৯࿐ࣉᅚ, 2015 ୍, ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
཯༰ሰ 1,2
ස‫ק‬এ 1
ԣ‫ ࡹݚ‬3,4
࿏ࡹૼ 2,5
‫߰؍‬ਪ 1,2,†
Кࣘն࿐‫۽‬࿐ჽ৯࿐ა‫۽‬ӱ॓࿐༢, Кࣘ 100871
Кࣘն࿐‫۽‬࿐ჽႋႨ໾৘ა࠯ඌ࿹࣮ᇏྏ, Кࣘ 100871
3
ഈ‫ݚ‬ն࿐ႋႨඔ࿐ა৯࿐࿹࣮෮, ഈ‫ ݚ‬200444
4
ഈ‫ݚ‬ն࿐৘࿐ჽ৯࿐༢, ഈ‫ ݚ‬200444
5
Кࣘն࿐໾৘࿐ჽ, Кࣘ 100871
1
2
ᅋ ေ षᅚࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮ؓॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘ֥ഡ࠹ࠣ‫۽‬ӱ
ႋႨऎႵᇗေၩၬ. ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄིႋᇶေЇওҋਘჰሰ၍໊Ӂള֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌ
ཊၛࠣႮ‫ّނ‬ႋӁള֥౟a‫֩ݛ‬గุᄖᇉؓҋਘྟି֥႕ཙ. ࣁඋҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬
ᅶིႋᇶေЇও‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄a‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄‫ڕބ‬ᅶಿэ֩. ‫ھ‬໓ᇶေሸඍᄝ֮໑
(T < 0.3 Tm , Tm ൞ҋਘ֥ಶׄ໑؇) ‫ڕ֮ބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ༯, Ⴎჰሰ၍໊෥ഄӁള
֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ෮֝ᇁ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ, ࠧ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥႕ཙ, ҋਘ఼֥؇߶ശ
ۚ. ҋਘ֥ࣖ৬Ԅժaࣖࢸၛࠣ໑؇֩ၹ෍ؓ‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ऎႵᇗေ
႕ཙ. ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮൞۱‫؟‬Ԅ؇໙ี, ః‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି
࠻౼थႿັܴԄ؇ഈ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֝ᇁࣖ৬ଽ҆ࢲ‫֥ܒ‬э߄, ္౼थႿ༥ܴԄ؇
ഈࣖ৬ࡗ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ. ‫ھ‬໓Ֆൌဒࢲ‫ݔ‬aඔᆴଆ୅‫ބ‬৘ંଆ྘೘ٚ૫ሸඍࣁ
උҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮ࣉᅚ. ᄝՎࠎԤഈ, ᅚຬਔ‫ھ‬ਵთᇏթᄝ֥
ᇶေ॓࿐໙ี.
ܱ࡯Ս ࣁඋҋਘ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄, ໑؇႕ཙ, Ԅժིႋ, ৯࿐ྟି
ᇏ๭‫ٳ‬ো‫ݼ‬: O345
໓ངѓ്઒: A
DOI: 10.6052/1000-0992-14-071
൬۠ರ௹: 2014-11-27; ੣Ⴈರ௹: 2015-04-08; ᄝཌԛϱರ௹: 2015-04-14
†
E-mail: hlduan@pku.edu.cn
ႄႨٚൔ: ཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ. ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ.
৯࿐ࣉᅚ, 2015, 45: 201505
Xiao X Z, Song D K, Chu H J, et al. Irradiation hardening for metallic materials.
Advances in Mechanics, 2015, 45: 201505
c 2015u৯࿐ࣉᅚvϱಃ෮Ⴕ
°
৯
2
1 ႄ
࿐
ࣉ
ᅚ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
࿽
ෛሢԮ๤߄െିჷ֩၂Ցྟିჷ֥ᇯࡶ४ࢰၛࠣದোؓିჷླ౰֥҂؎ᄹӉ, ି
ჷ໙ีၘӮູ႕ཙದোളթ֥ᇗն໙ีᆭ၂. ཌྷбԮ๤ିჷ‫ط‬࿽, ‫ିނ‬ႮႿఃሧჷ‫پ‬
‫ڶ‬, ିਈӁᆴۚ‫ط‬ᄝ‫࠽ݓ‬ഈ൳ܼ֞ٗᇗ൪. ‫ିނ‬ॖ‫ނູٳ‬ਚэି‫ނބ‬ऊэିਆᇕ, ଢభ
‫ނ‬ਚэିၘ֤֞ࢠູӮඃ֥അြႋႨ, ֌൞ఃࢠི֥֮ੱ‫ބ‬၂‫֥ק‬νಆ໙ี௧൐ದૌ
࿙౰۷ིۚ۷νಆ֥‫ିނ‬. ཌྷб‫ނ‬ਚэି, ‫ނ‬ऊэିऎႵ҂ॖูս֥Ⴊ൝, ऎႵ‫ّނ‬ႋ
ჰਘԥਈऍն, ٢ିིੱࠞۚၛࠣ࣍ެνಆ໭໪ಙ֩หׄ. ၹՎ, ‫ނ‬ऊэିФ൪ູࢳ
थದোໃটିჷླ౰֥ᇶ֝ྙൔᆭ၂, ൌགྷॖӻ࿃ॖ॥‫ނ‬ऊэ, ؓࢳथದো෮૫ਢ֥
ିჷ໙ีऎႵ٤ُ֥ၩၬ.
ቋ࣍ඔ൅୍, ෛሢ‫ނ࠽ݓ‬ऊэିჷ֥࿹࣮҂؎౼֤๬௥ྟࣉᅚ, หљ൞‫࠽ݓ‬ಣ‫ނ‬
ऊэൌဒؐ (ITER) ࠹߃ၘࣜࠆ֤ਔࢠն֥Ӯ‫ۿ‬, ದোႵຬᄝ҂ࣲ֥ࡼটൌགྷॖ॥֥
ܸྟჿඏ‫ނ‬ऊэ, Ֆ‫ط‬Ֆ۴Чഈࢳथିჷ໙ี. ֌൞ଢభ‫࠽ݓ‬ಣ‫ނ‬ऊэൌဒؐᇏಯಖ
թᄝ‫؟ޓ‬ታླࢳथ֥໙ี, ఃᇏЇওೂ‫ޅ‬࿊౼৯࿐ྟିਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶҋਘ, ၛЌᅰ‫ނ‬
ऊэّႋልᇂνಆॖौ֥ᄎྛ. ᄝ‫࠯ނ‬ඌ֥‫ؿ‬ᅚ‫ݖ‬ӱᇏ, ‫ނ‬ҋਘᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯֥৯࿐
ྟି࿹࣮൅‫ٳ‬ᇗေ, ఃᆰࢤ႕ཙ֞‫ّނ‬ႋؐ‫ڛ‬ၢ௹ࡗଽ֥ॖौྟ‫ބ‬νಆྟ. ॖၛඪ,
‫࠯ނ‬ඌ֥ૄ၂Ց‫ؿ‬ᅚ‫ބ׻҄ࣉބ‬ҋਘॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶྟି֥ิശࣅૡཌྷܱ. ᄝऊэّႋؐᇏ,
ࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ๙ӈေࣜ൳ۚ๙ਈ֥ 14 MeV ᇏሰ‫ڕ‬ᅶၛࠣฦၤ৖ሰ֥ሏࠌ, ః‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄ࠴
ਈбགྷႵ‫׈ނ‬ᅟᇏҋਘ෮ࣜ৥֥෥ഄ࠴ਈۚ 104 Пၛഈ, ѩ౏߶ϴෛႵః෰ឭэӁ໾
౟‫֩ݛބ‬, ᇀࣂߎીႵ಩‫ڕॆޅ‬ᅶҋਘିડቀఃᄝ৯࿐ྟିഈ֥ေ౰ (Shimada et al.
2007).
‫ނ‬ҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟିა‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋૡ్ཌྷܱ. ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ൞ᆷഝཌࠇᆀۚି৬ሰა໾ᇉ
ཌྷ޺ቔႨᄯӮ֥ҋਘ໾৘a৯࿐ྟିၛࠣࢲ‫ܒ‬ഈ‫ؿ‬ളэ߄. ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄིႋᇶေЇ
ওҋਘჰሰ၍໊Ӂള֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊၛࠣႮ‫ّނ‬ႋӁള֥౟a‫֩ݛ‬గุᄖᇉؓҋਘྟି
֥႕ཙ.
ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋЇও‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ (irradiation hardening)a‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄ (irradiation embrittlement)a‫ڕ‬ᅶಿэ (irradiation creep) ‫ڕބ‬ᅶூস (irradiation fatigue)
֩. ‫ھ‬໓ᇶေሸඍᄝ֮໑ (T < 0.3 Tm , Tm ൞ҋਘ֥ಶׄ໑؇) ‫ڕ֮ބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ༯, Ⴎჰ
ሰ၍໊෥ഄӁള֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ෮֝ᇁ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ. ๙ӈ, ‫ّނ‬ႋ߶Ӂളնਈۚିᇏ
ሰ‫ބ‬৖ሰ, ᆃུۚି৬ሰऎႵ఼֥ࠞԬ๩৯, ࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ֥ࣖ۬ჰሰ൳ఃሏࠌު, ߶ொ
৖ఃჰট໊֥ᇂѩྙӮնਈ৖໊ჰሰ (primary knock-on atom, PKA), ᆃུ৖໊ჰሰ
๙‫ࣉݖ‬၂֥҄ࠩ৳ஷሏ‫ݖ‬ӱ߶ဆ߄ྙӮ‫گ‬ᄖ֥ಌཊࢲ‫ܒ‬, ೂࡗ༣ሰ (interstitials)aॢ
໊ (vacancies)a໊հߌ (dislocation loops, DLs)aҪհඹ૫ุ (stacking fault tetrahedrons,
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
3
SFTs) ‫( ׳ॢބ‬voids) ֩. ᄝ໑؇‫ڕބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠ֥֮౦ঃ༯ (‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄ఼؇ֆູ໊ dpa,
іൕჰሰ௜न৖໊Ցඔ), ૫ྏ৫ุٚࣖ (FCC) ҋਘᇏ֥ᇶေಌཊো྘൞Ҫհඹ૫ุ,
‫ྏุط‬৫ุٚࣖ (BCC) ҋਘᇏ֥ᇶေಌཊ൞໊հߌ; ֒໑؇‫ڕބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠۚൈ (‫ڕ‬ᅶ
෥ഄ఼؇ࢠۚ), ಌཊ๙ӈ൞ၛॢ‫ྙ֥׳‬ൔթᄝ (Osetsky & Bacon 2001, 2003; Osetsky
et al. 2000). ᆞ൞ႮႿᆃུնਈ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥թᄝ, ֒‫ނ‬ҋਘ൳ຓᄛ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙൈ, ః
ଽ໊҆հ֥ᄎ‫ࡼ׮‬൳ಌཊ֥႕ཙ, Ֆ‫ࢠط‬նӱ؇ֹ‫ڿ‬эః৯࿐ྟି, ೂ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄a‫ڕ‬
ᅶգ߄‫ۿބ‬႗߄༢ඔ (strain-hardening coefficient) ༯ࢆ֩ (Beyerlein et al. 2013).
ॖၛुԛ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି႕ཙ֥࿹࣮൞၂۱‫؟֥྘ׅ‬Ԅ؇໙ี:
ᄝັܴჰሰԄ؇ഈۚି৬ሰაࣖ۬ჰሰ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ߶‫ڿ‬эҋਘ֥ັุܴࣖࢲ‫ܒ‬, ྙ
Ӯ༥ܴࣖ৬Ԅ؇֥ಌཊ, ࣉ‫ط‬༥ܴҪՑุ֥ࣖ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶႕ཙҋਘ‫ࣖ؟ܴޡ‬Ԅ؇֥
৯࿐ྟି. ၹՎ, ູਔି‫ܔ‬༢๤ֹ‫ٳ‬༅‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄ൞ೂ‫ڿޅ‬эࣁඋҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟି, ྶᄝ
҂๝Ԅ؇ഈषᅚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥࿹࣮, ᄝਔࢳཌྷܱ໾৘‫ݖ‬ӱ‫ބ‬ቔႨࠏ৘֥ࠎԤഈ, ࡹ৫҂
๝Ԅ؇ᆭࡗ֥৳༢, Ֆ‫ނؓط‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟିࣉྛႵི֥‫ٳ‬༅‫ބ‬ყҩ. ູਔഡ࠹
ି‫ܔ‬ડቀ৯࿐ྟିေ౰֥ॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘ, ധೆฐ෬‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ྙӮაဆ߄, ࢣൕҋਘэ
ྙ෥ഄࠏ৘, ѩ࿹࣮ࣁඋҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ, ၘࣜᇯࡶӮ୍ູ࣍ট‫ݓ‬ଽຓ࿹࣮֥ಣ
ׄ.
ࣁඋҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄‫ٳ‬༅ॖ‫ ູٳ‬3 ۱Ԅ؇֥࿹࣮: ჰሰԄ؇ (ັܴҪՑ)aࣖ৬
Ԅ؇ (༥ܴҪՑ) ‫ࣖ؟ބ‬Ԅ؇ (‫ܴޡ‬ҪՑ). ᄝ҂๝Ԅ؇༯, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥‫ٳ‬༅Ⴕఃᇶေ֥
ᢝԌ䆩偠
࡯ᄺᗻ㛑
⌟䆩ᅲ偠
᳝䰤‫ܗ‬
㔎䱋
ᮁ㺖
࡯ᄺ
TEM in-situ TEM
䖲㓁ҟ䋼࡯ᄺ
ԡ䫭ࡼ࡯ᄺ
⥛എ䆎
⛁࡯ᄺ
ns-ms
ᯊ䯈ሎᑺ
ms-s
s-year decades
࿹࣮ٚ‫ބم‬൭‫( ؍‬Wirth et al. 2004), ೂ ๭ 1 ෮ൕ. ᄝჰሰԄ؇, ӈႨ֥ٚ‫م‬ᇶေЇওඔ
ൟ
῵
蒙特卡洛方法
ps-ns
分子动力学
TEM
第一性
原理计算
atomic-nm
PAS
nm-mm
mm-mm
mm-m
ぎ䯈ሎᑺ
๭1
ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮֥‫؟‬Ԅ؇࿹࣮ॿࡏ (Wirth et al. 2004). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮
Ⴕ
৯
4
࿐
ࣉ
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ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᆴଆ୅, ೂֻ၂ྟჰ৘࠹ෘa‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅֩; ᄝࣖ৬Ԅ؇, ৘ંଆ྘๙ӈູ࿹࣮‫ڕ‬
ᅶ႗߄ิ‫܂‬ਔႵི֥๯ࣥ, ೂࠎႿ৵࿃ࢺᇉ৯࿐֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟ৘ં; ᄝ‫ࣖ؟‬Ԅ؇, ࣁ
උҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥৯࿐ྟି࿹࣮ᇶေ๙‫ݖ‬ൌဒa৘ં‫ބ‬ඔᆴ࠹ෘ֩ٚ‫م‬. ‫ھ‬໓ࡼ‫ٳ‬љ
Ֆൌဒܴҩaඔᆴଆ୅‫ބ‬৘ંଆ྘ 3 ۱ٚ૫ሸඍଢభ‫ݓ‬ଽຓܱႿࣁඋҋਘᄝ֮໑֮
‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ่ࡱ༯‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮֥ᇶေࣉᅚ.
