruehii
was very erratic or very little sueems was experienced in matehing end
point oolorl. Thor. is lithe doubt in the author's mini as to both Of
them conditions contributing to the &Moult). in notching colors.
It shy be that a fresh salt (=knot is sufficiently light in
eOlor se as net to intwrfere with indieators but whether it is or not*
the suggestion in the isgophsse method at using the quin.hpime
electrode seem a good on«
18 0
ES.
As to the virility of the organism it seemed as time went on
that it beer progressively less virile with each sueoseding transfer,
=0 OBTAINED ON THE 1931 CROP sr WE OP THE
OBATIMMTRIO CHEMICAL METHOD OP NVAMATION
this
paper are
The results at the analytical work involved in
n.
They
represent
twentrofive
seedlings
and
recorded in Tablas I
selection* throe fertilizer trials of seventeen plots *ash, and two
samples
e dryingozporimonts all from the 1951 crop.
to
The recorded nines fit" c#
of
overage between the
were ob tained by striking an
elate results two different methyl alcohol
extractions* An exception to this pr in was neeocsarily practiced
'ben the sample* from the fertilizer trials contacted at the lass Weed
yard proved to be inadequate for more than single determinations,
The analytimil work WWI
accomplished in the dtemistry laboratory
or the thiegest asperissout Station, whieh also Supplied the noseessary
laboratory apparatos All ehemicals were furnished by the United States
Dopartsont of Agriculture«
Baler used in nakinz sample bales for hop analyser,.
-
1032.
29.
Table Bo. I.ME
8ffst t of Fertilizers on Antiseptic Value of. Early Cluster Bops
Grown at Rose. Wood Yard, Dayton* Oregon 1931
Plot
Moist.
Treatment
No.
...<'
soft
tore
resin
6.33
8.67
14.90
10.19
re
re i
1
No treatment
2.
1201 muriate of potash
8.18
3.
66 treble phosphate
6.80
4.
133f treble phosphate
8.10
3.69
8.00
11.69
6.26
5.
133# sodium nitrate
66k treble phosphate
7.85
4.92
7.70
12.62
7.49
6.
No treatment
8.05
5.21
7.09
13.20
7.87
7.
266# sodium nitrate
7.28
7.12
8.26
16.38
9.87
8.
133# sodium nitrate
7.08
6.47
8.71
15.18
9.37
268# sodium nitrate
7.30
6.73
6.65
13.38
8.98
10.
100i sulfur
6.76
6.59
7.95
14.64
9.57
11.
No treatment
7.10
7.37
6.58
13.95
9.56
12.
124 svAriate of potash
100# sulfur
8.20
6.73
8.19
13,692
8.46
13.
133k treble phosphate
100k sulfur
8.90
6.80
8.57
15.37
9.68
14.
266# sodium nitrate
7.60
7.56
7,.16
14.71
9.94
15.
26 =
sodium nitrate
9.50
7.16
7.68
144.84
9.1$
8.45
6,92
7.83
14.15
9.53
9.95
5.80
7.58
13.38
8.33
64 'striate of potash
80 muriate of potash
120# sariate of potash
133 treble phosphate
100i sulfur
120f notate of potash
133# treble phosphate
100# sulfur
16.
No treatment
17.
2
land 1as
r
30.
Discussion of Results in Table I.
The hops obtained from the fertiliser trial at the Roes Wood hop
yard at Dayton, Oregonr were of the Early Cluster variety. This high
producing yard is situated on good river bottom soil and the plots
averaged over one ton of dry hops per sore. The differenees in groeth
and yield of the variously treated plots were not great. However, soi
plots produced a little higher yield. None of the differeness in yielde
howover, was significant as they were not equal to three tines the
probable error of a single determination.
The lack of significant results in the fertilizer trials as far
as yields are **teemed may be due to the exeellemt yield of these hope.
Another factor may have been the dry weather conditions which followed
the fertilizer applications. Of interest, however, is the difference in
the antiseptic values of the hops picked from the various plots. in
general, the values of the hops from this yard were not as high as those
from the other two yards in trial. Mare than likely this is due to the
variety which was Early cluktftr, as compared to Late Cluster in the other
two yards. The average?/s value was 9.01. Both check plots
averaged less than 8, indicating that the fertilisers may have had sone
value. As previously pointed out, however, because of the methods of
storage, differences too fine cannot be drawn between these result*.
The highest antiseptic value was obtained from the plot receiving 120
pounds of nustate of potash. However, two other plots Which got this
amount of potash plus other fertilizers did not run so high. The
lowest antiseptic value was obtained from the hops grown on the plot
treated with 133 pounds of treble phosphate. This plot was noticeably
law in theaCresin.
In a comparison between yield and antiseptic, value there appears
to be no orerrelation, that is, sane plots width yielded heavy had a low
antiseptic value, while ethers which yielded light had a low antiseptic
value, and the sane condition was true in regard to the heavier yielding
plots.
31.
_XXI
Table No.
II.
Effect of Fertilisers on Antiseptic Value of Late Cluster
Baps Grown at Dubois Yard, Woodburn, Oregon, 1931.
Treatment
Moist
ure
resin
1
No treatment
8.26
2
120# =riots of potash
$
B8# treble phosphate
resin
soft
resins
8.61
8.84
17.45
11.56
8.10
6.42
10.65
17.07
9.97
7.38
8.05
4.55
12.80
9.57
133# treble phosphate
7.56
7.74
4.53
12.27
9.23
sodium nitrate
treble phosphate
7.08
8.34
7.76
16.10
10.93
Plot
No.
44r
triate of potash
5
1
6
No treatment
6.82
7.08
8.44
16.62
9.89
7
288# sodium nitrate
8.28
6.63
10.22
16.75
9.04
8
139f sodiuminitrate
60f muriate of potash
8.00
8.04
7.66
16.70
10.59
268# sodium nitrate
120i mmriate of potash
135t treble phosphate
7.98
7.12
9.09
16.21
10.16
10
100 sulfur
7.16
7.20
8.60
15.84
13,07
11
No treatment
7.30
8.32
8.66
16.98
11.21
120 uririate of potash
sulfOr
7.60
7.61
6,99
16.50
10.51
13
13* treble phosphate
It
sulfur
8.00
7.43
8.36
15.80
10.22
14
26
1
sodium nitrate
sulfur
8.14
6.20
9.60
16 80
9.40
15
26
12
sodium nitrate
7.92
7,65
6.83
14.48
9.93
wrist* Of potash
1
treble phosiihate
7.88
7.53
5.36
12.89
9.32
7.54
7.19
40
14.59
9 SO
sulfur
16
17
No treatment
land e1ter
32.
Discussion or Re`sults in 1tble II.
The his which were analyzed tow antiseptic value from the
ink Dubois hap yard at Woodburn, Oregon, were of the Late Cluster
variety. The hops in this yard, which were grown on a heavy upland
soil, did not yield so heavily as those in the Ross Mood yard.
Yields, however* were quite good and averaged just about one ton
of dry hops per sore. The differences in yield, as in the former
cases were not very signifioants and this also may have been doe to
the geod fertility of the soil or the dry weather eonditions after
the applisations of fertiliser were made.
average antiseptic value was 10.13, 'Mich indicates a
high--(t
3 value. The value of these hops varied .11 the way from
1146 down to 9.26. It is of interest to note that in both the hope
grown at the Ross Mtod yard and the Dubois yard the plot which showed
the lowest antiseptic value of the hops was the one treated with
treble phosphate.
It is of striking interest to note that the hops with the
highest antiseptic value were grown on a plot which received no
treatment. These hops showed a value of 11.86. The second highest
plot was also a no treatment plot and this showed 1141.
83.
X>C11
Table No. II/
Effeot of Fertilisers on Antiseptic) Value of Late Cluster Hops
Grown on Ireland Yard, Corvallis, Oregon, 1931
Plot
No.
Treatment
3
Moisture
resin
resin
orb
resins
1
No treatment
7.30
6.17
7.52
13.69
8,68
2
1201 nuriate of potash
9.40
6.95
9.06
16.01
9.97
3
66# treble phosphate
60# muriate of potash
9.86
6.44
8.66
15.10
9.33
4
Treble phosphate
8.75
6.58
8,83
15.41
9.56
5
133* sodium nitrate
7.25
5.73
8.07
13.80
8.42
66# treble phosphate
6
No treatment
6.45
6.77
6.42
13.19
8.91
7
260 sodium nitrate
7.90
7.21
7.99
15.20
9.87
8
130 sodium nitrate
60# mnriate of potash
8.40
7.88
7.73
15.61
10.46
9
266# sodium nitrate
7.55
6.83
8.06
14.89
9.52
8.30
7.79
8.17
15.96
10.51
120 muriate of potash
133# treble phosphate
10
100
11
No treatment
7.15
8.07
7.83
15.90
10.68
12
120.1 nuriate of potash
1001 sulfUr
8.10
9.03
948
18.71
12,29
13
133# treble phosphate
100f sulfdr
7.10
7.92
7.83
15.75
10.53
14
266f sodium nitrate
6.75
7.88
7.42
15.30
10.35
7.00
9.26
8,22
17.48
12.00
7.25
8.88
8.24
17.12
11.63
9,40
8.24
8,97
17.21
11.23
sulfur
100f sulfur
15
266#
1801
1331
100t
sodium nitrate
imiriate of potash
treble phosphate
sulfur
16
No treatment
17
2
land
latter
187
34.
rleoullaon of Results in Table III.
The hops grown on the Ireland yard at Corvallis, Oregon, were
of the Late Cluster variety. These he
wore grown on good river
bottom soil and yielded approximately one ton of dry. hops per acre.
The average antiseptic value of thee. hops was 10.23, indicating a
good antiseptic value of the hops grown under these conditions. The
plot treated with potash and sulphur gave the highest antiseptic value,
and the highest value of any of the lots conducted. The value of this
plot was 12.29. The lowest value in this trial was 8.42 per cent, and
hopb were tro* the plot treated with sodium nitrate and treble
phosphate. there were nany high antiseptic value It from this yard,
and the results aria not very significant in regard to the value of any
particular fertilizer on the antiseptic value of the resulting crop*
1
1'35
35.
)(Kill
Table No. N.
NM.* of Method of Drying on Antiseptic Talus of Late
Cluster Reps from Y. &mace Dryers
-<"
Moist.
ure
ra
Forced
7.48
6.57
5 04
11.61
644
Natural
7.28
6.08
3.57
0.65
7.2?
Plot
N
7>I
ft
190
Discuppion of Results, in Table Mt
Late Cluster hops were obtained from the P. Needham yard at
Salem Oregon, for this trial. Representative lots whieh were dried
in th: ordinary natural draft drier amWt those dried in the new type
of drier "hub * Sao4hom has developed, were eompared. The latter
drier makes use of forced draft and the time of drying is reduced
materially. The results obtained are of interest for they show nearky
one per eent differenee in the antiseptic) value of these two lots of
hOps. The moisture eenbent of both these lets was praetieally the
* *Me. MS tweed draft drier gave a little higber Abbik reoin content,
but the Beta resin was quite a bit higher in t* fOreed draft drier,
giving an advantage of about one per sent. Of Sou:4e, these treat .
menu are limited and ahead be repeated. At any rate, it shows that
the toresd draft does not injure the hope in any wel as bar as
antiseptic value is oeneerned and hears out the opinion of *. Needham
who states that the hops dried with this new type of drier are superior.
b.* b.& 0., 10.. 1. 04 4,4
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38.
