East Texas Forestlands
Curtis L. VanderSchaaf
Forest Resource Analyst
cvanderschaaf@tfs.tamu.edu
March 2010
A copy of the East Texas Forestlands factsheet can be downloaded from:
http://txforestservice.tamu.edu/EconDev/Pubs
East Texas Forestlands
Several sources of data were used to produce the East Texas Forestlands factsheet and slide
the East Texas Forestlands factsheet and slide presentation:
FIA – Forest Inventory and Analysis
d
l
NWOS – National Woodland Owner Survey
Harvest Trends
Timber Price Trends
Timber Price Trends
East Texas Forestlands
Forest Inventory and Analysis
Forest Inventory and Analysis
The FIA is a national program designed to quantify the amount of resources in forestlands.
Texas Forest Service in conjunction with the USDA Forest Service annually measures 20% of all plots established
j
y
p
in East Texas. Variables include total height, diameter, volume, biomass, etc.
All FIA plots in East Texas are measured over a 5‐year period.
East Texas Forestlands
NWOS Harvest Trends and Texas Timber Price Trends
NWOS, Harvest Trends, and Texas Timber Price Trends
National Woodland Owner Survey – NWOS assesses forestland owner characteristics. Data were obtained from questionnaires sent out from 2002 to 2006 to an area weighted sample of 857 East Texas family forest land owners. There was a 45 percent return rate.
Harvest Trends ‐ Texas Forest Service conducts an annual assessment of the amount of primary wood products produced in the state and the amount of stumpage purchased by county and exported to other states to produce primary wood products.
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y
Texas Timber Price Trends – Texas Forest Service produces a bi‐monthly publication reporting average prices paid for standing timber, commonly called stumpage price.
East Texas Forestlands
Forestland versus Timberland
Forestland versus Timberland
Forestland – land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size or that has been at least 10% stocked in the past, and not currently developed for a h h b
l
10%
k di h
d
l d l
df
nonforest use
Timberland – forestland that is producing or capable of producing in excess of 20 Timberland
forestland that is producing or capable of producing in excess of 20
cubic feet per acre per year
All timberland is forestland.
Examples of forestland that WOULD NOT BE classified as timberland are an extremely dry sandy, low fertility site or a marshland which produce less than 20 cubic feet/acre/yr of woody volume growth. Failing to be classified as timberland does not relate to current stocking but rather potential stocking and site productivity.
Forestland
Acres
Percent forestland by county, 2008
Almost all forestland is timberland (99
(99 percent).
t)
Nearly 39 percent of the region’s Timberland is located in just 10 of the 43 counties.
12
Miillion acres
Forestland makes up about 54 percent of the East Texas region. Area of timberland, 1992‐
2008
11.5
11
10.5
10
1992
2003
2008
Year
Area of timberland, 2008
There were 11,964, 913 acres of timberland estimated in 2008.
Longleaf‐slash pine 2%
Eastern redcedar 1%
Other 3%
Oak‐pine
Oak
pine
13%
Southern pine forests consist primarily of loblolly pine – about half planted and half occurring naturally.
Loblolly‐
shortleaf pine
41%
Lowland hardwoods
17%
Lowland hardwoods consist of the oak‐gum‐cypress and elm‐ash‐cottonwood forest types.
Oak‐hickory
24%
Forestland
Acres
Acres of timberland planted by species 2008
Acres of timberland planted by species, 2008 Area of timberland by forest type and county, 2008
Pine
Planted Pine
(Other includes bald cypress, cherrybark oak, longleaf pine, Scotch pine and Virginia pine)
Oak‐Pine
Region
< 2500
2500 to 5000
5000 to 10000
10000 to 20000
20000 to 35000
Species
Loblolly pine
SE Texas Other
Slash pine
Acres
1,883,074
17,160
104,097
Loblolly pine
NE Texas Other
Slash pine
882,616
18,256
9,344
35000 to 50000
50000 to 100000
100000 to 150000
150000 to 200000
150000 to 200000
Oak‐hickory
Oak‐gum‐cypress
Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
Area of timberland across all forest types by county, 2008
200000 to 250000
> 250000
< 30000
Timberland
NE Texas
30000 to 100000
100000 to 150000
150000 t 200000
150000 to 200000
200000 to 250000
250000 to 300000
300000 to 350000
350000 to 400000
400000 t 450000
400000 to 450000
450000 to 525000
> 525000
SE Texas
Forestland
Ownership
Percent forestland by county, 2008
Other public 3%
Private owners, consisting of Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) as well as family forest owners, control 92 percent of the timberland.
