JUNE 1934
STATION BULLETIN 328
Studies with Alfalfa
Hay for Milk
Production
'C
Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon State Agricultural College
CORVALLIS
FOREWORD
first became an important crop in the
ALFALFA
western states in the seventies and eighties.
Since that time its culture has spread to the central
and eastern states. In 1930 more than 68 per cent of
all the tame hay produced in eleven western states
was alfalfa.
The development of the dairy industry of the western irrigated sections of the United States has closely
followed the increased growing of alfalfa. Owing to
the relatively low costs of producing alfalfa hay in
the irrigated sections, it has become a general practice to restrict dairy cattle more or less largely to
alfalfa hay. This practice has given rise to a number
of nutritional and economic questions which are not
encountered where alfalfa merely constitutes the
principal roughage in well-balanced rations.
In these nutritional and economic problems the
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station has been
interested for a long time, and in 1924, began an investigation, the results of which are reported in this
bulletin.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
6
Review of Literature
6
Experimental
7
Objects of the Investigation
Preliminary Investigation
Main Investigation
Plan of Investigation
7
7
8
8
Animals Used
8
Feeds Used
8
Rations Fed to Individual Cows
Results Obtained
Feed Consumption
Milk Production Data
Weight Data
Comparison of Nutrients Required and Consumed
Reproduction Records
Feed Cost of Production
Bibliography
11
12
12
15
19
19
24
27
29
SUMMARY
This bulletin presents the results of long-time feeding trials with
second-cutting alfalfa hay for milk pr-oduction. Results are given when
alfalfa hay was fed long, when fed chopped, and when fed long with graitt
Purebred cows of good productive capacity were used.
The average cow in the long-alfalfa-hay group, largely mature
animals, weighed 985 pounds; consumed 9,031 pounds of long alfalfa hay,
126 pounds of long oats and vetch hay, and 189 pounds of concentrates;
produced 4,421 pounds of milk and 166.2 pounds of butterfat in a 305-day
period; and calved again in 13 months.
The average cow in the chopped-alfalfa-hay group weighed 1,045
pounds; consumed 8,960 pounds of chopped alfalfa hay, 863 pounds of
chopped red clover hay and 76 pounds of concentrates; produced 5,696
pounds of milk and 214.0 pounds of butterfat in a 305-day period; and calved
again in 15 months.
The average cow in the hay-and-grain group, all immature animals,
weighed 888 pounds; consumed 5,664 pounds of long alfalfa hay, 2,060
pounds of ground barley and 1,030 pounds of ground oats; produced 7,208
pounds of milk and 277.9 pounds of butterfat in a 305-day period; and calved
again in 14-i months.
On the basis of mature equivalent 4 per cent fat corrected milk, the
average production was 4,464 pounds with long hay, 5,778 pounds with
chopped hay, and 8,416 pounds with long hay and grain. The average production on long hay was therefore only 53 per cent of the average production on hay and grain.
The low production on alfalfa hay alone apparently was due to the
lack of a sufficient consumption of total digestible nutrients, and probably
of phosphorus, to maintain production at a high level.
Dairy cows receiving a grain supplement with alfalfa hay were 7
per cent more efficient than cows receiving hay alone in converting feed
total digestible nutrients into milk total digestible nutrients.
Dairy cows on the average have a capacity for consumption of alfalfa hay alone of about 30 pounds daily per 1,000 pounds of live weight.
Dairy cows fed alfalfa hay almost exclusively for as long as five
years have reproduced fairly normally.
It was economical to chop alfalfa hay at a cost of $2.25 per ton
regardless of the value of the hay, if butterfat sold for 30 cents per pound
or above. Chopping was not economical with butterfat at 20 cents per
pound.
It was economical to feed grain with alfalfa hay regardless of the
price obtained for the product with concentrates at $20 per ton and alfalfa
hay at $5, $10, or $15 per ton.
With alfalfa hay at $10 per ton and grain at $30 per ton, it was eco-
nomical to feed grain when butterfat was worth 30 cents or more per
pound.
Experiments now in progress at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station are designed to give information on the most economical
kind and amount of supplements to feed with alfalfa hay to dairy cows.
Studies with Alfalfa Hay for
Milk Production
By
I. R. JONES, P. M. BRANOT, and J. R. HAAG
INTRODUCTION
ALFALFA became an important crop in the western section of the
United States about 1875. Since that time its culture has spread to all
parts of this country. In 1930 (1) approximately 38 per cent of all tame
hay produced in the United States was alfalfa. In eleven western states
68 per cent of all tame hay produced was alfalfa. In Oregon approximately
30 per cent of the total tonnage of tame hay was alfalfa, the production
being approximately 694,000 tons of alfalfa hay. In Eastern Oregon, alfalfa
hay constitutes a very large percentage of the tame hay produced.
Owing to the relatively low cost of producing alfalfa hay in many of
the western irrigated sections, it has become a common practice to restrict dairy cattle more or less entirely to alfalfa. This practice has raised
important economic questions and nutritional problems which have been
under investigation at the Experiment Station since 1924 (2) (3) (4).
This bulletin gives a summary of the more practical results obtained.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is not the purpose of this bulletin to review the extensive literature
comparing the value of alfalfa hay with other hays when fed to dairy cows
together with concentrates and succulent feedstuffs. It will suffice to say
that alfalfa hay is considered the best hay for dairy cows, followed closely
by clovers and other legumes.
Feeding alfalfa alone to dairy cattle has been largely a western prac-
tice. This is especially true in the irrigated regions of the \Vest where
alfalfa culture has reached its highest development. In this section of the
country, alfalfa is fed primarily to dairy cattle, but in some sections beef
cattle, sheep, and hogs also receive alfalfa as hay, green feed, or pasture
as their sole feed throughout the year.
In 1918, Woll (5) reported a controlled investigation dealing with
the feeding of alfalfa as the sole feed for dairy cattle, He selected two
groups of heifers and calves, and to one group fed alfalfa hay and green
alfalfa alone and to the other group a mixed ration of alfalfa hay, silage,
green corn, and a concentrate mixture. He found about a 20 per cent
greater gain in weight with heifers receiving the mixed ration. Insofar
as reproduction was concerned, no great difference was noted in the two
rations. Six first-lactation records and three second-lactation records
were reported for animals in each group. The animals receiving the mixed
5
6
AGRICCLTt-RAL EXPERTMENT STATrON BrLuTrN 328
ration produced on the average 45 per cent more butterfat during the first
lactation and 23 per cent more butterfat during the second lactation. The
animals on the mixed ration consumed considerably more dry matter and
total digestible nutrients. Woll concluded that there was no great difference in the economy of the two systems of feeding.
Reed, Fitch, and Cave (6) found that the exclusive feeding of alfalfa
hay failed to produce normal growth in Holstein heifers. Alfalfa hay, corn
silage, and a grain mixture gave better results. No detrimental effects on
reproduction were found with animals fed alfalfa hay as their sole rough-
age from about six months of age through two lactation periods. The
animals on alfalfa hay alone produced about 4,000 pounds of milk and
150 pounds of butterfat for the first and second lactation periods. A group
receiving alfalfa hay and corn silage produced only slightly more. Two
groups of animals that received grain in addition to alfalfa hayand corn
silage produced on the average about 80 pounds more butterfat for the
first lactation and about 100 pounds more butterfat for the second lactation period, as compared to the group on alfalfa hay alone. The authors
concluded that with alfalfa hay at $10 per ton and the grain mixture at $30
per ton and with milk and butterfat prices prevailing at the time, it was
profitable to feed grain to dairy cattle, the feed cost per pound of butterfat
being about 30 when alfalfa hay alone was fed and about 23 per pound
when alfalfa hay, corn silage, and grain were fed.