Di Scullion Of Results in Te4b3te
Results reported herein are of interest because they indicate
great differences in the antiseptic values of various hops. Similar
to the results reported in the previous tables the Late Cluster
varieties ewe a good antiseptic value. In contrast with the Late
Clusters and also the Early Clusters, are the values of the Fuggles
variety. This variety is extremely loe, shoeing all the way from
one third
onehalf the antiseptic values of the Cluster type of
hops. The Redlines also were rather les in antiseptio value but
somewhat superior to the lbggles variety. The Bavarian hop whitob
is very similar and way be the same as the Late Cluster, vas high in
antiseptic value. This table strikingly show' the liar value of both
the yugglee and Redline varieties of hops frem the standpoint 0
antiseptic value and the superiority of Late Clusters, Early Clusters,
and Bavarians*
A se edliAg of the Late Cluster variety No. 6-8 had the highest
antiseptie value, 1041. It is of interest to note that this hop
also was a good pro user giving 4.8 pounds of peen hops and 1.2
pound of *bid hops for the plant. As tar as yield is ooneerned the
hops giving:the highest antiseptic values were also the highest
yielding ones, as the Redlines and Juggles both produced less than a
pound of tried hops per plant 'Ail') the other varieties produced one
or more pounds per plent.
This is the type of work which most be followed t* give the
information *n both seedlings and soleetions of hop varieties.
It will be of in rest to see whether or not the hybrids between
Juggles and the Cluster types of hops will give a high antiseptic
and yielding value along with the resistance of the former variety.
At any rater, this prollainary work indicates the wonderful opportunity
for totting hops which are superior not only in yields but also in
full
antiseptic' values.
1q
39.
Table No. in
assmary of Antiseptic* Values of Rope
Treated with Various Fertilizers. Oregon 1951.
Imriailmlow..rmorommiminlessomemlomerom
sEary
biusUrsitate tri4ifs/rt Ave.
Roes Woos a iittboie
Yrelinglia a +
Treatment
Plot 3
No. s
1 I No treatment
$
2:
te of
3: 6
a
4 : 13
a
Yard
3
almmeauf
$
Yard
:
6
a
Yard
8 68
a
ah
997
10.19
9.97
a
ble phosphate
wort te of o
a
h
9.45
9.57
a
9.36
a
treble
a$
9.45
$
a
9.56
$
8.52
8.42
a
8.95
2
5 a 13$ # *Oa= nitrate
treble hoe ha
a
a
a
7.87
$ No
a
9 99
9.
s
8.89
7$2
sodium nitrite
9.87
a
9.94
9.87.
9 89
1
sodium nitrate
9.37
a
10.69
10.48
: 10.14
$
=riot* of Oath
9$
$ 13
10
9.5
s1
a
11
a
12
$ 12
$
10.51
a
a
8.48
10.51
9.68
10.22
$ts
10.42
a
13
a 13$ # treble phosphate
100# suitor
a.
a.
14
15
a 266# sadism nitrate
$ 286f tood4taxa nitrate
* 12 mariate of potash
10.53
*10.04
a
:
9
9
:
*
a 133 treble phosphate
s1
a
a
9.93
9.72
a
12.
10.55
raft&
$
16
8.55
a NO trouktment
a
to
1145
a
9.32
9J31
9.88
11.23
10.13
10.23
3
a
9
a
3
A
940
193
40.
Et eussion of Results in. Table VI.
This summary table shows that the Late Cluster hope 'Molt were
grown on the Dubois and Ireland yards were wuperior in antiseptic
value to the Early Clusters which were grown at the Roes Wood yard.
It is at interest to note that the average of the Late Clusters is
almost the same at the two yards. Thore+ was a little greater variation
in the Ireland yard, but both yards produeed hops of very good anti«
septic value on all plots. In general, these hops were about 25 per
cent better than what, is considered a good hop for brewing purposes.
It is of interest to note that the highest average was obtained from
the plot whioh received a complete fertiliser, which included nitrate,
potash, phosphate, and sulphur, and that the plot which received the
treble phosphate treatment was the lowest for the average of all three
trials.
Although the trials were limited in scope, there is some
indication that good
means not only good yields but high antis.
septic values of hops. If these trials can be continued, there appears
to be 80m0 ialeatiOn of getting valuable results.
fertility
194
41.
tifostipne
Unfortunately the collection of the hop samples in the fall of
1231 were made without proper knowledge of the problems of handling
and storing hops to preserve their antiseptic Properties.
All of the seedling and selection samples were placed (after
drying) loosely in burlap sacks with the result that some of the
lupulin was shaken from the cones. These samplce for the most part
were so large that it was impossible to mince the whole sample so
that the loose lupulin could be evenly distributed.
The other samples were also contained loosely but their
containers were either paper or small flour ***eke.
In oases where
the sample was small enough, the whole of it was minced and the loosened
luyulin recovered and thoroughly mixed with the whole before portions
were taken for analysis. ta some oases the samples were too large to
admit of that procedure, and while the lupulin could not sift through
the sac the correct proportion Gould not be removed with the portion
that was minced. Sine* lupulin contains about 28% soft resins as
against about 15% for whole hops, its Importance in oonneetion with the
determination of the antiseptio power is readily realised. Theoretieally,
any loss of lupulin gives a result proportionately lower than the true
antiseptio power. The results, therefore, are too low in tuitiseptie
value*
It is suggested that if a miniature baler Gould be provided so
that the sample could be pressed into a mere or less substantial blot*
most of the errors of sampling would be eliminated.
The samples from one series of the fertiliser plots) namely. the
Boss Wood yard) were so inadequate that only sine,* determinations
could be made. Thus, too mach credence should net be plaeed in the
results obtained. For future work it is reoommeniled that at least half
a pound of properly Wm:11W hops be submitted for the analytieal sample.
42.
llama ajlt
1. The literature as reeorded in the Journal of the Institute
of Brewing IOU, to diwte, is reviewed with respset to the preservative
their °Maio*l oonstitution and behavior, and *lathed.
prineiplee tf
of determining some*
ham
2* Partioular attention was paid to analytitiel pr000dures with
the view of seleeting a suitable method to be applied to Willamette.
Talley hops.
3# A gravimetric ehemieel method proposed by lord and Tait (4)
Was subsequently modified bry Hastings and Walker (32, 40), and Walker
08), and was found to be entirely adequate for the problem at hand.
4* Biologioal methods were proposed by Brown and Clubb (I),
MOULD, (7), Hastings. Pisan, and Walker (22), andlialimm &stings ,
time did not permit of more thAtn a tentative
and Parrar (35)*
examination by one of the sewn*, proposed.
Ear*
S. There were 18 samples of hops analysed, for the moist part
in duplicate, representing 25 hybrids and seedlings from plant breeding
experiments, 51 samples from three fertiliser trials of seventeen plots
each and to simples dried under different conditions'
6# It is reoemmended that for future work the samples be
it bales of onewhalf to one pound in weight, and
preserved in
suitably wrapped in paper. It is thought that this scheme will tend to
eliminate errors this
losses of lupulin such as obtains when the cones
to
are stored. loosely*
43#
=UAW= CITIM
Improving the Quality of Domwbie Hops. LW, Stookborgore
Paper read at a meeting of the American Brewing Institute,
1907*
On the Antiseptic Properties of Hops.
J. Inst. Brew* 19* 261, 1913,
Brown and Clubb.
3*
II Report on the Preservattve Principles of Hops*
J. Inst. Brrw* 29* 373, 1923#
4*
III Report on the Preservative Prinoiple
J. Inst. Brew. 29, 379, 1923.
5.
Note On the Valuation of Hops for Antiseptic Properties.
and Tait* J. Inst, Brew. 30, 426, 1924.
elf Hops.
the Preservative Principles of Hops*
Jo Dust* Brew. 30, 570, 1024.
IV Rerporb on
V Report on the Preservative Principles of Hips*
J. Inst* Brew* 30, 71Z, 1924.
On the Preservative Properties' of Hops*
J. Inwt* Brew. 31* 13, 1925*
T. H. Balker.
T. K. Walker*
Ford
T. I* Balker*
T. H. Walker.
A. Chasten Chap can.
The Antiseptic Properties of Hope. I* Stoleru. (Ann* Brace* et
Dist* 1924, 23, 1320130, 151.458) through J. Inst* Brow*,
31, 8?. 1925*
10.
A. Rational Nomenolature for the Bitter Substances Of Hops.
Nalbaeh* (Boohenschr. Brau. 10260 42, 21044) through
J 'net* Brow* 31, 142, 1925.
11.
Transformation of the ,.sitter Acid of Hops on Boiling in. A4U0OUS
P.
Solutions* B. Wish P. Kolbe& and H. GrOhn effeehensehro.
Brim* 1925, 42, 261.302) through J. Inst. Brew* 51, la* 1925.
The Valuation of Hops. I. Wollner (Woehsnsohr. Brru*, 19259 42,
14) through J. Inst* Brew. 31, 144, 1925*
13*
14.
115.
Antiseptio Action of Hops and of the Bitter Substanoes of Reps.
P. Kolbadh (Woohensehr. Bran*, 1925* Us 61045) through
J. lust* Brim* 31, 268, 1925.
Chemical Nature of the Nop Resin Aeids* N. Wieland *ri 1025,
58, 102, cited in Boeheneshr Bran** 1925* 42, 1050101), through
J. buts Brow*. 310 369, 1925.
Bitter Substances Of Ups* W. Wollner pier* 1925, 58, 6121 sited
in woabonstshr. Bram, 19250 42, 112011S) through J. In
Brew. 31, 369* 1925.
197
16.
Problems of Hop Chemistry. P. Kolbaoh (ifooheasehr. Brim., 1925,
42, 157.159* 163.167) through J. Inst. Brew., 31, 526*
1925.
of
17.
VI Report on the Preservative Principles
J. Inst Brow.* 31, 562 576, 1925.
18.
The Nomenclature of Hop Resin Constituents.
J. Inst. Brew., 31, 576, 1925.
19.
Evaluation of Varieties of Rope by Chemical* Biologioal and Dry
Hopping Tests. J. S. Ford and '.dam Tait. J. Inst. Drew.,
32, 19, 1926.
20.
Chemical Nature of the Hop. Resin Acids* H. /island Pri 1925,
58, 2012; cited in Wooh. Brim.* 1925* 40* 225428) through
J. Inst. Brew., 32, 82, 1926.
21.
