FIELD BEHAVIOR AND PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET CORN HYBRIDS
GROWN IN 1953-54
A. P. Sidwell W. A. Frazier 2 , and R. F. Cain3
Growing and processing sweet corn is an important Oregon industry, par-.
ticularly in the Willamette Valley. Oregon farmers in 1954 planted 14,200
acres of sweet corn and harvested 36,000 tons for canning and 27,200 tons for
freezing.
As most of the product is shipped to markets outside the State, yield must
be high and quality good to maintain an economically sound industry. The hybrid
seed used to plant the acreage is a main factor affecting yield and quality. A
number of seedsmen offer various hybrids for use by the industry. These vary in
their ability to produce from both the yield and the quality standpoint.
To aid in developing information concerning these points, the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station regularly conducts trials of many sweet corn hybrids
from various seedsmen. This is a report of results of the 1953 and 1954 trials.
Several better known hybrids were planted in replicated plots to obtain detailed
information, while others were planted in single plots. The latter trials are
considered as observational in nature.
EXPERLMENTAL METHODS
(Replicated Tests)
A. Raw Product.
The hybrids included in the replicated tests were: Year 1953:
(1) F. M. Cross, (2) Rogers' Golden Crosb, 0) Robson • s Golden Cross,
(4) Iochief, (5) Prosperity. Year 1954: (1) F. M. Cross, (2) Rogers' Golden
Cross, (3) Robson Golden Cross, (4) Prosperity. Seed sources were as follows:
for F. M. Cross, the Ferry Morse Seed Co.; for Rogers' Golden Cross and Iochief,
the Rogers Bros. Seed Co,; for Robson Golden Cross, the Robson Seed Farms; for
Prosperity, the Corneli Seed Co.
Plantings were made early in May during both years on Chehalis soil near
Corvallis, Oregon. In 1953, 550 pounds per acre of 10-16-8fertilizer were
applied, at the time of planting, in a band li inches to the side and 22 inches.
deeper than the seed. A side dressing of 200 pounds of ammonium nitrate was made
2 months after planting. The 1954 program was identical except that 750 pounds
of 10-16-8 were applied at planting time. Irrigations were made at appropriate
10-day intervals.
The plots were single row, 25 feet long. In 1953, 6 replications were
planted, and all replications harvested on the same day. In 1954, 8 replications
were planted and 4 harvested on each of 2 days.
1. Instructor, Food Technology Depart=ent.
2. Professor, Horticulture Department.
3. Associate Professor, Food Technology Department.
Miscellaneous Paper No. 26, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State College,
Corvallis.
-2The 1953 season was characterized by cool temperatures in May. The corn was
planted on May 5, 1953 and the'days to harvest period varied from 120 to 129
days. The 1954 summer was generally cool and a period'of from 128 to 142 days
was required to bring the corn to harvest.
t. Processing Technique.
Upon receipt of the husked corn the ears were examined and all obviously
overmature and immature ears were removed. A 3/16 inch chisel was used to remove
2 rows of kernels from each ear for moisture determinations and other tests made
on the fresh material.
Each lot was blanched 5 minutes in boiling water, spray cooled, then cut
with a No. 2 Sprague Sells Cutter. The cut corn was then cleaned on a small rod
type washer and passed across a draining screen. Ten ounces of corn were filled
into cellophane liners, cartoned and sealed, then frozen at -20° F. and trans
ferred to -5° F. storage the following day.
Corn to be canned was filled into 307x409 "C" enameled cans at the rate of
131 ounces to which 40 grains of salt were added. Cans were then filled with
water at 180° F., sealed at 18-inch vacuum and then processed 50 minutes at
240° F. in a vertical retort. This technique was used both seasons.
C. Evaluation of Processing Characteristics.
1. Analytical Methods -- Moisture was determined by drying in a vacuum oven
for 24 hours at 70-75° C. Color was determined on the Hunter Color and Color
Difference Meter. Five readings from each sample were averaged and recorded.