2 ࣁඋҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥ൌဒܴҩ
ൌဒܴҩ൞࿹࣮ࣁඋҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄིႋቋᆰࢤaቋॖौ֥ٚ‫م‬ᆭ၂. Ֆ 20 ൗࡀᇏ
௹ष൓, ࣁඋҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋᇯࡶႄఏದૌ֥ܱᇿ (Blewitt et al. 1960), ѩෛሢൌဒ่
ࡱܴࠣҩ൭‫֥؍‬҂؎ࣉ҄‫ؿބ‬ᅚ, ೂ๩ഝ‫׈‬ሰཁັࣤ (transmission electron microscope,
TEM) ‫ބ‬ೡ૭෢֡ཁັࣤ (scanning tunneling microscope, STM) ֥֩ԛགྷ, ದૌؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶ
ಌཊೂ‫֝ޅ‬ᇁ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥ಪ്҂؎ധೆ. ༯૫, ࡼՖ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ྙӮaဆ߄ၛࠣఃؓ
ҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙᆃ 3 ۱ٚ૫ࢺകཌྷܱ֥ൌဒ࿹࣮‫۽‬ቔ.
2.1 ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ো྘
ࣁඋҋਘ൳ۚି৬ሰ‫ڕ‬ᅶᆭު, ุࣖଽ҆߶ྙӮ‫گ‬ᄖ֥ಌཊࢲ‫ܒ‬, ѩ౏ಌཊ֥ᇕ
োaૡ؇aնཬၛࠣྟᇉສສა‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱၛࠣҋਘྟᇉႵܱ. ᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ֥Ԛ൓ࢨ‫؍‬, ࣖ
ุҋਘᇏ֥ಌཊᇶေ൞ׄಌཊ‫໊ॢބ‬. ࣜ‫ݖ‬၂‫ק‬ൈࡗ֥ဆ߄, ᄝ֮໑‫ڕ֮ބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥
่ࡱ༯, ุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘᇏ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊᇶေၛ໊հߌ֥ྙൔթᄝ; ‫ط‬ᄝ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ
‫֥ܒ‬ҋਘᇏಌཊো྘ߎაҪհିႵܱ, ؓႿҪհିࢠ֥֮ҋਘ, Ҫհඹ૫ุ൞ᇶေ֥
ಌཊো྘ (Osetsky et al. 2000), ೂ ๭ 2 ෮ൕ. ֒໑؇ࢠۚൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊᇶေ൞ၛॢ‫֥׳‬
ྙൔթᄝ. Վຓ, ๙‫ݖ‬ឭэّႋߎ߶Ⴕ‫ݛ‬ஞ֥Ӂള. ໊հߌॖ‫ູٳ‬ਆᇕ: ॢ໊ߌ‫ࡗބ‬༣
ߌ, ‫ٳ‬љ൞‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ॢ໊‫ࡗބ‬༣ჰሰ๙‫ݖ‬ऊࠢ෯ཊྙӮ. Ҫհඹ૫ุ൞၂ᇕᆞඹ૫
ุࢲ‫֥ܒ‬ಌཊ, ၂Ϯ౦ঃ༯, ః၂֊ྙӮь٤ӈ໗‫ק‬. Վຓ, ൌဒܴҳ‫ؿ‬གྷ, ҋਘ֥ࢲ
‫ܒ‬ҵၳؓಌཊো྘႕ཙࢠཬ, ২ೂ, ؓႿବࣖ‫ࣖ੶ބ‬૫ྏ৫ٚҋਘ‫ط‬࿽, ෙಖఃଽ҆թ
ᄝնਈ֥ࢸ૫ࢲ‫ܒ‬, ֌‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊಯၛҪհඹ૫ุູᇶ (Nita et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2013),
ೂ ๭ 3 ෮ൕ.
‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ૡ؇ა‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥֮ۚႵૡ్֥ܱ༢ (Osetsky et al. 2000, Singh et al.
1997). ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠ֮ൈ, ಌཊ (໊հߌ‫ބ‬Ҫհඹ૫ุ) ૡ؇ა‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࠎЧӯཌྟ
ܱ༢; ๭ 4 іૼ, ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈղ֞၂‫ק‬ਈൈ, ಌཊૡ؇߶ղ֞Ў‫ބ‬, ෛሢ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥࠿
࿃ᄹࡆ, ಌཊࣼ߶ဆэӮၛॢ‫ྙ֥׳‬ൔթᄝ. Վຓ, ᄝ၂‫ڕק‬ᅶ֥࠴ਈ༯, ໊հߌ‫ބ‬Ҫ
հඹ૫ุ֥Ԅժෛ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥э߄‫ཬޓ‬, ၂Ϯ౦ঃ༯Ҫհඹ૫ุ֥նཬᄝ 2∼3 nm, ໊
հߌ֥նཬᄝ 10 nm ቐႷ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2007, Fabritsiev et al. 2004).
ቋ֥࣍࿹࣮іૼ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ૡ؇ߎაҋਘ֥ັࢲ‫ܒ‬Ⴕܱ (Nita et al. 2004, Nita
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
5
b
a
100 nm
๭2
‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ, (a) ໊հߌ (Brimbal et al. 2011). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ; (b) Ҫհඹ૫
ุ (Briceno et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
0s
8 nm
5.7
nm
2.3
nm
Ta
Ta
๭3
੶ࣖၿᇏ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊҪհඹ૫ุ (Yu et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
et al. 2005, Rose et al. 1997, Sharma et al. 2013, Sharma et al. 2011). ๙‫ؓݖ‬ବࣖҋ
ਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒ࿹࣮, ದૌ‫ؿ‬གྷෛሢࣖ৬Ԅժ֥ࡨཬ, ࣖ৬ଽ֥҆ಌཊૡ؇߶ෛᆭࢆ֮,
֒ࣖ৬ԄժཬႿਢࢸԄժൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊമᇀ߶ཨാ. ২ೂ, અථ֩๙‫ؓݖ‬ବ૜᪣‫ބ‬သ߄
᫗ࣉྛᇗ৖ሰ‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒ, ‫ؿ‬གྷ֒သ߄᫗ࣖ৬ཬႿ 15 nm ၛࠣ᪣ࣖ৬֥ԄժཬႿ 30 nm
ൈ, ཌྷႋ֥ဢ௖ᇏь҂߶թᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ (Rose et al. 1997), ೂ ๭ 5 ෮ൕ. ୄห֩ؓବ
ࣖ๞‫ڕ‬ᅶᆭު‫ؿ‬གྷ, ࣐ܵ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊো྘ಯၛҪհඹ૫ุູᇶ, ֌ಌཊૡ؇бԮ๤‫ࣖ؟‬
๞֥ಌཊૡ؇ေཬ‫؟ޓ‬, ၹ‫ط‬ବࣖҋਘุགྷԛਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶྟି (Nita et al. 2005). ବ
ࣖҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶᆭު֥ಌཊૡ؇ᆭ෮ၛбԮ๤‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘေ֮, ᇶေ൞ႮႿବࣖҋਘᇏࢠ
ն֥ࣖࢸб২. ൳ࣖࢸ֥႕ཙ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ಌཊສສಸၞథ၍֞ࣖࢸࣉ‫ط‬Ф་൬, ᆃ
ဢьࢆ֮ਔࣖ৬ᇏಌཊ֥‫ݣ‬ਈ, Ֆ‫ุط‬གྷԛࢠ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶྟି (Alsabbagh et al. 2013,
৯
6
࿐
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
1025
(0.22~0.27)Tm
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ/m-3
1024
1023
Cu
0.18Tm
1022
Fe
1021
0.29Tm
1020
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
䕤✻ࠖ䞣/dpa
101
๭4
a
ᱢ1015
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ/m-2
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
᱊㉦໻ᇣ/nm
150
b
ᱢ1022
14
ሖ䫭ಯ䴶ԧᆚᑺ/m-3
ಌཊૡ؇ა‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥ܱ༢ (Osetsky et al. 2000). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 20
30 40 50
ᄾ᱊८ᑺ/nm
60
70
๭5
(a) သ߄᫗ᇏಌཊૡ؇აࣖ৬Ԅժ֥ܱ༢ (Rose et al. 1997). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ
෮Ⴕ; (b) ၿᇏಌཊૡ؇ა੶ࣖި؇֥ܱ༢ (Yu et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
Matsuoka et al. 2007). ؓႿ੶ࣖҋਘ‫ط‬࿽, ಌཊૡ؇ა੶ࣖࢸᆭࡗ֥ި؇္Ⴕܱ, ෛሢ
੶ࣖި؇֥ࡨཬ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊૡ؇္߶ᇯࡶࡨഒ (Yu et al. 2013), ೂ ๭ 5 ෮ൕ, ᆃඪૼ
੶ࣖҋਘ္൞၂ᇕమᄝ֥ॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘ, ‫ط‬ᇯࡶ൳ܱ֞ᇿ.
‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙაಌཊ֥ᇕোၛࠣ໑؇Ⴕܱ. ๙ӈ, ໊֒հ߁၍
მ֞ಌཊൈ, ಌཊ߶ఏ֞‫ף‬ᄽ (pinning) ቔႨѩቅθ໊հ֥࠿࿃߁၍, Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗
߄. ؓ҂๝֥ಌཊ‫ط‬࿽, ఃቅθ໊հ߁၍఼֥೐ି৯൞҂๝֥; ๝ဢ, ໑؇ؓಌཊა໊
հཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼֥೐္Ⴕࢠն႕ཙ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky, 2007, 2009, 2011). ২ೂ, ๙‫ݖ‬
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
7
ؓՂ๞ၛࠣ๞֥‫ࣁކ‬ҋਘࣉྛ҂๝໑؇่ࡱ༯֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି࿹࣮, ದૌ‫ؿ‬གྷ֒໑؇
ശۚൈ, ಌཊቅθ໊հ߁၍֥ି৯ࡼࡨ೐, ࠧ໑؇ᄀۚ, ߁၍໊հᄀಸၞक़‫ڛ‬ಌཊ֥ቅ
θѩࡼಌཊ᛬૵ (annihilation) (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2007), ೂ ๭ 6 ෮ൕ.
2.2 ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ဆ߄
‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ဆ߄აః෮ԩ֥ຓᄛߌ࣢ၛࠣҋਘሱദ֥ັࢲ‫ܒ‬Ⴕܱ. ֒ҋਘ‫ؿ‬ളෑ
ྟэྙൈ, ߁၍໊հაಌཊ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ൞ಌཊဆ߄֥ᇶ֝ٚൔᆭ၂. ߁၍໊հაಌཊ
ཌྷ޺ቔႨ߶‫ڿ‬эಌཊ֥ো྘ၛࠣඔਈ. ২ೂ, ໊֒հ߁၍მ֞ಌཊൈ, ಌཊॖିФሇ
эູః෰ো྘֥ಌཊࣉ‫ط‬Ф᛬૵, ࠇᆀᆰࢤ‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵, Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁಌཊૡ؇֥ࢆ֮ (Matsukawa et al. 2008, Matsukawa & Zinkle 2004, Robach et al. 2006). ೂ ๭ 7 ෮ൕ, Ҫհ
ඹ૫ุა߁၍໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨၛުॖି֝ᇁఃᆰࢤ᛬૵ (Robach et al. 2006), ္ॖିФ
ሇߐӮ‫م‬ধक़ (Frank) ߌ (Matsukawa et al. 2008). Ҫհඹ૫ุᄝႿ߁၍໊հཌྷ޺ቔ
Ⴈᆭު, ߁၍໊հѩໃཨാ, ໊ࠧհაಌཊ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ๙ӈ҂߶‫ڿ‬э߁၍໊հ֥ૡ؇
(Briceno et al. 2013, Matsukawa et al. 2008), ೂ ๭ 7 ෮ൕ.
ᆴ֤ᇿၩ֥൞໊հაಌཊᆭࡗ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨऎႵ‫ྟࡗॢ఼֥ޓ‬, ᆃ߶֝ᇁ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު
֥ҋਘᄝຓᄛ่ࡱ༯ྙӮ໭ಌཊ (defect-free) ໊֥հ๙֡ (dislocation channel), Ֆ‫ط‬ԛ
གྷۚ؇अთྟ (deformation localization) ֥ෑྟэྙ (de la Rubia et al. 2000). ൌ࠽ഈ,
‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ಌཊᄝॢࡗ֥‫҃ٳ‬ѩ҂൞໭ܿᄵ֥, ؓႿ໊հߌᆃဢ֥௜૫ಌཊ‫ط‬࿽, ߌ
෮ᄝ௜૫၂Ϯ൞ᄝ {111} ‫{ ބ‬100} ௜૫; ؓႿҪհඹ૫ุᆃᇕᆞඹ૫ุ֥ಌཊ‫ط‬࿽, ః
ཌྷႋ֥Ҫհ૫๙ӈ္൞ᄝ {111} ௜૫ (Osetsky et al. 2000). ‫ؓط‬Ⴟ߁၍໊հ‫ط‬࿽, ᄝ҂
๝ุุ֥ࣖ༢ᇏ, ః္ऎႵห‫߁֥ק‬၍ุ༢, ೂ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ุ֥ࣖܒ‬ଽ໊հ൞ᄝ {111}
300
DŽ
DŽ
Ttest=Tirr=80 C
DŽ
DŽ
pure Cu, RBT6, Tirr=80 C, ann
DŽ
pure Cu, RBT6, T =150 C
ሜ᳡ᑨ࡯๲䞣/MPa
pure Cu, RBT6, Tirr=80 C
250
pure Cu, SM2, Tirr=80 C
200
irr
α=0.33
150
100
DŽ
Ttest=Tirr=150 C
50
α=0.17
0
0
5
10
15
20
-1
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ/m
25
30
ᱢ106
๭6
ಌཊა໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼؇༢ඔ‫ބ‬໑؇֥ܱ༢ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2007). ϱಃ݂ι
නື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
8
৯
࿐
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
B
ࡼᮍ৥
ԡ䫭䖤
E
H
C
F
G
D
A
50 nm
๭7
Ҫհඹ૫ุა߁၍໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨު‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵‫໊ط‬հಯթᄝ (Briceno et al. 2013). ϱಃ
݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
h110i ߁၍༢ഈ߁၍, ุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ุ֥ࣖܒ‬ଽ໊հ߁၍ᄵᄝ {111} h110i, {111} h112i ‫ބ‬
{111} h123i ߁၍༢. ႮՎॖ࡮, ҂๝߁၍༢ഈ໊֥հაऎႵห‫֥҃ٳࡗॢק‬ಌཊཌྷ޺
ቔႨऎႵૼཁ֥ॢࡗหྟ. ֒ᄝ၂ቆཌྷए‫߁֥࣍ޓ‬၍૫ഈ֥ಌཊა߁၍໊հཌྷ޺ቔ
Ⴈު‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵, ь߶ྙӮ໊հ๙֡, ๝ൈ߁၍໊հ෮൳֥֞ቅ৯ࡼննࡨཬ, ᆃဢ໊հ
ခՎ߁၍૫߁၍߶э֤ಸၞ, ൐֤ෑྟэྙᄝअ҆౵თ۷ಸၞ‫ؿ‬ള, Ⴟ൞ь߶ԛགྷۚ
؇अთྟ֥ෑྟэྙ (de la Rubia et al. 2000), ೂ ๭ 8 ෮ൕ.
Վຓ, ҋਘሱദ֥ັࢲ‫ؓܒ‬ಌཊ֥ဆ߄္ऎႵ႕ཙ. ২ೂ, ؓႿ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥ବࣖҋ
ਘ, ൳նਈࣖࢸ֥႕ཙ, ࣖ৬ᇏौ࣍ࣖࢸ֥ಌཊಸၞథ၍֞ࣖࢸࣉ‫ط‬Ф་൬, ᆃဢ֝ᇁ
ࣖ৬ᇏᄝौ࣍ࣖࢸ֥౵თଽ֥ಌཊཨാ, ྙӮ၂۱໭ಌཊ౵თ, ᆃဢ֥ಌཊ‫҃ٳ‬҂न
ᄋྟ߶ᆰࢤ႕ཙಌཊᄝࣖ৬ଽ֥ဆ߄ (Nita et al. 2004, Nita et al. 2005). ๝ဢᄝ੶ࣖ
ҋਘᇏ, ੶ࣖࢸ֥థ၍္߶აಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ൌဒ࿹࣮іૼ, ੶ࣖࣖࢸ္ିఏ֞་൬ѩ
᛬૵ಌཊ֥ቔႨ, ࣉ‫֮ࢆط‬ҋਘᇏ֥ಌཊૡ؇ (Yu et al. 2013), ೂ ๭ 9 ෮ൕ.