Valuation of Hops. W. Windisch, P. Kabach, and W. Balthasar
Offooh. Bran., 1926, 43, 79.80) thru J. Inst. Brewis 32« 189,
1926,
22.
The Antiseptic Value of Hops. N. Van Leer (Petit J. du Brass..
1926, 34, 254057) through J. Inst. Brow., 32, 229* 1926.
23.
VII Report on the Preservative Principles of
Hastings* F. L. Pyuan and T. K. Walker.
32, 404* 1926,
24.
Hops.
T
K. Walker.
T. K. Walker.
Hops. J. 4 B.
J. Inst. Brow..
Resinification of the-K-Bitter Aoid of Hops (bumaors)by Masenlar
Oxygen, W. vindisah* P. Kolbach, and J. Tole. (7odh. Bran.,
1928* 43, 349.383) through J. Inst. Brow., 32, 521* 1928.
Examination of Some Very Old Cold.stored Hops.
J. Inst. Brew., 32, 574* 1926.
A. Chaston Chapman.
26.
Chemiesi Nature of Hop Resin Acids. a. Wieland and E. Marts
(Bar. 10260 59, 2352 cited in Wooh. Bran., 1927* 44, 30)
through Inst. Brew.* 33, 172, 192 ?.
27.
Reeent Work on the Chemical Constitutions of itamalone and Lupien*.
Y. L. Pram*
J. Inst. Brew., 33, 295, 1927.
20.
On the Preservative Values of Some an and Some Kiln .dried Reps.
A, Chasten Chapman and C. 11, *Hugo. J. Inst. Brew.,
330 294, 1927.
29.
The Institute of Brewing Research Scheme Hops. Summary of tho
Progress of the Work, 1920.27. J. Inst. Brew.* 33* 372, 2927.
30.
The Brewing Value of Hops Attacked byPsendoperonospora. D. Wie
(2. gee Brauw. 1927* p. 73, cited in Petit J. de Brass., 1
35* 743.44) through J. Inst. Brew., 33, 401, 1927.
45.
10 Action of the Bitter Substance otHops.
itudieoh*
back and W. Sohuren.
(Wooh. Bram., 1927* 44, 285.0.550)
gh J. Inst. Brew., 33, 469, 1927.
81.
Ant
32.
Transformation of thec.Bitter Acid of Hope in Boiling in Aqueous
Solutions of Various Reactions and the Mature of the PrOduets
Permed.
'Hindi/who P. Kolbach, and R. Schleioher *oh.
Bran., 1927, 44, 453.59, 473.78* 485.90* 497.502) through
J. inst* Brow.* 33, 584, 1927.
33.
VIII Report of the Preservative Principles of Hops. J. J. R.
Hastings and T. K. Walker. J. Inst. Brew.* 34, 9, 1928.
34,
Notes on the Extraction of B.Reein in the Gravimetris Nctination
of Hop Resins. A. H. Burgess andHo Martin. J. Inst. Br'.,
34* 13, 1928.
35.
The Quality of Hope. Stadnik (Eras, July 192Y# No. 48; Citod
Braes. Wit* 1927* 178 251454) thru J. Inset. Brew., 34, 434t
1928.
The Detornination of Antiseptic Power, with Speetal Reference to
Nops. T.
Walker. J. Inst. Brew.. 34, 81, 1928.
Coattuntegvo
The Soientific Valuation of Hops. A. Chastan
tion presented to the 6th Congress of Industrial Ohesd.stry,
26th Sept...22nd Oct., 1928, Paris. thru
Inst. Brew.. 34# 8i*
1928.
38.
The Investigations on the Preservative Principles of Hops.
Pyman. J. Inst. Brew., 34, 447, 1928.
F.
L.
The Chemioal Method of Determination of the Preservative Ulu* Of
Raps. M4 Van Laer (Petit J. du Brass., 1928, 36, 790) through
J. Lust, Brew., 34* 454, 1928.
IX Report on the Preservative Principles of Raps. J. J
and r K. Walker. J. Inst. Brew., 34, 556, 1928.
41.
Matting*
X Report on the Preservative Principles of Hops. J. J. H. Hastings
and T. K. Welker. J. Inst. Brew., 35, 220, 1929.
The Essential Oil of Hops. A Chaston Chapman.
J. last. Brew. 35, 247, 1929.
43.
Drying Hops in a Vacuum. K. Behrendt (Wash. Rm., 1929, 480
86.8?) through J. Inst. Brew,* 35, 284, 1029.
Analysis Of Hops. W. Vollmer ()Noah. Bran., 1929
through J. last. Brow.* 35* 288, 1929.
45.
48, 121424)
Standardisation of the Strength of the Organism (Baoterimmi 0) used
in the Chapman Biological Method for the Determination of
Preservative Power of Hops. A. Chasten Chapuert
J. lust* Brre.8 38* 383* 1919:
19
46.
46*
Analysis of the Bitter Substanoes of Bops.
Windisch, P.
Kolbadh, and M. Winter {ooh. Brim.* 1929, 46, 101»106.
111.117, 124131) through J. Inst. Brew.* 350 269# 1929.
47.
Some Reeent Ideas on the Evo.3.ustion of Hope. T. K. Walker.
416
Soma Reeent /date on the Evaluation of Hope.- Discussion. T. K.
Mitlker, J. Inst. Brew., 36, 444, 1930*
49.
A Colori3setrio Method for the Estimation of the Sorb Resins of
Mips. J. M. Guthrie and 0. G. Philip* J. Inst. Brew., 36,
455, 1930.
J. Inst. Brew., 36, 440, 1930.
Bitter Resins of Hops and Their Quantitative Separation and
Eitimation. A. S. Basilevrich (lauoh. Agron. raw.* 1929, 6,
415, ,sited in look. Brim., 1930, 47# 532) through J. Inst.
Brew., 37# 36# 1931.
51.
Analysis of hops. I. Wollmer (Allgwa. Brauer-und Roppen04
1930, TO* 1631.1633) through J. hut. Brow., 3T, 81# 1931.
52.
(3) Experiments on Preservative Power. T. K. Walker and J. J. E.
Hastings. J. Inst. Brew., 37, 206, 1931.
63.
Notes on the Calorimetric Method for Determination of the Preservative Value of Hops. J. M. French. J. Inst. Brew.,
37* 436, 1931.
54*
Estimation of the Bitter Substances of Hops. H. Wildner (Wodh.
931# 48, 221.225, 231.235# 241.244, 260.263) through
J. In:CI, Brew., 37, 440* 1931.
55.
XI Report on the Preservative Principles of Hops T. K. Walker
and J. J. H. Hastings. J. /net* Brew.* 37, 609* 1931.
XII Report on the Preservative Principles of Hops. T. K. Walker.
J.
H. Hastings and E. J. Farrar. J. Inst. Brew., 3T# 512,
1931.
57.
Analysis of Hops. L. !Taints (Wooh. Brau«, 19310 48, 315.820#
325.330, 3360338) through J. Inst. Brew., 37# 843# 1931.
586
Volumetric Estimation of Soft Resins Hard Resin, and Free ratty
Acid in Hops. L. Heintz (Woch. 13rau.0 1931, 48, 369.372)
through J. Inst. Brew., 31, 515# 1931.
A Review of Ten Years' Research on the Antiseptic Constituents of
Hops. T. K. Walker. J. Inst. Brew,, 38# 198, 1932.
;141122Nw'l akdA kj walgosodas
*went sai ealesrs state that Noy times eastern hop buyers
aro taking *hat a
rs to be inferior grade of hops. Apparently.
those ounoorns are purshasing hops on ebonite...I smialysos. The follow
ing procedure *Ls obtained on the Waal lionius. Ine tute, 1 2514 Limo*
Ammo* Wes.
Physical
Appoints**
Color
Picking
trckilea
Sit.
Shapo
Ischia
Soundasse
Impels
Soods
Aram*
omit
A2s1P4
Water
The ho are grovad in tut ordinary meat grirsior. Pros 2 to 5
grams of ground hops are put in a tarod wide 'sighing flask* sal driod
over conoentratod sulphuric stoiti in witenoo A desieoctor with groUnd
glue; cover and tubular connection for inuring a *souses is utmost for this
purposo. As a rule* constant weight is obtained in two to throe days.
The drying is done at ordinary roan tomercturos between 10 end SO.
Ash
ash
Two grans of ground hwps are ignitod in a large oruoiblo and the
ernined ia. the usual mar.
151
Ten grams of finely ground hops Orli weighed into a largo sutras
tiara thimble* and ontrseted in a Sonhlot apparatus with SOO co. of
potrolic other for 1 hours. The boiling point of tho *their should be
480. Th. extracted ;liquor is made up to 250 so. 50 es. area rearrest
and titrated with 2/10 alcoholic potash solution. The nuabor at se. is
saltipliod try 0.4, and thou by 50 to got tire moat of sett rosins. These
soft resins oonetst of the sesocalled Alpha and Beta resins.
202
rive grows of finely ground hops are placed into an extraction
thole *114 extracted in a
.let apparatus with diethyl other for $
hours* The ether is distilled at
0. from a water-bath. To the
residue ors added $$ co. of methaaoli which is allowed to stand over
night in a 'cool spot*
This solution isthenfiltered.mmehee. and
to 50 ae with awthanol.
filtrate are pipetted
in
a beaker* 1 co. of methanol added, the temperature brought up
to 800 C. lad a 3$ solution of lead acetate
'methanol added* drop
by drop* ;Ail there is an emcees* as shown by a brown ring oseurring
when a drop of
paper soaked with potassium
sulphide. The so obtained lead precipitate is filtered off onto a
weighed filter paper* preferably g & 8 589, and smashed well*
is
dried for three hours at 105° C. and again weighed* The Weight of the
*as up
10 eo, of this
the liquid is put on a filter
It
preeipitate multiplied by 0.631 gives) the Alpha resins. Multiply by 100
to get the psreentage.
The of resins are found by evaporating the methanol soluble*
and drying for tour hairs at 80. C. The differ's*, between the total
relate and the soft resins are the Gems, resins. The au of the Alpha
and Seta resins is the soft resins*
If the waxes are desired* they may be easily determined by weigh.
lag the methanol insoluble substances which are filtered: out in the
determination of the Alpha reeine. This determination of lases old be
performed in a cool rote and Ilse bookers may best be kept in cold or
hilled water during fiAration.
The *Owl* oil is determined by rbeem
of the hops
and direst reeding of the oil oontent in a speoially designed burette.
This detersination is vary rarely *ado* as the "WA. Of hops in Mor
to flavor eon best be determined by the physical
ination through
*lamination of the intensity of the oder, by rubbing.
fax 1,1t,
ion
know/ado and most
The twit that
~rime know* of tho inp rtane
plant brooding.
seep fist the standpoint of
leot plant breeders, howover, hag* not bosom
highly intorostet in this important oharaetoro so it is not being
studied as mob as sown morphologieal *hamsters it our *moon
esoteric plants.