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National Forest 5%
Questionnaires were sent out from 2002 to 2006 in an area weighted sample of 857 family forest owners. There was a 45 percent return rate. According to survey results, timber was harvested on 74 percent of According
to survey results timber was harvested on 74 percent of
the family forest acreage.
Private 92%
The vast majority of owners possessed small tracts of land while just a few people held large tracts. Response by family forest owner (formerly Non‐Industrial Private Forest, or NIPF), 2006
Size of forest
Timber activity
Timber harvest
Yes
No No answer
Harvested past 5 years
Area
million acres
percent
4.8
1.5
0.1
2.3
74
24
2
36
Acres
1‐9
10‐19
20 49
20‐49
50‐99
100‐1000
> 1000
Area
thousand percent
Acres
346
5
680
11
914
14
1125
18
2505
39
841
13
Owners
thousand percent
Number
94
45
55
26
31
15
17
8
11
5
~ 1
‐
Forestland
Stand‐product class by survey year, timberland, 1992 to 2008
Stand Structure
Stand
Structure
7
1992
2003
Stand‐product class is the same as stand‐size class.
2008
Million accres
6
5
Sawtimber sized stands constitute 52 percent of the region.
p
g
4
3
Poletimber sized stands constitute 22 percent. 2
1
Sapling‐seedling sized stands make up the remaining 26 percent. 0
Sawtimber
b
Poletimber
l
b
Sapling‐seedling
l
dl
Nonstocked
kd
Year
Stand‐diameter by stand‐product class, timberland, 2008
Stand‐product class
Area
Not Determined
Sawtimber
Poletimber
Sapling‐seedling
Nonstocked
Total
6163.4
2636.9
3055.7
109.0
11964.9
‐
6.1
79.4
28.9
114.3
Stand‐diameter class (inches d.b.h.)
0 to 5 to 9 to 20 to < 5
< 9
< 20
< 40
thousand acres
122.8 876.3 4822.5
103.5 2077.7 433.3
1933.0 807.0 213.6
52.4
17.1
9.1
2211.6 3778.1 5478.4
341.9
16.3
22.7
1.5
382.4
Sawtimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h
As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h and larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
and larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
Poletimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h.
Saplings. As defined by FIA, Live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.
Seedlings. As defined by FIA, live trees < 1.0 inch d.b.h. and ≥ 1 foot tall for hardwoods, ≥ 6 inches tall for softwoods
Trees Per Acre
Pine
Planted Pine
Oak‐Pine
None recorded
0 to 200
200 to 400
400 to 600
600 to 800
800 to 1000
1000 to 1200
Oak‐hickory
1200 to 1400
1400 to 1600
1600 to 1800
1800 to 2000
2000 to 2200
Across all forest types there was an average of 638 trees per acre
Across all forest types, there was an average of 638 trees per acre.
Oak ‐gum‐cypress
Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
Volume
Stand Structure
Volume in live trees by dbh, timberland 1992 to 2008
timberland, 1992 to 2008
Softwoods
Billion cubbic feet
1.4
1992
2003
Softwood volume is 9.5 billion cubic feet for live trees.
2008
1.2
1
Hardwood volume is 7 8 billion cubic feet for live trees
Hardwood volume is 7.8 billion cubic feet for live trees.
