ANALYSIS OF
LOGGING COSTS
AD
OPERATING
THODS
CF
J. H.
CHAMBERS & SON LIJJBER CO.
Cottage Grove, Oregon
(June 1936 to
Lrch
193e?)
by
Gustav
J.
Krue
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
GE1PRÂL
BUCKING
FALLING
1
6
(NFRAL)
9
HIGH-LEJ) YARD ING
13
YARDING
TRACTOR YiRDING
TRACTOR
HIGH-LD
YARD ING
22
TR!CTOR RODING
27
CATERPILLAR OPERATING COSTS
30
SWINGING
32
IOÂJJING
36
INCLI3ES
41
R! ILRO.AD TRANSPORTATION
44
DETAIUD ANALIS
50
OF LOGGIITG COSTS
ILLUS TT±T IONS
High-Le'd
SyEtem
Page 12
B1ock
20
B1ock
21
Rigged Spur Tree
26
Trctor
28
Ronding
ìTorth Bend Swing
31
Louder
40
Single Lire Incline
43
GE1tPRÄL
The Object
The object of this report le to bring together in
cycternetic form the
infortion
vith up to date Doug1a
that
I
gathered
nd material
de1ing
Fir logging method8 and coEte
vhi1e vorking for the
.H.
Chaiber
Lumber Co. in CottE'ge Grove, Oregon.
I.
The ¡rea
The -re
being logged
je
twenty miles coutimeEt of
Cottge Croe, 'ooroering the Siusla
]Thtioi.tl ForeEt.
At precint the company ovine about ten cectionE
tiniler
md
acceEe to enough timber to mllo
hm
cf
an in-
definite period of logging.
The
ir,
of
II.
peciee of timber being logged are mirily Douglac
ectern Hemlock, come .Noble Fir, and a small amount
Incense Cedar.
size of C'peration
The daily output of tuis operation varies from 9CM to
feet, depending entirely upon ho
11O
acceseable the
loge are.
At present the operation is made up of tvo eides, one
side logging with
iivith
"donkeys", and the other side
two Cletrac 80's and swinging vith a
The outìu
of
erh
loging
donkey".
side avermges aTout 50M feet per
eight hour day.
-1-
III. Orgniztion
of the Peronne1
J.Ji.
Chamer---Preidnt
Logging Supt.
Cper tioni
:Tood
Raiirod
Hookt'nder
YErding
Crev
Lording
Crew
High
Clim'oer
Rai1rod Oper.
ConEt.
Section Bose
Section Crew
Head Erokeinan
2nd BrKeman
LTrain Crew
Hauling Crevr
Cat' Hooktender
T7Crt?!
Crev
:quipnient md Repair
(
chinet Blrc smith 1-ied Ccrpenter
Donkerr Doctor)
-1ing and Bucl<in
Bu11-buck-i er
Cr Lv
Iff
Timekeeper
Book.eeper
[ire Protecticj
Fire \rrden (Kept durin
fire
eon.)
a
-2-
Iv. Labor
j\
.
Length of employment
Ther
lE
little
lo
coInpPny
work the
la'oor turnover becuEe (1) thi$
yer,
the entire
yer
ind
ton
nd
re
tre
eoiial1y,
ground, not just
loggere live in
1ogrs
trmnperted
to
-ìle
the
nd (2)
to
their vork
dily.
B. Methode of eriIplorment
nd viage prment
This company rune a non-union camp,
upt. or by
hired either by the logging
and
the
the
en are
general man-
ager.
The men
re paid by the
upt., boohtender,
the log ;ing
picl
The men
Vige
pricl
ma
paid
No.
a
and
time keeper who are
are paid tvìice a month for their convenience.
omevht lower than those
in this section are
in other
ii
'ith the exception of
There is no contrct vor}: done.
the month.
'oy
1-iour,
of Oregon and Washington.
Eection
rates heing paid
list of wage
of Ten
Type of VTor
i
Buli-1cuck
i
present.
t
Rate on 8 hr. Basis
)
6
5G
i
Pi er
4
Head
4
Feconci
4
Buckers
4.50
i
Rigging Slinger
5.00
6
Choker
4
7.00
Paliers
Pliers
Setters
Chasers
4.80
4.40
4.50
-3-
Pollow-
No. of Men
itite
Type of 1ork
Sniper
i
2
ihit1e
4
'Donkey
on 8
hr. Basis
3 60
3.60
Punks
6.00
Funcher
3.80
4
Wood Bucks
2
Hecd Locders
2
2nd Locders
4.60
i
Pump Man
4.
i
Cc rp e ri t e r
5.00
i
Mechcnic
5.00
Lo c-ornotive Mngr8.
6.00
2
Locomotive Pirerien
5.00
i
Brakemii
4.90
i
2nd
C-'
i;
T.CC
0
Brkemn
4.50
Rock Crushermen
3.60
Czterpi1ir
7.00
Drivers-
7.00
i
"Cct" liookterider
i
Eection
] O
Eection Cre
1
2upt.
3-
Timekeeper
125.00 per
Hooktender
150.00 per mo.
5.50
Ji'orer.n
3.60
en
Approx.
50.00 per no.
inc.
/
J
-4-
V.
Etumpge
Price
At the present time this company is paying from
to 41.5O per
VI.
stunipage.
Recently the company pur-
section of government timber, paying çl.5C per
chsed
M,
M for
on which logging
ili begin in May.
Investment
Considering the size of the opertion,
I
would
thrt the investment is extremely large, including
ro-d
VII.
nd equipment, being about
sy
ri1-
3OO,COO.CO.
steps in the Opertion
The
vork in every department
is specialized from the
ood buck to the hocktender.
re not E;caled and graded until they reach
The logs
L.
the pond.