The ohiet reason for this, I presume
is that
most of our 00004111.0 plants are either hormaphroditio or 18004,0i0USS
that is, thery hems both sexes on sne plant.
ex is a sharaOtor, therefore, that amine* bo studiott from
a Ihnidslian stamdpoint in the
In the di
plants.
however, we hovel C different situation, sins*
eharaotoristis and often an $00214.10 ono.
sex
It plants,
is an important
Yer oxampls, in hops, the
male plant is et little value frea the standpoint It producing the
resins whisk are the eeonomio part of the plant.
Theme resins are
Obtainsd aloofly trout)* 'myelin. whieh is a granular sesrotion in
the falai* infleMeonoto
and
the bracts of the flimalo infloreseensso
and it is doubtful it pollination or fertilisation intim*** the
resins.
On the ether hands it has been pointed out that the multi
plants et the amparagus aro bettor produeors than the fool*.
Cook (10 calls attention to the
sowealledituisian
hemp, grown for seed, latish has male plants that are
very
or
Isnehurian
slander,
spindling, and short, and die mmeh earlier than the females.
PMeelAtio Iej.
worker reeliso that there is r largo umber
p
whieh fall in thi dioosious group. lespolslw OS) points out Oat
nusnrieally not so groat as hernaphroditisn is of
diseeions
elm* wider distribution being represented
mill wry Order
ot plants. lehaffner (Ti) has listed soy aweless plants* the
AtIlosing list eillootod from various soirees *0 literature
includes a largo ember of seed plg whieb, bar* this tioutioes
eharkotsristioo It must be membered that not oil of these plaints
are strietly onions; that is* see of thee exhibit nenoseious
her~isti s to a oortain demo. The plant* are grovel in tho
obis of otkononia inportansoi "'amble and field *romp
shrub*. troes. Ada, end two herbs not listod as °rap plants or
voods The lents with both Gomm and esiontifie noses are as
balers
Table So,
la HA WM
DI
d ri
Amperages
leas I,*
Asparagus
) goo
daistploidois
Cannabis sattita L.
Itanalus Impales 10.4" No,
lkifftlowgress or Berl,. *aqui
Rodootoot
Tule Potato.
$dole
Waldo
Spins,o
io oleraeoa
anal
Daeoharis
Ito
Greandsolobush
*riot flalo la. so Swot* We
Poneilmotre.
Ptolee trifoliate 109 40 Ithr.40014"*M4 lopotrie or Ohrulft
is, booth Sumo
liane glebre
oontod, &me
Sehaaltsia aromas 011110) Groom*
lanes *oedemas limb* Asoriesn Tow or
207
moo. =pad* L. Bine lder
Leer platasoides L. Norway ikple
Actor stkosharinun L. - Si Ivor Mapla
Ailonthus glandslosa Deaf.
Tree of Noma
Caries Pam* L.. Solon Tree or Papaya
Ai loathes
*yeas rtrvoluta. Tim*. 4* Sago Pain
Diesprol iirginiana L. « Persimmon. Dato.plun or Lotus 4romo
7r*3d
anorioana
* White ash or Como ash
Spot* lads* dint.* (L.) took tentsoky Cone. Tree
Mons *U* 1. Whit asiborry
Norse rub[ * L. 0 Had Mulberry
Papyri*. papyrifero (1..) tuntso - Paper Msiberry
Phoenix destylitora 0 Date Pols
Pops Ins alb* L. . White or Sikoloroleaf Poplar
Pops'
Rydberg 0 Bleak Cottonwood
Popo los angusttftits Anna Narrow.leaved Cottonrood
POpulee boloostforok L. 0 Balsam or Carolina Pop likx
?opals* *odious. Alt. 0 lain of Gilled
Popsies deltoids., &rah. . Cottonwood or beldame Poplar
Popslas grandtdontatti *ohs* large.tootho4 Aspires
Popsies hoteropkylla. L . .Swamp or Dww4Y Poplar
Popsies Italia', Noma* LardyPoOplar
Pepsins slow. L. Slat& Poplar or Willow Poplar
Popsies $ orgenkit Dodo. - western Cottonwood
Popubas tresoleidese l x« 4. American Aspen or Quiver. loaf
sex Agra larohall Black Willow
walUeoin (Dudley) Britton Dudlors Wino,
S. weightii Andersen 'Wright's WM.,
Longipos Automat Ward's Will Ow
S. Laorigate. Bolob California nook Willow
8. Tossayi Britton Ti's
S. Awrgdaloides Anderson - fah l-loavosi Willow
I. Imelda ifehloatorg Mang Willow
S. Lasiandn Months* Western nook Willow
$ Lyallii (Sargent) Weller iiyall"a willow
S. &mills L.
crook Willow
Mat* Willow
Baylonioa L. Witogd.ng
1. Alba
S. inboriokr Bodo. Sandbar natio
go wins astikstu is, Slender Willow
go skisitufau Noun
liffriblearki MIAOW
a losokonsioani Barrett . Mitobsonsio's
S. itissourionoto lebb itiosnori Wilms
S. Lastolopis Bones 0 California White
S. Balsweitera Kam) Barrett
S. Anplifolia COrille
basin Itillso
Large.leavoi Alaskan Willer
S. SO oke AVIS Barrett iookor's
3. itistinalis L. OsiOr
S. Tazifolia Nesainoldt. Boviand and tinoth
Samson (0 win Willow
S. Mob
S. lobbies* Sargent *Ws Willow
Tio0lOtirod Willow
20e.
S. %Uri TO12 Soares
8* Dive. ler *dilation
Baker's willow
Glaucous Willow
8* See* loriana Searrott Seoul lerts Willow
S. Alanonsis (Andorson) Ord llo
It0loaf
30 Purpuroa L 0. Purple Willow
Sassafras Sassafras (10.) Karst. 40 sessieru
Zszthsocrlun anorieanuas Mill.
Priok ly Ash or Toothaobsootrzo
&al
Aenida tanariseira (Nutt. Wood 0 *Air% Pigwee4
Wit. and Nook 0 Poorly
Ivor lasting
liargo0floworod
Anapha lie akricrit400111
Antonnaria negleotai old Clatfs.4*ot
Riehards Plantain...1W Thor lasting
MAMMA* plantaginifolia
06316411.
Thistle
Ca ribitii arionsiit C atop.
Distiehlis spioata (le.) Groom 0 Salt Grass
*lode* augustifolia (mil.) Written 0 Narrow...lotred Watorawood
Medea easzadozusis Otiekt.) Britton 0 Water 00ftwod
Small. Loeser Watorwinzed
Ilodot minor (Ent;
lam/0 Rybd* Bail's Watsroonsod
Nlodea
Ids alba, Mill. 0 Whit. Comicst er Ironing IOWA.
Iors ludo distal,' 1*.
Rod Campion or Bod-Birdso0oie
Rumex tostssella 1*. .0 Rod Sorrel or Sour Book
Sail= &ma Walt. Saw Brier
Herbs
Arisazust tri
Arunous syl
lust (1..) Tom.
* lost.
laobin0tho0Palpit or 1
Goat's; Beard
1
Turnip
&Alma& 'at, Jam. .0 Bryon:"
Chants aril= lutowiz (L.) A. Gray .0 Blasing0Star
Diosoorea *Mom L. Wild Timeeroot
Num lus 5apentous SW. and Uwe. Japanese Hop
itydrooharis isorsueoranae 0 /tog 's bi
Novispersurt euations. Z. Canada Mold
Norourialis muat 1.
Deep Mercury'
Mercurio lis porennia L. 0 Herb Noroury
*wow dioie* lg. 0 Glade 111410w
Sagittaria nowtoritkussis A. Arrowhsad
Sidlor hertobooa, I.. Corrion0flowor or hoz6011 losaior
Satlint hispide Wahl. 0 Nispid Groonbrior or Nrilt
Mateo= dlialoctinak. risk. and Loll. 0 Purplish
Tivaliotroz itiotion L.
Early Neadowarue
Thalietrealt. app. 00 Voodoo/ Roo
!unbolt batizOsii or Welwitsokia
walisnoria &Oxalis L. Tapo-grass or
liograss
smparilla
r
Two seedling male plants growing in Experimental Yard - 1932 from seed
collected on Fuggles. Note the great differences in type of growth
and particularly the cluster type of male flowers on the plant on the left.
Review of
There bee been s difference of opinion
.ass frost hermsihredites originally
or
ewe plants
whother dieoeious plants are
the original fora mg psi cus and hermaphrodite tin, derived. *Mt
writer* Imo to believe that benmphroditione is the primary two and
dimeeioasneos the derived*
In this latter group are Stout (81) and
0Orrens* Soo Jordan 01). who believe the dioecions esnditisa to
arise in oonoequemee at the physielogioal or morihologleal disappear.
apse of ono or the other sot el' members of the lierunOteditie
oondition* Dotjen (10 degeribes a grape that is self6tertileso being
probably
a
stamina
vine whose long suppressed pistils have suddenly
been regenerated and have reeovered the power to function*
U. believes
that the prototype of our prmeenimhqrvetundifOlie vise* vhioh hao twe
types of floors* stamina*. and hermaphrodite. vas a true and fameflom.
Schaffner WO traces the development et sexual
ing her
dimorphiem &emits lowest to its highest fermi* putting dieeeious
plants at the top
Bond (ID)
however., believes that bermaphreilitiom
arose fres mon.aria* or dicecisa* Bo *conceives of the hermaphrodite
flower as a sex chimaera built up
on a
elimal or sentral female bailie
with paria ind, male aosessos7 organs*
Soo workers who have studied the imPertant *hafts
tiax in the,
higher pis 10 be placed into to grompfs
are at the opiutio that *ex is hereditary and deteneined by either
VMS 0110111210 or spesitto ors s, and thaws who believe that
sex is entirely physiologioal and dependent upon envirenmer**1
6.
2O)
eenditiems. lathe group "his* believes that sex is Nendelien in
determination and that sex explvestan, vhile probably: 60,0010004,
is fundoliontan7 no different frouthe expression of any ether
oharaeter, there are Meson, Castle, Comm, Itmoreen, 0. 1. Shull.