2.3 ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ
‫ڕ‬ᅶؓҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙၘႵ҂ഒൌဒ‫۽‬ቔ֥࿹࣮ (Blewitt et al. 1960,
Sharp & Makin 1965, Singh et al. 2012, Singh et al. 2001, Singh et al. 1995, Singh & Zinkle
1993, Victoria et al. 2000, Zinkle & Singh 1993), ᇶေܱᇿ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈa‫ڕ‬ᅶჷ‫ބ‬໑؇ؓҋ
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
9
๭8
‫ڕ‬ᅶ๞эྙުԛགྷ໊֥հ๙֡ (de la Rubia et al. 2000). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
๭9
Ҫհඹ૫ุა‫ࢸࣖ੶۬܋‬ቔႨѩ౏Ф་൬ (Yu et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
ਘັࢲ‫ܒ‬ၛࠣ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ. ᄝ֮໑‫ڕ֮ބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ༯, ࣁඋҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥৯࿐ห
ྟᇶေุགྷູ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄a‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄ၛࠣ‫ۿ‬႗߄༢ඔ༯ࢆ֩.
ؓႿ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘ, ࡼᇶေၛࣁඋ๞ູ২ࢺകః‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି, ః෰૫
ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ࣁ֥ܒ‬උҋਘऎႵোර֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ. ྌ۬֩ (Singh et al. 2001, Singh et al.
৯
10
࿐
ࣉ
a 400
b 300
OFHCCu
Tirr=320 K
OFHCCu
0.1 dpa
0.01 dpa
ᑨ࡯/MPa
ᑨ࡯/MPa
0.3 dpa
0.2 dpa
250
0.1 dpa
300
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
᳾䕤✻
200
200
᳾䕤✻
0.01 dpa
150
100
100
50
Ttest=295 K
0
0
0
10
20
30 40
ᑨব/%
50
60
70
Tirr=Ttest=373 K
0
10
20
30 40 50
ᑨব/%
60
70
๭ 10
(a) ๞֥‫ڕ‬ᅶႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (295 K) (Singh et al. 1995). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ;
(b) ๞֥‫ڕ‬ᅶႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (373 K) (Singh et al. 2001). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
1995) ๙‫ؓݖ‬๞‫ބ‬๞֥‫ࣁކ‬ҋਘࣉྛਔ၂༢ਙ‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒ, ‫ؿ‬གྷෛሢ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥ᄹࡆ,
ҋਘ֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯߶҂؎ഈശ, ๝ൈҋਘ֥࿼ᅚྟ߶҂؎༯ࢆ, หљ൞֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠն
ൈ (‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄ఼؇նႿ 0.1 dpa), ҋਘ߶ԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ׄڛ‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ֥གྷའ, ࠧ౹‫ުڛ‬ೈ߄
(post-yield dropping/softening), ೂ ๭ 10 ෮ൕ. Ӂള౹‫ުڛ‬ೈ߄֥ᇶေჰၹ൞֒ҋਘ‫ؿ‬
ളෑྟэྙൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶ቅθ໊հ֥߁၍, ൐֤ҋਘ֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯ഈശ, ෛሢຓᄛᄹࡆ
֞ቀၛ൐֤߁၍໊հࡼಌཊ᛬૵ࠇᆀ௥ߊಌཊ֥ቅθି৯, ໊հ߁၍֥ቅ৯ࡼࡨཬ,
Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁ౺‫໊׮‬հ߁၍෮ླ֥ຓࢸᄛ‫ཬࡨހ‬, ԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ުׄڛ‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ֥གྷའ. ᆴ֤
ᇿၩ֥൞, ᆃ۱གྷའᆺႵ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈӑ‫ݖ‬၂‫ק‬ൈҌ߶‫ؿ‬ള, ൌ࠽ഈ‫ݖ‬౹‫֥ׄڛ‬ੀ‫׮‬ႋ
৯ဆ߄টሱႿਆ҆‫ࠏٳ‬ᇅ֥ࣩᆚ: ಌཊ᛬૵֝ᇁੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯֥ࡨཬ‫໊ބ‬հᄹᆲ֝ᇁੀ
‫׮‬ႋ৯֥ᄹࡆ. ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠ֮ൈ, ಌཊૡ؇ࢠཬ, ః᛬૵ؓੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯֥႕ཙཬႿ໊
հᄹᆲ֥႕ཙ, ‫ܣ‬҂߶ԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ׄڛ‬ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ֥གྷའ; ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠۚൈ, նਈಌ
ཊ֥᛬૵ؓੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯֥႕ཙնႿ໊հᄹᆲ֥႕ཙ, ‫߶ܣ‬ԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ުׄڛ‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ֥གྷ
འ.
ᄝุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ࣁ֥ܒ‬උҋਘᇏ, ํࠣః‫ࣁކ‬൞ႋႨࢠູܼ֥ٗҋਘ, ္൞࿹࣮֥
ᇗׄ (Jiao & Was 2010; Lee et al. 2001a, 2001b; Luppo et al. 2000). ๙‫ݖ‬ཌྷܱൌဒҩ
൫іૼ, ุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶၛު֥৯࿐ྟିა૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ֥ࠎЧো
ර, ఃᇶေ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႕ཙ๝ဢЇওૼཁ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄‫ڕބ‬ᅶգ߄གྷའ, ๝ဢ໑؇ၛࠣҋਘ
ັܴࢲ‫ڕؓܒ‬ᅶིႋ္Ⴕཌྷႋ֥႕ཙ, ೂ ๭ 11 ෮ൕ.
ҋਘ֥ັܴࢲ‫ܒ‬ၛࠣࣖ৬֥Ԅժؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄Ⴕཁᇷ֥႕ཙ. ؓႿֆࣖҋਘ‫ط‬࿽,
֒ࣖ৬Ԅժࢠնൈ, ః‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋა‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘࠎЧ၂ᇁ (Victoria et al. 2000), ೂ ๭
12 ෮ൕ. ֌൞֒ࣖ৬Ԅժࡨཬൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋࡼ൳֞Ԅժၹ෍֥႕ཙ. ২ೂ, ࠎବ֩
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
a 400
b
350
Tirr=Ttest=293 K
6
4
5
2
250
200
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
150
100
50
0
5
1
Fe, 未辐照
Fe, 0.0013 dpa
Fe, 0.0017 dpa
Fe, 0.33 dpa
Fe12Cr, 未辐照
Fe12Cr, 0.2 dpa
10
Tirr=Ttest=523 K
400
ᑨ࡯/MPa
ᑨ࡯/MPa
300
0
11
15
20
ᑨব/%
6
300
3
5
4
200
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
100
25
0
30
1
2
0
10
Fe, 未辐照
Fe, 0.008 dpa
Fe, 0.0014 dpa
Fe, 0.034 dpa
Fe12Cr, 未辐照
Fe12Cr, 0.2 dpa
20
30
ᑨব/%
40
50
๭ 11
(a) ํ‫ڕ‬ᅶ֥ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (293 K); (b) ํ‫ڕ‬ᅶ֥ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (523 K) (Luppo et al.
2000). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
a
b
100
75
未辐照
7.9ᱢ104 dpa
6.6ᱢ103 dpa
3.9ᱢ102 dpa
1.3ᱢ101 dpa
50
25
0
0
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
ᑨব
ሜ᳡ᑨ࡯/MPa
࠾ߛᑨ࡯/MPa
125
103
118 nm
130 nm
Cu(100) ᳾䕤✻
Cu(100) 䕤✻
788 nm
102
ԡ䫭⑤᥻ࠊऎ
ԡ䫭㔎䱋
԰⫼᥻ࠊऎ
100
1 000
᱊㉦ሎᇌ/nm
๭ 12
(a) ֆࣖ๞֥‫ڕ‬ᅶႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (Victoria et al. 2000). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ; (b)
Ԅժ‫ڕބ‬ᅶؓֆࣖ๞౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯֥႕ཙ (Kiener et al. 2011). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
ؓဢ௖ԄժՖ 80 nm ֞ 1 500 nm ֥ֆࣖ๞ࣉྛ‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥৯࿐ྟିҩ൫, ‫ؿ‬གྷ‫ڕ‬ᅶֆࣖ
թᄝ၂۱ਢࢸԄժ, ֒ֆࣖԄժཬႿਢࢸԄժൈ, Ԅժིႋؓֆ֥ࣖ৯࿐ྟିఏᇶ֝
ቔႨ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥႕ཙॖၛޭ੻; ֒ԄժնႿਢࢸԄժൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ࡼӮູᇶ֝ࠏᇅ,
ֆࣖԄժ֥‫ڿ‬эؓః৯࿐ྟିࠫެીႵ႕ཙ (Kiener et al. 2011), ೂ ๭ 12 ෮ൕ. ൌ࠽
ഈ, ֒ֆࣖԄժࡨཬൈ, ၂ٚ૫ࣖ৬ଽ໊҆հჷࠗ‫໊ؿ‬հ֥଴ၞӱ؇ࡼэ֤ᄀটᄀ଴,
ਸ਼၂ٚ૫ࣖ৬ଽ໊֥҆հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ൳֞ֆࣖሱႮі૫֥႕ཙ, ࡼಸၞՖሱႮі૫ฦၤ,
Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁࣖ৬ଽ໊֥҆հၛࠣಌཊૡ؇ࢆ֮, ᆃဢࣼࢆ֮ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥႕ཙ. ෮ၛթ
ᄝᆃဢ֥ਢࢸԄժ, ֒ࣖ৬ԄժཬႿਢࢸԄժൈ, ֆࣖ৯࿐ྟି൞Ⴎ໊հჷ঄‫ࠏك‬৘
ᇶ֝ (dislocation source limitation mechanism); ֒ࣖ৬ԄժնႿਢࢸԄժൈ, ః৯࿐ห
ྟᇶေႮ໊հა‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨथ‫ק‬.
৯
12
࿐
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
250
ሜ᳡ᑨ࡯๲䞣/MPa
pure Cu & Ni
pure Cu, dose ~0.1 dpa
200
150
pure Ni, dose ~0.1 dpa
dose ~0.1 dpa
100
Ttest=Tirr
50
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ᔦϔ࣪⏽ᑺ
๭ 13
໑؇ؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥႕ཙ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2011). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
ᓊԌ⥛/%
50
b
60%᳾䕤✻ⱘ䪰
53%,᳾䕤✻ⱘCuB2,CuB1੠MOB
㒃䪰, SM2 reactor, Tirr=Ttest=353 K
MOB
CuB2
40
104
㒃䪰
ࡳ⹀࣪㋏᭄/MPa
a 60
CuB1
30
20
㒃䪰0.0013 dpa
㒃䪰0.0098 dpa
103
㒃䪰0.1150 dpa
10
0
10-4
0.0098 dpa
0.1150 dpa
10-3
10-2
10-1
䕤✻ࠖ䞣/dpa
100
㒃䪰᳾䕤✻
102
0
᳾䕤✻
0.0013 dpa
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
ลᗻᑨব
๭ 14
(a) ҋਘ࿼ᅚྟა‫ڕ‬ᅶ఼؇֥ܱ༢ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2003). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛ
ϱഠ෮Ⴕ; (b) ҋਘ‫ۿ‬႗߄༢ඔა‫ڕ‬ᅶ఼؇֥ܱ༢ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2003). ϱಃ
݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
໑؇္߶႕ཙҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ. ๙‫ݖ‬ᄝ҂๝໑؇่ࡱ༯ؓ૫ྏ৫ٚࣁඋҋਘ
ࣉྛࢠູ༢๤֥࿹࣮, ದૌ‫ؿ‬གྷᄝཌྷ๝֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯ൈ, ໑؇֥ഈശ߶൐ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗
߄֥ӱ؇ࡨ೐ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2007, 2009, 2011), ೂ ๭ 13 ෮ൕ. োර֥ൌဒ
ࢲ‫္ݔ‬ॖၛՖྌ۬֩ (Singh et al. 2001, Singh et al. 1995) ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒࢲ‫ुݔ‬ԛ (ೂ
๭ 11 ෮ൕ), ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈᄝ 0.1 dpa ѩ౏໑؇Ֆ 295 K ഈശ֞ 373 K ൈ, ౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯ᄵՖ
300 MPa ༯ࢆ֞ 250 MPa ቐႷ. ໊հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼֥೐ა໊հ෮ԩ֥ିਈሑ෿Ⴕ
ܱ, ֒໑؇ശۚ, ໊հࡼ൳ಣࠗৣ൐ఃԬᄀಌཊ֥ିਈᚐᆴ༯ࢆ, ၹ‫ط‬क़‫ڛ‬ಌཊቅθ෮
ླ֥ຓᄛࢆ֮.
‫ڕ‬ᅶԢਔ߶֝ᇁҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ၛຓ, ߎ߶ႄఏ‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄‫ۿބ‬႗߄༢ඔ֥ࢆ֮ (Fabritsiev & Pokrovsky 2003, 2009, Odette et al. 2008, Odette & Lucas 2001). Ֆ ๭ 14 ॖ
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
13
ၛुԛ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ߶൐ҋਘ֥࿼ᅚྟၛࠣ‫ۿ‬႗߄༢ඔࢠໃ‫ڕ‬ᅶൈႵཁᇷ֥༯ࢆ, ѩ౏ᆃᇕ
႕ཙສສ൞٤ӈາག֥, ‫۽‬ӱᄎႨ෮ླေ֥ॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘсྶ๝ൈડቀ၂‫఼֥ק‬؇‫ބ‬ನ
ྟ, ᆃဢҌିЌᆣࢲ‫֥ܒ‬νಆॖौ, ෮ၛฐ෬࠻ିऎႵਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶྟିႻऎႵࢠ‫ݺ‬
ನྟ֥ҋਘ൞֒ࣂ‫ނ‬ҋਘ࿹࣮֥ᇗׄ‫ބ‬଴ׄ.
Чࢫሸඍਔ࣍௹ܱႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ྙӮaဆ߄ၛࠣఃؓҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି႕ཙ֥
ൌဒ࿹࣮ࣉᅚ. ॖၛुԛ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄აҋਘЧദุ֥ࣖো྘aັܴࢲ‫ܒ‬ၛࠣຓᄛߌ࣢
(‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ‫ބ‬໑؇) ֩ၹ෍ૡ్ཌྷܱ. ؓႿ҂๝ุࣖࢲ‫ࣁ֥ܒ‬උҋਘ (૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ࠇܒ‬
ᆀุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫)ܒ‬, ఃሹุ౴൝൞၂ᇁ֥, ֌൞֒ҋਘ֥ັܴࢲ‫ؿܒ‬ളэ߄ൈ, ః‫ڕ‬ᅶ
หྟࡼ‫ؿ‬ളૼཁэ߄. ෛሢ୍ུ࣍ັବ૜࠯ඌ֥‫ؿ‬ᅚ, ऎႵັବࢲ‫ࣁ֥ܒ‬උҋਘᅚགྷ
ԛႪႿԮ๤‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି, ২ೂ൳ବࣖҋਘࢠնб২ࣖࢸ֥႕ཙ, ࣖ৬ଽ
҆‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊбཌྷ๝‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯֥‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ֥ಌཊૡ؇ཬ, ุགྷԛਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶྟି,
֌൞ବࣖҋਘሱദ֥࿼ᅚྟ҂ࡄ, ‫ࡼܣ‬ཋᇅఃᄝॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘᇏ֥ႋႨ. ؓႿऎႵ੶ള
ࢸ૫֥ବ૜੶ࣖҋਘ‫ط‬࿽, ఃหႵ֥੶ളࢸ૫൐ః๝ဢऎႵਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶหྟ, ๝ൈ
੶ࣖҋਘ֥࿼ᅚྟିਅ‫ݺ‬, ൐ఃऎႵ‫ؿ‬ᅚӮູ༯၂սॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘ֥మି‫ط‬Ӯູ࿹࣮֥
ಣׄ. ॖၛु֞, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯ࣁඋҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟିაᇭ‫؟‬ၹ෍Ⴕܱ, ๙‫ݖ‬ൌဒ࿹࣮҂
๝ࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘᄝ҂๝‫ڕ‬ᅶߌ࣢༯֥৯࿐ྟି, ିႵᇹႿؓҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋັܴࠏ৘֥
ฐ෬, Ֆ‫ູط‬࿹࣮ഡ࠹ਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶҋਘิ‫܂‬ሙಒॖौ֥ൌဒ၇ऌ.