08
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
29+
25
29+
Diameter class (inches)
Hardwoods
1.2
Billioon cubic feet
1992
2003
2008
1
0.8
0.6
04
0.4
0.2
0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Diameter class (inches)
Volume
Amount
Growing stock volume of plantation timberland by species, 2008
Species
L bl ll i
Loblolly pine
SE Texas Other
Slash pine
ft3
1 642 423 818
1,642,423,818
7,602,450
148,559,642
Loblolly pine
NE Texas Other
NE Texas
Slash pine
812,981,142
23 063 621
23,063,621
10,254,287
Region
Growing stock volume (ft3) on timberland by forest type and county, 2008
Pine
Planted Pine
Oak ‐Pine
Oak‐gum‐cypress
Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
None recorded
0 to 75,000,000
75 000 000 to 150 000 000
75,000,000 to 150,000,000
Oak‐hickory
150,000,000 to 225,000,000
225,000,000 to 300,000,000
300,000,000 to 375,000,000
375,000,000 to 450,000,000
450,000,000 to 525,000,000
525,000,000 to 600,000,000
600,000,000 to 675,000,000
Pine is more heavily concentrated in the southern region while Pine
is more heavily concentrated in the southern region while
oak‐hickory is more plentiful in the northern region.
Growing‐stock trees. Live trees that contain at least one 12‐foot or two 8‐foot logs in the saw‐log portion, either currently or potentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meet dimension and merchantability standards to qualify. Trees must have one‐third of the gross board‐foot volume in sound wood, either currently or potentially.
Volume
Change
g
Growth to removals ratio and average annual live tree (growing stock in parentheses) growth, removals and mortality for timberland
removals, and mortality for timberland, 2003 to 2008
Item
Net growth‐to‐removals ratio
Softwoods
Hardwoods
1.17 (1.17)
1.62 (1.69)
million ft
million ft
Component of change
Gross growth
Mortality
Net growth
Removals
742.5 (729.4)
74.9 (72.1)
667.5 (657.3)
568.8 (560.2)
568.8 (560.2)
3
381.7 (325.3)
74.8 (53.3)
306.9 (272.0)
189.5 (161.1)
189.5 (161.1)
Components of change between 2003 and 2008
Item
Sample estimate
Land area (1,000 acres)
Land area (1,000 acres)
Forestland
12128.7
Timberland
11964.9
Reserved forestland
126.7
Other forestland
37.1
3
All live on timberland (million ft )
Inventory
Net annual growth
Annual mortality*
Annual removals
17292.33
17292
974.4
149.7
758.3
3
Growing stock on timberland (million ft )
Inventory
Net annual growth
Annual mortality*
Annual removals
15982.9
929.3
125.3
721.3
Sawtimber on timberland (million fbm )
Inventory
Net annual growth
Annual mortality*
Annual removals
62897.5
3517.8
536.6
2616.0
* Net annual growth includes annual mortality.
The positive net growth‐to‐removals ratios indicate growth exceeded removals.
For private lands, the ratio across all species was 1.33 for all trees and 1.31 for growing stock trees.
Biomass
Standing Biomass (oven‐dry tons) – Aboveground Wood and Bark
Softwood biomass is 206.1 million oven‐dry tons for live trees (dbh of 1.0 inch or greater).
Hardwood biomass is 238 7 million oven dry tons for live trees
Hardwood biomass is 238.7 million oven‐dry tons for live trees.
Standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) of all trees on forestland by forest type and county, 2008
Pi
Pine
Pl t d Pi
Planted Pine
O k Pi
Oak‐Pine
Biomass of all trees (oven‐dry tons) on plantation forestland by species, 2008
Region
Species
Oven‐dry tons
Loblolly pine
46,488,146
SE Texas Other
221,687
Slash pine
4,464,736
Loblolly pine
NE Texas Other
Slash pine
22,924,925
539,690
278,597
Standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) of all trees on forestland by county, 2008
forestland by county, 2008
None recorded
0 500 000
0 to 500,000
NE Texas
500,000 to 1,000,000
1,000,000 to 3,000,000
1,000,000 to 4,000,000
3,000,000 to 5,000,000
4,000,000 to 7,000,000
5,000,000 to 7,000,000
5,000,000 to 7,000,000
O k hi k
Oak‐hickory
7,000,000 to 9,000,000
0
O k
Oak‐gum‐cypress
El
Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
h tt
d
7,000,000 to 10,000,000
9,000,000 to 11,000,0000
10,000,000 to 13,000,000
11,000,000 to 13,000,000
13,000,000 to 16,000,000
13,000,000 to 15,000,000
16,000,000 to 19,000,000
19,000,000 to 22,000,000
SE Texas
Biomass
Average Standing Biomass Per Acre
Average standing biomass (oven‐dry tons) per acre of all trees on forestland by county, 2008
Pine
Planted Pine
Oak‐Pine
None recorded
0 to 10
10 to 20
10 to 20
20 to 30
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60
50 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
90 to 100
100 to 110
Oak hickory
Oak‐hickory
Oak gum cypress
Oak‐gum‐cypress
Elm ash cottonwood
Elm‐ash‐cottonwood
Logging Residue
Harvesting operations produce logging residue – or biomass – that can potentially be used to produce bioenergy and biofuel.
