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FSH 2409.26f - SEED HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER 900 - TERMINOLOGY
Angiosperm: Member of a group of plants having seed which develop in an
ovary. Most common broad-leaved trees are angiosperms.
Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction by purely vegetative means accomplished
in woody plants usually by rooting stem or root cuttings, air layering, grafting or
budding.
Certified Seed: Seed attested by a recognized certifying agency to be from
trees, shrubs or other plants of proven genetic superiority, as defined by that
agency, and produced so as to insure genetic identity.
Clone: Group of genetically identical plants produced by vegetatively
propagating a single plant over one or more vegetative generations; accomplished
in woody plants by rooting of cuttings, budding, grafting, or air layering.
Cone: One of the reproductive structures of conifers. A female cone consists of
a central axis supporting overlapping bracts (modified leaves) each of which
underlies a scale bearing naked seeds. A male cone consists of a central axis
supporting spirally arranged microsporophylls each of which bares pollen sacs
containing pollen grains. Syn. strobilus.
Conelet: Immature female cone of gymnosperms, sometimes described as a
flower.
Cotyledons: First leaves developed in the embryo of a seed. They may contain
stored food for initial growth of the seedling or they may become functional leaves
after germination. Also known as seed-leaves.
Dioecious (two households): Having staminate (male) flowers and pistillate
(female) flowers borne on different individual plants. Most Juniperus and many
deciduous trees such as cottonwoods, willows, ashes, and maples are dioecious.
Embryo: A small rudimentary plant contained within a seed resulting from the
union of male and female gametes (fertilization).
Embryo Cavity: The hollow portion in the endosperm which holds the embryo.
Generally, a mature embryo completely fills the full length of the embryo cavity.
Endosperm: Storage tissue surrounding the embryo in a seed and consisting of
thin-walled cells rich in carbohydrates.
Fertilization: Union of nucleus and other cellular constituents of a male
gamete (sperm) with those of a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote (fertilized egg).
In the pines fertilization occurs about 12-13 months after pollination, while in the
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spruces, Douglas-fir, and true firs fertilization occurs within 1-2 months after
pollination.
Flower: Angiosperm reproductive structure bearing pistils, stamens, or both,
and usually also sepals and petals. In conifers, the so-called "flowers" are the male
and female strobili before and during pollination.
Gametes: Mature sex cells, either sperm or eggs.
Gene: Hereditary unit occupying a fixed position on a chromosome which
through transcription has a specific effect on the phenotype.
Genetic Gain: Average improvement among progeny over the means for the
parents with respect to the characteristics used in selecting the parents.
Genotype:
1. An individual's hereditary constitution, with or without phenotypic
expression of the one or more characteristics it underlies. The genotype
is determined chiefly from performance of progeny and other relatives. It
interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype.
2. Individual(s) characterized by a certain genic constitution.
Germination: Resumption of active growth in the embryo of a seed as
demonstrated by the protrusion of the radicle.
Geographic Variation: Phenotypic differences among native trees growing in
different portions of a species range.
Gymnosperm (naked seed): Member of a group of plants having naked seed
(seeds not enclosed in an ovary) that are usually borne on the scales of a cone.
Monoecious (single household): Having staminate (male) flowers and pistillate
(female) flowers borne, usually in different locations, on the same plant. Most
conifers and many deciduous trees such as walnuts, birches, and oaks are
monoecious.
Ovary: In angiosperms, the basal portion of a pistil within which seeds
develop.
Ovule (egg): A rounded outgrowth of the ovary in seed plants that develop into
a seed usually after fertilization.
Peduncle: The stalk or stem that bears a flower or a flower cluster. In conifers
it is the stem which connects a female cone to the branch.
Phenology: Study of relationships between seasonal climatic changes and
periodic biological phenomena as the flowering and fruiting of plants, leafing,
growth flushing and dormancy.
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Phenotype: All characteristics of a plant; morphological, anatomical and
physiological; as we see it. It is the product of the interaction of the genetic makeup
(genotype) of an organism and the environment.
Pollen Grains: The microspores and young male gametophytes of seed plants.
Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from a stamen or microsporophyll to
a stigma or ovule. In conifers, pollen is transported from the male reproductive
structures to the female reproductive structures by the wind (wind pollination).
Many angiosperms are pollinated by insects (insect pollination).
Progeny Test: Evaluation of selected individuals (parents) by comparing
performance of their offspring (progeny).
Seed Collection Zone: Area having defined boundaries and altitudinal limits
within which soil and climate are sufficiently uniform to indicate high probability
for maintaining a single subdivision of plants that are adapted to a specific set of
environmental conditions.
Seed Lot: An indefinite quantity of seed having uniform quality, produced at a
specific location, or within a single seed collection zone, and collected from a single
annual crop.
Seed Orchard: A plantation consisting of clones or seedlings from
phenotypically superior parents established and managed for early and abundant
seed production. They are usually isolated to reduce pollination from outside
sources and rogues of undesirable individuals. Rogueing may proceed after testing
of individuals and/or on the basis of phenotypic appearance. They are protected
against insect and disease and may be treated with chemicals such as fertilizers
and gibberellins to increase seed production.
Seed Production Area: Stand of better-than-average phenotypes upgraded
further by periodic removal of less desirable trees and cultured to increase seed
production.
Seed Source: Geographic location where a seed lot was collected; also the seed
itself.
Serotinous: Pertaining to cones that remain closed on the tree for several
months or a year or more and are, therefore, late in dispensing seed.
Source-Identified Seed: Seed attested by a recognized certifying agency as
being from the specified seed source.
Strobilus: The "cone" of conifers and certain other plants. The strobili contain
the reproductive organs of one or both sexes. Before and during pollination time,
they are often called "flowers". Between the time of pollination and fertilization
(about 12 months) they are referred to as conelets. Male reproductive structures
(pollen producers) are called male strobili (strobilus) and female reproductive
structures (develop into cones) are called female strobili.
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Superior: A nontechnical term referring to selections which appear or have
been proved to be outstanding.
Variety: Subdivision of a species, usually separated geographically from the
typical, having one or more heritable, morphological characteristics which differ
from the typical even when grown under the same environmental conditions; a
morphological variant.
Viable: Capacity of a seed to germinate.
EXHIBIT 1-12 (all are hard copy exhibits)
SEED ZONES
1-1 Bighorn NF
1-2 Black Hills NF
1-3 Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison NF's
1-4 Medicine Bow NF
1-5 Nebraska NF
1-6 Rio Grande NF
1-7 Arapaho and Roosevelt NF's
1-8 Routt NF
1-9 Pike and San Isabel NF's
1-10 San Juan NF
1-11 Shoshone NF
1-12 White River NF
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900 - Exhibit 01
BIGHORN NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 01.
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900 - Exhibit 02
BLACK HILLS NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 02.
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900 - Exhibit 03
GRAND MESA, UNCOMPAHGRE AND GUNNISON NF'S SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 03.
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900 - Exhibit 04
MEDICINE BOW NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 04.
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900 - Exhibit 05
NEBRASKA NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 05.
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900 - Exhibit 06
RIO GRANDE NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 06.
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900 - Exhibit 07
ARAPAHO AND ROOSEVELT NF'S SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 07.
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900 - Exhibit 08
ROUTT NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 08.
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900 - Exhibit 09
PIKE AND SAN ISABLE NF'S SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 09.
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900 - Exhibit 10
SAN JUAN NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 10.
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900 - Exhibit 11
SHOSHONE NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 11.
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900 - Exhibit 12
WHITE RIVER NF SEED ZONES
SEE THE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR SECTION 900 - EXHIBIT 12.