I
The Columbia log
rie
is used.
am going to cover the actual steps of the logging
oper.tion,
giving a cost analysis of euch step,
folioing order:
Palling
.:nd
Bucking
Yrrd Ing (General)
High-lefld
'rding
Trrctor Yarding
Swinging
Loading
Inclines
Rilro-.d Transportation
-5-
in the
FALLING
AD
BUCKING
I. Orgrnition of the Crews
The bull-buck Elect the tre to be felled nd
detrniine the direction of the ftll. i crew of two
frllrE do the f1ling. The bull-buck then LIarks the
log lengthE for the guidance of the buc1cer who wcrk
v:edge, etc.
singl vith crosEcut
Heed fallera and the individual buckera :re held
reapon:ible for tue quality of the work.
II.
Stump Heights
The
practise is to cut the
the avera;e height being about
III.
Log
Size
nd
as possible,
tuir.ps as lo
two
feet.
Lengths
logs averr:e from. 3l to 4 " in diameter.
The avcrzge log length is 40', but near the end of
the summer logs v re bc ing taken out in 80 ' to 100'
The
lengths.
trees.
In other words, the buckers
just topped the
the buckers was increased,
and a greeter scale was taken out each day. These long
logs were bucked in the pond.
Thus the speed of
Iv. Long Butting
Long
butting
logs hecause
tirnl:er, and
it
is practised
coats just as
no profit can be
-6-
considerably
much to
had from
iill
it.
defective
defective
on
V.
Breakage
rireekae lE reduced to a minimuru by this organizaThe
ticn.
verrge perce ntage of
percentLge is due to the fol1o:ing
This
to 4..
brekage ringes from
f:cts:
1.
Palling
done by
i
Windflla
3.
Pellin
:1re
timber
exprinced
fallers.
ucked ::hed of felling.
cro.s unbuc:ked trees is generally
avoided.
4.
Increased vedgings are iade by fallers if necessary.
L.
Large trees are felled first.
6.
Paliers are paid on a per hour basis.
VI. Output
.
Paliers: 30,000 to
]axlrnurri
B. Buckers:
VII.
3OOO
feet ïer day, per set of tvo.
of 40,000 feet.
25,000 to 35,000 feet per day, per man.
eah
Uuuiiy
one ìucker to
1e
conditions dej:and.
s
-s
set of fallers.
More or
Tools and Equipment
R.
Saws:
one falling sav to each set of f& llera, length---
8 feet.
One bucking aav for each bucker, most common
lengt1---7
B. Axes:
one double bitted axe for each faller,
pounds.
C.
feet.
One swamping axe for each bucker,
steel sledges: for driving wed;es,
and 8 pounds for hucirers.
-7-
3
4 to
to 4
5
pounds.
10 pounds for fallers
D.
second growth timber
E.
in other than
Springboards: two to eLch set of fa1ler
rid
even ground.
four or five to the faller
teel wedges:
ch
nd to
e
te
sav
bucker.
F.
necesrry in
Underc'uttr:
cutting the
the log vahen
bucking to hold
underside of the
fl1en
to
tree.
VIII. Filing
Elling
srw.
IX.
done by an expert filer.
is
On an
erge,
re filed every other day.
Coste
Costs for falling and bucking taken over a period of
five years avereged 82 cents per M, including labor,
eçuiprent, wear and tear on equipment, and filing.
This cost was influenced by the following factore:
i.
Efficiency of labor and management.
2.
Scale of
3.
Veather conditions.
4.
Size of timber.
E.
Percenta::,e of breakage.
6.
Density of stind, and
7.
Percentge
8.
Length of logs.
9.
J\mOUflt
1G.
11.
12.
wgcs.
pecies.
of defect.
of windfalls.
Topography.
uììount of brush.
Distance of work from camp.
-8-
Y\FD iN
I.
(GE11TRAL)
Types of Yarding
i.
"Donkey" hi;h-1ed yarding.
13.
Tr;ctor ytrding.
1. Tractor high-1ed yurdin.
Tractor roading.
2
II.
Choice of
I'.
ethod
Topography
Ynrding direction
the
the
dope
round help determine the type of yarding to
it
dverse slopes
en
relation to
it
nd
is
gener1 nrture
\Then the
considerably
chopped
up,
irnoible
of the
it is
re
to use the
of
"be
used.
tractor.
too rough and is
is
not advisable to uae
tm ctors.
When tractor logging
is
the
done during
rainy seuson,
cute the efficiency of the tractor in
half; therefore, the condition of the eoil is to e con-
the element of
s
rrud
idered.
The
general contour of
rding.
If the
the ground is
logs have to be taken
"donkey" is used exclusively.
nd
hs
If the
a numbcr of deep gulleys,
slope to the landing is down, it
level or sloped dovn
trac tor lE used exclusively.
_oI -
ground is rough
eventhough the general
is advisable to use the
"donkeyt', but the tractor can be used.
prtical1y
considered in
out up hill, te
If
the ground is
to the landing, the
B.
Yrdirig
dit
rice
Ysrding diEtznce influences the choice of method.
The maximum economic range for "donkey" yarding is 11GO
feEt, tut usually the distance yarded does not exceed
In the case of tractor yarding, the yarding
10CC fet.
distance dependE upon the nui:Ther of tractors used.
It is the policy cf the 1oging superintendent of this
company not to let the yarding distance exceed 18CC feet
if posit1e.
C.
Timber
Eize of the tim'cer has some
sethod is to
also
h
some
'be
used.
effect in deciding
The amount
what
of timber per acre
influence.
D. Cost
cost of cne method in comparison with the cost of
the other method might te the final fa tor to te considcrcd. The follovdng is a comparison cf coste taken over
These costs cover the yarding
a period. of one year.
operation only.
The
/
:
-
lo-
.':
III.
Yrding Coste
ÏhiB corípany divides
its
The
'rding, 1oding, and swinging.
not
into
folioving cost
tot1 logging
costs
do
include taxes, interest, or depreci&ticn.
Costs 'based on 1M 'board feet.
high-lead yarding
"Donkey
Lab O r
Engineer
I
iremn
Wo o U b u c k s
Ch sers(2)
r:)
.0
setters(4)
Whistle punk
High clin'ber
Puinçrna n
Oil
Wood
13.
.18
.04
.02
.0:
.
() :)
»ater
Ho oktend er
1/ire rope
Eupplies,fuel,etc.