Succulometer readings were made from 100-gram samples and pressed at 500 pounds
per square inch for 3 minutes. This sample was later used for pericarp determinations, by recombining the solid and liquid portions. Two hundred
liters of water were added to 100 grams of this recombination and the resultant
slurry was blended in a Waring Blender for 5 minutes. Two aliquots of 50 grams
each of the blend were weighed and washed through tared 30-mesh Monel screens,
followed by thorough washing. The screens were then dried at 100 0 C. for 2
hours, cooled, and reweighed. The increase in weight, multiplied by 6, was
recorded as percentage pericarp.
The Alcohol Insoluble Solids (A.I.S.) determinations were made according
to the "Methods of Analysis" of the A.O.A.C. for this factor in peas. Kernel
size (or width) is the total space, in centimeters, occupied by 20 kernels when
Total and reducing sugars, calculated
placed together shoulder to shoulder. as glucose, were determined by the Somogyi method.
Shear press determinations were made on the Maryland Shear Press. Fortygram samples were used in 1953 and 150-gram samples in 1954; therefore there
is a difference in the readings due to this change in procedure.
The samples of canned corn were prepared for analysis by draining on an
8-mesh draining screen for 3 minutes. Frozen samples were thawed by cooking for
5 minutes in water salted at the rate of 40 grains per 250 milliliters, and then
drained as above.
2. Human Evaluations -- The canned and frozen whole kernel corn was scored
for (1) color and (2) tenderness and maturity, by graders from the Agricultural
Marketing Service (A.M.S.). All samples were coded to conceal their identity.
Canned and frozen samples were also evaluated for eating quality and appearance by a panel of staff members and graduate students from the Horticulture and
Food Technology Departments. Usually 12 people evaluated the samples. Eating
quality was judged in darkened booths to minimize color differences between
samples. App earance was judged in a sample cutting room having good light exposure. A Macbeth "Daylight" lamp was also available for those who desired its
aid.
Frozen samples were cooked for 10 minutes in water salted at the rate of
40 grains per 250 milliliters. Canned corn was heated before being served.
Four or five samples were presented at each sitting, and the judges asked to
rank the samples independently for appearance and for eating quality. Ranks
were then converted to scores and subjected to statistical analysis. The scores
are presented in tables 3 and 4.
RESULTS
Replicated Plots)
A.
Field Evaluation.
It will be seen (Tables 1 and 2) that both years F. M. Cross was harvested
earliest. Prosperity gave the highest total yield both years but the differences
between the hybrids with respect to their yields of husked, marketable corn were
not significant.
B.
Quality Evaluation.
Four of the five hybrids planted in the replicated trials of 1953 were replanted in 1954 so that two seasons' results are available for the four hybrids.
Iochief was grown only in the single row trials in 1954.
1. Color -- Results for the two seasons show that hybrids were considerably
different in color (tables 3 and 4). This is best shown by comparison of "Rd",
which measures lightness (higher "Rd" indicating lighter color). Fresh samples
of Prosperity and F. M. Cross had high "Rd" values both years. F. M. Cross, howand received a low score in
ever, darkened considerably when canned in 1953
appearance by the panel judges. The color of F. M. Cross in 1953 was also of
low purity as compared to the other hybrids and fresh and canned samples showed
lower dominant wavelength. These two factors indicate less yellowness, probably
due to lower quantity of pigments. The frozen samples of F. M. Cross packed in
1953 received poor appearance ratings by the staff panel, but with the exception
of 1 sample, averaged 9 out of a possible 10 in the A.M.S. score for color.
In 1954 F. M. Cross was sufficiently light in color when harvested, dropped
but two points in "Rd" when canned, and was scored high by A.M.S. graders.
Frozen samples were also scored high by A.M.S. inspectors and the color data indicated them to be of good yellow color of high purity.
The color of Prosperity was good both years of the test. The drop in "Rd"
due to canning was 5 points in 1954 but since the "Rd" was above 35 when the
corn was fresh, the canned product was still sufficiently light to receive an
average score of 8.1 by the A.M.S. inspector and first rank by the panel judges
(table 4).
Robson Golden Cross Bantam corn canned in 1953 received a high score from
the A.M.S. inspector, while the frozen product received a score of 8.8 points.
However, panel judgments gave this hybrid low rank as compared to the others.