3 ࣁඋҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥ඔᆴଆ୅
ࣁඋҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟିॖၛ๙‫ݖ‬ൌဒ֥ٚ‫م‬ᆰࢤܴҩ, ֌൞ࣁඋҋਘ
൳ۚି৬ሰሏࠌުೂ‫ྙޅ‬Ӯ۲ᇕಌཊၛࠣ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊᄝັܴҪՑ֥ဆ߄ܿੰ‫ޓ‬଴ᆰࢤ
๙‫ݖ‬ൌဒٚൔট࿹࣮. ᄝັܴԄ؇ၛࠣ༥ܴԄ؇, ඔᆴଆ୅ູದૌ࿹࣮ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄
ིႋ֥ັܴࠏ৘‫ބ‬৯࿐หྟิ‫܂‬ਔ၂ᇕॖି֥ٚ‫م‬, หљ൞୍࣍ট࠹ෘࠏ࠯ඌ֥࿡૒
‫ؿ‬ᅚ, ൐֤ᄎႨնܿଆ࠹ෘٚ‫م‬࿹࣮ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥ັܴࠏ৘Ӯູॖି, ఃᇏቋᇶေ
ඔᆴଆ୅ٚ‫م‬Їও‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ (MD) ଆ୅‫໊ބ‬հ‫׮‬৯࿐ (DD) ଆ୅. ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅
ປಆ൞ࠎႿԮ๤֥୤‫ؘ‬৯࿐࠹ෘ৬ሰ (ჰሰࠇ‫ٳ‬ሰ) ᆭࡗ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ᄝ৬ሰࡗ൝ӆ
ಒ‫ࠎ֥ק‬Ԥഈ, ؓ҂๝༢ሸᇏ֥৬ሰࣉྛ‫׮‬৯࿐࠹ෘ, ๙‫ૄؓݖ‬۱৬ሰ໊֥ᇂ‫ބ‬෎؇
֩ྐ༏ࣉྛ๤࠹‫ٳ‬༅, Ֆ‫֤֞ط‬࿹ุ࣮༢෮ླ֥‫ܴޡ‬໾৘ਈ (ೂ໑؇a࿢఼ࠇᆀႋ৯
֩). ໊հ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅൞Ֆ༥ܴԄ؇ഈ࿹໊࣮հဆ߄ၛࠣࣖ৬ҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྛູ֥၂
ᇕႵི֥ٚ‫م‬, ᄝุࣖ‫ڕ‬ᅶุ༢༯ି‫ܔ‬࿹໊࣮հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥ࠏ৘ѩყҩҋਘ൳
‫ڕ‬ᅶު֥҆‫ܴޡٳ‬৯࿐ྟି. ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙᇶေ๙‫ݖ‬ఃა໊հၛࠣ
ࣖࢸ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ༯૫ࡼՖ೘ٚ૫ؓҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ඔᆴଆ୅֥࿹࣮ࣉᅚࣉྛࢺക: ໊
հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨaಌཊაࣖࢸཌྷ޺ቔႨၛࠣ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ.
৯
14
࿐
a
ࣉ
ᅚ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
b
๭ 15
(a) Ҫհඹ૫ุა઄྘໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ; (b) Ҫհඹ૫ุაಫ྘໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ (Osetsky et
al. 2005). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
3.1 ໊հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ
ࣁඋҋਘ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙ൞๙‫ࣖݖ‬৬ଽ໊֥҆հ߁၍, ֒ҋਘ൳֞‫ڕ‬ᅶᆭު, ఃࣖ
৬ଽ҆߶Ӂളնਈ֥ಌཊѩቅθ໊հ֥߁၍, Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥Ӂള. ֌൞๙‫ݖ‬ൌ
ဒದૌ‫ޓ‬଴ᆰࢤܴҳ໊հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥‫ݖ‬ӱ. ๙‫ݖ‬ඔᆴଆ୅֥ٚ‫م‬, ದૌॖၛՖ
ັܴҪՑ࿹໊࣮հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥‫ݖ‬ӱ, Ֆ‫ط‬ധೆ৘ࢳ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ֥໾৘ࠏ৘.
๙‫ٳݖ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅࿹࣮іૼ, ಫ໊հa઄໊հၛࠣࠁ‫໊ކ‬հაҪհඹ૫ุ֥ཌྷ
޺ቔႨ൞‫گޓ‬ᄖ֥ (Lee et al. 2007, Lee & Wirth 2009, Wirth et al. 2002). ࣐ܵൌဒၘࣜ
ᆰࢤܴҩ֞Ҫհඹ૫ุФ߁၍໊հᆰࢤ་൬‫ؿط‬ള᛬૵ (Matsukawa et al. 2006, 2008),
֌൞‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅іૼҪհඹ૫ุᄝა໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨު߶ࣜ৥၂༢ਙ‫گ‬ᄖ֥ဆ߄,
ѩ౏ᆃུဆ߄‫ݖ‬ӱაᇭ‫؟‬ຓࢸၹ෍Ⴕܱ (Lee & Wirth 2009, Osetsky et al. 2006, Robach
et al. 2006). ২ೂ, Osetsky ֩০Ⴈ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅࿹࣮ਔಫ໊հ‫ބ‬઄໊հაҪհඹ૫
ุ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ‫ؿ‬གྷఃࢲ‫ݔ‬൳ಌཊնཬaࠫ‫ܒࢲޅ‬a໑؇ၛࠣࡆᄛႋэੱ֥႕ཙ߶Ӂ
ള 5 ᇕॖି֥ࢲ‫ݔ‬, ೂಌཊ҆‫ٳ‬᛬૵aಌཊ‫ؿ‬ള࿈ሇၛࠣಌཊФ‫۩ٳ‬Ӯః෰ো྘֥ಌ
ཊ֩౦ྙ (Lee et al. 2007, Osetsky et al. 2006), ࡮ ๭ 15 ෮ൕ. ࠁ‫໊ބ‬հ൞ุࣖᇏቋӈ
࡮໊֥հো྘, ৙֩๙‫ٳݖ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅‫ؿ‬གྷ, ࠁ‫໊ކ‬հაҪհඹ૫ุࣉ‫ݖ‬၂Ցཌྷ޺
ቔႨ‫ޓ‬଴֝ᇁಌཊᆰࢤ‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵, ‫ط‬сྶࣜ‫؟ݖ‬Ց၂༢ਙ‫گ‬ᄖ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨҌି൐ಌཊ
‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵ (Lee & Wirth 2009).
ܱႿ໊հა‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള໊֥հߌᆭࡗ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ္Ⴕ҂ഒ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅֥ඔᆴ
࿹࣮ (Drouet et al. 2014, Nogaret et al. 2007, Terentyev & Bakaev 2013, Terentyev et al.
2013), ೂ ๭ 16 ‫ ބ‬๭ 17 ෮ൕ. ၂Ϯಪູ໊հߌა໊հ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨაࠫ‫྘ܒޅ‬ၛ໊ࠣ
հ֥ྟᇉ (ಫ໊հࠇᆀ઄໊հ) Ⴕܱ, ఃࢲ‫ݔ‬ॖିႵ (1) ໊հߌ‫ؿ‬ളࡧ్; (2) ໊հߌሇ
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
a
b
c
d
e
f
15
๭ 16
Ҫհඹ૫ุა໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨު‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵ (Saintoyant et al. 2007). (a) 0 ps, (b) 20 ps,
(c) 22.5 ps, (d) 25 ps, (e) 100 ps, (f) 140 ps. ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
a
b
L
R
c
C
d
๭ 17
໊հა໊հߌཌྷ޺ቔႨ (Terentyev et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
эູః෰ॖ߁၍֥‫( ;྘ܒ‬3) ໊հߌФ་൬ (Nogaret et al. 2007).
3.2 ಌཊაࢸ૫ཌྷ޺ቔႨ
‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊԢਔა໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨၛຓ, ߎ߶൳ҋਘሱദࢸ૫֥႕ཙѩ౏‫ڿ‬эః৯
৯
16
࿐
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
᱊⬠
䗝ᢽ਌ᬊ 䯈䱭ᄤথᇘ
ぎԡᠽᬷ
๭ 18
ׄಌཊ‫໊ॢބ‬൳ࣖࢸ႕ཙ (Beyerlein et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
࿐ྟି, ೂࣖࢸ߶་൬նਈ‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ׄಌཊ, ൐ࣖ৬ଽ֥҆ಌཊૡ؇ࢆ֮ (Bai &
Uberuaga 2013, Bai et al. 2010); ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶ႄఏࣖࢸ߁၍‫ބ‬థ၍ (Beamish et al. 2010;
Campañá et al. 2008), ࣖࢸ་൬‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ׄಌཊᆭުఃࣖࢸଽ௜नଉ҈༢ඔ߶ն‫ږ‬
؇ࢆ֮ (Borovikov et al. 2013), ๝ဢ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶֝ᇁ੶ࣖࢸ֥థ၍ (Song et al. 2014).
༯૫ࡼ߭‫୍࣍ܤ‬ট‫ݓ‬ଽຓܱႿಌཊაࢸ૫ཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅ࣉᅚ.
ܱႿࣖࢸೂ‫ޅ‬႕ཙࣁඋҋਘᇏ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ဆ߄, ః࿹࣮ᇗׄᇶေࠢᇏᄝ૫ྏ৫
ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ‫ྏุބ‬৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ. ২ೂؓႿ૫ྏ৫ٚҋਘ‫ط‬࿽, ದૌᇶေ࿹࣮ਔၿ
(Sugio et al. 1998)a୛ (Samaras et al. 2002, 2003)a๞ (Bai & Uberuaga 2013, Demkowicz
et al. 2010, Demkowicz et al. 2008, Demkowicz & Thilly 2011) ֩ҋਘࣖࢸؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ
֥႕ཙ; ؓႿุྏ৫ٚҋਘ‫ط‬࿽, ᇶေၛํ (Perez-Perez & Smith 2000) ູᇶ. ࣐ܵҋਘ
ྟᇉ҂၂ဢ, ֌൞ࣖࢸؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥႕ཙ൞၂ᇁ֥: ‫ڕ‬ᅶ߶Ӂളնਈ֥ׄಌཊ‫໊ॢބ‬,
ఃᇏׄಌཊ၍‫֥׮‬ᚐᆴбॢ໊֮, ၹ‫ط‬۷ಸၞథ၍֞ࣖࢸ‫ط‬Ф་൬, ๝ൈࣖࢸ္߶ࠗ
‫ؿ‬ԛׄಌཊѩ၍‫ࣖ֞׮‬৬ଽ҆ა‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ॢ໊ᇏ‫ބ‬, ᆃဢьࢆ֮ਔࣖ৬ଽ҆ׄಌཊ
‫໊֥ॢބ‬ૡ؇, Ֆ‫ط‬൐֤Ⴎׄಌཊ‫໊ॢބ‬๙‫ࣉݖ‬၂҄ဆ߄ྙӮ໊հߌ‫ބ‬Ҫհඹ૫ุ֥
ඔਈࡨഒ, ุགྷԛ၂‫ڕॆ֥ק‬ᅶቔႨ (Bai et al. 2010, Beyerlein et al. 2013) , ೂ ๭ 18
෮ൕ.
ࣖࢸᄝ་൬նਈׄಌཊၛު, ః৯࿐ྟି္߶Ⴕࢠն‫ڿ‬э. ቔູ૫ؓ֩৖ሰุ֥
ֻ၂уҋਘ, ࣁඋ໨‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି֥࿹࣮ऎႵᇗေၩၬ. ದૌ࿹࣮ਔׄಌཊุؓྏ৫
ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬໨ࣖࢸ৯࿐หྟ֥႕ཙ, ‫ؿ‬གྷ֒ࣖࢸ་൬ׄಌཊၛު, ఃଉ҈༢ඔ߶ն‫ږ‬؇ࢆ
֮, ࠧࣖࢸ་൬֥ׄಌཊ߶൐֤ࣖࢸ߁၍э֤۷ࡆಸၞ, Ֆ‫ط‬൐֤ࣖࢸ֥৯࿐ྟᇉэ
ೈ (Borovikov et al. 2013). ᆴ֤ᆷԛ֥, ‫ڕ‬ᅶުࣖࢸ֥৯࿐ྛູ࿹࣮Ҍ‫ېې‬ष൓, ಯթ
ᄝ‫؟ޓ‬໙ีᆴ֤࿹࣮, ೂ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶުࣖࢸ֥‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି֩.
၂Ϯ‫ط‬࿽, ࣖࢸԩႿࢠ֥֮ିਈሑ෿, ၹ‫ିط‬Ќӻః‫྘ܒ‬ѩ໗‫ק‬թᄝ. ֒൳֞ຓ
ࢸࠗৣೂۚ໑aႋ৯ቔႨൈ, ࣖࢸ֥ࢲ‫ࠣܒ‬ః໗‫ؿ߶ྟק‬ള‫ڿ‬э, Ֆ‫ط‬ႄఏࣖࢸ߁၍
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
17
y
z
x
๭ 19
‫ڕ‬ᅶႄఏ֥ࣖࢸథ၍ (Campañá et al. 2008). ϱಃ݂ૅ‫ݓ‬໾৘࿐߶෮Ⴕ
ࠇᆀࣖࢸథ၍. ֒ࣖࢸ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥႕ཙൈ, ఃࢲ‫ࠣܒ‬໗‫ྟק‬๝ဢ߶‫ؿ‬ള‫ڿ‬э. ದૌ
๙‫ٳݖ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅, ࿹࣮ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓࣖࢸࢲ‫ࠣܒ‬ః໗‫֥ྟק‬႕ཙ, ‫ؿ‬གྷᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ่
ࡱ༯, ࣖࢸ֥߁၍ࠇᆀథ၍෮ླေ֥ຓࢸࠗৣбໃ‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯֥ཬ, ᆃॖି൞ၹູࣖ
ࢸԩ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊႵ০Ⴟ໊հӮ‫ؿ֥ނ‬ള, Ֆ‫ط‬൐֤ࣖࢸ۷ࡆಸၞ߁၍ࠇᆀథ၍, ࡮ ๭
19 (Campañá et al. 2008). ູਔ࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓ੶ࣖࢸ֥႕ཙ, ස֩๙‫ྏุؓݖ‬৫ٚࢲ
‫ํܒ‬ᇏ੶ࣖࢸ૫֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି࿹࣮, ‫ؿ‬གྷ (1) ‫ڕ‬ᅶ҂ࣇ߶Ӂള๶՛྘֥ׄಌཊ, ๝
ൈᄝࡧ్৯֥ቔႨ༯߶ᄝ੶ࣖࢸഈྙӮ੶໊ࣖհߌ, ѩႄఏ੶ࣖࢸథ၍; (2) ੶ࣖࢸഈ
֥‫ڕ‬ᅶׄಌཊॖିྙ‫ނ‬Ӯ੶໊ࣖհߌ (Song et al. 2014).