Winge and ethers
Shull ($S, 84, OS), Ids (SO hes done moth mirk in
analysis, says that **ix is at least prettominouttly dependent
the genotypic =tore of the individetln, and this
tie
up*
that female
plants partially *hanged to the ether sex and sell pollinated meld
produse only female offspring unless the genesis ature had been
°hanged* Rest (4S) holds that environmental influenees stout. have
no offset in determining eut in spineth and says there is evidenee
that differences in sox: are duo to genetic fasters,
Sharp (OX)
bu
U*** that oex inheritance is *dollen in nature, although eafeble
of modifioatien
by environment, Emerson (12) maintains that sex
characters differ in no essential way fron other wont, eharaoterso
either in wide or inheritanee or sumer Of development, and *considers
it not unlikely that funotional diaorphimo may exist even whore us
mmrphologioal differences in the chromosome are
~As
One point put forth by some is that in several species of
dieesteem planks, a shrem000me difference, either in sine or =Sher,
has been found between the melee and the *moles* In S
(a lower ficim) Allen
round a largo ehremeseme in the female *ells
with a small vete in the male cells. $04400 (el) Oboorrildths Sa .
oenditien in andftWrS*01,44
one ehremeseme lathe male larger
aekburn (t) *mai
Vasa any
Precept in the fesele
of
21 0
('off'`) 0
taw
Darling (19) thought he old deteet s
equality Lathe distribution of the chromatin
at the rodustion division .t the pollen worther
soul
the 4004hter sou
l coltAnumedit
labors, and Ono ($4) found 15 chromosomes in male plants of Reim
aoletoom and 14 in the female*
Two of the mile ehrommoomeo are
thought to togeldier monstitute a poodub. Santos (4T) found imo
unequal pair of Chromosomes in somatic, cells of Slodea (water plant),
which go to different daughter Dells at roduetion0 nu. (OS) found
and Tachmmocommos
asiatjavas,
jam and an odd number at ohremosomes
japaniees and milioppli
in
maim.
Wage expresses a belief that immt chromosomes are
altetwthsr
throughout the viol. et the vegetable Magda* im diomiems spielmo
altbsughtim4rsaY net abler' be demenetrahle me observed by MOM. (IS)
ihe found no ovidemo ea sox ihromesom in him,' Seim ($1)
lei of the 1001 ems
molt &toot no diffOromees in the
lialteadiUSENteatifr arnitik diS004
=Mao batlietkihiatisdiedi tor
btu* (40
published a detailed amount of ilia and Miteet.
Pmdeta
a umber of the barberry famikr,
bet
ma* no nention of sex ohreoeselee,
Indeed, Schaffner (75) points out that 180,000 species of lootereeporelle
planks tom unimmeil pmetopbytes but m sex *bromism*, Or *allesems
as he mills them (is).
Prsokamtmones him sttriketion ter the
morphia mate* at synapsis, and Schaffner (50
sliey
aslders this a sexual
Pheneamma* commnaelatly, he thinks entommes are just as moth mu
chromosomes at these $ *hick sone attribute the responsibility fOr
the determination of sex.
There eminently ars different's* between
8.
to that
fenale plants that indicate a sex linkup s
animals, Allen (3) found that a Ophaerscropes ohmmeter of
having tb spores sepazate in the tetrads instead et united we* semi,
linked, and itransaissible by only Us female gausitophlite, Batas.*
and Sutton (8) eonolxided after a study of Davide that cloablenees
flower is somolinked, This sex Linkage points to Wird* Suitors
for sex looated an definite chroacseses
Opinions differ as to ,Inst how the fasters for sex are earried
by the ehrommeses, Bates on and Punnett (0) fn 1008 expressed a
belief that one and not both sexes *would bo Semi to be hoteromons
for sex* Castle (U) believes femaleness depends an a faster lambing
in tho ode and that the female is the IOU cteuiltitat sans synothus
else, Jordan (31) state* that Comm eonsidars *ash gera *ell has
Originally a fined sox tendonsys that viva sells ot me vex have eine
and the same sex tendency those of the ether partly the moo partIr
the other' and that a primarily fixed differentiation in tho develop*
mental vigor of the gera cells with different sex tendencies that
unite at fertilisation, brings ibiOut a deeision &Arable to one or
the other sou Doncaster (21) subseribes to the ice. et a ObregialeOnit
bales* for sex *ore Or loss easily upset. lokere cin (30 sow that
*sox is probably en expression of the interaettws of gellrirral
orh*P*
saw factors lactated on different i*trantosomes *
the00 Ow believe that sex is Oterained
envirciatomb
are Sehaffner (it .64 eta') Otout OW) and Tempels* (04)
They do
not think that every ohareeter is Mendelian in determination,
Sahaffner (U) states that all pr of
structures have hereditary
213
a.
its factor*
teeters. althoagh all normal ndelian Urea*. cast
in Us" ohressoomos al . Sox is supposott not to be inherited et cal
but dotormined *okay by onvirenlainta They emintain thot it %ore is
a ditterwmoo in tbe ohromosomes. it is
II
result
of oft
hoterminor of it OW. Thoy point to sox ronwrsals
nth's. theta
whioh a sale
o or vie. ,versa» so eonolusiv. eiridosso Mutt
sox is hot
d
ms or ohnommoses &lei sox rsovorsals
Imre Until* mobod. "abridge (10 in 1890 said. s
know that dieoeions plants
formerly maler pr
tboa len'
bees
end then alter their Attie. thou,
ng tondo norm Or via/ von* * gehaffner
(54) vas able to tot rovirods in hemp tram tintmlemesa to aclensiii tit
story demo ot intensity or oosplotoross. both in nesiber at flowers
produeod end in to *woo or perfection et the soma etrustures ism
volved, simply by growing U. plants out of 004110401 with IX dotiotonoy
of light ant * shalloor soil houtoll partly tress bolow The sosbt taster
rosponsiblo for this estusien of must *tato he held bo tho
rolotivo length et this daylight period* Tho esti= of tho light is
thought to go itcepor than sorely roduoing the tood oupP4
reducing
photosynthesis. it being oansoivable that there say to t
.rook offset
en the ultimato shosioal *Xi olootrieal totivitios oif the son (.04,
lister work of Sobstitor 010 bee shelm tbakt e'en th. very
passibility of roversal dope** to a, oonsiderubl. *stout on ohother
tho pleat is drawing tho propor nattrientep
AM
trook
the substratum et tho time. high soil nitrogen &wring rwrorsal
Wined OS) *boom& * greater per. Out at Wins* flowere **
tows.* moo* reversed that sex
soil doptk 1smosso44 rusigatiai
2 IL 7,
lo.
of
list* plants (VT)*
Mixed sexual expression sr sex reversal
los obteined with mere than TO of heap plant* grown under ebruawal
sanittions by Sehaftnor ($8)*
Proper short4ight04omperaturo
poriodissiow woo all plants bisexual, Seheffner (00) has roosnt4
senoluded4
Pritehard (SS) altered the sex of some he
plants (both
sues) by removing flowers, and believes that if the proper stimulus
uus used, pistil formation could be induced in ell the males*
MP* (SC hoovr, tried maxw different kinds of stimelstign
in
otteliPt* to obese, sox end observed thousands of hoop plants* He
does not believe it possible to produoo from a sample of seed a stand
of plants of szY desired degree of sexeal **prevision* 11 thinks
Seheffner called mor ems *sex reversals* that were merely ems
moditisations, Ott* he 44co not think bard to =plain %Kunio maw
aberomAmobs whisk aro rosette in nature
affeeteabYlnkrism
nvironmental teeters, and he eau see no reason why sax esssmt be
attested likewise* Wrote (IS) explains sex reversals and intervenes
in hemp on a &Molten. basis*
He believes in a genlimbelasee for sex
**tight *beet by difforingvalaney of
the 30
and they. chromosome.
The fasters for sox iseatod on 'Moe* ehremeeomes are thought to
produce onsymes which determine sox and whim& are inflame.* to
tug extent, depending an the sex, by differing environments*
a 'Mr.
if the
environment is unfavorabis to the actin of the *nom Which would
ordinarily have the greater influence, the other essYse is allewed to
have its effect, end sex is reversed*
Intorgreles are explained by'
the idea that velenoy of the **chromosome end the rochromeseme
verios
from plant to plant, so that oocesionally there maybe mug/ a Wale,*
2I
Hemp has bean the subject of a< treat deal of stu Ay i n rePrit
to Std Se
, or, Mallech 47) points out
its desirability hor
sex work. Prain (42) as *early as 1904 pointed out the many =uoual
hemp plants from the standpoint of sex.
Sox in Artois* has been reversed at will by Sehiffner Os)
by eheaging the eonditionso Unfavorable, (by conditions
favored
meleness. while rieh, wet oonditions caused femalaness
Sy eszerany
Controlling the food supplys he Ins able to **use twin Art111,
Ideal:Leo which aro normally of the tea° sex and were ariginally in
A
this oases to Weems, of opposite sox, even after they had been
developed es blooming plants and while they were still. conneoted by a
considerable band of living tissue 000 11). Japanese hops planted
in the greenhouse in minter became greatly deserted and the sexual
state ms.ch oonAtsed in a very large percentage of
Thatiotrust,
eases 01). Sox at
Jae law be changed. though with difficulty 000 U.
favorable ecemlitione seem to favor maleness in most plants, but
Anthony (4) rep that lack of vigor in the plant
suppresses stamen
4ovolOpaszt in
rtsot sorts of straTborrios.
Schaffner 45) was net able, however to Judo** a zenoseious
haraoter in buffalo pus* a strictly diemeicas plant which hes been
marts* A** tbao to time to be monoecious. probably because two
plants item difftrytt roots sometimes grow very close together
"male plants of Wohinitt dioioa have been observed to bear male
organs, but only when attacked by a certain smut fungus which is Ole
to fruit
,in
mele organs* **cording to Slakeilee (9). Ns
production rf fewalo organs toot/ pia°e in males flowers when they bemuse
infected. Skull OS).
12.
Meson
Lewin (SS) found that as oil
proportion of female 'flowers,
of elution of reserves.
*Wks* ($0) PAID& in 106, that
whit& had
sill
onXy fissile flowers
asp
dete0Willeditteronoo in vigor. however. Nogales °hanged to females.
In 100 Meehan 00) contended that "with a weakened vitality yes an
inoreased power Ube*? male flowers, and only under the
sbest
conditions of vogetative 'riga are female flowers produoed.w
I:4bbd and Jens* (40 believe that .11 asparagus flowers axe
PetentiaArbsreaphrodites, but that during fliers,' development there
is, exoept in rare cases, an abortion of one set of sex organs.
Stout (80) suers that maleness and fosalemess ere quentitative
difference** with en grades of
s object to modifieation Or
even Clete determination by promisees Of growth, development an4
interaction of tierce'. No believes that %sash viavtaticct in maleness
and feeal neos exists SA sex organs that are norpheiogioally portion.°
Also he ( 1?) is of the opinion that mmophologioal differontistione et
sex are Anidtunet*ally an extension of the phenomena ot somatic di
r.
entiations, and are not determined by sox ohrosewomes.
limpolekr (040 060 06, 91) "meting with deg mem*, *included
that sex is net a fixed *audition and is subj.-et tO reversal. 01
round an ablest °caplets aeries of flowers intergredating frost Imtle
tsr female, and explains this intergradation by 4 doctrine of varying
potency for sox in germ cells.
lrella (0)), hcerovers working with
oh ha* sale,
Almelo sad hersaphroditis pleats, mono uded that
Nendelion end
that there as
p'
oaf of the busters for malenese and fesalmnosse
This sopprotset I** would avow* for this differing Ogren Of
somnality obsorted
Sehaffner. Stout end Tempoleley
i$ interesting in ovonsotine with eon reversal in ply to
note hat Russo. sosording to Jordan OS). produtiod rabbit oftepriag
alms* entirely female by administering leeithin to propente relatit
*ethers.
aftvotoid
p
*baton' No TO Ace bolions Ott
net is tho fogs bd ore fertilisation and eggs of ono Ott
with the allesome (if then is els) whike tog. et the
other oat **trot *porn withal* an allows*. is the* *in the nes
masority of types of elegies of plants and aninalso the tiles of sem
determinstism or of son renreal doss not sterespimmt with the shifting
of the ohmemiemesi
whioh results
detormined at the time Of fertilimetiloa
dionieue plants. is no mon Wean or pormenent
than sea **ermined at tifif eme of the other II periods in tbe
oyele et Whisk he says it
'to deter
sot reversal end 4ienvis
easily it net men so in the
In lower torso of plant life
ems# and so they are ova used as
(011).