L!
intenance
Total
.C2
to icad.)
.02
"
(.G::
t,
(.01
n
.10
n
.05
)
C
"
Oi
)
(
( .
:
"
"
.01
.o]_
,('
.03
n
(
(.20
8
.o
La'b o r
"Cat" drivers(2)
sving.
O:
Tractor yLrding
Choker setters(4)
to
n
.01
tal
(.O2
(.04
(.03
(.01
(.01
.04
Pire
Powder
Rig-up
!taintenrice
To
:
.C,
j
7ire rope
'
_/
.
(
Hooktender
Hed rigger
Cho1er
J
.C4
07
.09
.12
lb
06
.
.07
09
.40
.90
-11-
u
)
)
"
J
t,
)
f.
)
.10
"
)
LINES
///Gb'-L4 ¿:
',v_-
\
sX5' T/'7
IIIGH-IJD Y 'RD ING
I.
Method
pir tree
A he:d
i
The tree iìuet be from
needed.
riid1y.
150 to ?0O feet high and guyed
üloc'k
i
hund near the top of the tree.
The main line
the high-le&d block
fitened
tail tiock.
or safety,
by meEns of
tvo
inch
ce
riged to shunt the block slowly to
.6e
the strap should break.
safety
1so
the ground,in
Adventges
lift to the lojs
i
nd prevents hetning on stumps.
B.
Keeps
r.
Keeps irnding free of debris.
los from nosing
D. Docs not recuire
of
There
of the Syster;
Gives
III Moving
i
tee1 strap or cable.
ß.
.
high-lead
run from the main line drum to hih-1ead block to
i
II.
i
into the ground.
prepared 1andin:.
nines
Lirne
Time spent in moving the engines is time lost in
actual work.
It takes from
to 16 hours
to move
n
engine from one setting to another, and the speed depends upon whether the engine is moved on flit
is dragged on the ¿round by
takes from
:
to 4
its
oun power.
crs
lt usuz11y
hours to move from one end of the
landing to the other.
-13-
or
of saving time, of course, is to hLve n
nd to hLve one set up in the ne position
One nie tho i
extra engine
in rdvcnce. in e;tr enine 1so prcvides the oiortunity to look over the idle nwchinery nd to put it in
order.
.
Cost
en;ines increases the cost of loing
very much. The actuci cost is not io hi;h when the
movinp i done by a pecil crew or iy the cre that
but, as this is only a sniall
clers the right of
opertiori, the moving is done by the loggers theLselves.
The aver ge cost of rigging up, including moving the
yarder pole and
75.cO to Ç3CO.CO for
"donkey", is
landing pole.
4CC.00 for
Hving to
move
.
IV.
Fetting the Lines
i'. Method
The
yrdin
turn line.
ing road.
The
The
crew run
out the msin line and the re-
is to loc:te the first yardrods, or routes, vhich the logs follov
first stet
usully start st the rnilroad and run in a radial direction until they run out. of the show on the other side.
The strw line is then run out by hand nd fstened
block rt the t.il tree t the far end of the yardto
out 330 feet or iore to the
in ro:.d; then it is run
right or left through nother block and back to the
engine.
line is att,ched to
the other end is reeled in on a
There the end of the straw
the hsul-bck line,
smell drun.
nd
-14-
Thus the 1iu1-bc1c
dragged through the t1ock
i
back oirr the road to the yrder.
then detched
then re'dy
13.
y meLtns
trip line
to the
The straw line is
nd the end of the nialn line
,
devis.
of
and
The
faEterled
i
engine is
operation.
l'or
Sizes of lines
1. Main line
i
2. Hau1-ick
7/8"
3. Straw line
3/8"
'i. Guylines
1"
i 1/"
5. "Donk'
choker
lines
6
ma in line
t
i
choker line
7.
1/4"
6
strnds,
19 vires,
steel core
hemp
"
7
19
core
wires, rope core
vires, Eteel core
"
7/8"
"
u
8. Skyline
C. Types
of h1ock
1. flaul-beck 'dock
.
V.
Lfigh-leac
b1oks
3.
Pass line 'ticcks
4.
Side "clocis
Opere tien
The choker settErs set the chokers on the
lcg.
Either
the hooktender or heed riggc r signals the whistle punk t
inl
give
to pull in the line.
the lrnding vhere it
the 1onder'.
th sie
Two
is
chokE::s ;:re
t
is drsred
by the chaFer
The number of logs on
of the logs,
conditions.
unhooked
i
The lead
or one of
turn depende upon
ni. of equipment, and the ground
rule,
one choker
tt:ched to
-lb-
is
ene butt
used for
rigging.
ech
log.
to
VI.
Orgniztion
A.
of the Crevi
Crew
Hooktendcr
Chaser
Rigging Elinger
\Yhistle punk
r:ngjneer
Two vood bucks
Fireman
bour choker £etter
B. Duties
crev
do vth'tever tï6
and it
upon him.
the crew,
He plcns the work,
0±'
the
The hooktender is
occ&sion dencnds.
in chirge of the crew,
:embers
1vays clear.
Division of 1Thor is not
efficiency depends 1are1y
1octe
rod,
the
instructs
and ESSIStS the rigging s1iners.
ssistnt.
The heed rigging slinger is the hooktender's
ChokEr men set the chokers on the logs and assist in
Also they do generEl rigging work.
chrnging the lines.
The
chFrr stnds
engineer
hn
1ning.
His dut,
t
the
to stop the
is
1ndirg and signals the
logs as they
corne
to unhook the chokers.
into the
A
sign1 man,
or thistle punk, gives the orders of the hooktender or
heed rigger to the enaineer by inens of
.
whistle wire.
VII. Equipment
A. Engines
ize
9x10
10x11
l0xl2
1Cnl'
Size of 2oiler
48"x130" high
175 working pres.
60"xl26" high
2OO working pre.
66"x120" high
worki.r' Dres.
2CC
66"xl2O" high
200# working pres.