3.3 ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ
Li ֩ҐႨ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅֥ٚ‫م‬࿹࣮ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶ༯ֆࣖ๞֥৯࿐ྛູ (Li et al. 2013,
2014), ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ุ༢࿹࣮֥൞ᇠཟࡆᄛ֥๞ବ૜ཌ, ‫܋‬Ї‫ ݣ‬11 705 ۱ჰሰ, ᄝ҂๝ೆഝ
๞৖ሰ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯, ܴҩ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ဆ߄‫ݖ‬ӱ, ၛࠣؓ‫ݣ‬Ⴕಌཊ֥ֆࣖ๞ࣉྛঘഥ
‫ބ‬࿢෪֩৯࿐หྟ֥࿹࣮, ೂ ๭ 20 ෮ൕ. ᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈࢠ֥֮౦ঃ༯, ֆࣖ๞ଽᇶေӁ
ളׄಌཊ: ॢ໊‫ࡗބ‬༣ሰ, ఃᇏࡗ༣ሰ‫ޓ‬ಸၞథ၍aঔ೛ѩऊࠢӮ๶, ‫໊ॢط‬ສສ҂ၞ
థ၍. ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶֝ᇁֆࣖ๞֥ဗ൦ଆਈ‫ؿ‬ള‫ڿ‬э: ࿢෪ဗ൦ଆਈෛሢॢ໊֥ᄹࡆ༵
эնުࡨཬ, ‫ط‬ঘഥဗ൦ଆਈᄵෛॢ໊֥ᄹࡆ၂ᆰࡨཬ, ೂ ๭ 21 ෮ൕ. ‫ڕ‬ᅶభު, ֆ
ࣖ๞֥ෑྟэྙ‫׻‬൞๙‫໊ݖ‬հᄝ {111} h112i ߁၍༢֥߁၍. ᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊԩ, ໊հॖၛ
ྙ‫ނ‬ѩ‫ؿ‬ഝԛট, Ֆ‫֮ࡨط‬ֆࣖ๞֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯.
ҐႨ໊հ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅ট࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙᇯࡶӮ୍ູ࣍টඔ
ᆴଆ୅֥Ⴕི൭‫( ؍‬Arsenlis et al. 2012, de la Rubia et al. 2000, Khraishi et al. 2002, Li
et al. 2011). ২ೂ, ದૌ০Ⴈ໊հ‫׮‬৯࿐֥ٚ‫م‬ᇶေ࿹࣮ਔุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ڕํܒ‬ᅶ႗߄
৯
18
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
᳾䕤✻
0.2 keV
0.5 keV
1.0 keV
2.0 keV
5.0 keV
6.0 keV
7.0 keV
6
ᑨ࡯/GPa
࿐
4
2
0
-2
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
ᑨব
๭ 20
‫ڕ‬ᅶ๞ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (Li et al. 2013). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
b 80
a
Etp
य़㓽ᴼ⇣῵䞣/GPa
ᢝԌᴼ⇣῵䞣/GPa
66
䕤✻ḋક
64
᳾䕤✻ḋક
62
60
58
75
70
Ecp
65
䕤✻ḋક
᳾䕤✻ḋક
0
10
30
20
ぎԡ᭄䞣
40
c
d
80
75
0
10
60
55
50
20
30
ぎԡ᭄䞣
40
䕤✻ḋક
Etp
65
ᢝԌᴼ⇣῵䞣/GPa
60
य़㓽ᴼ⇣῵䞣/GPa
56
䕤✻ḋક
᳾䕤✻ḋક
70
65
Ecp
60
᳾䕤✻ḋક
45
0
100
200
ぎԡ᭄䞣
300
55
0
100
200
ぎԡ᭄䞣
300
๭ 21
‫ڕ‬ᅶު๞֥ঘഥࠣ࿢෪ဗ൦ଆਈ (Li et al. 2014). ϱಃ݂ႇ‫ݓ‬໾৘࿐߶ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
֥ࠏ৘ၛࠣ໭ಌཊ໊֥հ๙֡ྙӮ֥‫ݖ‬ӱ (Arsenlis et al. 2012), ೂ ๭ 22 ෮ൕ. ‫ھ‬ଆ
୅ุ༢ҐႨшӉູ 1.3 µm ֥৫ุٚ, ఃᇏЇ‫ݣ‬ਔԚ൓नᄋ‫໊֥҃ٳ‬հࠣ҂๝ૡ؇֥
໊հߌ, ๙‫ݖ‬ᇠཟࡆᄛ‫ٳ‬༅ః‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି. ෛሢ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ (໊հߌ) ૡ؇֥҂؎ഈശ,
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
a 1 200
19
b
2.64h1022 m-3
8.15h1021 m-3
21
-3
3.61h10 m
21
-3
ᑨ࡯/MPa
1.63h10 m
800
8.15h1020 m-3
᳾䕤✻
400
0
0
0.4
0.8
ᑨব/%
1.2
1.6
๭ 22
(a) ‫ڕ‬ᅶํ֥ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (Arsenlis et al. 2012). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ; (b) अ
თྟ֥ෑྟэྙ‫໊ބ‬հ๙֡ (de la Rubia et al. 2000). ϱಃ݂ሱಖԛϱࠢ๶෮Ⴕ
᮴㔎䱋
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ=1.63×1021 m-3
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ=8.15×1021 m-3
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ=8.15×1020 m-3
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ=3.61×1021 m-3
㔎䱋ᆚᑺ=1.63×1022 m-3
๭ 23
҂๝Ԛ൓໊հߌૡ؇༯֥ෑྟэྙ (Arsenlis et al. 2012). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
ҋਘ֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯߶ෛᆭᄹࡆ, ѩ౏໊֒հߌૡ؇նႿ 3.61 × 1021 m−3 ൈ, ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯߶
ᄝ‫ݖ‬౹‫ؿުׄڛ‬ളૼཁ֥༯ࢆགྷའ. ູਔՖັܴࠏᇅഈ‫ٳ‬༅ఃӁള֥ჰၹ, ದૌ‫ٳ‬༅
ਔ໊հ໊ࠣհߌᄝ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙൈ֥ဆ߄౦ঃ, Ֆ ๭ 23 ॖၛुԛ, ֒Ԛ൓໊հߌ֥
ૡ؇նႿ 3.61 × 1021 m−3 ൈ, ෑྟэྙ߶Ֆჰট֥न၂߄эྙሇэູۚ؇अ҆߄֥ෑ
ྟэྙ, ѩ౏ᄝ (11̄2̄) ௜૫ྙӮૼཁ֥໭ಌཊ๙֡. ൙ൌഈ, ᄝ (11̄2̄) ௜૫ഈః‫ࡧٳ‬ႋ
৯ቋն, ෮ၛᄝᆃ۱௜૫ഈ֥ಌཊࡼቋಸၞФ߁၍໊հ᛬૵, ၂֊ಌཊष൓‫ؿ‬ള᛬૵,
৯
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ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᄝః௜૫ഈ߁၍໊հმ֥֞߁၍ቅ৯ࡼ༯ࢆ, ᆃဢࡼ֝ᇁ‫ܴޡ‬ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯֥༯ࢆ, ๝ൈ
Ӂളअთྟ֥ෑྟэྙѩྙӮ໭ಌཊ໊֥հ๙֡.
Чࢫᇶေሸඍਔ০Ⴈඔᆴଆ୅ٚ‫م‬࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊဆ߄֥ັܴࠏ৘ၛࠣ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ
ؓࢲ‫ܒ‬໗‫ބྟק‬৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ. ๙‫ݖ‬ඔᆴଆ୅ॖϺᇹਔࢳ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊဆ߄֥໾৘‫ݖ‬
ӱ, ๝ൈႵᇹႿ৘ࢳ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ. ॖၛुԛ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊሱദ֥
ဆ߄҂ࣇ൳ҋਘଽᄝࢲ‫֥ܒ‬႕ཙ, ᄝ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙൈߎ߶ა߁၍໊հ‫ؿ‬ള‫گ‬ᄖ֥ཌྷ
޺ቔႨ, ᆞ൞ᆃུັܴԄ؇֥ಌཊ‫໊ބ‬հ֥ဆ߄֝ᇁҋਘᄝ‫ܴޡ‬Ԅ؇ഈุགྷԛ‫ڕ‬ᅶ
႗߄. ০Ⴈඔᆴଆ୅֥ٚ‫م‬࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥ࠏ৘, ؓࡹ৫ཌྷܱ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંଆ྘ၛࠣഡ࠹
ਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶҋਘऎႵᇗေၩၬ.
4 ࣁඋҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥৘ંଆ྘
ࠎႿൌဒܴҳ‫ބ‬ඔᆴଆ୅֥ࢲ‫ݔ‬, ‫ٳ‬༅ཌྷܱ֥эྙࠏ৘, ࡹ৫ཌྷܱ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄৘ં
ଆ྘, ൞࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋѩყҩ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି႕ཙ֥Ⴕི൭‫؍‬. ଢ
భ‫ݓ‬ଽຓ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄৘ંଆ྘ᇶေ࿹࣮໑؇ٓຶᄝ 0.3 Tm ၛ༯a֮‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈൈ‫ࣖ؟‬
ࣁඋҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟᇉ. ሺܴ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥৘ંଆ྘, ॖ‫ູٳ‬೘ো: (1) ॉ੮ັܴ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ
ა‫ڕܴޡ‬ᅶ႗߄৳༢֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ଆ྘, ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ି‫קܔ‬ਈ૭ඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊૡ؇ა౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯
ᄹਈ֥ܱ༢, ֌൞҂ି૭ඍҋਘᄝᆜ۱ࡆᄛ‫ݖ‬ӱᇏ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྛູ; (2) ࠎႿԮ๤ุࣖ
ෑྟ৘ં֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘, ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ࡼ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋॉ੮ุ֞ࣖෑྟ৘ંॿࡏ༯,
҂ࣇି‫ٳܔ‬༅ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ, ‫౏ط‬๙‫໊ݖ‬հૡ؇‫ބ‬ಌཊૡ؇֥ဆ߄ܿੰ, ॖၛ
Ⴕི૭ඍ‫ݖ‬౹‫ުׄڛ‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྛູ, ֌ીႵॉ੮ಌཊა໊հ֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ;
(3) ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘, ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘֥ࠎԤഈ, ࢠ‫֥ݺ‬ॉ੮ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ
ა໊հ֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ି‫ܔ‬ሙಒֹ૭ඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି႕ཙ֥‫ݖ‬ӱ. ༯૫,
ࡼ‫ٳ‬љࢺകᆃ೘োଆ྘֥ᇶေଽಸ.
4.1 ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ଆ྘
ࠎႿᄪ௹ؓҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު৯࿐ྟᇉ֥ൌဒܴҩ, ༆۬‫ٳ֩۬ྌބ‬љิԛਔཌྷႋ֥
‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ଆ྘টࢳ൤Ⴕܱ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶགྷའ (Blewitt et al. 1960, Kojima et al. 1991, Lucas
1993, Odette & Frey 1979, Singh et al. 1997). ࣁඋҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު, ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙൈ, ః
౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯߶ഈശ, ູਔࡹ৫ັܴ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊა‫ڕܴޡ‬ᅶ႗߄ᆭࡗ֥৳༢, ༆۬ิԛਔ௕
ჰሰ౵႗߄ (dispersed barrier hardening, DBH) ଆ྘. ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ಪູ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄টჷႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶ
ಌཊؓ߁၍໊հ֥ቅθ, ᄝύઅຣ఼֥؇৘ંॿࡏ༯ (Orowan 1942), ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ؓ౹‫ڛ‬
ႋ৯֥‫܊‬ངॖіൕູ
√
τ = α′ µb N d
(1)
ఃᇏ, µ ‫ ބ‬b ‫ٳ‬љ൞ҋਘ֥ࡧ్ଆਈ‫ބ‬ѵ۬൏ਈ֥նཬ, N ‫ ބ‬d ‫ٳ‬љ൞ಌཊૡ؇‫ބ‬ն
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
21
ཬ. α′ ൞ಌཊ఼؇ҕඔ, Ⴈট૭ඍ҂๝ಌཊؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥‫܊‬ང. ൌဒܴҳіૼ, ၂Ϯ‫ط‬
࿽ؓႿ໊հߌ α′ ≈ 0.3; Ҫհඹ૫ุ α′ ≈ 0.2; ॢ‫ ׳‬α′ ≈ 1. ֌൞௕ჰሰ౵႗߄ଆ྘ᆺ
ି࣍රყҩҋਘႮႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֝ᇁ֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯ᄹਈ, ‫ؓط‬Ⴟ౹‫ׄڛ‬ᆭު֥৯࿐ྛູೂ
ު౹‫ڛ‬ೈ߄֥གྷའ, ௕ჰሰ౵႗߄ଆ྘ѩ҂ି۳ԛཌྷႋ֥৘ંࢳ൤. ູՎ, ᄝ҃੓၈
ห֩‫۽‬ቔ֥ࠎԤഈ (Blewitt et al. 1960), ྌ۬֩ิԛਔಌཊࠩ৳Ⴚ֝ჷ႗߄ (cascadeinduced source hardening, CISH) ଆ྘ (Singh et al. 1997), ఃᇶᆻනམ൞ಪູ‫ڕ‬ᅶ֝ᇁ
֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯ഈശটሱႿ‫م‬ধक़ – ৚֣ (Frank–Read) ໊հჷᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯଴ၛࠗ‫ؿ‬ԛ
໊հ. ֌൞ൌဒіૼ, ಌཊࠩ৳Ⴚ֝ჷ႗߄ଆ྘ѩ҂ି‫֥ݺޓ‬૭ඍ၂ུ‫ࣁކ‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬
ᅶ৯࿐ྟି (Robach et al. 2003), ๝ൈ္ીႵॉ੮‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋა‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥ܱ༢ (Singh
et al. 1997), ၹ‫ط‬ऎႵ၂‫֥ק‬अཋྟ.
4.2 ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘
୍࣍ট, ູਔି‫ܔ‬Ⴕֹིყҩ‫ڕ‬ᅶࣁඋҋਘ֥‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି, ದૌष൓ᄝԮ๤֥
ุࣖෑྟ৘ં (Asaro & Rice 1977, Hill 1966, Hill & Rice 1972) ֥ࠎԤഈॉ੮‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗
߄ིႋ֥႕ཙ, ࣉ‫ؿط‬ᅚਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟ৘ંଆ྘, ѩ౏ᄝՎࠎԤഈ‫ٳ‬༅໑؇aҋਘ
ࢲ‫֩ܒ‬ၹ෍ؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶࣁඋ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ. Ԯ๤ุࣖෑྟ৘ંಪູ໊հ߁၍֝ᇁҋਘ‫ؿ‬
ളෑྟэྙ, ߁၍༢ α ֥ෑྟႋэੱ၂ϮҐႨૢՑ‫م‬ᄵ (Hutchinson 1976, Peirce et al.
1982)
α
γ̇ = γ̇0
µ
τα
τcα
¶ m1
sign(τ α )
(2)
ఃᇏ, γ̇0 ‫ ބ‬m ‫ٳ‬љ൞ҕॉႋэੱ‫ބ‬ႋэੱૹ‫ۋ‬༢ඔ, τ α ൞ཌྷႋ߁၍༢֥ࡧႋ৯‫ٳ‬ਈ.