It is believed that the slightly lower dominant wavelength, indicating less
yellow hue (toward grey), explains the reaction of the panel. In 1954, the
color of Robson Golden Cross Bantam was particularly poor, being quite dark when
canned. The "Rd" data indicate that the corn was rather dark when received
("Rd" - 31.91). Thus, when the corn was heat processed, the consequent darkening was critical. The canned product had an "Rd" of 28.12 and was graded "C"
by the A.M.S. inspector and also was given a low preference rating by the panel
(table 4). The frozen product did not darken as much and received a score of 8.6
from the A.M.S. grader. However, the preference of the panel for the frozen
product was low.
The color of Rogers Golden Cross corn in 1953 was good, but the 1954 samples
were rather dark when received, and thus the canned product received poor acceptance by the A.M.S. grader and the panel (table 4). The reduction in "Rd" when
frozen was not so great, thus the corn was sufficiently light to receive a good
score from the A.M.S. inspector. The panel rating of the frozen product, however,
was third to Prosperity and F. M. Cross in 1954.
Seasonal effects on color were exhibited, thus making interpretation of the
performance of the hybrids rather difficult. It would appear, however, that
Prosperity gave the most consistently good color and Robson Golden Cross the
most consistently poor color. The color of Rogers Golden Cross and F. M. Cross
was markedly different during the two seasons.
2. Eating Quality-- The A.M.S. scores for "Tenderness and Maturity for
both the canned and frozen corn were high for all the hybrids both years of the
test and differences between the scores for this factor were not significant.
All were within the Grade A range (tables 3 and 4). Panel judgments of the eat
ing quality of the hybrids, however, indicated significant differences among
them. The two Golden Crosses, Rogers and Robson, ranked high in eating quality
both years, both canned and frozen (tables 3 and 4). F. M. Cross was lowest in
rank in both the canned and frozen state in 1953 and the frozen product was low
in eating quality in 1954. The canned product of F. M. Cross was not significantly lower than the Golden Crosses (Rogers and Robson) in 1954.
Iochief ranked lower than the Golden Crosses in the 1953 canned samples.
The frozen product ranked significantly lower than Rogers Golden Cross but the
difference between Robson Golden Cross and Iochief was not quite large enough
to be significant (table 3).
The differences between Prosperity and the Golden Crosses in 1953 were not
quite great enough to be significant; but, in 1954, the eating quality of Prosperity was not equal to that of Robson Golden Cross and Rogers Golden Cross
according to the panel judges.
-5In general Rogers Golden Cross and Robson Golden Cross received
greater , preference for eating quality for the 2 seasons of this work. Among
the probable causes for this may be the percentage of pericarp. These two
hybrids produce corn of lower pericarp content, according to the analytical data
(tables 3 and 4). Prosperity and F. M. Cross have consistently shown high pericarp content in both the canned and frozen product (tables 3 and 4). Another
possibility is the higher percentage of total sugars found in the two golden
crosses during analyses made in 1953•
The remaining analytical determinations, which include Succulometer, Shear
Press readings, and Alcohol Insoluble Solids, have not been of value in the
rationalization of the differences in Panel evaluations of the hybrids. However, it will be noted that the Shear Press readings for frozen corn are consistently higher than those for canned corn (tables 3 and 4). This is due to
the heat process in canning.
3. Cutoff Percentage -- These percentages were calculated on the basis of
sorted, husked corn and are consequently high. It is not believed that any
reproducible differences between the hybrids were indicated. The low cutoff
percentage shown by Robson Golden Cross in 1953 did not recur in 1954, suggesting that the low condition in 1953 was related td harvest maturity.
SINGLE PLOT TESTS
In addition to the hybrids on which detailed information was developed by
the replication technique, a larger number of hybrids were grown in single plots
for observational purposes. Since these were not in replicated plots, data on
them are not as reliable as from the 4 or 5 hybrids discussed previously. It may,
however, be indicative of the possibilities of these hybrids. In the Station's
program, the single plot tests serve as a screening trial for new material, the
most promising of which are planted in replicated plots later on.
The culture and processing technique used was the same as for the replicated
plot material. Quality information was abridged in 1953 but expanded in 1954.
RESULTS
(Single Plot Tests)
A.
Field Characteristics.