-16-
Type
Make
Willamette
Loader
n
TEcoma
Yarder
Size of Eoiler
68"x147" high
SOOy working pres.
68"x147' high
Size
12x13
11z1
:1dce
Type
Smith
Yrder
7illamette
working pres.
68"x147" high
2G0# workin pres.
2OO
12x14
Note:
B.
11
Snubber (used
on
working pressures :re
inclines)
xirnum.
Other equipment
are
for convenient moving. (Jost ox
sleds
engine
1. Logging
construction of 44' sled. verages from :4bO.GC to
.bOO.00, and of 56' to 64' sled, 6OO.CO. rtiey are
bolts for
noving and snubbing. The life oIT the sled varies witfl
tI'e size of the rachine, type of country, and how the
equipped vith heavy chains, rings,
and.
sled is built.
2. Fairleders re needed for both narrow and vide faced
drum mchines. They are rounted on the front end OIT
the sled. Both the Iflaln line and the haUl-bHck line
}ive seper.:te fairleaders.
3. Sprk rrestr rs are required
Approxixnte cost is :iO.00.
.
4. Extnded
fire
boxes supply
by laW
extra
hCat
5. í.11 machines hive water tanks made
C.
Oregon.
lfl
of
for the boiler.
wood or
steel.
Blocks
In order to get the
lines,
?i
Company must
g'retest efficiency
have good logging
out cf th
blocks.
There
are several outstanding companies that manufacture equipment of this type. In recent years Tyler nd al1ory
'olocks have been the most popular. I sent to the Mallory
Co.
for
illustr'tion
and
-i
prices of b1oc's.
'7
-
This opertion uses
becuse
it
obtined the be:t
climber's block: size
Used
?1-",
opertion.)
price
$2O.00.
generul utility block on the spar pole, or
s
Pc2
block.
2. High-le-d blocks:
size 36"x6", once 9OO.00.
hi:h_1ed
Used icr
3.
1iory Co.
the
t'roin
re sizes used by this
(Note: Sizes given
us
price
re used.
The follovJin3 blocks
1. High
1i Mallory blocks, probubly
system on spur pole.
size l6"x3
iloving blocks:
Used mainly to move engines
2OO.GO.
nd 20"x3", price
ind
s
,
generzl
utility
block.
4.
hul-bick blocks: size l4flx2t, price i1OO.00.
on the htul-buck
5.
Loading blocks:
Used
line nd s general utility block.
size 14t'x2" tongline, price 14O.GO.
size 14x.2fr"ioder, price :]JìO.00.
onjunction with tne heel-boom end loading
Used in
rig.
price
llO.00.
UEed
size 22"--10x2", price
l4b.00.
Used.
6. Boom-swing blocks: size 12"x2",
on the lo-ding rig.
rl.
Loding
in
jack:
conjunction with
tiie counter bLtlnce on
the
boom-
swing.
8.
Tree-shoe:
size 48"x3", price
175.00.
Used on the
skyline.
.
Crriige:
size l6'tx4", price 82b.OU.
line for the North Bend system.
-1 8-
Used. on
sky-
10.
a11 block: size
18"x2", price 47b.00.
U8ed in
conjunction with the North bend system.
The ;bove drices are Irom the catalogue, but this
company recieves a discount oí 20% on 20%, which would
cut the price almost in
hail.
-19-
HAUL-BACK
BOOM- SWING BLOCK
-20-
SKYLINE CARRIAGE
LOADING BLOCK
ACK
LOADING BLOCK
TREE SHOE
TRACTOR YARD ING
T]-ACTOR HIGH-IiAD YARDING
I.
Method
One of the most important and efficient units
oper. tion
mounted
t
m.chine
it
with u set of double drums
With this
the re.:r for high-lead logging.
is
reltively simple and cheap
loction and build
ne
5O
Cletrac
i
in this
up decks.
to move
to
a
The operation of tills
machine results in shorter haUls and a saving on main
and practically eliminates fire
line and haul-in costE
hazard.
The manner in which the system is worked is very simpie.
While the "tractor donkey" is rigging up and start-
ing to build up
out a
rod
to
cold deck, the cLterpi11ar
the new set up.
necessury to do thiE.
s
a
"6O
chunks
Sometimes it isn't
spar tree is rigged up next to
the railroad track, and the loes are loaded directly from
the deck onto trucks by u railroad heel-boom (rune.
II.
Locating the Setting
The logging boss goes through a tract of timber and
decides first where he will piace the tractor unit and
marks the spar trees so that the fallers will not fell
them.
The timber is then felled to lead into the spar
pole.
The "tractor donkeyt unit then moves into the setting,
the first operation being to tie tue unit down.
This is
done by locating a convenient stump, which is sawed off
close to the ground so tue tractor can back over it.
atticÌied to botki end. or tìe m,in drum shfts,
nd this line is then run under sever1 tree roots nd
tightened, the drums being used for this operation. When
the cble is tight enou:;h, it is spiked to the stump, nd
the unit is reidy to rig up.
A
III.
cnble i
Rigging the Tree
A.
Method
high climber
The
first
climbs to the top
or
the spar
tree, tking a 3/8" rntni1 pass line, which is used to
hoist the pase Une block and strap. These tie rnkes fast
to the top of the tree. The mnilu rope is then threaded
is lowered to the ground.
strawline is uttached, tnd it is pulleu up
through the block, and the
There
a
1/"
end.
through the block and back to the drum.
After the pass line block is hung, trie next step is to
set the guy lines. The lines ure hoisted into position
by the pss line nd are made f:- t to the tree neLr the
top. Then they re made fast to notched stumps and pulled
t i gli t by the t rs e tor drums.
The min line blocks and the haul-back blocks are hung
in the smne mnner as are the guy lines. These blocks
are located aS high as possible on the spar pole so s to
et the full effect of a high-lead system. The lines re
B.
strung the sJìe way aS the lines on a regular "donkeyT'
high-lead system are strung.
Sizes of rigging
Main line and chokers l"--6 strands, 19 wires steel core
_fl
-
1/2"--6 strunds, 19 vìires
Hau1-bick line
1"--6
Guy lines
IV.