Headley, Knight, and Cline (7) report that cows receiving alfalfa hay
as the sole ration averaged 7,060 pounds of milk and 263 pounds of butterfat. The results were obtained from a cow-testing association in Nevada
for the year 1922-23 and included 702 cows in 53 herds. They found considerable variation in the production of individual cows.
Moseley, Stuart, and Graves (8) have reported the milk and butterfat
production of 10 cows on three plans of feeding. The ration in one case
consisted of alfalfa hay, corn silage, roots, and pasture, and one part of
grain mixture for each three pounds of milk produced. During another
lactation the same cows were fed similar roughage with one pound of
grain mixture to each six pounds of milk produced. In another lactation
period the same cows were fed the foregoing roughages but received no
grain. All records were made in 365 days under semi-official test conditions including three-times-daily milking. The results are striking in that
they show a very high and economical production for cows receiving
roughage alone. The results reported on ten cows receiving roughage
alone show an average production of 478 pounds of butterfat for the 365
days lactation. The individual animals in this group produced as high as
549 pounds of butterfat on roughage alone. On the limited grain ration
the cows produced on the average 584 pounds of butterfat; on the full grain
ration they averaged 620 pounds of butterfat. A larger number of animals
in the full-grain group were immature animals when the records were made.
The animals on the full-grain and limited-grain rations showed a consider-
ably greater gain in weight than the animals receiving roughage alone.
On the basis of per-ton prices of $10 for alfalfa hay, $32 for grain, $5
for silage, $24 for dried beet pulp, and $6 for beets, the limited grain ration
was found to give the highest returns over feed costs, followed by the
ration consisting of roughage only, with the full-grain ration being the
ALFALFA HAY FOR MILK PRODUCTION
/
least profitable when butterfat was valued at 44 cents per pound and skim
milk at 40 cents per hundred pounds. It was brought out in this study
that the animals receiving the roughage ration made considerably better
use of the total digestible nutrients supplied than did the animals receiving
the full-grain ration. Seven of the ten animals receiving roughage alone
as a ration consumed less total digestible nutrients than would be required
according to the Savage Feeding Standard.
Graves and Shepherd (9) have recently discussed the economics of
roughage versus grain feeding for dairy cattle. They report preliminary
data on a group of fifteen cows which completed lactations on a ration of
alfalfa hay alone as compared to the production of the same animals on a
full-grain ration. They report the very high average production of 402
pounds of butterfat and 11,375 pounds of milk by cows on alfalfa hay alone.
The average weight of these cows was 1,279 pounds. The same cows,
weighing an average of 1,429 pounds, on the full-grain ration produced on
the average 18,009 pounds of milk and 620.7 pounds of butterfat. The
actual feed supplied to these animals is not given. It is calculated that
the average cow receiving alfalfa hay would have to consume almost seven
tons of hay, in contrast to five tons of hay and three tons of grain for
the cows on a full-grain ration. The authors concluded that a ration of
alfalfa hay alone or alfalfa hay and limited grain is more economical than
a full-grain ration regardless of the price level at which the product is sold.
EXPERIMENTAL
OBJECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
This investigation was undertaken with the following objects:
To determine the economy of feeding rations of alfalfa hay
alone for milk and butterfat production.
To compare the feeding value of irrigated and non-irrigated
alfalfa hay.
To determine the most economical supplements to feed with
alfalfa hay.
To determine the value of chopping alfalfa hay for dairy cattle.
To determine whether cows placed on a ration of alfalfa hay
alone would reproduce normally and maintain their health over a
period of years.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
During the spring of 1924, ten cows were divided into two groups as
comparable as possible with respect to breed, age, stage of lactation and
gestation, and production. The cows were selected from the regular herd,
where they had received a ration of oats-and-vetch hay, corn silage, and
a grain mixture consisting of 300 pounds oats, 300 pounds barley, 300
pounds mill run and 100 pounds of protein concentrate. The cows were
gradually changed to a ration consisting solely of alfalfa hay, ten days
being taken for the transition. Alfalfa hay was fed to the cows in as large
8
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 328
amounts as they would consume. Accurate records of hay offered and consumed were kept.
Two kinds of alfalfa hay were fed, one grown in Central Oregon under
irrigation, and the other in the \Villamette Valley, Oregon, without irriga-
tion. One group of cows received the Central Oregon hay for 40 days,
then after a transition period of 10 days was changed to Willamette Valley
hay for 33 days. The second group was started on the Willamette Valley
hay and was then changed to the Eastern Oregon hay.
The results of this brief trial indicated that the Central Oregon hay
was somewhat superior to that grown in the Willamette Valley for maintaining milk production. This was probably due to the greater consumption of the Central Oregon hay, the average daily consumption being 30
pounds of the former and only 24 pounds of the latter. The striking fact
brought out in this trial was the rapid decline in milk flow when the cows
were changed to the ration of hay alone, the decline for individual cows
being from two to seven times faster than normal.
MAIN INVESTIGATION
Plan of investigation. The results in the preliminary experiment indicated that if definite information was to be obtained the cows must be
placed on experiments for one or more lactation periods rather than the
customary short-time period of feeding trials. Hence cows were selected
from the college dairy herd during dry periods and were fed a ration consisting entirely of alfalfa hay.
Animals used. Purebred cows of the four major dairy breeds free
from Bang's disease and tuberculosis were used in this investigation. The
data on the animals used are given in Table 1. All cows except No. 68 had
records in the herd before or after they were used for this investigation.
A comparison will be made later in this bulletin of the records made by
the cows in the regular herd, contrasted with their production on the
experimental ration. For purposes of comparison, the records on the
individual cows are given when converted to the basis of 4 per cent fat
corrected milk using the Gaines (10) formula and also to a mature equiva-
lent 4 per cent fat corrected milk basis using the Graves factor for Ayrshires, the Norton factor for Holsteins, the Copeland factor for Jerseys,
the Turner factor for Guernseys, as reported by Graves, Fohrman, and
Smith (11).
Feeds used. Second-cutting alfalfa hay was used throughout the investigation. The locality where the hay was grown is indicated in Table 2.
Since about 130 tons of alfalfa hay were fed in this investigation, the quality
of the hay used from year to year varied somewhat, but an attempt was
made to purchase hay that contained a good quantity of leaves, had a bright
green color, and did not contain a large amount of grass andweeds.
The chemical analyses given in Table 2 are of average samples of feed
fed throughout the various years and from the particular lots of hay purchased and used during the year. A study of Table 2 indicates that the aver
age alfalfa hay fed was somewhat lower in crude protein than that reported
by most investigators (12), (13), and (14). This is especially true of the
Table 1. RECORDS ON ANIMALS PREVIOUS TO AND AFTER ALFALFA-HAY FEEDING TRIALS
305-day lactation period
herd Number
and Breed
456
456
623
623
459
457
424
462
468
468
222
228
228
629
511
518
261
68
Ayrshiie
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Guernsey
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
1-lolstein
Holstein
Holstein
Guernsey
Ayrshire
Avrshiie
Holstein
Jersey
Year
1924
1-929
1922
1923
1924
1924
1924
1924
1925
1929
1925
1922
1923
1924
1932
1931
1932
Ration
Test cow.
Regular herd
Regular herd
Test cow
Regular herd
Test cow
Regular herd
Test cow
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Test cow
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Regular herd
Milkings
daily
3
Age at
calving
Calved
again
Yr.-Mo.-Da
2-3.5
Days
Days
383
548
372
432
369
387
481
362
325
624
514
668
481
374
413
352
434
292
417
309
373
324
365
338
310
287
512
419
2
2
79.5
3
3-5-2
2
2.3.17
2-4-2 5
2-3-9
2
6.10-6
2-2-11
2
2-8-5
6-9-2
6-10. 12
2.4-1
4-2-4
3-0-8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
r Sold as non-breeder. No production record in regular herd.