Otte ow
Also hie 0$11) ststoo
lersaght shoat es
sporophito as in the mosnmesieesi
dinoolous *Witten is rim*
ustrativos. lithatihmor (11.)
points oat that in Spina,* # sash of two sonjugating filaments nor
retsiot in ono part as temsle and in another as mate toward the other,
and these fllemeate are haploid and same from the sane reibmetion spore.
14.
he
practieelly *wiry kind
pro
saws 10,16010* Of
reaction blown** eitatier col
one plus
and the other winos saw topes as in the egg sell and ventral
cell et gyantesperaiss and in the two polar =alai of 'various seed plaits
which fuse with ea& other sometines before fusing with the spore
melees* Bast (9$) toad that the ostrieh fern dortelops rale matted.
MAW oenditions at poor nutrition and fewale under conditions ot
nutrition* Blakeslee (9). howaveri maintained plus and aim
Ibrirrpft and law
noisesually f* ever 100 onion.
Ilion* without apparent ebony in swami behavior, and Allen (8) found
sex to he apparently determined at the tine wf spare reflation in
flphaoreeorpos. as each spore tetrad has two male and two tesale spores,
lt should be bon* in wind in oenslAering d *mime mosses and liver.
worts that the dieeeloseness applies only to the haploid
ration
and not to the kW it as it doe* in diesetout hither plant*. Bet all
messes and liverinwte ha,* disecious ganatophytes *we being waso.
aims. as pointed out by Collins (1.9)
mod from *
foul *Maimed tame
so he
had potent
Met
that genetieelly the
ties tor bath ewes.
windy et $agitterie. Moats 09)
different eouditiam the pirof
in polishes
neneseiene.
steminate infloresoonoes varied indieating the int'luesse
401241,11101rat Or/ 0103to
Of individual flowers.
late wee were neater *coal in different
rs of stalattate and
tabu shooing that
21
150
fluetwating sessodaternining and semoreversal Wanee works
way that approeimately equal ambers of tenale and
azi prdud* With ate4464
1
saoh a
florid waits
hewever. fillet (*4) esnebadee
the* tie, predinoinanse of en. eon OW, another, as reported by othor
vorlore, varies with the tine of eoIleoting the vetteriala oast Potato
eat that 1
antics obtained do net earrespend with real we YOU*
wit all of 'We Soot geminates end develops* Tieittans ON) 1110#
seed the prednotden of etanainate seawanbor flower* by inerossing
light and inereesed the umber of pistillate flows by deoreasing
light, but finis these *bang* to be dtma to *bang* tires eme or the
other type Of flower to last and sten tissues Hs seneludes tlwat en*
virmeitat dess net. therefore, dotemthe the sex but merely prods**
otasditione cid* sake plissible the expreilisien of petentialities in
the plauk In se wo Plots there are perfect tlesere1 and
flowers of olso eion. Wit nit the other* Soria ($41) bound a Aar higher
e taffitiond; of ireriatien for =saber of pistillate flowers of voids
ton filW,W6w sit stamina% flow, 0*k (V) sieseribos WO *Poo
of pologragnate flowers one perfeetb the ether atinatna
Obattner CIO paints oat & weakness in the arguments of theft
who soak to
faotorial
lain see as entirely Ileatielisa
slim* is the Ouse Sr
hoot**. it saw. that deternines the eau of spoe
region in diploid and haploid, beinaphratitee and in diploid and
haploid, bisperangtotio spersAytesfs Sam* 011)0 NOM" *Ai in
turn. Ills the asieciatien of pistils and
no in a single flow
either sore or leis oratorios* than the atifterentiatitta at the
aleurene Ivor trilin the rest of the endosperm?*
3.6
?net time to tip other ideas on son determination have been
adveneed that differ from the liendelion view but might be construed
to agree sowthat with the environmentalist idea.
Mft 16122 18,
acoording to Wester 014 Giesielski olaimed that froth pollen gives
le seeds and stale pollen female seeds, end prevented oonsiderable
experimental ovidene. to bait: up his ocuausioni In 190 an English
physiaian admiaed the idea that it
in apt is determined by whioh
ovary Vas egg mule from 42). John.= (29) published a biota/4y el
the disarray of sexuality in plants.
As to the dime* itmaediate 0041140 at sear, Viral investigate:ea
ppt the theory at varying rates et cell sotabolism, eamp
found greater *atolls* aetivity in tissues related to standnate
structures than in tissues related to female structures
oforiUst (33)
inclines to the view that femaleness is caused by dominating
anabolism and maleness by preponderant cell4catabolisa, Satins tot
Blakeslee (49) found signitteent average dittereness in eatalase
content bOtW4,411% Ift ie and N110.43 tissue.
Severail workers (4111, 49 30)
thawed the existense ot biechemioal di `ere
female by use of Nana lerv,s reaction and IC*04
bout $6% aeouratei but net identical, thought
between Mai end
Both gave results
40.17 parallel* s him*
ing both to detest reducing substanveso but not entirely the seas ones*
Beth reactions depend upon quentitative rather than qualitative
differenees, they state. Schaffner (59) believes that 114221111 4041,400
time are probably positive and negative states of atoms ear mileculcat
contained in the living sell«
17.
Ono the
whioh is uphold by a good
quantitative thoory tit sox dotorminations
in
investigators is tbe
Riddle (44) ono of those
isto Est supper4d it# gives the oseontial parts of it sot
that
prompectivitly rale gavot** bay. a highor motabolie rate thtn tonal***
as do sale embryos and adults; that these metabolio difforouoos sit
cyanid* the norissilr otntroilling influonoo of the ohromosemos; that
Sex ohrosoesess or genes probably normally detorsine sox throuet
oostr011ing siorts4bO1to rate; that intersoxos and berms, hreditoo oan
aria, fro* ohromosoval or genio causee but ott also *rift from a
sistabolle wow whU. hromasamso and genes are nersti and that the
zmtebolie distinettcn toga gannet be interpreted as a soosrulari
oharaotorop
Soimittner hi studios of Inen(1.01CRUS
plants (50 *doh show a
*bans frost one sex to the other, either in the
in stiles or in aid.
hranohosi him shown that ohangos from oarpellato struaturos in this
loom part of the infloreseinoo to tho stasinate in ttlo upper Port or*
apparently acre common than the "posits °audition,*
Thus, as the
sonoesiouo plants got older we find thorn ohangin from female to mi.,
just as 40 moat dioemious plants'
Indian earn Om mays) is * good
xkuplo outs, oars gaming out on the User port of the stalk and
the tassel at the very**. Daft (Ostotail) ordinarily has on isio
dloreseono* oarpollstio boles and staminate above, but **setts** tiof
have several altornating solvents with alternating sexual state* (11)40
fugii (23), obtained sox marital from ale to test]* on VagLitadatt
by
insmosing nouriabsent of bnatehosj and Higgins (21) reports that
staminato papaya or assion trees oommasmoUr SW. sox 410400647
220
I
tops
boon
out
pistil to tr.. has over been
whoresas
thaw its one
11) Itas previous
Moly
yr* plasm
it doe* not
ass sweet,
t
pointed
least in part
lindsaibtodly th.
to de with this dotornination of Sox* toot nay*
all in retpird to this sharsotor. Also he (3.11)
has slwen the possibilities
dootolOping new varisties Ot hops
These soy to US* saserptiblo to am rseersalso
plants. son appear"
may
bo II Very *Meats Wows and
MO goy or anokbor. As Irseriel 010 says silt IOW
dissoione plants and perhaps in sue susismas this gonetio booms is
sok delleato that the rosettes soy go one way in sne ousireeset and
tte other
under other *amending oonditices with the esseriwnee
of various son thborgrados when enviressent
oonstante
lois *Om. or loss
esift of saw other olerastors as we
doponds spas nyirsenott. ho points out.
estt
19.
A war
flioesieus plan
O envinseil that in
jest two sexes male and mil. but several*
plants we AO
One weeks, Corm* has sone so far as to reeegtd.se at least thirty
different Wads' SAWA has listed ten distinet form *f ash* la
hops %Wu) the dieeeions plant with 'which the writer is most
festiliar b Vim are tour %Teo of plant* *tie are fairisy sosean*
There sr* plants which are sexless (flowers ream** and ***A UL
saw that are strictly *le, Wars that are stri
1 j 11014 a
ions plante *Loh exhibit both sexes* In exesdning literstlly
bwelreds et plants *MO exhibit this inedition ot both sexes
writer las observed but two plants Leh were prinarily ferals
whisk have later *hewn the aile sex* In 41 other am* it las been
the male plant which has reverted to the resale aenditiAni
This is
opposite to the sex Amnia* Otained with new ether seed plant**
Me, outstanding sal* gambit et hops toast
grower** yard were staked se that root outtins *add be obtained Ada
lee*/ spring ter planting in our experinental yard* These plant*
d no signs of sex reversitle* Ons of then is shown in Pig. 111..
rook
13
numbers were planted in 1011 in Oar Itsperi
mental lard at Oervallis. (*net* and math to the writer's surprise
preatieally all of the
plants exhibited a m*ac oss eendititai
that is. tart prottusid fonae timers as well as ale flagon
mates of the pereentags of finals flaws weft reworded
Nati.
222
292
In the spring of 1054 444itional roots lots obtained trot Vs
amiginal sew*** There intro 08 sal* plants i31 this groups making
total of 121 solo planUoteerved for 010234014/14104
por000likso
Ostinate4
fowl* flower* on these plants is Oxon In Table Xs. 111#
Table 2o* 2
ittina
Poroentaso of Penal* Timor* en 121
in inparizamtal lard, Oarvalliss Oregon, 1031
1
2
$
10
0
0
SO
0
4
5
5
a
'a
S
9
lo
it
1$
1$
L4
31
14
1/
1$
15
70
75
5
20
11
ss
1$
25
25
XS
St
28
so
30
$1
XX
25
54
SS
$4
51
1
20
I
Trays
15
Trios
5
I
P
from
Imo
40
40
from,
15
TS
1
is 'blow
*
*
*
3'
tress
X
!raft
Um*
14
50
Tram
ao
50
Tram
15
0
Imo
Tim*
0
tramp
I
0
/me
trove
0
I
0
0
0
00001000 *00010 00000000000
3 SV
IV4432.1=12
sox
og goo:::
10 0)
10 10
ter
22.