τcα ൞ਢࢸ్ႋ৯ (CRSS), іᆘ໊հᄝཌྷႋ߁၍༢߁၍֥଴ၞӱ؇. ؓႿԮ๤໭‫ڕ‬ᅶ
႗߄ིႋุ֥ࣖෑྟ৘ંଆ྘‫ط‬࿽, ਢࢸ్ႋ৯၂ϮЇওҋਘ‫ܥ‬Ⴕ֥ࣖ۬ቅ৯ (lattice
friction)τ0 a໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ໊ؓհ߁၍֥ቅ৯ τnα (໊հຩ઎ྙӮ֥Мႋ৯ (back stress))
ၛࠣҋਘັࢲ‫໊ؓܒ‬հ߁၍֥႕ཙ τsα , ೂุࣖԄժིႋ (Hall 1951, Petch 1953, von
Blanckenhagen et al. 2001, 2003) ࠇᆀ੶ࣖҋਘᇏ੶ࣖࢸ֥႕ཙ (Lu et al. 2009). ֒ॉ
੮‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋൈ, ໊հᄝ߁၍༢ഈ֥߁၍ߎ߶მ֞‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ቅθቔႨ τdα , ‫ڕܣ‬ᅶ
ุࣖෑྟଆ྘ᇏਢࢸ్ႋ৯֥၂Ϯྙൔॖіൕູ
τcα = τcα (τ0 , τnα , τdα , τsα )
(3)
༯૫, ࡼࡥေ߭‫୍࣍ܤ‬টܱႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟ৘ંଆ྘֥࿹࣮ࣉᅚ.
ᄝ௕ჰሰ౵‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ଆ྘֥ࠎԤഈ, ದૌᆌؓ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘࡹ৫ਔࠎႿ໊հ
ૡ؇֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘ (Arsenlis et al. 2004). ᄝ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ᇏ, ҋਘ఼؇টჷႿ໊հᆭ
ࡗ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨၛ໊ࠣհაಌཊ (Ҫհඹ૫ุ) ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ѩ౏‫ھ‬ଆ྘ࡌഡಌཊ఼؇
22
৯
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ᆺაಌཊնཬႵܱ๝ൈ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊุ֥ࠒ‫ٳ‬ඔᄝෑྟэྙ‫ݖ‬ӱᇏЌӻ҂э. ๙‫ࣖࡼݖ‬৬
‫ڕ‬ᅶЧ‫ܱܒ‬༢აႵཋჭ࠹ෘٚ‫ކࢲم‬, ದૌ‫ٳ‬༅ਔ‫ڕࣖ؟ܴޡ‬ᅶ๞֥ঘഥ৯࿐ྟି,
ѩ౏ି‫֥ྟקܔ‬აൌဒඔऌбࢠ, ି‫ܔ‬Ⴕི֥ख़߂‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄֥གྷའ, ѩ౏႗߄ӱ؇ෛ
‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥ᄹࡆ‫ط‬ഈശ. ֌൞‫ھ‬ଆ྘ࡌഡಌཊૡ؇ෛࡆᄛ‫ݖ‬ӱ‫ط‬ᄹࡆ, ᆃაൌဒܴҳ
‫ٳބ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅֥ࢲ‫ݔ‬ཌྷິМ.
क़৚༐ବ֩‫ؿ‬ᅚਔࠎႿੱ໭ܱ৘ં֥૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘ (Krishna et al. 2010). ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ಪູਢࢸ్ႋ৯ᇶေটჷႿ໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨၛ໊ࠣհაಌཊཌྷ
޺ቔႨ, ѩ౏ఃཌྷႋ֥ဆ߄ܿੰ‫ࠎ׻‬Ⴟ၂‫֥ק‬໾৘ࠎԤ. ᄝࣖ৬Ԅ؇‫ࣖ؟ބ‬Ԅ؇, ‫ھ‬
ଆ྘ି‫֥ݺࢠܔ‬૭ඍҋਘᄝ౹‫ׄڛ‬భު֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྛູ, Їও‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄‫ުބ‬౹‫ڛ‬ೈ߄
ၛࠣ‫ڕ‬ᅶభުੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯҂ᇗ‫ކ‬. ๝ဢࢲ‫ކ‬Ⴕཋჭ֥ٚ‫م‬, ෰ૌ০Ⴈ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ଆ୅ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶ
‫ࣖ؟‬๞֥৯࿐ྟି, ѩ౏აཌྷܱൌဒࢲ‫ݔ‬໖‫ݺࢠކ‬, ุགྷԛ‫ھ‬ଆ྘၂‫ކ֥ק‬৘ྟ.
ᄝః৘ંଆ྘֥ࠎԤᆭഈ, ෰ૌࣉ‫ؿط‬ᅚਔᆌุؓྏ৫ٚҋਘ᪬֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંଆ
྘, ఃᇶေ‫ٳ‬༅ਔᄝ֮໑ (0.05 < T /Tm < 0.2) ‫ڕ֮ބ‬ᅶ࠴ਈൈࣁඋ᪬หႵ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶೈ߄
གྷའ (Krishna & De 2011). ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ࡼਢࢸ్ႋ৯‫ູٳ‬ಣཌྷܱ‫ބ‬ಣ໭ܱਆ҆‫ٳ‬, ఃᇏಣ
໭ܱ֥҆‫ٳ‬Ⴎ໊հૡ؇‫ބ‬ಌཊૡ؇थ‫ק‬, ‫ط‬ಣཌྷܱ֥҆‫ٳ‬ҐႨ໑؇‫ݦ‬ඔট૭ඍ. ๙‫ݖ‬
৘ં‫ٳ‬༅, ‫ڕ‬ᅶೈ߄აਢࢸ໑؇Ⴕܱ, ᄝ၂‫ڕק‬ᅶ࠴ਈٓຶଽ, ਢࢸ໑؇ෛ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ֥
ഈശ‫֮ࢆط‬, Ֆ‫֝ط‬ᇁᄝ၂‫ק‬໑؇ٓຶଽ‫ڕ‬ᅶ౦ঃ༯֥ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯бໃ‫ڕ‬ᅶ౦ঃ༯֥۷
֮, ѩაཌྷܱൌဒඔऌ໖‫ݺࢠކ‬.
ஂหঘ‫ބ‬ચक़֡‫غ‬ᆌุؓྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘࡹ৫ਔࢠູ༢๤֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંॿࡏ (Patra
& McDowell 2012, 2013). ‫ھ‬ଆ྘҂ࣇ‫ٳ‬љॉ੮ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ׄಌཊ‫໊ބ‬հߌෛࡆᄛ‫ݖ‬
ӱ֥ဆ߄ܿੰ, ߎ‫ٳ‬༅ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶಿэ (Bullough & Wood 1980, Matthews & Finnis 1988)a
໊հࢌ߁၍ (cross-slip) (Rhee et al. 1998) ‫໊ބ‬հ஋၍ (dislocation climb) (Mansur 1979)
֩ၹ෍ؓҋਘ৯࿐ྟି‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ֥႕ཙ. ๙‫ݖ‬აႵཋჭٚ‫ކࢲم‬, ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ି‫ྟקܔ‬૭
ඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥अ҆߄ෑྙэྙགྷའ, ѩ౏৘ંყҩ֥‫ڕࣖ؟ܴޡ‬ᅶࢲ‫ݔ‬აൌဒඔऌ໖
‫ݺࢠކ‬. ֌൞ႮႿ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ॉ੮֥႕ཙၹ෍ࢠ‫؟‬, ൐֤ଆ྘ҕඔ‫ݖ‬Ⴟ‫گ‬ᄖ.
ၛഈ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘‫׻‬൞ࡼ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋॉ੮֞Ԯ๤ุ֥ࣖෑྟ৘ંॿࡏଽ,
ᄝ໊հ߁၍֥‫ݖ‬ӱᇏ, ҂ࣇॉ੮໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨߎЇ‫ݣ‬ਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ໊ؓհᄎ‫֥׮‬ቅθቔ
Ⴈ, ၹ‫ุܔିط‬གྷ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ. ᄝಌཊૡ؇֥ဆ߄‫ݖ‬ӱᇏ, ໊հ߁၍၂Ϯ߶֝ᇁ‫ڕ‬ᅶ
ಌཊ֥᛬૵ࠇಌཊྟᇉ֥‫ڿ‬э, ൐֤ಌཊૡ؇ෛෑྟэྙ‫ط‬҂؎ࢆ֮, ᆃ߶֝ᇁҋਘ
‫ؿ‬ളअ҆߄ෑྟэྙགྷའၛࠣ֒‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈղ֞၂‫ק‬ਈൈԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ׄڛ‬ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ
֥౦ঃ. ֌൞ᄝഈඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંଆ྘ᇏ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ๙ӈ൞Ⴈѓਈྟᇉ֥эਈটख़߂, ൐
ః҂ି‫ܔ‬Ⴕֹི૭ඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊა߁၍໊հ֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ. ๙‫ݖ‬ൌဒܴҳ‫ބ‬ඔᆴଆ
୅іૼ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶӁള֥ಌཊႵሱദ֥หᆘ௜૫, ‫໊ط‬հ߁၍္൞ᄝห‫߁֥ק‬၍༢, ෮ၛ
ಌཊა໊հ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨऎႵ‫ྟࡗॢ఼֥ޓ‬, ູਔ۷ࡆሙಒֹ૭ඍಌཊა໊հ֥ཌྷ޺
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
23
ቔႨ, ఃཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥ॢࡗྟсྶჍၛॉ੮. Վຓ, ࡹ৫Ֆࣖ৬Ԅ؇֥‫ڕ‬ᅶЧ‫ܱܒ‬༢֞‫ޡ‬
ܴ‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ৯࿐ྟᇉ֥ॴԄ؇৳༢๙ӈҐႨԮ๤Ⴕཋჭ࠹ෘٚ‫م‬, ֌൞ᆴ֤ᆷԛ֥൞
Ⴕཋჭٚ‫م‬๙ӈ൞ࠎႿ෼ীྙൔ֥न၂߄৘ંট֤֞ૄ၂۱ࠒ‫ܴޡ֥ׄٳ‬৯࿐ྟᇉ
(Taylor 1938), ‫੻ޭط‬ਔࣖ৬ᆭࡗႮႿ౼ཟၛࠣࣖࢸ֩ၹ෍֝ᇁ֥ႋ৯‫҃ٳ‬҂नᄋྟ
(Wang et al. 2010a), ๝ൈႵཋჭࢠն֥࠹ෘਈᄝ၂‫ק‬ӱ؇ഈ္ཋᇅਔఃܼٗᄎႨ, ၹ
‫ࡹط‬৫۷ሙಒ۷Ⴕི֥ॴԄ؇൭‫ࡼ؍‬ऎႵᇗေၩၬ, ೂ֐ᬪෑྟሱట৘ં (Coulibaly
& Sabar 2011, Paquin et al. 2001, Paquin et al. 1999, Sabar et al. 2002).
4.3 ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘
ቋ࣍, Ϙ‫ٳؘ֩‬љᆌุؓྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ބܒ‬૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ڕ֥ܒ‬ᅶࣁඋҋਘิԛਔཌྷႋ
֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘ (Barton et al. 2013, Xiao et al. 2015a), ࢠ‫֥ݺ‬ॉ੮ਔ໊հߌ (ุ
ྏ৫ٚҋਘᇏ֥ᇶေಌཊ) ‫ބ‬Ҫհඹ૫ุ (૫ྏ৫ٚҋਘᇏ֥ᇶေಌཊ) ა߁၍໊հ
֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ, ࣉ‫ܔିط‬Ⴕི֥ଆ୅൳‫ڕ‬ᅶ႕ཙҋਘ‫ؿ‬ളෑྟэྙൈӁള֥अ҆߄
ෑྟэྙགྷའ. ೂ ๭ 24 ෮ൕ, ໊֒հ߁၍௜૫აಌཊ෮ᄝหᆘ௜૫ཌྷࢌൈ, ߁၍໊հ
с‫߶ק‬აಌཊ‫ؿ‬ളཌྷ޺ቔႨ; ໊֒հ߁၍௜૫ა໊հߌ෮ᄝหᆘ௜૫௜ྛൈ, ໊հა
໊հߌ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨ҂߶‫ؿ‬ള; ໊֒հ߁၍௜૫აҪհඹ૫ุ෮ᄝหᆘ௜૫௜ྛൈ, ౦
ঃࡼэ֤‫گ‬ᄖ၂ུ, ႮႿҪհඹ૫ุऎႵ၂‫ۚޅ֥ࠫק‬؇, ෮ၛᄝᆃᇕ౦ঃ༯໊հა
Ҫհඹ૫ุಯթᄝཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥‫( ੱۀ‬Krishna et al. 2010). ༯૫ࡼၛ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ູܒ‬২
ࢺക‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘֥ऎุଽಸ, ๝ൈ‫ٳ‬༅Ԅժིႋ‫ބ‬໑؇ིႋؓҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟ
ି֥႕ཙ, ܱႿุྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ڕ֥ܒ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘ॖ࡮ҕॉ໓ང (Barton et al. 2013).
ᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘᇏ, ໊հ߁၍ᇶေ൳֞Ҫհඹ૫ุ֥ቅθቔႨ, ᄝ߁၍
༢ α ᇏ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋॖіൕູ (Xiao et al. 2015a)
v
u Nd
u X α
N : Hβ
τdα = bµthd
(4)
β=1
ఃᇏ, hd ൞ಌཊ႗߄఼೐༢ඔ, Nd ൞ಌཊหᆘ௜૫֥ඔਈ, ؓႿҪհඹ૫ุ‫ط‬࿽ Nd =
4. N α ‫ ބ‬H β ‫ٳ‬љ൞૭ඍ໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ֥‫ࢨؽ‬ᅦਈ, ః‫ק‬ၬູ
N α = nα ⊗ nα
(5)
α
H β = Ndef ddef (I − nβ ⊗ nβ + Pann
δαβ nβ ⊗ nβ )
(6)
‫ބ‬
ఃᇏ, Ndef ‫ ބ‬ddef ‫ٳ‬љ൞ಌཊุૡ؇‫ބ‬նཬ, nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ‫ٳ‬љ൞߁၍໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊหᆘ௜
α
૫֥‫م‬ཟਈ, δαβ ൞क़અଽक़‫ݼژ‬, Pann
൞໊հაಌཊ‫ؿ‬ളࢤԨ֥‫( ੱۀ‬Krishna et al.
2010). Ֆඔ࿐ᄎෘഈ‫ٳ‬༅, ᄝൔ (4) ᇏ, N α ‫ ބ‬H β ֥෪ѩၩ໅ሢ֒ nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ௜ྛൈ
৯
24
࿐
ࣉ
nα
a
nα
b
ԡ䫭
α||β
ԡ䫭⦃
nβ
ԡ䫭
n
α
⒥⿏
ሖ䫭ಯ䴶ԧ
β
α
ᮍ৥
⒥⿏
ᮍ৥
β
ԡ䫭
nα
ԡ䫭
nα
α
α||β
⒥⿏ᮍ৥
⒥⿏ᮍ৥
d
ԡ䫭⦃
ሖ䫭ಯ䴶ԧ
d
α
n
β
n
β
Ld
β
c
α||β
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
β
β
๭ 24
໊հߌ‫ބ‬Ҫհඹ૫ุა໊հ֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ (Xiao et al. 2015a). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱ
ഠ෮Ⴕ
ࡼ໊հ૭ඍᅦਈ N α ๧႕֞ಌཊหᆘ௜૫֥‫م‬ཟٚཟ, ‫ ֒ط‬nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ҂௜ྛൈࡼ໊
հ૭ඍᅦਈ N α ๧႕֞ಌཊหᆘ௜૫్֥ཟٚཟ (Wang et al. 2010b); Ֆ໾৘ၩၬഈ
‫ٳ‬༅, ֒ nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ௜ྛൈ, N α ‫ ބ‬H β ֥෪ѩіൕ໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ֥‫ࢤੱۀ‬Ԩૡ؇, ‫֒ط‬
nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ҂௜ྛൈ, N α ‫ ބ‬H β ֥෪ѩіൕ໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ֥ࢤԨૡ؇. ࠧ۴ऌൔ (4)∼ ൔ
(6), ֒ nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ҂௜ྛൈ
N α : H β = Ndef ddef [1 − (nα · nβ )2 ]
(7)
іൕࢤԨૡ؇, ֒ nα ‫ ބ‬nβ ௜ྛൈ
α
N α : H α = Pann
Ndef ddef
(8)
іൕ໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ֥‫ࢤੱۀ‬Ԩૡ؇. ߁၍໊հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨᆭު, ಌཊ๙ᖻÖ໒ၹ‫ط‬
ಌཊૡ؇֥ဆ߄္ა໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊ֥ॢࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨႵܱ, ၹՎ, Ϙ‫ิؘ֩‬ԛਔᆷඔಌཊ
කࡨ‫م‬ᄵ (Barton et al. 2013)
.