Total
days in
6.8-18
5-3-10
5-6-15
milk
601
426
308
370
286
284
Milk
Lb.
7780
7793
5341
8622
5535
8768
6421
7253
6369
8960
12434
7748
11357
4498
9141
8530
6644
Butterfat
Lb.
306.6
333.0
312.1
523.4
204.3
337.2
223.5
291.7
251.1
387.0
374.4
272.5
426.7
224.6
362.1
346.5
256.0
Mature
4% fat
4% fat
corrected corrected
milk
milk
Lb.
Lb.
7751
9875
8192
8604
13006
6662
10912
5921
9351
7678
9389
10590
9797
12331
6171
9088
8610
6498
8192
6818
11300
5279
8565
5921
7277
6314
9389
10590
7187
10943
5168
9088
8610
6498
Table 2. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSts AND OTHER DATA ON FEEDS USED
Feedstuff
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Alfalfa, second cutting
Clover hay
Oats-and-vetch hay
Barley
Oats
0
Year
1924
1924
1925
1925
1926
1926
t 927
1928
1929
1926
1927
1928
1929
t 928
1929
Where grown
-Corvallis, Oregon
Redmond, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Redmond, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Redmond, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Hermiston Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon
Under
irrigation
or not
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Crude
protein
Crude
fiber
12.63
29.70
25.90
30.50
32.90
32.10
30.50
27.60
26.60
28.00
27.83
t2.88
11.56
11.31
9.76
10.28
12.56
12.93
12.3t
8.08
5.94
7.46
8.80
Calcium
Phosphorus
27.41
5.20
0.90
0.77
0.03
%
0.22
0.22
0.17
0.12
0.20
0.17
0.17
0.15
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.37
12.60
0.08
0.36
%
1.32
1.15
1.30
1.15
0.98
0.98
1.37
l.t6
1.24
ALFALFA HAY FOR MILK PRODUCTION
11
hay used in 1926. It should also be noted that six out of nine lots of alfalfa
hay contained less than 0.20 per cent phosphorus as compared with 0.23
per cent as given by Henry and Morrison (15).
Rations led to individual cows. In 1925 a group of eight cows were
selected and divided into two groups of four animals each. To one group
was fed alfalfa hay grown under irrigation in Central Oregon and to the
other group hay grown in the Willamette Valley without irrigation. The
first group consisted of animals Nos. 456, 623, 459, and 216. The second
group consisted of Nos. 457, 424, 462, and 228. Long alfalfa hay was fed to
both groups. Data on two of these cows are not used. Cow No. 216 became
lame about the middle of the year and was removed from the experiment.
Cow No. 228 received corn silage for a part of the year. Inasmuch as she
is one of only two cows that received corn silage as a part of the ration
during the investigation, the results will not be reported until additional
records are available.
In 1926 two animals were added to each group, Nos. 222 and 468 to the
group receiving Central Oregon alfalfa and Nos. 228 and 629 to the group
receiving Willamette Valley alfalfa. The records on cow No. 424 were
not used in 1926 as she became sick after seven months on experiment and
was disposed of. Post-mortem examination showed foreign-body infection, a wire being found in the spleen.
In 1926 the cows in both groups were fed chopped alfalfa hay. The
baled hay was chopped through an ensilage cutter at a cost of $2.25 per
ton. Toward the end of the lactation periods a small amount of chopped
clover hay was fed. Four of the animals were fed supplements of linseedoil meal or cornstarch for short periods when mineral and nitrogen balance
studies were being made as reported in 1929 (12).
In 1927 six cows, including four that were in the experiment when it
began in 1925 and two that were used in 1926, were continued on the alfalfa-
hay experiment. The hay used consisted of lots grown in both Central
Oregon and the Willamette Valley and was fed as long hay. Two cows,
Nos. 456 and 462, were used in metabolism studies in 1927 (12).
In 1928 two of the cows, Nos. 456 and 623, completed their fourth lacta-
tion period on a ration consisting entirely of alfalfa hay except for a short
period during which No. 456 was used in metabolism studies (13).
In 1925 (3), (4), an investigation was begun at the Experiment Station
dealing with the mineral requirements for growth, reproduction, and lactation. One of the rations used in this experiment consisted of alfalfa hay
and a grain mixture of two parts barley and one part oats. Lactation
records are available on four animals for the first lactation and three
animals for the second lactation. The production records of this group of
animals are used to compare with the production records of the cows
receiving rations consisting almost entirely of alfalfa hay.
Records obtained. Careful records were kept of all feeds weighed to
the individual animals and any refused feeds weighed back. Additional
hay was offered in order to obtain maximum consumption. When approximately maximum consumption was determined, however, no large excess
of hay was given, otherwise the cows would have eaten the leafy part of
the hay and refused the coarser part.
12
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 328
Milk weights were obtained at each milking and butterfat tests made
one day each month. The cows were weighed for three consecutive days
at thirty-day intervals. Accurate breeding and reproduction records were
kept on all animals used in the investigation. Blood samples for calcium
and phosphorus determinations were taken at intervals. Blood tests were
made monthly for Bang's disease infection.
RESULTS OBTAINED
Feed consumption. Table 3 shows the feed consumption data of the
cows used in this study. It gives the individual feed consumption data for
305-day periods for 14 cow lactations on long alfalfa hay; 9 cow lactations
on chopped alfalfa hay, and 7 cow lactations on long alfalfa hay and a grain
mixture consisting of two parts barley and one part oats.
A study of Table 3 shows that for the 1925 lactation periods the cows
receiving long alfalfa hay as their sole feed, consumed an average of about
9,000 pounds of alfalfa hay for the 305-day lactation period.
In 1929, 9 cows received chopped alfalfa hay until practically the end
of the lactation period when 5 of the animals were fed clover hay owing
to the fact that the supply of alfalfa hay was exhausted. This clover hay
was also chopped, hence the total hay consumption for the two years 1925
and 1926 can be more or less directly compared as to the amount of hay
that was consumed when fed long and as chopped hay. It will be noted
that in 1926 two of the cows received a small amount of additional nutrients in the form of linseed-oil meal and two other cows in the form of cornstarch. This was fed while metabolism studies were being conducted (12).
In 1927 and 1928 the experimental cows were again fed long alfalfa hay.
In the case of four cows as indicated in Table 3, a small amount of the
regular herd mix was fed shortly after calving. A change in plan was then
made in order to have available some of these cows for further metabolism
studies and the grain mixture was removed from their ration. Nitrogen,
calcium, and phosphorus balances were run on animals Nos. 456 and 462
as previously reported (12) (13). The complete lactation record is not
available on animal No. 462 for the 1928 season, as she was sold after eight
months on the alfalfa hay ration. Oats-and-vetch hay was fed to some
of the cows for a few days at the end of the 1927 season, as the supply of
alfalfa hay was exhausted.
The feed-consumption data for all cows, as indicated in Table 3, are
for a 305-day period, the first day's feed record beginning with the first day
that milk production data were taken; namely, on the seventh day after
calving. Some of the cows did not milk for the total 305-day period and
other animals milked considerably longer, but only the records for 305
days are used for comparison.
It will be noted in Table 3 that the animals receiving alfalfa hay and
grain consumed on the average less than three tons of alfalfa hay and
about a ton and a half of grain mixture in contrast to about 4 tons of long
hay for the cows receiving this as their main feed and nearly 5 tons for the
cows receiving chopped hay. The cows receiving long hay also consumed
an average of 189 pounds of concentrates, and the cows receiving chopped
hay received an average of 72 pounds of concentrates.
Table 3. ToTAL Fzvr, CoNsuMPTION DATA-305-DAY PERIOD
Animal
number
Year
Alfalfa Hay, Long
CO
C0
a CO
f1,VV
tWV
t WV
456
623
459
457
424
462
456
623
459
462
468
222
456
623
Average
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
CO
a CO
CO
a CO
a CO
Wv
WV
tWV
tWV
456
623
459
468
222
457
462
228
629
Average
I
Alfalfa
Alfalfa
hay
hay
consumed
fed
Lb.