An estimated 2.3 million green tons of logging residue (including tops, limbs, and unutilized cull trees but excluding stumps) was generated during 2008 harvests.
Due to logistics, harvesting techniques, and economics, not all Due
to logistics harvesting techniques and economics not all
logging residue will be available for bioenergy/biofuel production – some believe only 30 to 60% of residues will be utilizable.
Logging residue (green tons per acre), 2008
0 to 20,000
20,000 to 40,000
40 000 to 60 000
40,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 100,000
100,000 to 120,000
120,000 to 140,000
140,000 to 160,000
160,000 to 180,000
180,000 to 200,000
Acres Planted by Year
Both the number of family forest (formerly non‐industrial private forest landowners) and the total number (also includes private companies and public agencies) of acres planted have declined over the past
planted have declined over the past decade. ‘Year’ refers to fiscal year. For example, fiscal year 2006 began on Oct 1, 2005 and ended Sept. 30, 2006.
d d
All species are included.
Number of acres
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Family forest
48,358 43,181 ,
48,438 33,164 26,358 36,896 33 296
33,296 26,710 37,229 25,960 All
147,089
164,430
,
156,875
114,392
90,193
113,686
103 601
103,601
92,030
105,936
86,546
Major Mill Shutdowns/Closures
Company Name
Mill Location
Abitibi‐Consolidated Inc.
Lufkin, TX
Clemsa Lumber Co.
Pollok, TX
Georgia‐Pacific
Logansport, LA
Georgia‐Pacific
Springhill, LA
International Paper Co.
Bastrop, LA
Louisiana‐Pacific Corp.
Silsbee, TX
Norbord Inc.
Jefferson, TX
North American Procurement Co.
Moscow, TX
Pasadena Paper Co.
Pasadena, TX
Potlatch Corp.
Prescott, AR
Temple‐Inland
Pineland, TX
Weyerhaeuser
Mountain Pine, AR
Several large‐scale mills in East Texas and surrounding states have halted operations, some permanently while others indefinitely, resulting in an impact on the long term timber supply.