0
91
02
3
10
94
0
VS
0
00
07
I
as
a
oo
0
100
101
0
103
10
104
108
108
101
0
I
0
0
0
10
15
10$
109
0
110
111
0
U2
a
113
114
Us
0
118
117
/0
0
0
0
110
120
121
ri
14111401 ik
p
writer hes sow
probs.. ago Moore.
lathe
110*
tisa =eh totter then it
to &a
(9.
%c v
ES.
Sexless Plants
Sexless hop plant* Cff. lupalus)
omen in s
yards obi
often ere a scares of less 110, * groweri for even though they usually
are the largest and greenest plants in a yard they produee no eons..
Ter examples one grower reported about 6,000 of these sexless (growers
*all them bastard lents) plants in a 400asre yard, sr nearly 25 per
CI*4
These sexless plants have been aesounted for in =AY *LYS* Saw
say they are the result of dies*** (rim) others state that they are
females that have reverted and soon will obese to males, etc.
of these theorieslae been proved.
Iwfacts our observations have not
revealed any Changes in these isexleis
sexless plant
Ions
is until this year, when a
that had been under observation for three years, pro!
4fteed'both vas and female flowers in peouliar tompos4Vos butehei.
One trial to overeeme this sexless *audition vat carried sO.
in 1pss
had been suggested that the troublo
be due to nutritious
se various rare fertiliser elements Imo applied
plants.
ndividoal sexless
The results are given in Table S.
Cheek « No treatment
Treble Phosphate
&
O
O
1
N
s
*
a
beet
Soft= Bars*,
& Cop
6 Mis
&
*
6 Suitor
treatment
Ifs%
Sulfate
Iodide
a
a
a
a
a
a
22
24.
The treble pheephate in each ease 'was appl
porta* ler
WI% or ,,iikompolusits per s-ore.
at the ziate it 3
The Mt" fertiliser* were
appli4 poor hill as toilet's Sotto* berate 10 gist, Capper sulfate
ri $0,0
wow., "'inns 4
liaggemales
plat* ST gotta aai
te V/ gsti Patesstas SAM* $
ter VI pi*
sa
MA,1,4Ntslit.
22
2., female plant reverses sex and produces
an entire whorl of role flowers.
Experimental Yard - 1932.
26.
D MISSION OP RES TS
The review of the literature on *ex, chiefly in seed plants.
reveals differences of opinion regarding the determination of sex.
The author makes no attempt to present a phylogenetis study but a
rev
references on some of the lower forms,* such as the fungi and
ferns, are given,
This discussion
is *lastly with sex in the
seed plants where this oharactor appears to be somewhat more able.
In
hops the most own sex reversal is on male plant*, hut
a sex reversal on
in 1932.
a female plant.emmaanlArm015emo was found
Nap growers have long observed this pheromones on male
plants. but none that the author has ooutaeted has ever noted*
reversal On
a
female plant.
In the 1931 trials. revreals of
IOUS
to females. indleated b the percentage of female flowers on male
plants. varied all the way from 0 to IS per cent female flowers.
In 1932 these same plants showed fewer reversas.
in the batter
year the permutes. adifemale flowers varied on these plants frees 0
up to 20 per *nt.
It Isis of interest that the plant which Showed
the highest reversals in 1924 was one of the lowest in 1051.
Plants
that had 75 per sent in 1931 of female flowers showed as little as a
bare tram,, and a plant with 60 per sent of female flowers in 1911
had nothing bet male floaers in 1932.
this partiemlar stet, imvolesd
23 male plants which were grown from euttings how males that shswot
no reversals in 10$0.
OS silo plants under observation in 10S2 shoved sons romorsels*
but fir less than observed in the previous yoftr.
The reversals varied
2
.,
PS,
all the way from 0 to 30 par vent of the silo flowers. 64 per went,
or prootioally tene4thirds of the male lents set out in 1932 showed
no reversals or fosale floors.
Our observations indisate that one wens, of these reversals
nay be impropor balsa*. 'between root and top growths that le, the
cuttings sot out in 1931 wore lust &Ant* undergroun60stom cuttings
from the largo established plants in a grower's yard, These root oak.
tings leads a largo abovs.ground growths as molt as 20 foots in thoir
first seasons and produood tom flowers.
was coat of ba34131.0*
othor words, ths plant
There was an enormous top growth with a wall
astount of root systems and this appears to be tos ot the *hie moos,
as far as the writer can *blooms for the large amount of rem/meals in
12a,« 34,n groove' yards of ostabliabod plants *or* were no more than
the normal reversals in 1931. In 1932 there were not so now reversals
from plants just set out balloonse the swam was not so favorable. for
hops, and the aboveolground growths as a rules woe only about '7 foot in
heights and there was not such a lack of bolero* between root *Teton
and to worth in that year. this theory of ono of the causes of
reversal will be studied ftrther
The peculiar and unusual condition of a tonalo plant showing
male flowers vas observed for the first time this roar. This phew
is un000test and se special note is made of it. The "Altar method of
reversion whereby an entire ehorl of flows are of a different sons
is of intereito This plant is of a different species than the eons=
onreasroiel hops and as boiler* indicated, bel
a to the opiates
0.40,104 *PM* Outtinp will be takon fres this plant and stet set
230
27.
in 15131 a
continues.
observed =der various conditions to see it this reversion
Also,
Ism to of interest to note if reversions oeenr on
the original plant after it is thoroughly established.
Another condition in the commercial varieties of hops is known
as
sexless* or *bastard* plants.
economic importanoe.
These are so common that they are 0
The plants are large and vigorous, but prodigals
only small abortive flowers.
Growers have etatod that the usual premiere
is substantially*. follows:
*Male plants change to esnecious one* and
the latter in turn change to sexles
ones.* Thor* is no proof for this
and the writer had never observed a Rimless plant with any developed
flowers until this season, when sne valet* plant 'MA had been under
Observation for three years formed peouliar banshee of flowers consist*
ing
of both males and females.
will be grown in future years.
Seeds of this plant are being saved and
It is of real imporkanoe to determine
the cause of this sexless condition,
and it may have some bearing on
the entire problem of sox in pis.
No one working with dioecious plant* in an experimntal nay
and attempting to improve them can do so without noting some peculiar
conditions in regard to the character known as sex.
Also, no one eke
help but recognise the importans of both environment and heredity in
the determination
of this
character.
The auther, formerly
having
worked
practically altogether with monotsions plants realises hew one oftild
upbeats* the importance
of
heredity in determining *ex.
But se neon
as Wailed work wes begun with the dieeolons tn. 0 plant it goad
be readily seen
that
sex is far mere complieated than meet realise.
and that environment plays a role.
Also, that there are possibilitie.
231
28
of devoloping strains of a dioecioas plant vthich do not revert from
ono sox to the other so quisklyi and possibly are net so susooptiblo
to the I'sexitess. eenditiono
any altfrents pinions have been given in regard to what
ihotominos sex* lest the writer has not noted the speeitio idea that sox
reversal may be des to artatices in individual tolls due possibly to a
matablo goo
Unstably it requires s
abnormal eonditien bo
prole** a ismoeoises plant in a speedos whisk is primarily tioeolems,
ihrbittions of other ehtraotors are Wined by ertildosting the lamb to
abnormal oseditions* so Why sold not
tions indumed by abnormal
simditions be an oxlaration of sox roversals, Ot **me* matstismo
are now being induced with the Z
and ether rays*
Late in the spring of len (Fatting* from plants were- exposed to
various stroui6ho et Urey irith the hope of iittorairdng tit* *Met* of
the ray upon sox. These plants are growing 1:oft did net prod's* flews
in 19320 This work should be of value not only for studying sex in
plants but also tor obtaining informatiwa whieh night throw light on
the offset or 70.roy upon sex in Wails.
of mss. 'without a doubt* will have *cue appliaatios in
studying sox in asdanase Being able to woft with large amber* and
produce several "aerations in a stherli period theire are may
advantages for studying ow in plant* and applying it to *tamale in
the s way as we do other gonetie information* It is tie* that the
orrettioists who are interostod in things of this typo "or* asking two
studios tO soo whether the tilumeter of sox &US in the same oatogOry
as may seerphologioal eharactwrs whisk aro Wing studied. At present
232
20.
there a
many phenomena whioh no one own explain arld when they OS*
explained. they may upset "UAW Of the traditions et sex to labia we
new WA
23
A "bastard' or 'sexless' plant produces
flowers for the first time in
three years. Note the peculiar bunch of
both male and female flowers.
23
sox in seed plants is reels,*
of over
fuel *
0
Ord. difforont soot plants that aro elessified **,
diosotoss is inoluilido
Results of throe
boorvation and
*ntal work aro givens Those shoe that sex reversals
o to
tonal* sr tairty eatomun in Uwe cultivated species of hipla ftitta
jamas
Gutting* free nolo plants whit* showed no slip of sent
morsels gain malo plants in, 10111 which showed all the way fro* no
sox revoreal up to plant* wit:tab had 115 per *int togas floors. in
the following year the mote showing reversals was greatly rods/sod
as war* the porwontages of reversal.*
In MS* 9$ *Waage friss nor ado
s ware planted*
These showed loss sox roversals than those p &abin 911 but Away of
them shooed a poreentage as high as SO.
Itarvohis
Iles to mules are not s
and home net been
*stoned until 1052i when ono ontino whorl of
is plant of asaiLatessgsget
flaws on a
oteorse41
she or itbast*,41 plants are fairly otwoon inter MAIM*
of isootoon Oregon, Om. yard reportod as nany as six thousand is forty
a.m. no? *re net only of intorest but of soon
important*
Growers attract* this *ovation
oevoral diffortbut idttogo anA VIA**
aro disoulsoi In 1052 ot* sexless plant was found to bear
*mhos of both ado and resale flowers* This is the first plant undo*
control sonditions wok has produced Noy fruit
A forbilisor trial deo
sigma to overt** this sointlosti oonditio gave no results.
31.
238
riTttaults ZEE
1. Al
d with sox
A obroaoseso diftor x
toe N.
diaereses ii Speerooarpo. Wen** 41s416.4117. 111T.
The 'basis of sox inherit zoo
roorrpus. Proo. Asa. Phil. Soc. ef89.41
1.
1919.
An apparently ex.linkosi sporophytio olumoter
marrow. Anat. Roo. 284884:11. 1$11. (abstroot OS)
p
4.
Anthony.
(Osnorra)
thheritance of ries in strawberries. Now Tort
Agri. /bp, Sta. Tech. Thal. dl,
. end It. 0 Pumett. The heredity of son.
/8141f. 1908.
lateoon
and /do Sutton. Double flown
gam. Jour. of 007311ti0111 I s109440?
Tho optologioal **Teets of the detonduati
of otot in the ittotteious Atria of lorehnio. Bob. Abs. 14
Slimsktorni Itathlows
*Airy 281. 111213.