I.b.
9t24
....
9562
9640
9466
9564
9659
9652
9549
8100
8547
9197
9416
11100
9760
8380
9399
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
....
9702
8566
9542
8874
9873
9792
9532
10386
7826
9344
9061
10136
7435
8960
1928
1928
1928
1928
1929
1929
1929
5345
5163
5164
6002
5968
6052
6100
5685
5277
5141
5134
5995
5962
6038
6100
5664
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1928
1928
8977
8753
8987
9150
9114
9334
7749
8191
8872
9355
10937
9653
8231
9031
9420
8077
8983
8555
9528
9442
Clover
hay
Oat s-and
vetch
hay
Lb.
Lb.
Ground
barley
.
....
...
...
...
...
......-
....
.
..
.
....
....
...
933
...
1536
2087
.
..
.
....
....
....
....
....
....
..
....
...
1513
1702
863
....
....
...
...
...
...
.
.
....
....
....
..
Ground
corn
Lb.
Lb.
...
...
Cocoanut
meal
.--.
--..
.-..
U...
-..-
.-..
..
14
14
7
14
43
28
....
93
76
38
93
76
38
25
24
19
93
76
38
-...
..--
....
..
....
...-
--..
----
.
...
...
.
.
...
5
55
55
19
..
...
.--.
...
....
...
....
....
....
....
....
...
....
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
....
.....
...
1985
1935
2034
1679
2509
2409
1871
2060
993
968
1017
840
1254
1205
935
1030
...
55
...
....
..
Lb.
Lb.
....
-...
..
170
..
....
303
...
....
....
36
38
....
....
....
....
...
....
-..-.-.
..-.
..--
---.
-.--
-.-.
Alfalfa Hay, Long,
and Grain
511
68
518
261
511
518
261
Average
...
..
....
....
....
...
....
Co indicates alfalfa hay grown under irrigation in Central Oregon.
t WV indicates alfalfa hay grown without irrigation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.
.
...
....
....
.
...
....
....
170
....
...
....
...
....
....
....
.
Corn-
starch
.
....
..
Linseedoil
meal
....
...
...
.
256
364
390
312
....
304
...
135
126
Mill
run
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
.
...
Ground
oats
....
..-.
....
...-
.-....
....
---
38
Table 4. MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRODUcTIoN DATA
Animal
number
Alfalfa Hay, Long
"co
"CO
"CO
456
623
459
tWV 457
?WV 424
TWV 462
456
623
459
462
468
222
456
623
Average
Alfalfa Hat, Chopped
"CO
"CO
"CO
"CO
"CO
456
623
459
468
222
?WV 457
9WV 462
SWV 228
tWV 629
Average
Alfalfa Hay, Long,
and Grain
511
68
518
261
511
518
261
Average
Year
Age at
calving
Calved
again
Da-vs
Yr.-Mo.-Da.
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1928
1928
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1928
1928
1928
1929
1929
1929
1930
Total
days in
milk
3-3-23
5-7-17
358
250
351
3-3-2 1
326
324
397
314
191
281
242
302
3-4-0
8-1-2
3-2-8
5.7-7
7-7-26
5-5-15
5-5-12
5-0-22
9-4-28
6-5-28
8-8-12
5.9-9
321
381
486
394
615
407
462
339
302
195
328
292
327
400
328
231
391
238
279
5-2.2 1
476
389
457
537
413
338
475
325
635
449
364
310
385
390
364
257
392
289
358
345
3-0-9
413
4-3-16
6-7-3
4-2-13
3-7-0
8-3-11
4-2-22
4-1-23
6-6-6
5.2-6
2-5-2 3
2-5-20
2-6-29
4-1-28
3-9-14
3-5-14
3-1-19
479
320
476
547
352
431
355
(1095)9
368
294
415
354
299
348
Total
Milk
Total
butterfat 305 -day
production production lactation
milk
Lb.
4016
2558
4810
3616
5085
3569
4093
4481
5065
6516
8909
5548
4833
2840
4710
6918
4869
7161
6781
8322
4902
6804
5199
4447
6156
8455
(13059)9
8601
5325
11531
7613
6432
7993
" CO indicates alfalfa hay grown under irrigation in Central Oregon.
t WV indicates alfalfa hay grown without irrigation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.
9 Sold as non-breeder after 3 years in milk; not used in averages.
Butterfat
4% fat
corrected
305-day
milk
305 days
lactation
Mature
equivalent
fat
corrected
milk
305 days
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
148.7
118.0
181.2
135.7
166.0
124.0
144.5
239.5
181.9
224.7
147.3
112.9
179.5
131.1
161.6
124.0
139.7
231.2
178.4
218.3
259.7
159.1
159.5
124.1
166.2
3806
2673
4602
3379
4418
3288
3681
5208
4661
5846
6336
4503
4293
2963
4261
4514
2673
5458
4007
4418
3936
163.6
162.0
130.2
172.2
3990
2448
4772
3530
4984
3569
3962
4350
4963
6427
6100
5291
4750
2753
4421
257.4
242.2
278.1
282.8
280.4
171.0
243.1
161.0
205.2
235.7
6443
4805
6308
6137
7770
4844
5846
5095
4019
5696
234.8
239.3
235.0
255.1
258.8
168.2
196.7
157.2
181.2
214.0
6099
5512
6048
6282
6990
4461
5289
4396
4326
5489
6495
5512
6502
7300
318.2
7831
5580
7714
5325
10182
7393
6432
7208
290.2
279.5
285.2
199.8
369.7
275.8
245.0
277.9
7485
6425
7364
5127
9619
7094
9042
8224
8984
6768
10340
8059
7498
8416
292.0
(785.4)9
321.3
199.8
422.0
286.0
245.0
298.4
6248
7052
3681
5208
4661
5846
6336
4503
4293
2963
4464
6990
4796
5686
4396
4326
5778
15
ALFALFA HAY FOR MJLK PRODUCTION
Milk production data. The individual milk and butterfat production
data are shown in Table 4. The age at calving, the number of days before
the animal calved again, and the total days in milk are given. The total
milk and butterfat production of the individual cows is indicated as well
as the milk and butterfat production for a lactation period beginning with
the seventh day after calving and continuing for 305 days, provided the
animal milked that length of time.
The 305-day production has been converted to 4 per cent fat corrected
milk, using the Gaines formula (10). Also, the 4 per cent fat corrected
milk has been converted to the mature equivalent fat corrected milk, based
on the age at calving as indicated, by using the age correction factors as
previously noted (11).
Table 5 gives the average daily milk and butterfat production for the
305-day period, the highest daily milk and butterfat production, and the
period of lactation at which maximum production was attained.
Table 5. AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM DAILY MILK AND BUTTERFAT PRoDuCTIoN RECORDS305-DAY LACTATION PERIODS
Animal
number
Average daily
production
Year
Alfalfa Hay,
Long
5C0 456
CO 623----"CO 459
?WV 457
tWV
tWV
424
462----------
456
623
459
462 ,,,,,
468
222
456
623
H ilk
Butterlat
Lb.
Lb.
13.1
0.48
0.37
0.59
0.43
0.53
Highest daily milk and butterfat production
Day of
lactation
Amount of
milk
Day of
lactation
Lb.
Day
Lb.