H β = −η
Ns
X
α=1
(N α : H β )N α |γ̇ α |
(9)
ఃᇏ, η ൞ಌཊ᛬૵༢ඔ, ؓႿ૫ྏ৫ٚࢲ‫طܒ‬࿽ Ns = 12. Ֆൔ (9) ॖၛुԛ, ᄝ β ௜
૫֥ಌཊဆ߄൳֞෮Ⴕ߁၍༢ഈ໊հ֥႕ཙ, ѩ౏ᆃᇕ႕ཙ൞ॢࡗྟ֥.
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
25
๙‫ࡹݖ‬৫‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘, ҂ࣇॖၛყҩҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ྛູ, ߎॖၛབྷ༥֥
‫ٳ‬༅ಌཊა໊հဆ߄֥༥ࢫ. ೂ ๭ 25 ෮ൕ, ᄝ҂๝֥߁၍༢ᇏಌཊ‫໊ބ‬հ֥ဆ߄ܿ
ੰ൞ປಆ҂၂ဢ֥, ๝ൈ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶႕ཙ߁၍໊հૡ؇֥ဆ߄. ֒๝ൈॉ੮ҋਘ֥Ԅ
ժིႋ‫ڕބ‬ᅶིႋൈ, ః৯࿐ྟିэ֤۷ࡆ‫گ‬ᄖ. ࠎବ֩ؓ҂๝Ԅժ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶֆࣖ๞ࣉ
ྛਔ৯࿐ྟି࿹࣮, ‫ؿ‬གྷᄝ၂‫ڕ֥ק‬ᅶ࠴ਈ༯ҋਘթᄝ၂۱ਢࢸԄժ, ֒ֆࣖԄժᄝ
ਢࢸԄժᆭഈൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ൞႕ཙҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥ᇶေၹ෍; ‫֒ط‬ֆࣖԄժཬႿਢࢸ
Ԅժൈ, Ԅժིႋᅝᇶ֝ቔႨ (Kiener et al. 2011). ᄝഈඍ‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖᅦਈଆ྘֥ࠎԤഈ
ॉ੮ࣖ৬Ԅժིႋ֥႕ཙ, ླ‫ٳ‬༅ਆ҆‫ٳ‬႕ཙၹ෍: (1) ࣖ৬նཬ໊ؓհࠗ‫ؓ( ؿ‬ֆࣖ
‫ط‬࿽) ࠇᆀ໊հ߁၍ (ؓ‫طࣖ؟‬࿽) ଴ၞӱ؇֥႕ཙ, (2) ࣖ৬նཬ໊ؓհၛࠣಌཊ‫ٳ‬
֥҃႕ཙ.
ؓֆࣖ‫طࣖ؟ބ‬࿽, Ԅժིႋؓҋਘ౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯֥႕ཙॖၛႨೂ༯ࣜဒ‫܄‬ൔ (Kraft
et al. 2010) ۳ԛ
σy = σ0 + kdn
(10)
ఃᇏ, σy ‫ ބ‬σ0 ‫ٳ‬љіൕҋਘ֥౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯‫ุބ‬ҋਘ֥౹‫఼ڛ‬؇, d ൞ҋਘ֥ࠫ‫ޅ‬Ԅժ.
k ‫ ބ‬n ൞ҋਘӈඔ. ؓႿ‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ, n = −0.5, ൔ (10) ࠧնࡅඃᆩ֥ࠉ‫ – غ‬஦అ (Hall–
Petch) ܱ༢ (Cottrell 1958, Hall 1951, Li 1963). ؓႿֆࣖҋਘ, n ၂ϮՖ −0.5 ֞ −1
(Kiener et al. 2011, Uchic et al. 2009). ॖၛु֞, ෛҋਘԄժ֥ࡨཬ, ః౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯‫߶׻‬
ᄹࡆ. ֌൞, ᆴ֤ᇿၩ֥൞, ֆࣖ‫֥ࣖ؟ބ‬Ԅժིႋࠏ৘൞ປಆ҂၂ဢ֥. ‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘุ
གྷ֥ࠉ‫ – غ‬஦అིႋটሱႿ߁၍໊հᄝࣖࢸԩ֥ؐࠒ (dislocation pile-up) ቅθ໊հ
֥ࣉ၂҄߁၍, ‫ط‬ֆࣖҋਘ֥Ԅժིႋᄵ൞ႮႿ໊հ঄ჷ႗߄ࠏ৘, ࠧෛሢֆࣖԄժ
֥ࡨཬ, ࣖ৬ଽ໊֥҆հჷඔࡨഒ, ൐֤ࠗ‫໊ؿ‬հӁളෑྟэྙᄀটᄀ଴, ਸ਼၂ٚ૫ॖ
b
600
τc1
τc2
500
1
τSFT
2
τSFT
τn1
τn2
1015
400
ԡ䫭ᆚᑺ/m2
CRSSঞ݊ߚ䞣/MPa
a
300
200
1014
pn1 ᳾䕤✻
pn2 ᳾䕤✻
pn1 䕤✻
pn2 䕤✻
1013
100
0
0
0.01
0.02
ᑨব
0.03
0.04
1012
0
0.01
0.02
ᑨব
0.03
0.04
๭ 25
(a) ਢࢸ్ႋ৯ࠣః‫ٳ‬ਈᄝ҂๝߁၍֥ဆ߄; (b) ໊հૡ؇ᄝ҂๝߁၍֥ဆ߄ (Xiao et
al. 2015a). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
৯
26
࿐
ࣉ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
߁၍໊հ߁၍֞ሱႮі૫ൈ߶Ֆі૫ฦၤ, ֝ᇁ໊հૡ؇ࡨഒ, ‫ູܣ‬ЌᆣႵቀ‫໊֥ܔ‬
հ߁၍Ӂളෑྟэྙ, ຓࢸᄛ‫ࣼৣ֥ࠗހ‬сྶෛֆࣖԄժ֥ࡨཬ‫ط‬ᄹࡆ (Kraft et al.
2010; von Blanckenhagen et al. 2001, 2003). ၹ‫ط‬, Ԅժིႋؓҋਘ౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯֥‫܊‬ང τsα
ॖіൕູ
τsα
=

−0.5

,
 kd
‫ࣖ؟‬
1 µ b κq


ln , ֆࣖ
s 2π q
b
(11)
ఃᇏ, s ‫ ބ‬κ ൞ҋਘӈඔ, q = d/3 ൞໊հჷԄժ (Kraft et al. 2010). Վຓ, ࣖ৬Ԅժ
໊ؓհࠣಌཊ‫҃ٳ‬ऎႵ႕ཙ: ൮༵, ൳ֆࣖሱႮі૫ࠇᆀ‫֥ࢸࣖࣖ؟‬႕ཙ, ौ࣍ࣖ৬ሱ
Ⴎі૫ࠇᆀࣖࢸ֥і૫౵თଽ໊֥հ‫ڕބ‬ᅶಌཊ߶๙‫ݖ‬ሱႮі૫ฦၤࠇᆀФࣖࢸ་
൬, Ֆ‫ط‬൐֤і૫౵თଽ໊֥հ‫ބ‬ಌཊૡ؇ࡨഒ; ఃՑ, ࣖ৬Ԅժ֥ࡨഒ߶֝ᇁ໊հࠗ
‫ؿ‬ᄀটᄀ଴. ၹՎ, ࣖ৬Ԅժ֥ࡨཬ߶֝ᇁ໊հᆭࡗཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼֥؇ၛ໊ࠣհაಌཊ
ཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼֥؇ࡨ೐. ູႵིॉ੮ࣖ৬і૫ིႋ֥႕ཙ, ॖҐႨྉ॔ଆ྘ (Xiao et al.
2015a), ೂ๭ 26 ෮ൕ. ‫ھ‬ଆ྘ࡼࣖ৬‫ູٳ‬ྉ‫॔ބ‬ਆ҆‫ٳ‬: ᄝ॔౵თ, ൳ሱႮі૫ࠇᆀ
ࣖࢸ႕ཙ, ໊հ‫ބ‬ಌཊཨാ; ᄝྉ౵თ, ໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ໊ࠣհაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ҂൳і૫
ིႋ႕ཙ. ‫໊ܣ‬հཌྷ޺ቔႨ໊ࠣհაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥Ⴕི౵თุ֥ࠒб fVn ‫ ބ‬fVd ູ
¶ς
µ
d − 2ω
n
d
fV = fV =
(12)
d
ఃᇏ, ω ൞॔౵თ֥ॺ؇, 2 6 ς 6 3 ൞૭ඍࠫ‫֥྘ܒޅ‬ҕඔ. ‫ܣ‬ॉ੮Ԅժིႋؓಌཊ
႗߄఼೐༢ඔ hd ֥႕ཙ
hd = hd0 fVn fVd = hd0
µ
d − 2ω
d
¶2ς
(13)
ఃᇏ, hd0 іൕุҋਘ֥ಌཊ႗߄఼೐༢ඔ. Ֆൔ (13) ॖၛुԛ, ෛሢࣖ৬Ԅժ֥ࡨ
ཬ, ಌཊ႗߄఼೐༢ඔ߶эཬ, ุགྷԛࣖ৬Ԅժ֝ᇁ֥і૫ིႋؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ֥႕ཙ.
ؓႿֆุࣖҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ߶֝ᇁҋਘ‫ؿ‬ളૼཁ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄གྷའ, ๝
ൈᄝ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈູ 0.1 dpa ൈ, ߶ԛགྷ‫ݖ‬౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯ׄੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯༯ࢆ֥གྷའ. ֒๝ൈॉ੮Ԅ
ժིႋ‫ڕބ‬ᅶིႋൈ, ໊հჷ႗߄ࠏ৘‫໊ބ‬հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨࠏ৘߶ཌྷ޺ࣩᆚᇶ֝ҋ
ਘ֥৯࿐ྛູ: ؓႿ҂๝֥ֆࣖҋਘᄝ҂๝֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ่ࡱ༯, ߶թᄝ၂۱ਢࢸԄժ, ᄝਢ
ࢸԄժᆭ༯, ҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟି൳໊հჷ႗߄ࠏ৘॥ᇅ; ‫ط‬ᄝਢࢸԄժᆭഈൈ, ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ
߶ᇶ֝ҋਘ֥৯࿐หྟ, ೂ ๭ 27 ෮ൕ.
Ԣਔ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ‫ބ‬Ԅժིႋ, ໑؇္൞ࡼ႕ཙࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ. ໑؇
֥႕ཙᇶေЇও೘҆‫ٳ‬:
ֻ၂, ໑؇֥э߄߶‫ڿ‬эҋਘ֥֐ྟӈඔ. ᄪᄝ 20 ൗࡀੂ௾൅୍ս, ၘႵնਈ֥
৘ં‫ބ‬ൌဒ࿹࣮іૼҋਘ֥֐ྟӈඔა໑؇Ⴕܱ, ѩ౏Ⴎຐ༆ୄิԛ֥ࣜဒ‫܄‬ൔି‫ܔ‬
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
ω2
27
㢃
L
ω1
໇
d
๭ 26
ྉ॔ଆ྘ൕၩ๭ (Xiao et al. 2015a). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
a
b
103
200
0.10 dpa
0.05 dpa
0.01 dpa
᳾䕤✻
100
0
0
0.04
0.08 0.12
ᑨব
0.16
270 MPa
200 MPa
600 nm
2
ԡ䫭⑤᥻ࠊऎ
170 MPa
800 nm
470 nm
10
0.20
0.100 dpa
0.010 dpa
0.005 dpa
᳾䕤✻
Cu(100)
ሜ᳡ᑨ࡯/MPa
ᑨ࡯/MPa
300
ԡ䫭㔎䱋
԰⫼᥻ࠊऎ
1000
100
᱊㉦ሎᇌ/nm
๭ 27
(a) ֆࣖ๞‫ڕ‬ᅶႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ; (b) Ԅժ‫ڕބ‬ᅶིႋؓ౹‫ڛ‬ႋ৯֥႕ཙ (Xiao et al.
2015a). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
‫ֹݺޓ‬୅‫ކ‬ն҆‫ٳ‬ൌဒඔऌ (Varshni 1970)
0
Cij (T ) = Cij
−
sij
exp(T0 /T − 1)
(14)
0
൞ 0 K ൈ֥֐ྟӈඔ, sij ‫ ބ‬T0 ൞ൌဒ୅‫ކ‬ҕඔ. ၹ‫ط‬໑؇ཌྷܱ֥ࡧ్ଆਈ
ఃᇏ, Cij
ॖіൕູ (Zhang et al. 2013)
µ(T ) =
p
C44 (T )(C11 (T ) − C12 (T ))/2
(15)
ֻ‫ؽ‬, ໑؇߶႕ཙ໊հૡ؇֥ဆ߄‫ݖ‬ӱ. ໊հૡ؇֥ဆ߄Їও໊հᄹᆲ‫໊ބ‬հ᛬
৯
28
࿐
b
a 350
ᅲ㒓: [111]
280 㰮㒓: [100]
ऩ᱊䪰
295 K
373 K
210
523 K
373 K
140
523 K
70
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
ᅚ
350
ᅲ㒓: 295 K
㰮㒓: 373 K 0.10 dpa
280
ᑨ࡯/MPa
ᑨ࡯/MPa
ࣉ
210
0.01 dpa
᳾䕤✻
140
ऩ᱊䪰
0.01 dpa
᳾䕤✻
70
0
0
0
0.04
0.08 0.12
ᑨব
0.16
0.20
0
0.04
0.08 0.12
ᑨব
0.16
0.20
๭ 28
(a) ໃ‫ڕ‬ᅶֆࣖ๞҂๝໑؇҂๝ࡆᄛٚཟ֥ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ; (b) ֆࣖ๞҂๝໑؇҂๝‫ڕ‬
ᅶ่ࡱ༯֥ႋ৯ႋэ౷ཌ (Xiao et al. 2015b). ϱಃ݂ιනື‫غ‬ԛϱഠ෮Ⴕ
૵, ۴ऌॉक़ථ‫ބ‬ચड़ಣࠗ৘ં (Kocks 1977, Mecking & Kocks 1981), ໊Ⴟ߁၍༢ α ഈ
໊֥հૡ؇ ραn ֥ဆ߄ॖіൕູ
h p
i
α
α
α
ρ̇α
k1 ρα
n = γ̇
n − k2 (ε̇, T )ρn
(16)
ఃᇏ, k1 ൞ა໑؇໭ܱ౏ੱ໭ܱ૭ඍ໊հᄹᆲ֥༢ඔ, k2α ൞ა໑؇‫ੱބ‬ཌྷܱ૭ඍ໊հ
᛬૵֥༢ඔ (Beyerlein & Tome 2008). ໑؇֥ഈശ߶֝ᇁ໊հ᛬૵ࠏᇅ֥ᄹ఼, Ֆ‫ط‬൐
֤Ў‫໊ބ‬հૡ؇༯ࢆ, ᄝ‫ܴޡ‬ഈ֝ᇁҋਘ֥ੀ‫׮‬ႋ৯ࡨ֮, ೂ ๭ 28 ෮ൕ. Վຓ, ໊հ
ૡ؇֥ဆ߄߶႕ཙಌཊૡ؇֥ဆ߄, ‫ܣ‬໑؇္߶႕ཙಌཊૡ؇֥ဆ߄.