Mill Type
Paper mill
Lumber mill
Plywood
Plywood
Paper mill
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Chip mill
Paper mill
Lumber mill
Softwood Veneer
Plywood
40
NE Texas
SE Texas
Softwood chip‐n‐saw
25
50
10
5
0
0
16
20
14
15
10
35
SE Texas
15
NE Texas
4
SE Texas
2
Hardwood sawtimber
NE Texas
12
10
20
8
10
4
5
2
0
0
0
1999 Jan/Feb
1999 Mar/Apr
1999 May/Jun
1999 Jul/Aug
1999 Sep/Oct
1999 Nov/Dec
2000 Jan/Feb
2000 Mar/Apr
2000 May/Jun
2000 Jul/Aug
2000 Sep/Oct
2000 Nov/Dec
2001 Jan/Feb
2001 Mar/Apr
2001 May/Jun
2001 Jul/Aug
2001 Sep/Oct
2001 Nov/Dec
2002 Jan/Feb
2002 Mar/Apr
2002 May/Jun
2002 Jul/Aug
2002 Sep/Oct
2002 Nov/Dec
2003 Jan/Feb
2003 Mar/Apr
2003 May/Jun
2003 Jul/Aug
2003 Sep/Oct
2003 Nov/Dec
2004 Jan/Feb
2004 Mar/Apr
2004 May/Jun
2004 Jul/Aug
2004 Sep/Oct
2004 Nov/Dec
2005 Jan/Feb
2005 Mar/Apr
2005 May/Jun
2005 Jul/Aug
2005 Sep/Oct
2005 Nov/Dec
2006 Jan/Feb
2006 Mar/Apr
2006 May/Jun
2006 Jul/Aug
2006 Sep/Oct
2006 Nov/Dec
2007 Jan/Feb
2007 Mar/Apr
2007 May/Jun
2007 Jul/Aug
2007 Sep/Oct
2007 Nov/Dec
2008 Jan/Feb
2008 Mar/Apr
2008 May/Jun
2008 Jul/Aug
2008 Sep/Oct
2008 Nov/Dec
2009 Jan/Feb
30
60
$/to
on
70
1999 Jan/Feb
1999 Mar/Apr
1999 May/Jun
1999 Jul/Aug
1999 Sep/Oct
1999 Nov/Dec
2000 Jan/Feb
2000 Mar/Apr
2000 May/Jun
2000 Jul/Aug
2000 Sep/Oct
2000 Nov/Dec
2001 Jan/Feb
2001 Mar/Apr
2001 May/Jun
2001 Jul/Aug
2001 Sep/Oct
2001 Nov/Dec
2002 Jan/Feb
2002 Mar/Apr
2002 May/Jun
2002 Jul/Aug
2002 Sep/Oct
2002 Nov/Dec
2003 Jan/Feb
2003 Mar/Apr
2003 May/Jun
2003 Jul/Aug
2003 Sep/Oct
2003 Nov/Dec
2004 Jan/Feb
2004 Mar/Apr
2004 May/Jun
2004 Jul/Aug
2004 Sep/Oct
2004 Nov/Dec
2005 Jan/Feb
2005 Mar/Apr
2005 May/Jun
2005 Jul/Aug
2005 Sep/Oct
2005 Nov/Dec
2006 Jan/Feb
2006 Mar/Apr
2006 May/Jun
2006 Jul/Aug
2006 Sep/Oct
2006 Nov/Dec
2007 Jan/Feb
2007 Mar/Apr
2007 May/Jun
2007 Jul/Aug
2007 Sep/Oct
2007 Nov/Dec
2008 Jan/Feb
2008 Mar/Apr
2008 May/Jun
2008 Jul/Aug
2008 Sep/Oct
2008 Nov/Dec
2009 Jan/Feb
30
$/to
on
Softwood sawtimber
1999 Jan/Feb
1999 Mar/Apr
1999 May/Jun
1999 Jul/Aug
1999 Sep/Oct
1999 Nov/Dec
2000 Jan/Feb
2000 Mar/Apr
2000 May/Jun
2000 Jul/Aug
2000 Sep/Oct
2000 Nov/Dec
2001 Jan/Feb
2001 Mar/Apr
2001 May/Jun
2001 Jul/Aug
2001 Sep/Oct
2001 Nov/Dec
2002 Jan/Feb
2002 Mar/Apr
2002 May/Jun
2002 Jul/Aug
2002 Sep/Oct
2002 Nov/Dec
2003 Jan/Feb
2003 Mar/Apr
2003 May/Jun
2003 Jul/Aug
2003 Sep/Oct
2003 Nov/Dec
2004 Jan/Feb
2004 Mar/Apr
2004 May/Jun
2004 Jul/Aug
2004 Sep/Oct