"
Mein spar tree block
18"
Haul-beck spur tree block
10"
Tail tree blocks
12"
19
"
steel core
hemp core
Output
The maximum distnnce that is logged by the Cletruc
40
verges around
und
hructEr
or bOO feet, depending upon the
"80"
shos
of the ground.
The output per
dy
on this type of set up
about 50M or 60M feet of timber.
uverges
This figure depends upon
the size of the timber being logged und the type of
country.
V.
Orgunization of the Crew
The following men ure necessury to run this set up.
high climber
Hooktender
"Cet skinner
u
Chser
Three choker setters
Rigger
VI. Equipment
A.
Two R D 8 Diesel Cletrucs,
yarding drums
B.
nd
ecuipped with Pacific Cur Co.
necessry "cat" logging equipment.
One Csterpil1r "6G", equipped with u Le Tourneau
"Bu11doer-".
roads
This muchine is used mu.n1y ior building
nd chunking out tor rovding and swinging set ups.
-24-
VII.
Cost
Cost of operating this unit is deterÀined by the
1011oWlflg fictors.
L bor
.06 per
Hooktender
Cat" driver
M
.07
iigger
.Oh
Choker setters()
.12
Chtser
Ob
High clirner
Wire rope
.lh
Minten8nce
3()
upp1ies, fuel,
.10
etc.
Powder
.01
Misce11;neoU
.04
TOtc1
.99
-25-
per M
-
V
2y'07g- ?/Y/7
-
S7/v,7
'x7 72
7A-(77 -c7777
/C7
7,V/7 -s5b'
'-754"4'
t71
72
'
'"'
TRACTOR
I.
ROADII'TG
Method
Conidrb1e trctor
this op6ration.
It
roLiding, or skidding,
ckiep,
is a quick,
Hod.ing con1st
from the woods to
hot deck from where they
directly to the 1ndiri.
rdin
of
1ys
The tiooktender
nd then
1os
done by
nd rlexible
method of loL;4n.
roads with the "6C
i
-
the logs
re
swung
out his
off the area with the
D 8's.
J
This method is used only when
off around
oi
high-lead system as a
roded, off
of
swing,
roding
ìre.
dded "donkey" setting.
distìncc of lbOO'
2000' with logging machines.
tiie
the logs
11
the renninder of this
the cost of sn
we're
Then using
(900' to 1100').
the lines
been logged.
rtdius of the length
"donkey" setting in
¿t
hs
re
n
"donkey"
re logged, or
The method
stves
In some ctseE we
tnd swinging
a
distance
The total distence t1it
the logs were being transported to the landing being
:bout 3500'.
II.
Output
7ith this combination of two
"cats" and
"donkey"
swing, the operation gets aS much aS lOOM feet of logs
per day when logging conditions
III.
are good.
0rgsniztion of the Crew
The crew consists of the following men.
Hooktender
't"
driver
"Cat"
driver
for bulldozer
pour choker setters
-2'?-
ws worked in
high-lead, one North
Rough sketch to show how tractor roading
conjunction with two
Bend swing.
swing set-ups
oe
(Sketch is not drawn to scale.)
500
4OO
y
_
C
¿.4
,4O3
IV.
Cost
Fo11oving factors determine cost of oper.ting this unit.
Lìb or
:ooktender
.06 per
"Cat" drivers()
.12
Choker setters(4)
.16
M
"Cat" driver for
bull do z e r
VIire
rope
.07
intenance
.4Q
Supplies, fuel, etc.
Tot1
Tote:
.OY.96 per
M
This cost coes not include fixed chares.
-29-
CPT7RFILLAR OITR\TING COSTS
OR
iACHfl
RATES
Carge/
Chre/
Season
Day
(Lire b yrs.26O dtys/yer)
I. iixed Charges for Operation
A. Depreciation
Initi1 cost -- 11,COO per unit. :2,0OO
b.4ô
(Including drums, bull-ctozer,etc.)
Life of unit-- b years.
B. Interest
Average nnu1 mv. I+L)
462.00
1.?'?
2
2
C.
D.
___
Fire Ïnsurnce-- /4 or nnu1 mv. 4.bO
4c/ O
Otrier Risks-264.00
E. Taxes--
II.
OperH.ting
A.
ÖÓCU
Supp1ie
of
"
.19
1.lb
132.00
.bO
14.0?
C1ir:es
50 g1. t .0? per ;1.
---------------- i qt. t .15 per qt.
Grese ------------- bf, t .0? per
Wire Rope nd riging
Misc.
Iepir parts (estiniatea)
Diesel Fuel ---------
5.50
.15
Oil
2.26
.50
for three tractors
"ctt drivers t Y.0O per dy ------ 21.00
choler setters t 4.4O per dy -- 22.00
hooktender t 7.00 per thy --------- ?.00
5O .00
'1cts" ¿tt fl1.32 per dcy ------------ 65.9b
Tot1 Mctchine Rate for
CctS"
115.9b
B. Labor
3
S
1
.5
Aver.ge zimount of wor. done each day-10 0M
1.lÓ cost per
M.
100M
feet.
A
I
t
r
ki
CORVALUS,
ORGO1
OREGON STATE COLLEC
SCHOOL
Ì
SW ING ING
I. Overhead
Because
t1-ii
'iti
the rourhneE
01'
or
some
region, the operttion does much
the orthBend vin. in one
of the ground in
o:t
its wining
tne
uperinten-
vitki tue proiJiem of wingin timber
of the rde he
45' grde. it the
10cc reet up
hiE hi;h-1ed setting; then, uin the aine spar pole,
cient
w
confronted
be
-
st
North Bend Ewing to the top of the ¿rede.
With the high-icEd syteni nd the ewing, the log6 were
trEr1orted distance of 2OO feet. t the top they viere
he rigged
lo-ded onto trucks nd
snubbing engine. yore
ws handled in this
let down 35OO foot incline by
thn four million feet timber
manner.
01.
II. North
A.