$
ion st sex in. thalluo ilonnePkyto.
,A. . Dia*
end sperophits. Bet ans. 411411,4111. LOW.
1=
10.
Bond 0. Je
11.
Sreosson..
The bi4ogioal significant* and control of
ISM
p
too,
abnonol Begonia flowers and on
enditiont in plants. Jour. of Oe
X.
Vapr
/mitt of Davvt.
of sone
*tient of the sioseeoicoi
4t1414.10. 1111.
otive Nop Plants
$1572i113.
Developing New ilarietios
1951.
18.
lharbidgsi P. W.
14.
0409. W. N.
not
11.
11.
our of tho
1931
oi. 14$
sex. tort Cthrou 51114. 1190
*Use activity and son in plants. Ara. Jour.
Nutrition
#111424
1.111.
A lionAelian
190.
04
gre:1AV* in telv, $27,1144441.
rattles es1394 413. 1 919.
of
$2.
3,
0004 0. P.
grout* flowers dimorphic. Jour. ugh. Amid.
P
Set. $ t4S404ST. 1911.
11.
Sexual Inequality in hoe. Jour.
Oa*, 0. P.
1011404
ling, O. A.
36$ l
19.
1Pno
0.
Inheritance of lex in
eta* Took. Hui. lito pp.
aPitIF
Deterainaties sox tom. or Seredi r ila 19477.
Deneaster. T.
Inorcon R. A.
24.
010
Sox in dioeoious plants. Sul. T
1 $0.
Vas Z.. R.
$S.
acre dity 8i
1914.,
A genetio view ot
x expression in the flowering
plants. Sate 09017$0112. 1924.
Agit'
Plweiologieal researebis on the
s Elite of the
flowers of 1.4.11 4.011 01". Gard. Chren. MAU. MS Ow.)
Oillot P. lienarius en the determination of sex in isproptrumt
119m4, so. Abs. 14* Entry *99. 110114.
D.
An experinent with sex in hemp la
world 10110. 1899.
. Plant
Harris J. A. On the distribution and oorrelation of the earn
*ante and pistillate flewere). in the infloreseionse
ot the
ode. Art
Torrey lot. 03xt
!T.
and A. EseAten. Bole
A.
it
J. 11* &wing ustione in trees (Peporo Pfunallex.ittee
ef sex, change of sex, origin of the horsaftwodito.
..
Jour. et Heredity 7020114110.
Brooding Mentophrodite
1912.
$5.
ara
* K.
of tioluftes 19165.79
Sax Aotorminotion in hemp
Uri
*9.
of the di ewe
The Si
Seism* 39490419. 1914.
Johnson, Doman S.
plants
sexuality in plant,.
10.
sexuality In
Jour of Romdity 00144.
Ho
The inhoritonee of se* in Milker plants*
Ast. Nat. 41011424/. 1909 (Digest of (orona. Ungar)
lioi$*
The
(ROY*
oausation
Reeent
Dosom*
of sox.
AM4 Not* 45015607020
1** Rwatey and lowisi HA. book)
literam tehin
"*""ViVanatom. An. Nat. 44024502SS.
ol of sex
23
Mont
Cytologieal studios on Rumex L.
and T. Ono.
the relation or *browses* umber and sem* in Rom
Nag. Tokyo 57 1147.149.
%Itga. Sot.
lot. Abs. Tot. 14, Intry 516.
1920.
*Philo, IL C.
Time inflows*. of onvironment on sec in hosp
Jour* Agr Res* 22$108,4080. 1924.
bieekli.
No lotto eytokinosis of Camabis (hew).
37,
".""slares. 1101350441. 1924
Wet*, S. Yalu. of the hemp plant for investigating sex
inheritanee
Jour. of Heredity 15,211.02354,
and 0. J. Leda.
Nasett.
Growth and
guineonsis)*
relation in tho oil
Emma distribution of footle inflOroseonoes in old and
young Woos. Seasonal °haw in oft ra tio.
The Annals of Applied B10100 116410441.1, 1,1$4,
Oa& let. lei. Pros.
Semi low in
pp. 14044.
Meehan, T.
wtho mow 0 U. plants,. Prost Am. AsOno Adv.
191$50480.
-%
41.
itottier D. IL
The development Of the hotorstypio
type*
ehremoeowee in pollen mother molls (Ped001,11=4 Barborry
r. Am.
42.
Prai z
21009.0547. 1.
D.
On the morphology, toratolsgy and diode:tau et
the flowers of Cannabis. Soi. Naas lw *Moors of the Ned.
and San. Dept. of the Sov. of India. L.S. Jo.
Calcutta, India. 1904.
Pritchard, P. J.
$194,
1910.
44.
Riddle, Oscar.
40.
Bob
46.
Rosa, J. T.
41.
Santos, Jos*
Chang* of six in hemp. Jour. of lsrodity Tan*
The quantitative theory of sox. Won** $01890110.
1911.
, Ti. W. and Jones N.
imam
plant).
S000ndimsex ohritialu
Sex expression ix *pima. Itilgardia 11259.214.
Ditforentiatioa smog ehronesones in lloiloa *ter
15*4240# 1923
B046 OKI*
Satins Sophia and I. Duero*. Nenoilovis reaction far idontifiotti
of tho seues. Scion** $242$0416. 1925.
2
49.
flotilla Sophia and *. Demme. and Blakeslee* A.Y. Stud** et
biechemieal differences between, plus and *Limas penes in
Moors. IS. A preliminary report en the Naue lir
reaotiem and other tests. Nat. AWL. Sol, Proc. 120191
1066.
further studies on bioehsmisal
sii"Isexes in, plants. Pte.. Nat l. Asti.
15s 11601 ft*
61.
0ohashe* Martha A.
A obrosseeme difference between tho some ot
teemtrus.1102
ohattmer* J. N.
phenomena.
U.
0
10$7.
Selene° 491216419. MC
The ehromoseme meohanism ea a basis for *Melia*
Ohio Nat. 16s609.618.
191$.
The expression of *mud dimorphism in
aperoPhYtes, 1918. Ohl. Jour. $4. 18*
ryepero4"sus
10141$.
Complete
of i ex in hap. Selene.
1914
.
the diosaious nature of
1920.
Bolo error
am""mm""lareW4ts119-124.
Reversal of the sexual state in sortaint
°"*"---ia"--a--onoosals infloromenee. Ohio Jour. $ei. 21:166.10$*
tr.
Inflame et environmont on *mai earression in
Wiesito*144
$6.
onto if1.1970219.
?regression of $0=11 evolution in the plant
Ohio. Jour. flei. 6$1101411
lin.
The sexual nature of ve tok Lye
60.
'w.***"."tnwerArisain".
or diehotemoss
Ohio Jew. $44. $14140414. 16$6.
Sex reversal in the Japanese hop
Bei diti 50113049.
nu.
r.
66.
1921.
Control of the sexual *tate ia Aries triphyllum
sia A. imeontimm. Aar. Jour. at Bet. 001$46. 1,26.
$61.
61.
s
1911,
Jul. Torrey
Observations on the sexual state of varied* plants.
1963.
Sot. 10114,90160.
The time of *ex deternination in plant*.
Ohio
231226440. ISM
The influent
---""""voreal of
66.
of relative long* t
sex in he. Neology 414230$64.
Expression ot tbo soma state in
sul. Torte. aft* Club 111101101111.
daylight ea
58.
Id.
Symp. s s moldered as a sexual phenomenon.
larir-our. is 28 188.0180. MS.
The intInonoe of the oubsotraktnat on tho peroos*ago
IST.
revroal in winter gram httap Ohio Jaw. Sei Us
11724I$0 1.150
68
Sox detortathation and sox dittorenttation to the
An. Nat. 50,0116.121. 1.26.
ante
*aportnonts with various pima** to produoo oho.
ltd. Torrey Bot Oltio $1418.0474,
*4 lox in V*
1988.
stare en
taut
soznality and °browses. sionotitutien.
198.
This nature and wan ot
taros** to Typist. Sul. Torrey
lanes" twins ot
indent.
01
etsitto with
a misaisaes
to
1826.
.7'3
Senollaited eharaoters is hetorewpor000 sporophytiks.
daoitati Sot. 21711844. 1921 *
and orgoodetorwinntion in VI* 11ght et *somata*
to tut died** plants. Aaa Nat. SIMP.S$8.
'5.
116.
T1
Seroilinitod oharaotoro and allotoseiolinted
Otto eijr. Set. 8#1108488. 192 T.
itatraordbary wool phenonom in pleats. Ika. Terry/
M 84.61.48/.
1910.
Varthor exportnento in ropoatod rojnyonation 3st hem
--ozawaz; twins on the ipooral prohlon rat sm.
Axe* Jour. ot Bete 15s7 V*416. 1.8*
Progeny romating trona soltopollinatien
Sot. Gas.
TO.
showing NIX reversal.
1928.
on fat tho point et sox remind, in
stiNterieleighlta. An. Aar. lot. 16.181,01.6. MO.
ant 4A:4i
rhosssll gioal 414441311dAttions t totatod hflogOtrt
=provision in hwy.
Aa. Nat* $11$867409.
81.
nat.
looter W. The taetorial interpretation of sou
118$111$41114 N. 8. R. fnalli
111017.
2 4 ;f
Se.
$52*
Shull* George narrison*
An. likt 4443.91
Odor inheritanee in jakelcagis,
1910.
Inheritanoe of sex in Ili nut (044047).
---"la7S171311Tioftuts. usia.
Itirersible set
0.369. 1911.
Is.
onoTraliermsswir°.
Letersexes in Mdse,
109443* 1.19
1** Ston A4, 110
SS*
Alternatien of sexes and
.."."*.`a-lwaVirMit in the Spider WNW*
88*
Sykes* Wo 0.
Mamas
An*
s en the nuelei of s
of Set 23s 3410 1909.
Inxisene4 'lefts
89. Tiodlonis. net* A. Sex ratios in owntaber flues. as *Meted by
different tonotitians of soil and 1
St446,
SOO
1911$
Inheritenee
Villeirg. W. D.
;
*
sox in the grvire
104 534.591*
1916.
91. Wester P It
tion of sex, Sur* of Horedity
'
1914.
951* Wino 0.
On sox obramosieusa sex detersoisatien
Amite in sue diokeieus p1ents. Seth, Abs.
34041
N. Waist B. 1).
Sox and develepoont of the
Ittagatitte Pkreitiletisid 11***
944,
ihapolitkr, kora*
96.
ear
rrv
91,
*chi
*
1014.
Observations on inherilranee
ewer
W 1* Det
Inherits*** of sex 1n re
6#4140442
030
set ratios in
6a50100/410
19144,
1910.
An.
Sex intormAktion in
ilowert fif yeloritaki
ma lino %Tsar* Dot* ,46.100 VISO*
tarther ebeenations to sex in Itattima soft
ita:" 54 28041$4
unto.
ltelene* Distrihdrien
WM is ilhO
flora* Bot. Abe. 19#W 1,N