2004 Nov/Dec
2005 Jan/Feb
2005 Mar/Apr
2005 May/Jun
2005 Jul/Aug
2005 Sep/Oct
2005 Nov/Dec
2006 Jan/Feb
2006 Mar/Apr
2006 May/Jun
2006 Jul/Aug
2006 Sep/Oct
2006 Nov/Dec
2007 Jan/Feb
2007 Mar/Apr
2007 May/Jun
2007 Jul/Aug
2007 Sep/Oct
2007 Nov/Dec
2008 Jan/Feb
2008 Mar/Apr
2008 May/Jun
2008 Jul/Aug
2008 Sep/Oct
2008 Nov/Dec
2009 Jan/Feb
25
$//ton
30
1999 Jan/Feb
1999 Mar/Apr
1999 May/Jun
1999 Jul/Aug
1999 Sep/Oct
1999 Nov/Dec
2000 Jan/Feb
2000 Mar/Apr
2000 May/Jun
2000 Jul/Aug
2000 Sep/Oct
2000 Nov/Dec
2001 Jan/Feb
2001 Mar/Apr
2001 May/Jun
2001 Jul/Aug
2001 Sep/Oct
2001 Nov/Dec
2002 Jan/Feb
2002 Mar/Apr
2002 May/Jun
2002 Jul/Aug
2002 Sep/Oct
2002 Nov/Dec
2003 Jan/Feb
2003 Mar/Apr
2003 May/Jun
2003 Jul/Aug
2003 Sep/Oct
2003 Nov/Dec
2004 Jan/Feb
2004 Mar/Apr
2004 May/Jun
2004 Jul/Aug
2004 Sep/Oct
2004 Nov/Dec
2005 Jan/Feb
2005 Mar/Apr
2005 May/Jun
2005 Jul/Aug
2005 Sep/Oct
2005 Nov/Dec
2006 Jan/Feb
2006 Mar/Apr
2006 May/Jun
2006 Jul/Aug
2006 Sep/Oct
2006 Nov/Dec
2007 Jan/Feb
2007 Mar/Apr
2007 May/Jun
2007 Jul/Aug
2007 Sep/Oct
2007 Nov/Dec
2008 Jan/Feb
2008 Mar/Apr
2008 May/Jun
2008 Jul/Aug
2008 Sep/Oct
2008 Nov/Dec
2009 Jan/Feb
$//ton
20
1999 Jan/Feb
1999 Mar/Apr
1999 May/Jun
1999 Jul/Aug
1999 Sep/Oct
1999 Nov/Dec
2000 Jan/Feb
2000 Mar/Apr
2000 May/Jun
2000 Jul/Aug
2000 Sep/Oct
2000 Nov/Dec
2001 Jan/Feb
2001 Mar/Apr
2001 May/Jun
2001 Jul/Aug
2001 Sep/Oct
2001 Nov/Dec
2002 Jan/Feb
2002 Mar/Apr
2002 May/Jun
2002 Jul/Aug
2002 Sep/Oct
2002 Nov/Dec
2003 Jan/Feb
2003 Mar/Apr
2003 May/Jun
2003 Jul/Aug
2003 Sep/Oct
2003 Nov/Dec
2004 Jan/Feb
2004 Mar/Apr
2004 May/Jun
2004 Jul/Aug
2004 Sep/Oct
2004 Nov/Dec
2005 Jan/Feb
2005 Mar/Apr
2005 May/Jun
2005 Jul/Aug
2005 Sep/Oct
2005 Nov/Dec
2006 Jan/Feb
2006 Mar/Apr
2006 May/Jun
2006 Jul/Aug
2006 Sep/Oct
2006 Nov/Dec
2007 Jan/Feb
2007 Mar/Apr
2007 May/Jun
2007 Jul/Aug
2007 Sep/Oct
2007 Nov/Dec
2008 Jan/Feb
2008 Mar/Apr
2008 May/Jun
2008 Jul/Aug
2008 Sep/Oct
2008 Nov/Dec
2009 Jan/Feb
$/to
on
Timber Stumpage Price Trends
Current softwood sawtimber stumpage prices are at their lowest since the late 1990s.
Current softwood sawtimber
stumpage prices are at their lowest since the late 1990s
Hardwood sawtimber has also dropped after peaking in 2007‐2008.
Hardwood and softwood pulpwood prices also dropped since peaking in 2007‐2008.
Chip‐n‐saw prices gradually dropped following a peak period from 2004 to 2007.
Prices below are from Jan/Feb 1999 to Jan/Feb 2009.