Day
15
6
3
1.63
11
1.22
1.65
1.70
0.97
1.79
1.48
1.37
1.63
1.82
0.93
1.25
1.72
1.53
11
Amount
33.3
31.3
31.0
31.7
39.6
28.6
49.1
32.8
40.3
48.0
35.3
31.9
41.8
24.9
35.7
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1928
1928
16.3
11.7
13.0
14.3
16.3
21.1
15.6
9.0
14.5
0.46
0.76
0.58
0.72
0.85
0.52
0.52
0.41
0.55
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
21.1
16.0
20.7
20.1
25.5
15.9
19.2
16.5
13.2
18.7
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.84
0.85
0.55
0.64
0.52
0.59
0.70
36.8
29.1
31.8
40.4
52.2
30.2
33.4
34.7
34.7
1928
1928
1928
1929
1929
1929
1930
25.7
18.3
0.95
0.92
0.94
0.66
36.0
24.8
35.0
Average
8.0
15.6
11.6
20.0
17.3
041
6
21
14
15
16
19
21
20
17
15.5
butterfat
225
A If all a Hay,
Chopped
CO 456
"CO 623
"CO 459
"CO 468---------
"CO 222
tWV 457
?WV 462
?WV 228
?WV 629
Average
Alfalfa Hay.
Long, and
Grain
511
68
518.....
261
511
518
261
Average
25.3
17.5
33.4
24.2
21.1
23.6
1.21
0.90
0.80
0.91
24.1
28.1
43.9
43.0
32.9
34.8
6
21
14
15
16
19
10
20
10
11.6
1.61
1.31
38
22
28
1.39
1.79
2.56
1.06
1.44
1.27
24
1.01
24.6
1.49
45
21
18
30
61
1.23
1.24
1.14
1.14
1.73
1.44
1.58
1.36
10
45
37
30
8
31
8
38
36
35.6
15
8
31
S
14
24
18.3
81
102
129
17
102
22
9
66.0
" CO indicates alfalfa hay grown under irrgation in Central Oregon.
t WV indicates alfalfa hay grown without irrigation in Willamette Valley, Oregon.
16
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 328
The most striking fact brought out in Tables 4 and 5 is the very iow
production of milk and butterfat by good cows receiving alfalfa hay as the
main part of their ration. As shown in Table 5, the average cow receiving
alfalfa hay attained a maximum daily production of about 35 pounds of
milk and 1 pounds of butterfat at about 20 days after calving. The ration
of hay alone did not supply the necessary nutrients to maintain this level
of production for more than a short period.
Ten of the fourteen lactation periods on long hay are for cows that
were five years of age or older at the beginning of the lactation period.
Four of the records are for cows in their second lactation. These cows,
representing three breeds but consisting largely of Ayrshires, produced on
the average only 4,421 pounds of milk and 166 pounds of butterfat in a
305-day lactation period. It will be noted that the cows calved again on
the average in 391 days, or in about 13 months; so this was not a factor in
their low production. It will be noted further that the cows milked onty
for an average of about 9 months, the average cow being dry for approximately 4 months.
As shown in Tables 4 and 5, the cows receiving chopped alfalfa hay
produced considerably better than the cows receiving the long hay. The
production of the chopped-hay group wa still very low, however, considering the fact that the cows were largely mature animals of good breeding. The cows used in this group calved again on an average in 15 months
and milked an average of 1l months.
The cows receiving long alfalfa hay and grain show a considerably
higher production of both milk and butterfat. It will be noted that all of
the animals in this group were immature, the average age being a little
more than three years in contrast to an average age of about five years in
the other two groups. The average period between calvings was approximately 14 months. One animal in this group did not have a second calf,
and had to be disposed of as a non-breeder after 1,095 days in milk. Hence
this figure was not used in computing the average days in milk and the
average total production.
A summary of the milk and butterfat production of the various groups
is given in Table 6. It will be found that there was very little difference
in production with alfalfa hay fed long whether grown under irrigation or
not. In 1926, when chopped alfalfa hay was fed, the Central Oregon irrigated alfalfa gave about 35 per cent higher production. Reference to
Table 5 will show that the group of cows receiving Central Oregon
chopped alfalfa hay started the lactation at a higher plane of production
than the Willamette Valley hay group. Also, the chopped alfalfa grown in
the Willaniette Valley in 1926 was judged the poorest lot of hay used in
this investigation.
As shown in Table 6, chopped alfalfa hay on the average gave 29 per
cent greater production than alfalfa hay fed long. As shown in Table 5 the
two groups attained about the same daily maximum production of milk and
butterfat, but the chopped hay maintained production at a higher level. It
should be noted, however, that the average cow receiving long alfalfa
calved again in 13 months in contrast to 14 months between calvings for the
cows receiving chopped hay. It is difficult to estimate the effect on production of this failure to breed promptly.
Table 6. SUMMARY OP AVERAGE PRODUCTION BY GROUPS
YearLong or chopped
alfalfa hay
Corrected
milk
Mature
equivalent
fat
corrected
milk
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
3737
6293
146.6
244.6
3694
6186
4215
6560
4028
4951
138.9
175.8
3695
4618
4120
4801
4421
166.2
214.0
277.9
4261
5489
7052
4464
5778
8416
Butterfat
production
Total
butterfat
production
Milk
in milk
milk
lactation
lactation
Days
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
241
363
3795
6810
149.3
268.2
345
443
282
324
4090
5338
141.9
391
279
449
431
4710
345
348
6156
7993
172.2
235.7
289.4
Age at
calving
Calved
Total days
Yr.-Mo.-Da.
Days
4-1-0
5-4-21
345
454
4-10-31
5-0-8
again
Total
305-day
305-day
4%
305 days
305 days
Central Oregon
(irrigated) Alfalfa i-lay
Long
Chopped
Willantette Ialley (NonIrrigated) Alfalfa Hay
Long
Chopped
Summary
All Long
All Chopped
Long, and Grain
5-9-9
5-2-21
3-1-19
195.1
5696
7208
Table 7. COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION OF 4 PER CENT MILK ON MATURE EQUIVALENT BASIS ON ALSALFA HAY RATIONS AND IN REGULAR HERD IN 305DAY LACTATION PERIODS
An Ilnal
number
456
623
459
457
424
462
468
222
228
629
SO
Total
Average
Alfalfa
hay long
Lb.
4514
2673
5458
4007
4418
3936
6336
4503
Alfalfa
hay long
I
Alfalfa
hay long
Alfalfa
hay
chopped
Total
alfalfa
hay
alone
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
3681
5208
4661
4293
2963
6495
18983
16356
16621
5.512
6502
4796
5846
5686
7300
6990
4396
4326
Lactations
4
8803
4418
15468
13636
3
test0
Lb.
9875
13006
8192
8604
6662
10912
t7275
9351
12331
23
Records from Table 1.
t Estimated as of semi-officIal test records as no regular herd record was available.
Regular
herd
ration0
Lb.
2
2
11493
4396
4326
114500
4978
SelIliofficial
5921
6234
9389
10590
9797
6171
Estilnated
iroduct ion
Percentage
of regular
herd pro.
regular
herd
hay
if ill
duct ion on
alfalfa
Lb.
32768
34416
19986
14550
5921
18702
18778
21180
9797
6171
182269
7925
57()
47.5
83.2
60.5
74.6
82.7
72.6
54.3
44.9
69.9
62.8
62.8
ALFALFA HAY FOR MILI PRODUCTION
19
The average production for fourteen cow lactations on long alfalfa
hay is shown in Table 6 in comparison to the production on long alfalfa
hay and grain. These production results are possibly the most significant
in the entire investigation. On the basis of mature equivalent 4 per cent fat
corrected milk for a 305-day lactation, the cows receiving hay and grain
gave 89 per cent greater production than cows fed largely on long alfalfa
hay. Expressed in another way, the cows on long hay gave only 53 per
cent of the production of the group receiving hay and grain.
