CORRESPONDENCE
Competition among academic institutions
The month-long world cup soccer tournament held in Germany has just ended.
Since the inaugural world cup tournament in Uruguay in 1930, the number of
national teams that qualify for every
tournament has been steadily increasing:
32 national teams competed for gold in
2006, indicating that competiton for glory
and gold is continuously on the rise. A
couple of these teams that were favoured,
and deserved to win the gold failed for
different reasons. What triggered Zinedine
Zidane head-butting himself out of the
world cup? Perhaps a slur on his race or
a defaming remark on his mother/sister?
The jury is still deliberating on this unfortunate incident. Regrettably, in sports
as well as in other professions, the response is punished but not the provocation! Many of those who played for their
national teams during the world cup, are
also on the rosters of the premier league
soccer teams in the EU, South America
and elsewhere. Corporations, syndicates
or wealthy families own the league teams.
Coaches, assistant coaches, assistants to
assistant coaches, publicists and other likeminded people manage the league teams.
They acquire these players through bidding
wars; whoever bids higher gets the ‘hot’
player.
Since there are some similarities between academic institutions and professional sports with regard to recruitment
and retention, it might be of interest to
consider what counts as acceptable or
unacceptable practices in the higher education system. In the US, like in professional sports, administrators at research institutions and universities vie
with one another to attract quality students
and faculty members to broaden their
recognition factor. The bidding wars are
especially widespread among non-state
universities and research institutions. The
resources necessary for such activities
are not from the Government, but by
donations from corporations, alumni and
wealthy families, not necessarily in that
order.
In the field of academic research in
India, there seem to be two parallel universes: universities and research institutions. The history of the past 20 years
discloses that the gap between universities and research institutions in terms of
the quality of research and its output is
widening. In recent years, the Western
model of recruitment of faculty members
and students is apparently imported by
few research institutions and national
laboratories in India. I believe that it is
harmful to adopt the Western model to
our higher education system at least
under the present circumstances. Are we
in the ‘vicious struggle’ to survive in science? There is little scientific data to
support this contention. What inspires
some select institutions and national
laboratories to practice the American
higher education model? It is simply the
resources at their disposal. To paraphrase
P. Balaram, a few of these institutions
have ‘bottomless budgets’. The quantum
of internal resources allocated to faculty
members in some institutions is several
orders of magnitude greater than their
counterparts in other institutions. Intriguingly, the funds sanctioned by the research
advisory committees (PAC or Task Force)
to competitive research proposals are
similar, regardless of whether a project is
supported with internal resources or not.
What should other institutions and universities do to compete in the bidding
wars or not? Clearly, the budgetary realities might not allow them to do so. It is
not realistic to think that one or two institutes will raise the bar of scientific research in India. Considering that all of
the national laboratories, universities and
other institutions are supported by the
Government’s exchequer, it is fair that
the policies and procedures should be
uniformly applicable to the benefit of all
concerned.
Unlike in the US and other developed
countries, selection committees in most
institutions and universities in India are
composed of experts from other organizations. This is done with the implicit belief that these experts help in selecting
the best candidates for faculty positions.
In reality, some clever expert members
work opportunistically to exploit their
access to privileged information. They
move with lightening speed to promise
the same selected applicant with unfettered
facilities and boundless resources, ranging from investment of large amounts of
funds for investigator-specific equipment
and funds for other activities, including
international travel at periodic intervals.
Although one might argue that it is better
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 91, NO. 5, 10 SEPTEMBER 2006
from the perspective of the job applicant
to have as many options as possible, the
above practice often creates extremely
awkward situations. I am also aware that
many colleagues in universities and research institutions find this practice unacceptable. This, of course, generates its
own problems for institutions and universities unwilling to perform the role of
an aggressive employer. As time goes by,
this will provide an obvious template for
the private as well as foreign universities
to poach on faculty to the detriment of
several research institutions and universities. In this context, it is noteworthy
that the Prof. C. N. R. Rao Committee
appointed to advice the Government on
the entry of foreign universities into India,
recommended that no poaching of faculty
from Indian universities should be allowed. The failure of the system, in particular on the part of those who head the
academic research institutions to recognize and halt the bidding practice will be
compounded by several other problems.
However, the leadership at some institutes may prefer not to deal with such
problems directly or alone. So a clear-eyed
perspective is required to ensure that
they are appropriately addressed. If we
do not speak out, and remain silent when
we encounter them, we will indirectly be
sending a message that such practices are
acceptable.
Let me turn to consider a related issue
that has generated much debate in the
academic community in India – the state
of research in the universities. All of the
national laboratories, advanced research
institutes and industries would certainly
benefit from the input of quality students
from universities and colleges. For this
to happen, research and teaching should
be intertwined. The truth is otherwise.
There are strong concerns among many
in the academic community that soon
most universities will be reduced to
teaching colleges. How did it happen?
The long neglect of the higher educational system and decline in investment
of research infrastructure and facilities
could be some of the underlying reasons.
In addition, the policies of the funding
agencies and the university administration have made it increasingly difficult to
enable scientists to pursue active research.
