Vacuum Tubes
 Developed by Lee DeForest (1906)
 Used in amplifiers and switching devices
 Led to spread of radio broadcasting
1920’s, Television 1930’s, electronic computers 1940’s
Educational Links http://www.paia.com/~paia/tubworks.htm

Solid-State Transistors
 Developed by William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter
Brattian (Bell Labs) (1947)
 Similar applications as vacuum tube except it requires less power, has a lower manufacturing cost, performs more robustly, and could be miniaturized.
Educational Links http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_xtor.htm
http://www.milbert.com/tstxt.htm
http://www.pbs.org/transistor/
N-Type
Silicon
P-Type
Silicon
N-Type
Silicon

Integrated Circuits (ICs)


Developed by Jack Kilby (TI), and by Noyce and
Moore (Fairchild Semiconductor) (1958).
Multiple transistors, resistors, and capacitors, fabricated on a single wafer (chip) and could be made very small.
Educational Links http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/circ/circuits.htm
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/tutorial.html
http://bftgu.solarbotics.net/starting_elect_ic.html
http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/technology/integrated.html

http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_diode.htm
Diodes
 pn junction
 Zener
Transistors
 Field Effect Transistors – (FETs)
 Bipolar Junction Transistors – (BJTs)
The first transistor http://www.mtmi.vu.lt/pfk/funkc_dariniai/transistor/

 To measure nonlinear device characteristics, voltage/current amplitudes are swept over input terminals while measuring current/voltage across output terminals (analogous to sweeping frequencies in linear RLC circuits while measuring amplitude and phase changes between input and output – What is this characterization called?
).
 Curve tracers systematically sweep voltage amplitudes over two terminals of a device while measuring the resulting current. The current-voltage relationships is referred to as the transfer characteristic (TC) curve of the device.
 Why is the TC NOT a good model for linear devices? What would the TC curve or an ideal resistor look like?

http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,41-12482-INTRO_EN,00.html
Tektronix’s
Oscilloscopes
TDS3012B
Key operating concepts
•Vertical scale adjustments
•Horizontal scale adjustments
•Trigger adjustments
•Earth ground connections

http://www.tek.com/Measurement/cgi-bin/framed.pl?Document=/Measurement/Products/catalog/cdm250/&FrameSet=other
Tektronix’s
Multimeter
CDM250
Key operating concepts
•Connections for voltage, current, and resistance measurements
•Selection of scale for measurement
•Ground connections

http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,40-10199-INTRO_EN,00.html
Tektronix’s
PS280 DC Power Supply:
Key operating concepts:
•Setting and limiting DC voltages and currents
•Connecting chassis and earth grounds

http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,76-12019-INTRO_EN,00.html
Tektronix’s
Function Generator
AFG310
Key operating Concepts
•Selecting waveforms
•Selecting waveform parameters
•Grounding issues

http://www.tek.com/site/ps/0,,76-10757-INTRO_EN,00.html
Tektronix’s Curve Tracer
370B
Key Operating Concepts
•Voltage sweep pattern selection
•Horizontal and vertical scale adjustment
•Step changes for third terminal voltage or current
•Device socket plug

Parts can be purchased from the IEEE parts store
( http://ieee.uky.edu/ ) located in Room 560 PFAT

Individual components:
 Breadboard - 1

Wire kit bag - 1

Resistors:
10 ohm (3)
100 (3)
510 (3)
1K (3)
2.2K (3)
5.1K (3)
10K (3)
22K (3)
100K (3)
180K (3)
220K (3)
470 (1)
1K (1)
1.2K (1)
1.6K (1)
2K (1)
3.3K (1)
11K (1)
1Meg (1)

Capacitors:
0.022µF (3)
2.2µF (3)
10µF (3)
47µF (3)
100µF (3)
Diodes:
Diode- IN4001 (4)
Zener diode- IN964A (1)
BJT:
NPN, PN2222 (2)
MOSFETs: n-channel MOSFET- ZVN3306-ND (4) p-channel MOSFET- ZVP3306-ND (2)

Syllabus http://www.engr.uky.edu/~donohue/ee462g/sylee462g.html
Supplies http://www.engr.uky.edu/~donohue/ee462g/ee462supplies.pdf
Lab Assignments http://www.engr.uky.edu/~donohue/ee462g/labee462g.html
Lecture Notes http://www.engr.uky.edu/~donohue/ee462g/lecee462g.html

1.
2.
3.
4.
Download and read through tutorial on oscilloscopes (~50 Pages), “The
XYZs of Oscilloscopes” http://www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/03W_8605_2.pdf
Print out pages 51 through 55.
Put your name on the first page and complete the written exercises.
Use the answer key to determine number of wrong responses, put that number on the front page next to your name and circle it.
On a separate sheet of paper, briefly describe (10 to 15 sentences) how an analog oscilloscope displays a periodic waveform. Assume the trigger is set to the same channel as the periodic waveform being displayed. Be sure to clearly describe the relationship between the trigger, oscillating signal, and CRT sweep rate. The reader should have a good idea why a periodic waveform appears stationary on the oscilloscope. You can sketch diagrams if that helps your explanation.
Attach all pages together and hand in at the beginning of the next lecture period. The assignment grade will depend on completing 1 through 3 and the quality of the explanation in 4.