Further to point out the capacity for production of the cows used in
the alfalfa-hay feeding trials, Table 7 is given. It will be noted that the
total production for twenty-three 305-day cow lactations on rations consisting largely of alfalfa hay was 114,500 pounds of 4 per cent milk. Based
on their actual records in the regular milking herd, the same cows should
have produced 182,269 pounds of 4 per cent milk. On the average lactation
basis, this represents a difference between 199 pounds of butterfat on hay
alone and 317 pounds of butterfat in the regular herd on a mixed ration, or
118 pounds. Expressed in another way, the cows produced only 63 per cent
of the expected production on the rations consisting mainly of alfalfa hay.
The group receiving alfalfa hay and grain produced about the same
as they later produced in the regular herd.
Weight data. The weight data on individual cows used in the investigation are shown in Table 8. The data given include the last weight previous to calving, the first weight after calving, the weight after 305 days
lactation, the average weight during the lactation, and the gain in weight.
The first weight after calving and the weight previous to calving were not
taken at definite periods before or after calving, but averaged about two
weeks before calving and about two weeks following calving. A study
of Table 5 shows that there was considerable variation of the individual
animals in gain in weight during the 305-day period.
A study of Table 8 in conjunction with Table 4 indicates that on the
average the cows that produced the most milk made the smallest gains in
weight. It will also be noted that the average cow receiving the long
alfalfa hay was somewhat smaller than the average cow receiving chopped
alfalfa hay, but was about 100 pounds heavier than the average animal receiving hay and grain. In other words, in so far as the size of the cow is con-
cerned, the cows receiving the chopped hay should have produced the
largest amount of milk and butterfat, followed by the cows that received
the long alfalfa hay and in turn by the cows that received the alfalfa hay
and grain. This difference in weight is largely due to the fact that more
immature animals were used in the group receiving alfalfa hay and grain.
Comparison of nutrients required and consumed. Table 9 gives a comparison of the calculated digestible crude protein, total digestible nutrients,
calcium and phosphorus required and consumed per animal daily in the
various groups on the basis of the 305-day lactation period. Table 10 gives
a similar comparison based on the feed consumption and maximum production in early lactation as given in Table 5.
In determining the digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients required, the average figures of the Morrison (15) feeding standards
for maintenance and milk production have been used. The first weight
20
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT S'rATIoN BULLETIN 328
after calving was used for the maintenance determination. In the case of
gain in weight the factor of 4.3 pounds of total digestible nutrients per
pound of gain in weight has been applied. This figure was derived from the
Armsby (16) figures of 3.25 Therms of net energy for each pound increase
in live weight for fattening with no considerable growth and the same
figures for growth with no considerable fattening for animals 24 to 30
months of age.
Table 8. WeIGHT DATA
Animal
number
Year
Alfalfa Hay, Lang
456
623
459
457
424
462
456
623
459
462
468
222
456
623
Average
A Ifalf a Hay,
Chapped
456
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1925
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1927
1928
1928
Weight
previous
to
calving
weight
after
calving
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
1021
908
853
1062
933
793
657
960
946
786
1070
863
774
937
1002
1219
1093
851
920
1155
971
893
1110
1084
1000
1230
1044
882
775
1035
1015
893
1150
222
908
884
982
1004
1324
886
829
960
45
110
45
2
990
843
745
955
1212
1096
904
850
1029
1413
1177
1043
874
106
798
992
105
74
201
979
1398
1063
1101
936
1318
1058
1045
87
161
10
112
905
690
860
1153
920
910
1233
953
839
666
795
1048
895
863
1110
888
133
48
130
211
1131
934
1249
1004
954
1083
1214
1413
1230
937
1071
First
1171
457
462
228
629
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1926
1000
1408
1202
1156
975
892
1237
1053
989
511
68
518
261
511
518
261
1928
1928
1928
1929
1929
1929
1930
1006
725
921
1017
1035
980
1153
977
772
642
730
942
869
815
987
822
623
459
46S
222
Average
Alfalfa Hay, Lang,
and Grain
Average
1009
893
1121
1485
1111
Weight
after
305
days
1161
988
1050
Average
weight
during
lactation
1003
1272
1127
920
985
1313
1076
Gain in weight
during 305-day
experiment
Lb.
178
236
150
138
214
160
105
68
137
130
61
202
51
95
246
131
Wellman's (17) mineral standards were used to determine the calcium
and phosphorus requirements of the average animal in the various groups.
It will be noted that Weilman's standards give a variation in the calcium
and phosphorus required for maintenance.
Table 9 shows that on the basis of a 305-day lactation and feeding
period-the average cow of each group consumed sufficient digestible crude
protein, total digestible nutrients, and calcium to meet her requirements.
In the case of the phosphorus consumed and required according to the
Table 9. COMPARISON OF AVERAGE DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN, ToTAL DIGESTIRI.E NUTRIENTS, CALCIUM, AND PIIOSI'IIORUS REQUIRES AND CONSUMED
DAILY ON BAsis OF 305-DAY LACTATION Ps;RIOD
Average daily requirements
Main-
Average daily consumption
Milk and
butterfat
tenance
Gain in
weight
production
Total
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
Alfalfa Hay, Long, and Grain
0.644
0.692
0.575
0.060
0.83 1
1.07 1
1.535
0.05 1
0.060
1.376
2.011
Total Digestible Nutrients
Alfalfa IJay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
Alfalfa 1-lay, Long, and Grain
7.292
7.839
6.518
1.833
1.5 79
1.84 7
4.590
5.911
7.597
15.962
0.0329-
0.0 107
0.05 22
0. 0092
0.06 72
Group
Digestible Crude Protein
1.8 14
13.7 15
15. 329
Alfalfa
hay
Other
Daily
hay
Concen.
trateS
Total
Daily
excess
deficiency
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
2.724
2.259
1.783
0.016
0.135
15.282
15.190
9.666
0.193
0.079
0.038
0.62 5
1.4 39
0.141
0.220
7.74 1
2.819
2.432
2.408
15.616
16.849
17.407
1.284
0.6 18
0.397
1.90 1
1.520
1.445
Calcium
Alfalfa Hay, Long
0. 065 9
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
0.03 530.07 08
0.0294-
Alfalfa Hay, Long, and Grain
0.09580. 1288
0.1117-
0.36 72
0. 003 2
0.0006
0.37 11
0. 28 79
0. 02 5 5
0. 000 5
0.3 139
0. 004 7
0. 22 7 5
0.2423
0.14 72
0.0 107
0. 08 5 1
0.05 89
0. 1252-
0.2753-
0.2228
0.20220.1667
0.10230.0738
0. 1547
Phosphorus
0.0120-
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Long, and Grain
0.0052
0.0290
0.004 5
0. 03 74
0.0052
0. 04 7 3
0.0201
-
Alfalfa 1-Jay, Chopped
I
0.01290. 02 16
0.01070.0179
0.0462-
0.0489
0. 000 7
0.0042
0.0538
0. 00 7 6
0. 000 5
0.054 3
0.0048
0.0010
0.0601
0. 005 3
0.0034
0.0371
0.0687
0.0055
0. 00 17
0.05 43
0.0548-
0.0635
0.06320.0704
0.03 16
22
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 328
Wellman standard, there was a small excess or deficiency depending on
whether the upper or lower limit of phosphorus required for maintenance
as given by Weilnian was used.
Table 10 gives much more significant data as to the cause of the low
production on hay alone than does Table 9. Table 10 is based on the
nutrient requirements and feed consumption in early lactation when the
cows were producing at their maximum. The maximum production of the
individual cows is given in Table 5. This maximum production in early
lactation is considerably less than the maximum production in early lactation of the same cows when being milked in the regular herd.
As shown in Table 10 the average cow receiving hay alone, either long
or chopped, in early lactation was consuming insufficient total digestible
nutrients and phosphorus to meet her requirements. The deficiency
amounted to about 30 per cent of the necessary total digestible nutrients
and 41 to 45 per cent of phosphorus in the case of the average cow receLving long hay, and about 22 per cent of total digestible nutrients and 34 to
40 per cent of phosphorus in the case of cows receiving chopped hay. While
there was also a small deficiency of digestible crude protein there was
adequate calcium during the heavy production of early lactation.