These data are presented in tables 5 and 6. Since these observation plots
were not replicated, only rough comparisons for yielding ability should be made.
The early varieties, as is usually the case, were lower yielding as a group than
midseason or late types. The heaviest yielding and most promising of these new
lines of corn will be planted again in 1955.
B.
Quality Evaluation.
1. Color -- In 1953 the only information on color was that obtained by
grading by the A.M.S. Scores on the canned product were, in general, more
variable than those on the frozen product, indicating that the color of some
hybrids is particularly sensitive to canning (table 7).
-6In 1954 both A.M.S.-grades for color and "Rd" readings from the Hunter
instrument were taken. Though these data represent single plot observations, it
appears that some of these hybrids may be too dark, especially when changes due
to processing have been considered. On the other hand Victory Golden, NK 30715,
NK Tons of Gold, Prospector, Seneca Crown, KVF 51-360, KVF 51-20, Iochief, and
Iosquaw appear to be sufficiently light in color, and of such color stability to
be promising enough for further conideration (table 8).
2. Eating Quality -- An A.M.S. inspector scored these samples for tenderness and maturity and most of them were also judged by the staff panel. The
agreement between these judgments is only fair, since the A.M.S. score does not
indicate flavor differences.
According to the staff panel judgments, certain of these hybrids produce
corn of better eating quality than others (table 8). When favorable judgment
for this factor coincides with good color rating to indicate good overall quality,
then these hybrids merit special attention. Victory Golden, Golden Hybrid 1910,
and KVF 51-20 show this possibility (table 8).
Table 1. Field Behavior of Sweet Corn Hybrids -1953 Replicated Trials
Variety
Iochief......
Prosperity...
Golden Cross
Bantam.....
FM Cross...
Golden Cross
Bantam...
Days to
harvest
128
Tons per acre yield
Husked
Total
129
8.90
10.83
125
120
125
L.S.D. .. .05
L.S.D. .. .01
Marketable
ears per
marketable -'- acre (x 100)
187
4.98
5.02
220
9.41
9.29
5.00
5.11
223
9.21
4.62
202
1.05
N.S.
N.S.
17
23
1.44
176
Table 2. Field Behavior of Sweet Corn Hybrids
1954 Replicated Trials
Variety
Days to
harvest
FM Cross.;.... 128 and 131
Golden Cross
Bantam.•. 135 and 138
Golden Cross
Bantam... 138 and 140
Prosp erity... 140 and 142
L.S.D. .. .05
L.S.D. ...05
Tons per acre yield
Husked
marketable
Total
5.1
10.3
Marketable
ears per
acre (x 100)
193
11.6
5.5
234
11.4
5.6
245
13.3
5.6
240
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-15Table 7. A.M.S. Quality Scores and Cutoff Percentages-Single Replicate Sweet Corn Accessions 1953
P.M.A. quality scores
Hybrid and Source
Cutoff
Canned
Frozen _ ^,
Per cent Color Maturity"Color,Maturity Remarks
a•
59.0
8
47
6
37
Poor color
Seneca Arrow (Robson)....,
63.5
4-3
32
8
37
!Immature
Wisconsin Hybrid 338x316 61,3
9
47
9
j
38
8755-3 (Crookham) 57.0
4
32
8
i
38
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9746-10 (Crookham) 54.0
9
48
9
1
38
Small ears
Frost Gold (Woodruff)...,
50.8
10
48
10
39
!Long slender ears
KVF 51-10 (Corneli) 57.3
10
49
10
38
Very good
Banquet (Crookham) 59.0
10
46
9
37
Trouble
White Silk Iochief (Rogers)
55.5
10
49
9
38
Golden Harvest (Rogers)...
57.8
10
47
9
Golden Hybrid 53N (Rogers)
59.0
9
48
9
38
Golden Harvest (Harris)
55.1
10
147
9
37
Golden Hybrid 52F (Rogers)
57.1
10
49
10
38
Golden Hybrid 1910
(Woodruff) 59.7
9
10
39
Wisconsin Hybrid 355x2604 -
58.5
10
9
37
Seneca Warrior (Robson
48
I
38
in cutting
Large ear, big
kernel
Large ear
kernel
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