Softwood pulpwood
18
NE Texas
12
SE Texas
10
8
6
14
Hardwood pulpwood
NE Texas
SE Texas
6
Definition of Terms
Component of change. References the change in the volume of
trees averaged over the years of the intersurvey period, specifically:
Average annual gross growth. Change in the volume of trees in
the absence of cutting and mortality Average annual mortality. Volume of trees that died from A
l
li V l
f
h di d f
natural causes
Average net annual growth. Net change in volume in the absence
of removals, and calculated as average annual gross growth
minus average annual mortality
minus average annual mortality
Average annual removal. Volume of trees removed from the
inventory by harvesting, cultural operations, (e.g., timber‐stand
improvement), land clearing, or change in land use and averaged
over the years of the intersurvey period
D.b.h. Tree stem diameter in inches measured outside the bark
and 4.5 feet above the ground (breast height)
Family forest. Private land owned by individuals and
ffamilies, including farms, where the owner does not own
ili i l di f
h
th
d
t
a primary wood‐using plant or is not a formally incorporated
company or organization. Formally referred to as non‐industrial private forest (NIPF) owners.
Forestland. Land at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size or that has been at least 10% stocked in the past, and not currently developed for nonforest use. The minimum dimensions are 1 acre in size and 120 feet in width.
Timberland. Forestland capable of producing 20 cubic feet of
wood volume per acre annually and not withdrawn from timber
d l
ll
d
i hd
f
i b
utilization
Reserved forestland. Public forestland capable of producing 20 cubic feet of wood volume per acre annually, but withdrawn from timber utilization through statute or
withdrawn from timber utilization through statute or administrative regulation
Other forestland. Forestland that is incapable of producing 20 cubic feet of wood volume per acre annually under natural conditions due to adverse site conditions such as
sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation,
steepness, or rockiness. The term is synonymous with woodland in earlier FIA reports.
Forest type. Forestland classification of the species forming a
plurality of live tree stocking, and largely based on an algorithm of l lit f li t
t ki
dl
l b d
l ith
f
tallied trees
Growing‐stock trees. Live trees that contain at least one 12‐
foot or two 8‐foot logs in the saw‐log portion, either currently or
potentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meet
potentially, if too small to qualify as a sawlog. The log(s) must meet dimension and merchantability standards to qualify. Trees must have one‐third of the gross board‐foot volume in sound wood, either currently or potentially.
Definition of Terms
Growth‐to‐removals ratio. The ratio of net growth in volume
divided by the volume removed by human activity, including harvesting, land clearing, and changes in land use
Poletimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. and hardwoods 5.0 to 10.9 inches d.b.h.
Saplings. As defined by FIA, Live trees 1.0 to 4.9 inches d.b.h.
Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broadleaf and deciduous.
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Logging residue. Woody material that is not removed from sites i
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during harvesting operations. Types of logging residue include stumps, tops, limbs and unutilized cull trees. Stump residue is the part of the tree that is lower than the cutting point and thus left after the harvesting operation, is generally not available commercially since the cost of obtaining the stump or
available commercially since the cost of obtaining the stump or root biomass is likely prohibitive. Tops refer to the tops of the trees that are either broken during harvesting or are cut off the central stem of the tree due to a merchantability standard. Limbs refer to the branches of the trees. Cull trees are the trees that cannot be used to produce saw logs due to defects, rot, or form. Some cull trees are used as pulpwood and others are left unutilized as a part of logging residue. Tops, limbs, and unutilized cull trees are the logging residue that is potentially available as biomass for energy production or chemical t ti ll
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extraction.
Sawtimber. As defined by FIA, softwood species 9.0 inches d.b.h and l
larger and hardwoods 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
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Seedlings. As defined by FIA, live trees < 1.0 inch d.b.h. and ≥ 1 foot tall for hardwoods, ≥ 6 inches tall for softwoods
Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having
Softwoods
Coniferous trees usually evergreen having
needles or scale‐like leaves
Stumpage. Standing trees in the forest
Volume. The amount of sound wood in live trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. from a 1‐foot stump to a minimum 4.0‐inch top diameter outside bark of the central stem