The cows receiving a grain supplement with alfalfa hay consumed
about the required amount of digestible crude protein and total digestible
nutrients, but about 20 per cent less phosphorus than is called for by the
Wehlman (17) standard, It would seem that low production on hay alone
was due to the lack of sufficient total digestible nutrients, and possibly of
phosphorus also. What the cows apparently did was to produce a fairly
large amount of milk during the first month or two, using nutrients stored
in the body, and then to decline rapidly in production to the point where
they were able to maintain their bodies and produce a small amount of
milk during a short lactation period.
During the course of this investigation, a number of samples of blood
were taken for the determination of blood-plasma calcium and inorganic
phosphorus. Since these results will be discussed in detail in another
publication, it is merely desired to point out here that numerous low values
were obtained for inorganic phosphorus, a finding which is in harmony
with our previously expressed belief (12) (13) to the effect that for more
than moderate production, rations restricted largely to alfalfa may often
be deficient in phosphorus. Reference to Table 2 shows that most of our
lots of alfalfa contained considerably less phosphorus than is commonly
accepted as normal.
The production of the three groups of cows compared to the normal
is shown graphically in the accompanying chart. It will be noted that all
groups began lactation at the same level but that the long-alfalfa-hay group
declined in production much more rapidly than the group receiving hay and
grain or than the normal decline given by Eckles (18). The group receiving
chopped hay maintained a higher level of production owing to greater feed
consumption than the group receiving long hay. It will be noted that the
production curve of the group receiving hay and grain followed quite
closely the Eckles curve.
Table 10. COMPARISoN OF AVERAGE DIGESTIBLE CRUDE PROTEIN, TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS, CALCIUM AND PHosplIoRus REQUIRED AND CONLUSIED
DAILY ON BASIS OF MAXIMUM PRODUCTION AND FEED CONSUMPTION IN EARLY LACTATION
Average daily requirements
Group
Digestible Crude Protein
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
Alfalfa Hay, Long, and Grain
Total Digestible Nutrients
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa 1-lay, Chopped
Alfalfa Hay, Long, and Grain
Average daily consumption
Milk and
butterfat
tenance
Gain in
weight
product ion
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
0.644
0.692
0.575
0.060
2.178
2.117
2.025
2.882
2.860
2.660
2.54 8
2.386
1.837
0.697
2.534
7.292
7.839
1.833
1.579
12. 29 5
2 1.420
1.84 7
11.951
11.220
21.369
6.5 18
14.293
16.011
9.192
0.741
0.667
8.511
15.034
16.678
17.703
0.03290.0659
0.03530.0 708
0.0294-
0.0107
0.128 5
0.0092
0.1249
0.0 107
0. 1253
Main-
0.05 1
0.060
Total
Lb.
18. 585
Alfalfa
hay
Lb.
Other
hay
Lb.
Total
Daily
excess
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
0.118
2.666
Collcen.
trates
Daily
deficiency
Lb.
0.216
0.474
0.126
2.3 86
6.386
4.69 1
0.882
Calcium
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa I-iay, Chopped
Alfalfa 1-lay, Long, and Grain
0.05 89
0.1721-
0.3435
0.0011
0.3446
0.205 1
0.16940.2049
0.1654-
0.1 7250.1395
0.3041
0.3 04 1
0. 13470.1002
0. 204 0
0.0047
0.2087
0.1949
0.0433-.
0.0 138
Phosphorus
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa I-lay, Chopped
0.0120-
0. 00 5 2
.07 14
0. 004 5
.0694
0. 00 5 2
.0696
0. 020 1
0.01 290. 02 16
Alfalfa 1-Jay, Long, and Gi-ain
0.01070.0 179
0.08860. 0967
0.08680. 09 5 5
0.08550. 0927
0.0457
0.0068
0.0574
0. 05 74
0.0289
0.0525
0.0408
0. 069 7
0.03630.0442
0.02940.038 1
0.01580. 023 0
24
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 328
Forbes and Voris (19) have found that Holstein cows on a mixed
ration transformed 20.96 per cent of their feed energy into milk energy
during a 313-day lactation period. In our investigation the average transformation of feed total digestible nutrients to milk total digestible nutrients has been calculated from Tables 4 and 9, using 171 pounds of total
digestible nutrients in 100 pounds of 4 per cent milk. The average cows on
long alfalfa hay transformed 15.30 per cent of the feed total digestible
nutrients to milk total digestible nutrients during a 305-day period. The
cows on chopped alfalfa hay transformed 18.26 per cent, and those on
alfalfa hay and grain 22.71 per cent. It would seem that the feeding of grain
with hay resulted in a greater efficiency in the utilization of feed nutrients
for milk production.
AVERAGE DAILY MILS PRODUCTION WITN THE ADVANCE IN LACTATION
Is
MONTHS OF LACTATION
Reproduction records. The reproduction records of the animals used
in this investigation are given in Table 11. A study of this table will show
that no great difficulty was experienced in so far as normal reproduction
was concerned with the cows receiving long alfalfa hay as the main part
of their ration. The group receiving chopped hay did not come in heat
as soon and required more services per pregnancy, resulting in a delay
in calving to fifteen months after the previous calf. In the case of the
group of animals receiving alfalfa hay and grain, considerable difficulty
was experienced in getting the animals with calf for their first lactation
period. This group of animals received alfalfa hay and grain as their sole
ration after weaning from milk through the second and part of the third
Table 11.
REPRODUCTION RECORDS or ANIMALS ON E.\PERIMENT
First
Animal
number
Placed on
experiment
Ration: Long Alfalfa Mo.-Da.-Yr.
I-Jay
456
623
459
457
424
462
Calved
Age
at
calving
Mo.-Da.-Yr.
Yr.-Mo-Da.
1-21-25
3-3-23
5-7-17
heat
period
observed
Nurnbei
of
Number
serv ices
of
for con- service Calved
bulls
ception
again
P
Days
7-7-2 6
61
12
44
41
25
38
50
54
4-12 -2 7
5-5-15
97
4- 28-2 7
222
456
1-24-25
2-1-26
2-1-26
1-24-25
6.30-27
3-26-28
5-5-12
5-0-22
9-4-28
6-5-28
116
45
28
56
623
1-24-25
4-19-28
8-8-12
53
5-9-5
51.4
2.29
46
4
4
456
623
459
462
168
1- 24-2 5
1-24-25
3- 24-25
1-24-2 5
2-18-25
1-30-25
1-24-25
1-24-25
1-24-25
1-24-25
1-24-25
1-24-25
3-15- 25
2-24-25
5-5-27
4-3-21
9- 14-27
3-3-2 1
3-4-0
8-1-2
3-2-8
5-7-7
2
Days
Days
358
276
284
calf
calf
60
Male
Female
Male
Male
71
63
407
462
277
279
274
271
339
285
52
279.5
Male
391
476
276
288
277
Male
Female
Female
71
389
457
537
273
Female
65
413
283
Male
97
338
286
Male
69
475
277
Female
63
4
486
394
615
281
284
282
280
275
Condi-
tion
Reproductive
functioning
of
calf
Lb.
Female
Male
I Female
Male
321
381
2
of
283
282
3
S
3
Weigh
of
65
71
58
91
68
326
324
397
314
2
Sex
Female
Female
Male
351
3
Gestation
period
Male
Male
76
49
60
82
61
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Uterus and ovaries
massaged
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Weak Normal
Normal Yellow body
removed
I
Average
Ration: Chopped
Alfalfa 1-Jay
456
1-24-25
1- 14-26
4-3-16
3-10-26
1-10-26
6-7-3
459
1-24-2 5
1-24-2 5
468
2-1-26
3-22-26
3-7-0
45
222
2-1-26
5-13-26
8-3-11
130
457
1-24-2 5
12-20-2 5
4-2-22
52
462
1-24 -2 5
1-8-26
4-1-23
91
623
° Died at three days. t Died day of birth.