Bend System
Rigging
R
line
fld
specLi type
then
anciiored to
e
twips, or
tree
it
wìien the system
spLr tree
ti'e
my 1ed
from a
1
is lowered.
haul-in line is ttched to the
The
to
The
et o1 Liock nd tck1e is used to
t!ie line, which is neitaer rLiseU nor lowered
en?ine.
the
tighten
carrie
and head
leed block is hung.
B.
standing line.
ti1
rrom tiie
ray be EtretckLed
drum on
the
cLrrige rides
o1
the
strip,
is
etthed
from
The
to
loo
to the
tree,
crrige.
the bight of
in
hu1-bck line is
OO
feet from
the
Between
the line,
run out along
min line,
nd
czrrige.
Ecuipnent
1.
Bgine used
Lines
11 X 13
is an
used are:
Standing main line
Ilaul-betek line
Haul- in rrìain
3. Carriage
1
hs
inc
bottom is
1ed.
-re
1
1/4"
1
1/4"
is strongly constructed.
large hook: on which lines may be
two sheaves and
a
hung. (See section
4. Blocks
2"
7/8"
lines
Choker
On the
high-lead. yurder.
on b1ock.)
prsctically the
rding.
seme aS
those used in nigh-
C.
Output
Sometimes
thiE; system
much
pr
day.
reet of timber is hauled
i2:o:
by
The output depends upon the pre-
-vriling conditions, such
aS
the size of logs, amount of
line and "donkeyt1 trouble, und number
ci'
logs per turn.
D. Cost
coit of overhead svinging depends
The
of the logs being swung, distance cf
turn.
LE
upon
swing,
the volume
and
time per
1so determined by the following factors.
Cost is
OT
1
per
Jngineer
.Qb
Fir emn
.04
Wood bucks(2)
.07
High climber
.04
Hooktínder
.O2; (.O2
Cbsers(3)
.13
Pumpmun
.01
(.02
.01
'
Wire rope
.10
.15
.Ob
"
Oil
.02
(.02
.02
"
.04
(.04
.02
"
Jater
.0
(.03
.01
F ire
.01
Powder
.01
(.01
(.01
dig-up
.05
(.05
.02
Minteneìnce
.
(
.30
.10
Ti scel1neous
.05
/o od
To
t i
:O
(.02 yarding
.87 per
-34-
M
M
.02 loading)
t,
t!
Q
t
"
)
III.
High-1ed Swinging
j;.
:ethod
Coniderb1e Einging
The
rig-up.
high-1ed swing
i
ucd
The
with caterpillar logging.
only in conjunction
rincip1e in high-lead
thut in yarding, except that
swinging is the same
swing road is built by blasting out
J3.
high-1ed
1so done vith
i
itumps,
.
etc.
Output
Cutput ìverge
from 100 to 110M feet per day, depend-
Ing upon Elze of timber dnd swinging conditions.
C.
Cost
The cost for high-lead swinging is averaged
ì,
t
.80 per
and is determined by the following fctors.
Labor
Engineer
.05
Piremn
.01
7ood buckE(S)
.07
Cher(3)
.13
High climber
.02
O2 yarding
.02 loading)
Pumpman
.01
.02
"
.01
"
)
Hooktender
.C2
(.02k
"
.02k
"
)
Rig-up
.05
(.05
"
.Cb
"
)
Pire rope
.15
(.10
20
ainteflafl(e
(
.
50
"
.Ob
)
1G
)
)
.
Powder
.01
(.61
"
Fire
iscellaneou
.01
.05
(.01
"
.01
o3
"
.
Vi& t
e
r
.
Oil
Wo od
o
(
.0
04
Total
(
-
(
.
.02
04
.
90fr per M
-35-
1
"
)
oi
.05
02
t'
)
n
)
LOADING
I.
Method
re
There
opertor.
1odin
outfit that
number oí
rna11
i
diírerent
methode uEed by
1og
on an
ver:e
of
10011
feet of' timber per day finds l'ieel-boom 1oder tkie most
efficient type and 1oveFt in cost to oper;te. This operetiori ue a heel-booia e;c1usive1y for ll sicte. ïJven
the locomotive crzne is equipped witn kieel-boorii. 1'xperience has proven tiiLt it is dvntgeous to ue tills
tctors.
type of 1otder because of the fo11ovii
tyfe of timber beinç ìoLed.
Cheap coEt of loading with this method.
Speed and esse vith viiiich a heel-boom loader
1. Size
2
3.
nd
handled.
4. Ease with which the
pole to nother.
5.
Lower labor
II. Construction
The
nitely
of
may be
boom mty be moved from one
spar
ost.
1300m
oom consist
0f a
10" in diameter
pair of
heivy
and 50' long.
tiin'oer
apprOxi-
These two timbers
re p1ced 4' apRrt and braced about every 10' with b"
timbers. 1rom the tong end of the boom to about /3 01
the way from the tong end, 30# rails are laid. parallel
to the boom timbers and spiked to the braces. The purpose of this type of
heel to the
spiked with
boom.
construction is to
The whole boom
bolt-.
-36-
fraiie
give
is
a sturdy
cabled
nd
oom construction
Sketch showing
III.
nd Hanging
Stringing Lines
The room is hung in
oom
p1ce
b
forked ends on the rear of the
the
spr
u logging engine,
boor!1
being fitted &rotnd
The boom is usually hupg about
pole.
feet from the baEe of the tree.
the
The hau1-baci
6
or
line is
run from the haul-Tjck drum on the engine through
t
near the top on the heud sptr tree, then through
strapped on
a
stump some distance from the pole
rsctly opposite the boom.
.li'rom
7
b1ocI
block
nd ai-
this block on the stump
the line is spiked to the end of the boom.
The
counter-blnced line, which returns
spiked to the other side
bnck line
:nd
is
oi
then run through a block strapped to
line is p'ssed through
przllel
This guy line
tor-ienced
is
the hoom opposite the haul-
stump opposite the hul-b:ck stump.
nd is run
the boon.,
i.
rom this stump the
block neLr the top of the pole
to a guy line.
1-is
a
small carriage to which the coun-
line is attached.