ֻ೘, ໑؇֥э߄߶႕ཙ໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨၛ໊ࠣհაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ఼֥೐. ๙‫ݖ‬ൌ
ဒ‫ؿ‬གྷ, ಌཊ႗߄఼೐༢ඔ hd ߶ෛ໑؇֥ശۚ‫֮ࢆط‬, ᆃіૼᄝࢠۚ໑؇༯, ߁၍໊
հԬᄀѩ᛬૵‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶эಸၞ, Ֆ‫ط‬෮ླ֥ຓࢸᄛ‫ހ‬༯ࢆ, ೂ๭ 28 ෮ൕ.
Чࢫᇶေሸඍਔ‫ݓ‬ଽຓཌྷܱ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄৘ંଆ྘֥࿹࣮ࣉᅚ. ሹ֥টඪ, ଢభ֥‫ڕ‬
ᅶ႗߄৘ંၘࣜ౼֤၂‫֥ק‬࿹࣮ࣉᅚ, ି‫ܔ‬ᄝ֮‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ‫֮ބ‬໑่ࡱ༯, ࢠ‫֥ݺ‬૭ඍ
‫ڕ‬ᅶؓࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥႕ཙ, Їও‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄a‫ۿ‬႗߄༢ඔ༯ࢆa‫ݖ‬౹‫ުׄڛ‬ႋ৯
༯ࢆၛࠣअ҆߄ෑྟэྙགྷའ֩. ֌ᆴ֤ᆷԛ֥൞, ଢభಯಖթᄝ‫؟ޓ‬ਵთታླ৘ં
‫۽‬ቔ֥࿹࣮, ೂۚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ‫ۚބ‬໑ߌ࣢༯֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંଆ྘a‫ڕ‬ᅶ֝ᇁҋਘգ߄֥৘ં
‫ٳ‬༅ၛࠣ҂๝ࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘ (ೂବ૜‫ࣖ੶ބ‬ҋਘ) ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ଆ྘֩. ॖၛु֞, ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ં
ଆ྘֥࿹࣮๙ፄߋʰଟዝ‫ࡌط‬ഡ֥ॖौྟა‫ކ‬৘ྟႻླေა‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒܴҳ‫ބ‬ඔᆴଆ୅
֥ࢲ‫ݔ‬ཌྷဒᆣ. ധೆषᅚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ંଆ྘֥࿹࣮ؓਔࢳҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ֥ࠏ৘ၛࠣഡ࠹
ਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶҋਘऎႵ‫ޓ‬ᇗေ֥ၩၬ.
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
29
5 ᅚຬ
ࣁඋҋਘ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି֥࿹࣮ᄝ‫ุܥ‬৯࿐‫ބ‬ҋਘ॓࿐ਵთၘࠆ֤၂‫ؿ֥ק‬ᅚ, ๙
‫ݖ‬ൌဒaඔᆴଆ୅‫ބ‬৘ં࿹࣮֥൭‫؍‬, ᄝັܴԄ؇, ದૌؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֥ྙӮaဆ߄ၛࠣ
ఃა໊հࠇᆀҋਘັବࢲ‫ܒ‬ཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥ࠏ৘Ⴕਔࢠູಆ૫֥ಪ്; ᄝ‫ܴޡ‬Ԅ؇, ದૌ
ؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ֝ᇁ֥ҋਘ‫ؿ‬ള‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄‫ڕބ‬ᅶգ߄֩ࠏᇅ֥࿹࣮౼֤ਔࢨ‫֥ྟ؍‬Ӯ‫ݔ‬.
ෛሢൌဒഡС‫ބ‬іᆘ൭‫֥؍‬҂؎ิശaնܿଆඔᆴ࠹ෘି৯҂؎ᄹ఼ၛࠣ‫ڕ‬ᅶ৘ં
ଆ྘֥҂؎ປ೿, ՖັܴԄ؇ധೆ࿹࣮ಌཊ֥ဆ߄‫ݖ‬ӱ‫ބ‬ෑྟэྙൈ֥໾৘ࠏᇅࡼؓ
ҋਘ൳‫ڕ‬ᅶު‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟି֥৘ં࿹࣮ิ‫܂‬ਅ‫֥ݺ‬ᆦӻ, ѩູഡ࠹ऎႵႪਅॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶྟ
ି֥ࢲ‫ܒ‬ҋਘิ‫܂‬ॖौ֥ൌဒඔऌ‫ބ‬৘ંᆦӻ. ଢభ, ‫ھ‬ਵთ֥࿹࣮Ⴕೂ༯ࠫٚ૫ᆴ
֤ᇗ൪:
(1) ۚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ‫ۚބ‬໑่ࡱ༯ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି. ᄝ༯၂սऊэّႋؐᇏҋਘ
ᇶေԩႿۚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ‫ۚބ‬໑ߌ࣢, ၹՎ, षᅚࠞ؊่ࡱ༯, ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ࿹
࣮ऎႵᇗေ֥ၩၬ. ۚ‫ڕ‬ᅶ࠴ਈ߶൐ҋਘᇏ֥ಌཊၛॢ‫ູ׳‬ᇶ, ᄝຓᄛ่ࡱ༯, ॢ‫׳‬ॖ
ି‫ؿ‬ളӉնགྷའ, ๝ൈ໊հაॢ‫֥׳‬ཌྷ޺ቔႨ္ࡼ႕ཙҋਘ‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐֥ྟି, षᅚཌྷ
ܱඔᆴଆ୅aൌဒ࿹࣮ၛࠣ৘ં‫ٳ‬༅‫۽‬ቔ, ࿹࣮ऎႵ‫ڕ‬ᅶॢ‫ܒࢲ׳‬ҋਘ֥৯࿐หྟ൞
ታླࢳथ֥໙ีᆭ၂.
(2) ‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄֥ັܴࠏ৘‫ބ‬৘ં‫ٳ‬༅. ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋቋᇶေ֥หᆘЇও‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄‫ڕބ‬
ᅶգ߄. ܱႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄໾৘ࠏ৘֥ಪ്ၘбࢠౢ༉, ѩ౏৘ં‫ٳ‬༅္ࢠູປ೿. ֌൞
གྷႵܱႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶգ߄֥࿹࣮ࢠູႵཋ, ๙‫ݖ‬նܿଆ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐ଆ୅҂๝ັବࢲ‫ܒ‬൳‫ڕ‬ᅶ
ಌཊ႕ཙ༯֥؎ਚหྟၛࠣࡹ৫৘ંଆ྘ყҩ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘ֥؎ਚྛູ൞٤ӈऎႵ็ᅞ
ྟ֥‫۽‬ቔ.
(3) ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊა໊հཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥ധೆ࿹࣮. ‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊ߶ቅθ߁၍໊հ֥ᄎ‫֝׮‬ᇁ
‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄, ๝ൈ߁၍໊հᄎ‫׮‬൳֞ቅθުॖି‫ؿ‬ളࢌ߁၍ࠇᆀ஋၍གྷའ, Ֆ‫ط‬ಡ‫ݖ‬ಌ
ཊ࠿࿃߁၍. ᆃᇕࢌ߁၍གྷའࡼ֝ᇁҋਘଽྙӮ၂‫ॺק‬؇֥໭ಌཊ߁၍๙֡, Ֆ‫֝ط‬
ᇁअ҆ෑྟэྙ֥Ӂള. ധೆ‫ٳ‬༅໊հაಌཊཌྷ޺ቔႨ֥۲ᇕࠏ৘ؓ৘ࢳࣁඋҋਘ
൳‫ڕ‬ᅶ႕ཙު֥‫ܴޡ‬৯࿐ྟିऎႵᇗေၩၬ.
(4) ବ૜ࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟି. ෛሢ୍࣍টବ૜࠯ඌ֥҂؎‫ؿ‬ᅚ, ྍ྘ବ
૜ࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘᅚགྷԛႪႿԮ๤‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘ֥৯࿐ྟି, ೂ๝ൈऎႵࢠ఼֥ۚ؇‫ބ‬ਅ‫ݺ‬
֥ನྟ. ๙‫ؓݖ‬ବࣖ‫ࣖ੶ބ‬ҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶൌဒ‫ؿ‬གྷ, ఃӁള֥ಌཊб‫ࣖ؟‬ҋਘഒ, ุགྷ
ԛਅ‫ڕॆ֥ݺ‬ᅶྟି. ֌൞ؓႿବ૜ࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶྟି࿹࣮ಯಖ൅‫ٳ‬Ⴕཋ, ๙
‫ݖ‬նܿଆ‫ٳ‬ሰ‫׮‬৯࿐࿹࣮‫ڕ‬ᅶಌཊაࣖࢸࠇᆀ੶ࣖࢸ֥ཌྷ޺ቔႨؓఃࠏ৘֥৘ࢳࡼ
Ⴕᇗေ֥ၩၬ, ๝ൈषᅚବ૜ࢲ‫ࣁܒ‬උҋਘ֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ৯࿐ྟିҩ൫ࡼູ৘ં‫ٳ‬༅ყҩิ
‫ࠎ܂‬Ԥ.
৯
30
࿐
ࣉ
ᅚ
ֻ 45 ज : 201505
(5) ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄࿹࣮֥‫؟‬Ԅ؇ॿࡏ. Ⴕིყҩࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି
֥‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋ൞၂۱‫؟֥྘ׅ‬Ԅ؇໙ี, ఃᇶေЇওਔਆ۱Ԅ؇֥ॴᄀ: ჰሰԄ؇ (ັ
ܴҪՑ) ֞ࣖ৬Ԅ؇ (༥ܴҪՑ) ၛࠣࣖ৬Ԅ؇ (༥ܴҪՑ) ֞‫ࣖ؟‬Ԅ؇ (‫ܴޡ‬ҪՑ) ֥
ॴᄀ. Ֆࣖ৬Ԅ؇֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖෑྟଆ྘֞‫ࣖ؟‬Ԅ؇֥‫ܴޡ‬ҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥ყҩॖҐ
ႨႵཋჭ‫ބ‬༥ܴ৯࿐֩ٚ‫م‬, ֌൞ࡹ৫ՖჰሰԄ؇֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ෥ഄაࣖ৬Ԅ؇֥‫ڕ‬ᅶุࣖ
৯࿐ྛູ֥৳༢ಯླնܿଆඔᆴ࠹ෘ֥༢๤ྟ࿹࣮.
ሹᆭ, ܱႿ‫ڕ‬ᅶؓࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି႕ཙ֥࿹࣮ಯႵྸ‫؟‬ታրധೆ࿹࣮֥ज़ี,
ᆃུज़ี࠻ऎႵ໾৘აҋਘ࿐֥॓Мࣟ, ۷ऎႵ৯࿐࿐֥॓หᆘ, ླေ৯࿐‫۽‬ቔᆀ֥
ҕა, മᇀᇶ֝. ෛሢؓ‫ڕ‬ᅶིႋࠏ৘֥ࣉ၂҄৘ࢳ‫ބ‬৘ંაൌဒ‫۽‬ቔ֥ࣉ၂҄ധೆ,
ࡼູഡ࠹ऎႵਅ‫ݺ‬৯࿐ྟି֥ॆ‫ڕ‬ᅶҋਘࠣఃᄝ‫۽‬ӱᇏ֥ൌ࠽ႋႨ‫ࡔק׍‬ൌ֥ࠎԤ.
ᇁ ྆ ‫ࢭࡅݓ‬ԛౝ୍॓࿐ࠎࣁཛଢ (11225208) ‫ބ‬ഈ‫ݚ‬൧‫ת‬ٚ࿐ᆀཛଢሧᇹ.
ҕॉ໓ང
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(ᄳ಩щ຾: นഒ఼)
཯༰ሰ, ස‫ק‬এ, ԣ‫ࡹݚ‬, ࿏ࡹૼ, ‫߰؍‬ਪ : ࣁඋҋਘ৯࿐ྟି֥‫ڕ‬ᅶ႗߄ིႋ
37
Irradiation hardening for metallic materials
XIAO Xiazi1,2
SONG Dingkun1
CHU Haijian3,4
XUE Jianming2,5
DUAN Huiling1,2,†
1
State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, Department of Mechanics and
Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking Universitity, Beijing 100871, China
2
HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University,
Beijing 100871, China
3
Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai 200444, China
4
Department of Mechanics, College of Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
5
Physics School of Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Abstract Investigations on irradiation hardening of metallic materials have much significance for the design of anti-irradiation materials and engineering applications. Both
irradiation-induced defects and gaseous impurities produced by nuclear reactions have dramatic irradiation effects on the mechanical properties of materials, which include irradiation
hardening, irradiation embrittlement and irradiation creep, etc. In this paper we are concerned with irradiation hardening, i.e., the strength of materials increases with irradiation,
under low irradiation doses and low temperatures of T < 0.3 Tm with Tm the melting temperature. Besides, other factors such as the grain size, the grain boundary and the temperature
affect mechanical behaviors of irradiated polycrystalline materials. The study of irradiation hardening of metallic materials is a multi-scale problem, for which the macroscopic
mechanical behaviors of irradiated materials are determined by both the change of interior
structures with irradiation at micro-scale and the interactions among irradiated grains at
meso-scale. This paper reviews experimental results, numerical simulations and theoretical
models for irradiation hardening of metallic materials. Some scientific problems for future
study are also presented.
Keywords metallic materials, irradiation hardening, temperature effect, size effect, mechanical behaviors
Received: 27 November 2014; accepted: 8 April 2015; online: 14 April 2015
†
E-mail: hlduan@pku.edu.cn
Cite as: Xiao X Z, Song D K, Chu H J, et al. Irradiation hardening for metallic materials.
Advances in Mechanics, 2015, 45: 201505
c 2015 Advances in Mechanics.
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ࠏྀ‫۽‬ӱഽླྀ߶ (ASME) ᇶϷᄖᆽ Journal of Engineering Materials and
Technology ֥‫ڬ‬ᇶщaScientific Reports ֩‫؟‬۱ᄖᆽ֥щ຾; ᇏ‫ݓ‬৯࿐࿐߶
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ٟࠣളህြቆ‫ڬ‬ቆӉ, ؓຓࢌੀა‫ކ‬ቔ຾ჴ߶຾ჴ. ୍࣍ট, ᄝ٤नᇉҋਘ
֥֐ྟ৯࿐ࠎЧ໙ีa‫گ‬ᄖྙષ‫ุܥ‬і૫֥֐ྟ৘ં࣏ࠣ೎৘ંaЊଇၳ
ᇉࢲ‫֥ܒ‬৯࿐৘ંࠣႋႨ֩ٚ૫౼֤ਔᇗေ֥॓࿹Ӯ‫ݔ‬. ᄝ‫ݓ‬ଽຓ࿐ඌᄖ
ᆽa࿐ඌ߶ၰഈ‫ؿ‬і࿐ඌં໓ 100 Ⴥ௉, ఃᇏ, ॓࿐ႄ໓෬ႄ (SCI) ൬੣ં໓ 70 ‫؟‬௉, Їও Nature
Communications, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Advanced Materials, Physical
Review Letters, Advances in Applied Mechanics, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,
Physical Review B, Proceedings of the Royal Society A ֩‫࠽ݓ‬௹़, SCI ં໓Ф෰ದ SCI ႄႨ 1 300
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ۡaᇶᆻБۡ‫ބ‬ဤ౨࿐ඌБۡ໴൅‫؟‬Ց. ᇶӻ‫ࢭࡅݓ‬ԛౝ୍॓࿐ࠎࣁaყ࿹ฐ෬ᇗնཛଢa‫ࡅݓ‬ሱ
ಖ॓࿐ࠎࣁ૫ഈཛଢaಆ‫ݓ‬ႪྮѰൖ࿐໊ં໓ቔᆀህཛࠎࣁ‫ޠݓ֣ބ‬Ѝࠎࣁ߶཮Ⴖ࿹࣮ቆ৳‫ࠎކ‬
ࣁ֩‫؟‬ཛ॓࿹ཛଢ; ҕࡆ‫ࡅݓ‬ሱಖ॓࿐ࠎࣁᇗׄཛଢ‫ ބ‬973 ‫ࠎࡅݓ‬Ԥ࿹࣮‫ؿ‬ᅚ࠹߃֩.