Currently, many of those who wish to
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CORRESPONDENCE
pursue research and teaching do not prefer
to work in institutions and universities
that have limited or no infrastructure facilities. In addition, our research institutions and universities are now facing
increasing competition for the limited
pool of quality students from universities
and research institutions from all over
the world. Why would a young person
join a university or institute that has poor
or no infrastructure facilities? These factors, when taken together, perhaps discourage many young people to pursue
academic careers. If this trend continues,
I am afraid it might wipe out the research
atmosphere in universities. Consequently,
the main task ahead for the policymaking bodies is to re-examine the funding process and provide long-term funding to create infrastructure as well as
internal funding to invigorate basic research in the universities.
K. MUNIYAPPA
Department of Biochemistry,
Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560 012, India
e-mail: kmbc@biochem.iisc.ernet.in
Lessons learnt from the 8 October 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake and
need for some initiatives
In the Himalayan region, there is no report
of the causative fault of an earthquake
appearing as a surface rupture. This gave
rise to a interpretation that the Himalayan
earthquakes were caused by the blind reverse faults. However, for the first time,
surface rupture showing a few metres (2–
5 m) of displacement has been recorded on
the ground after the Muzaffarabad earthquake. Analysis of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data from the European space
agency’s Envisat by a group from the
Geographical Survey Institute of Japan,
has revealed a ~ 90 km long strip indicating
details of crustal deformation suffered by
the ground as a result of the 8 October
2005 earthquake1. This strip of coseismic
deformation extends northwest–southeast
from Balakot to Muzaffarabad and towards
Uri. Prior to the Muzaffarabad earthquake, an active fault of en-echlon pattern trending northwest–southeast and
extending ~ 60 km from Balakot to Muzaffarabad and further southeast along the
Jhelum river was mapped by Nakata and
coworkers from Hiroshima University2.
The trace of this active fault, lying along
the rupture zone defined by the aftershocks, coincides with the alignment of
maximum deformation identified in the
SAR data map. These observations indicate that the earthquake occurred on the
pre-existing active fault mapped earlier
by geologists. This underlines the importance of identification and mapping of
active faults in the Himalaya and adjoining
regions for estimating the future earthquake hazard and risk. The SAR satellite
data show details of crustal deformation
in the fault zone suffered by the ground
as a result of the earthquake. The movement of deformation is measured in centimetres as a function of change in length
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along the radar LOS (line of site) from
the ground position to the SAR satellite.
Areas like Muzaffarabad and Balakot
that suffered maximum damage also indicate highest values in terms of movement of deformation in the SAR data
map. Such mapping of crustal deformation using SAR satellite data can be used
for estimating the earthquake-damaged
areas and the extent of damage through
quick simulation to provide immediate
relief and rescue operation.
The Mw 7.6 magnitude Muzaffarabad
earthquake occurred in the segment northwest of the Kashmir gap region, having a
different tectonic framework from that of
the Kashmir–Kangra segment. There is
no historical record for the last 500 years,
since the Mughal period, that a large
earthquake of magnitude Mw ≥ 7.6 struck
the Muzaffarabad region. On this premise it appears that the recurrence interval
of a large earthquake with magnitude
Mw ≥ 7.6 m is probably more than 500
years. In the segment of the Himalaya,
south of the Great Himalaya and between
the Satluj and the Indus rivers, three
large earthquakes of magnitude ≥ 7.5 have
occurred during the last 450 years. These
are east to west, the 1905 Kangra, the
1555 Kashmir and the 2005 Muzaffarabad.
The rupture length of the causative fault
for the Muzaffarabad earthquake is estimated at ~ 70 km, and that of the 1905
Kangra earthquake with magnitude Mw
7.8 (revised) is ~ 90 km. As the 1555
Kashmir earthquake and 1803 Garhwal
earthquake have been assigned magnitudes Mw 7.5 and 7.4 respectively3, their
rupture lengths may range, ~ 60–70 km.
Placing the lateral extents and near-approximate locations of the rupture zones of the
1555, 1905 and 1803 earthquakes in the
map reveals two unruptured segments of
70–80 km long faults between the ruptured
segments in northwestern Himalaya. The
unruptured segments capable of generating
large earthquakes are (a) western Himachal–eastern Kashmir (Chamba and Doda
districts), and (b) eastern Himachal–western
Garhwal (Simla, Sirmur and Chakrata
districts). Since there is no historical record of a large earthquake say with magnitude ≥ Mw 7.5 in the region of unruptured
segments, it calls for focused attention in
making hazard assessment.
Three-pronged concerted initiatives are
proposed (i) Mapping of the active faults
and palaeoseismological studies. This will
call for easy availability of air photos and
high-resolution satellite images. Quantitative measurements of relative displacements using GPS along/across the proven
active faults. (ii) There is a need to develop an expertise in application of SAR
satellite data for crustal deformation
studies across the active fault zones and
simulation study for post-earthquake relief and rescue. (iii) Enhanced coverage
of seismicity-monitoring in the unruptured
segments.
1. Fujiwara, S. et al., EOS, 2006, 87, 73; 77.
2. Nakata, T., Tsutsumi, H., Khan, S. H. and
Lawrence, R. D., Special Publication, Research Centre for Regional Geography, Hiroshima University, Japan, 1991, vol. 21,
p. 141.
3. Ambreys, N. and Douglas, J., Geophys. J.
Int., 2004, 159, 165–206.
V. C. THAKUR
Wadia Institute of Himalyan Geology,
Dehradun 248 001, India
e-mail: thakurvc@wihg.res.in
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 91, NO. 5, 10 SEPTEMBER 2006