The
C:
rrige
Lias
one or
two medium sized logs hung from it so that a counter-
balanced wei;kÀt
is-
made to return the hooni.
The main
line is run from its drum on the engine, through
on the he.d spur tree, to
.
block
block on the end of the boom
and then to the tongs.
-3,1-
IV.
Opertion
The
1ietd.
to be loaded,
¿:gz:inst the
so that the
sings
min
been set
in position,
line
dolNn.
the second
the log
the log vi11 heel
rid
tile
the
itter
the log has
1oder unhooks the tongs,
s1&ckened,nd the boom
origin&l position hy
ori
the boom into 1Dosition over the car;
lets the log
then the
the hul-bsc:k is
short end oÍ
The mein line lifts the log,
boorn.
haul-Tj:ck line
V.
off center
loader places the ton
is
returned to its
counter-bLiriced line.
Output
Jith
crs per dy, depending upon
to 14
tnd
the heel-boom loader the operation loads from 10
the
vilbility
of good bunker logs.
lotd is 9500 feet of timher.
VI. Equipment
i.
Lines
Hiul-back line
7/8"
Counter-b:i1anced line
7/5"
Cuy lines
i
1/b"
in line
1
1/4"
Boom swing lines
3.
1 1/4"
Blocks
3our lb X
2
the size of the logs
boom swing blocks
One 14 x 2 lo'ding block
-38-
The
verge
C.
Other equipment
pair
Cne
0±'
One 14 x 2
tongs.
carriage jack iiitÌi tong line attactunent.
24" 1oadin
VII. Organization oi the Crev
The operting labor constïtutes the heaviest item
exDense,
must be
s
the men
paid a good
pîrticu1rly skilled.
conjunction vdth
He'd
re
1oder
Second
loading
vage
CI'
becaue they
The ±'o11oving men work
in
boom.
Loading "donkey" engineer
fireman
loader
TIII. Cost
The
lozding cost consists of the following items.
La
r
Loaders()
.12 per
Hooktender
.O
Engineer
.05
Pireman
.04
High climber
.O.-.
:Pumpmd.n
.
bO
01
iaintenance
l()
7ire rope
.Oi
ood
í)0,
Cil
")l
í)1
.02
Water
Fire
EULg-up
Tot1
M
(.O2
(.0
(
.
Cl
(.20
(.10
(.04
(.c2
(
.'3
(.01
(.05
.48 per
-3 j -
swinging
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
.O2
.0.
C
yarding)
"
j
T
"
.30
"
)
.04
"
)
.02
"
j
"
)
"
)
.
.15
.03
.03
.05
j
-s i//A/
//'(
&?O/-7
¿04 9 E,
Q(JV
coi're
z__-,\,,__
70
C
-i
-7z'ei
INC
I. ìetJìod
miE operation frecuently
truc.
of
t
: 12"
boiler.
pecil
with
6
incline
hihcr elevation
snubbing engine lete the loaded
mi.n line.
the
down
siri1e lane
c
timber frOm
incline in tr:nport±n
to the
enr1oy
cr
nd with the saine line pulls up another
his engine
hais
The main drum
i
type of
rtke.
i
x l4
fitted
Tiae
cïlinders
wit±ì
nd
10" s1irt
line used is a
x 19 hemp core.
The incline wnich
nd had an
long
of
OO'
ner
ws
in use this last suimner
averge grade
of 332.
One
ws
stretch
the top on the incline had a maximum grade
of 50%.
II.
Output
cars let down this incline averged
to 12 per day. iverage load wns about 9000'
The nunfcr of
from
1G
round
timr er cr.
for r load to be lowered
mt'
trip took from 25 to 30 minutes
and a
This time included unhooking
set of trucks
returned.
and hooking of trucks.
III. Cost
The average cost of constructing an incline,
grading and la;;ing of steel,
is
,,1.00
cost is determined
by
the
Operating
-41-
per
including
lineal foot.
following
factors.
L bor
7nrineer
.05 per
Fireman
.04
Brkemen(2)
.OY
Wire rope
.04
Tter
.01
Liintenance
.04
Oil
.01
Wood
01
:riscellneous
Tot1
.32 per
-4 -
E
INGLE-LIIíF
IITC LINE
The snuLher 1et
the full
bringe up
cr
i
down
nd
et of
empty trucks.
This type of
nu'bber Êysteni
ithe
principl type used by
this operation.
hOI
II
-43-
RAIIOAD TRANSPORTATION
the present time this operation has approximately
At
miles of railroad
trc,
including spurs and main
line. All of the tixAer logged is transported by rail.
As the section crew worked all summer laying nev steel,
I WaS ble to get considerable information on the construetion of logging r;ilrouds, wlaich represent u large and
imDortnt investment.
30
I. Construction of hui1ro;d
A.
LocLtion
The
iìOt
1oction
of the main line and spurs is one of the
iportunt steps
in loca tion
Ìflay
in
a
logging operation.
P
mistaice
spell disaster.
Juctors to ie considered when locating a line re
follows.
1. iuiiount of timber to be htndled.
. Length of time line is to be used.
Amount of trrfic tht is to pass over the line.
4. Speed With VIIt1CIi timber is to be removed.
s
.
5. Type of
6.
B.
rolling equipment
?irst cot
und motive power
usd.
of building road.
Rights of wy
mt
lesst
oWned
lend.
10
of this
rilroad
Eurchasing rights of
expense.
-44-
vas
built over privately
way meant an added
C.
Grdes
the
zind
curves
conEtruction
c1ktricter of
the road,
The maximum
on this road.
grde
nd curve
t;pe of
motive
is
3,
be
L
vry vìltíi tke
power to
be
used,
taken out.
nd the nîtximurn curve
of the roid is
50
does not exceed
grtde
timber to
end the length of
D.
0±
n
adverse
is 20°
grade, which
2fr%.
Tres ties
On
the rnin
hve heen
line,
found
to
trestles
!a.ve
been used
where they
even thou
be cheaper than fills,
replcement is necessary aíter a period of 15 or 20 years.
On the spur lines, trestles are used except where minor
:1l trestles are of the fru±ie-bent
fills cn be made.
type.
The cost of building a trestle
ranges
from $2.50
to
5.00 per foot, depending UOfl the following factors.
1.
height
2.
Length
3.
Type of soil
4. Type of trestle
j.
Crossties
The number of
f
ties
IDer
mile depends UOfl the following
etors.
1. Ch?r;cter of the roadbed
2. Size of the
rail
3.
VJei2ht of locomotive
4.
Grrde of ties
Cn
the svernge
hout
15
ties
-45-
sTe used
to
s
30' rail.
The size of ties
vn ties are used exclusively.
used
i
r,t
On the rualn line all
x 8" x 8'.
used, but on spur lines and inclines
and cull ties
3
Ri1s
It
the
has been found that the use of heavy rails
pys
in
long run because they depreci,te less in use, and
the' can be used on
They are bolted together with
and fastened
ang1e.-br
vodbeds with less ties.
:uoor
60# rails ure used.
G.
ties are
used.
re
.
l
to the
crossties with 5k" spi}:es.
Laying
Steel laying is
1.
11 done by hand.
The operations are:
Loading the ties, rails, etc.
Unloading cnd placing in position
.
4.
H.
Jointing
the.
rails
Eallasting
Cost
Total cost per i:i1e of lagring this road was averaged
at
This figure including the following.
l5,5OO.
Jngineering
400
.
;
5,600
Construction (Clearing
right of
Trestle
ay, grading,
etc.)
luilciing
2,000
Track 1aring
Ballasting
,00O
i'
e/)
/
4,500
e/-ti
Total
415,000 per mile
I
-46-
i-°
II. Equipment
A.
Locomotive
ireent
the compny
enine.
oper'ting tvo rod
lE
1.uilt Ly the inericbn Locomotive vork. The
built in 198. The
1are engine veigh 115 tons and v:
Both
re
Bm11er engine, which
Although
these engines ¿re woOd burners,
be changed
it
ruch
The
r
to
ore economic1
1re
engine
to
burn wood.
is used for y.rd switching and hiu1-
nd
dey,
In
±.
tke
is used to
the
the
Liii.
ords,
it.
is
sm11
The
loco-
loggers to ¿nd from vork e-ch
haul equipment ¿nd supplies to
to
other
they can both
The operators have found
fuel-oil burners.
Ing logs fron: the operation to
motive
iui1t in 1900.
65 tons,
veigIis
the opertion.
gener1 utility engine.
C:rs
This opertion uses ri1roìd trucks consisting of two
A
p;drs cf vtheels upon which is set a steel frame.
steel swivel
bunk 9T' long
tween the pairs of vthels.
with
is i:ounted on the
frame be-
Steel hunk blocks, tied on
ch;ins, keep the logs from slipping off the bunks.
Trucks
aire
equipped with
hand brakes and automatic
couplers.
Forty
sets of
trucks
re kept in operation.
crrying cepcity ranges from 60,000#
of equal
lengths
re selected
-47.-
for
The
to 75,000g.
a given lo:d.
Logs
C.
Other eçuipment
oper?tion 10
The
1. Tyo
foi1oin.
pE'ec1er
tnk
Tvc
our
3.
the
emp1oy
carE
f1t
o'
r for çcnEtruction
IlL Opertion
c;rs are taken froid tiie vwodE
ezch dy. The lib ton engine tkeE out lb eniptieE in the
1:iorning cnd returns to the L±ill vith 1h 1odE in the
afternoon. The vcr3e amount of tirJ:er Iiu1ed out in
this ranner runs round 110M feet per thìy.
In this oper:tion one locomotive is $uflicient .s
the hu1ing nd Ewitching re concerned, but the m11
Ori
the
ver.ige only 15
fr
engine
flCEE
to
fuel coEt i
low
lE
Lid
the conEtruction crew.
i uEed. 'he tencier
re filled during the night at the iiil1, ,nd one tender
full of wood l'EtE for u whole dy's run.
The
E.
1l
wood
IV. Crev
for 115 ton locomotive
Head br.kernn
Jngineer
Piremn
Second trakeman
Crew for 60 ton locoì±otive
A. Crew
B.
:-ngineer
Fireman
Br akeriian
V.
Cost
Cost per
M
for the
ri1rod
tot&i.1
Hsuling crew
Linten;nce of i,in line
"
spur lines
logring
U
line
nd spur
on
.10
.04
crs
Deprecition---rnin line
Trin operation
operation i
.06 per M.
;in
.37
.70
lines
Depreci'tion---i.R.equîpLLcnt
Tot1
-49-.
.08
1.55 per H
fo11os.
D1TAIUD ANALYSIS
C
LCGGING COSTS
Jinuiry i to Nrch 1,
1937
Per N feet 'ooard resure.
Interest
Note:
When
nd t&xes are not included.
incline i
uced, add .3
"Donkey" logging
Woods Cost
Fl1ing and lucking
Rigging
per N to eich.
"C
t
.52
.12
hed
Yarding
Lo ding
Swinging
Wire rope
Fuel t'nd supplicE
.
.82
.07
.94
.48
.88
.12
. 09
1.20
.45
.55
.30
.12
t'
Tot1
logging
¿
))
3
40
iailroad Operation
Hauling crew
1Lintenance 1ain line
spur line
"
logging cars
Deprec. main line
Train opere. tion
R.R. equipment deprec.
Total
Gener-'l
Logging
1L)
z
('
.10
.10
.04
.04
':Ç
.
.37
r
.37
('
t'..
.8
.05
1.55
:xpense
Supervision
Industrial insurance
Other insurrnce
Fire protection
Deprec. logging equip.
.10
.11
.06
.05
.15
.15
.05
Sb op
Sciling
Office expene
.10
.09
.05
.03
.15
.10
.05
.04
.09
.04
.09
Fliscelirneous
To tal
O.80
Grand Total
-50-.
;6.27 per
0.70
Ii
5.65 per
M
___
--
.
.
.