4-2-13
16
1.07
180
4
2
1
2
I
66.2
64
63
Normal Normal
Normal Nor in al
Normal Normal
Normal Yellosv bodies
removed
Retained placenta
Normal Yellow bodies
removed twice
Normal Ovarian cyst and
yellow body
removed
Normal Yellow body
removed
Weakt
Yellow bodies and
cysts removed
Table II.
Animal
number
PSEPRODUCTION RECORDS OF ANIMALS ON EXPERIMENT (Continued)
Age
Placed on
experiment
Calved
at
calving
Mo.-Da.-Yr.
I'Io.-Da.-Yr.
Yr-Mo-Do.
First Number
heat
of
Nunibei
period services
of
obser- for con- service Calved
ved ception
bulls
again
Gestation
period
Days
Days
Days
325
276
Female
72
Normal Yellosv body
Female
55
Retained placenta
Normal Yellow bodies
228
11-6-25
3-16-26
6-6-6
57
1
629
2-1-26
6-4-26
5-2-6
110
4
1
635
285
2.44
1.11
449
280.1
413
277
Sex
of
calf
Con di-
Neight
lion
of
of
call
calf
Reproductive
functioning
Lb.
removed
Average
5.0-7
80.8
68.8
removed
I
Ration: Lonq Alfalfa
Hay and Grain
7-4.25
7-14-28
3-0-9
136
1
1
68
12-22-25
6-10-28
2-5-23
149
27
7
518
1-22-26
7-10-28
2-5-20
395
1
1
261
511
518
7-12-26
7-4-25
1-22-26
2-6-29
8-31-29
11-1-29
2-6-29
4-1-28
3-9-14
21
33
1
1
261
7-12-26
12-23-29
3-5-14
3-1-19
511
Average
284
Male
70
277
282
280
Female
95
59
287
281.1
FemaL
105
3
1
267
t
1
65
1
1.00
352
431
144.3
1.33
61
479
320
476
547
Not pregnant after 27 servIces. Sold as non-breeder; not used in averages.
Female
Male
Male
87
79.5
Normal Retained placenta
Ovaries small
Yellow bodies
removed, cystic
ovaries, cervicitis
Normal Corpeus luteum and
cysts removed
Normal Normal
Normal Normal
Normal Removed cysts
three times
Normal Normal
ALFALFA HAY FOR MILK PRODUCTION
27
lactation period. In contrast to this, the cows that received alfalfa hay as
their sole ration were animals from the regular herd that had received a
normal ration of hay, grain, and succulent feedstuffs, including pasture,
up to and including at least one lactation, and in some cases several lactation periods. The experience in the herd at Oregon State Agricultural
College has been that considerably more breeding difficulties are encountered with heifers than with older animals. It will be noted in Table 11 that
iii the second pregnancy, with the exception of animal No. 68, which did
not calve after twenty-seven services over a period of three years, all the
animals calved after one service. It would seem that alfalfa hay alone can
be fed with safety to dairy cattle in so far as normal reproduction is concerned, especially after the first calving.
Feed cost of production. The economy of grain feeding with a high
quality of roughage such as alfalfa hay, depends not only on the comparative milk and butterfat production but also on the comparative prices of
hay and grain and the price obtained for the product. In order to illustrate
this point, Table 12 has been worked out, using prices of $5, $10, and $15 per
ton for long alfalfa hay; $7.25, $12.25, and $17.25 per ton for chopped
alfalfa hay; and $20.00, $30.00, and $40.00 per ton for concentrates. The
returns over feed cost are given when butterfat sells at prices of 20 cents,
30 cents, 40 cents, and 50 cents per pound.
A study of Table 12 shows that when a ration consisting largely of
alfalfa hay was fed, it was economical to chop the hay at a cost of $2.25
per ton, regardless of the value of the hay, if butterfat sold for 30 cents
per pound or above. With butterfat at 20 cents per pound or less, chopping
did not pay.
On the basis of results in milk and butterfat production and feed consumption obtained in this investigation, it was economical to feed grain
with alfalfa hay, regardless of the price obtained for the product, if concentrates were priced at $20 per ton and alfalfa hay at $5, $10, or $15 per ton.
With grain prices of $30 and $40 per ton and alfalfa hay at $5 per ton,
grain feeding was econontical if butterfat sold for 40 cents or more per
pound. With these feed-price ratios, it was not economical to feed grain
when butterfat sold for less than 30 cents per pound.
With alfalfa hay at $10 per ton and grain at $30 per ton it was economical to feed grain when butterfat was sold above 30 cents per pound.
With $15 alfalfa and $30 grain, it was always economical to feed grain.
A survey of Table 12 will show that, on the basis of the milk and
butterfat production and feed consumption in this investigation, it is
impossible to feed dairy cows with a profit over feed costs when alfalfa
hay is worth $10 per ton or more and grain is $30 per ton or more unless
butterfat sells for more than 20 cents per pound.
In presenting these results it is realized that in actual practice green
feeds are used quite extensively. Such feeds increase production. In our
investigation no green feeds were used. The influence of green feeds on
production will depend to a considerable extent upon the stage of lactation
at which they are fed to the cows.
Experiments are now in progress which have been designed to give
practical information on the most suitable kinds and levels of supplements
Table 12. CoSrpAa1ON 01' TIll'. AVERAGE RETURNS OVER FEED COST BASED ON ACTUAL FEED CONSUSIFTION AND MILK PRODUCTION ON THE THREE
RATIoNS IN 305-DAY LACTATIONS WITH VARYING HAY, CONCENTRATE, AND BUTTERFAT PRICES
Long hay $5.00 per ton.
chopped hay $7.25 per toll
Butterfat
Price of coilcentrates
pel ton-Ration
50
Butter.
fat
40
Butterfat
30
Long hay $10.00 per ton.
Chopped hay $12.25 per ton
Butterfat
20
Butterfat
5O
Butterfat
40
Butterfat
30
Butterfat
20
Long hay $15.00 per ton.
Chopped hay $17.25 per ton.
Butterfat
50
Butterfat
40
I
Butterfat
30
Butterfat
20
pOulId
pOulId
per
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
per
pound
$59.90
72.28
$42.86
50.32
$25.81
28.37
$ 8.77
$37.54
48.85
$20.50
26.89
$ 3.45
$-13.59
$10.79
6.41
4.94
23J7
$-6.25
17M2
1.21
$-23.30
-20.74
$-40.34
-42.70
95.98
67.77
39.56
11.36
81.82
53.61
25.40
-2.80
67.66
39.45
11.24
-16.96
59.52
71.33
42.48
49.47
25.43
27.42
8.39
5.46
36.60
48.47
19.56
26.51
2.51
4.56
-14.53
10.41
-6.63
0.26
-23.68
-21.69
-40.72
-43.65
80.53
52.32
24.11
-.4.09
66.37
38.16
9.95
-18.25
52.21
24.00
-3.21
-32.41
59.14
70.39
42.10
48.53
25.05
26.48
8.01
4.52
35.65
48.09
18.61
26.13
2.56
4.18
-15.48
-17.78
10.03
21.28
-7.01
-0.68
-24.06
-4110
65.08
36.87
8.66
-19.54
50.92
22.71
-5.50
-33.70
36.76
8.55
-19. 66
per
$20.00
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped.
Alfalfa Hay, Long,
and Grain
$30.00
Alfalfa hay, Long
Alfalfa Flay, Chopped
Alfalfa Flay, Long,
and Grain
-t7.40
22.22
$40.00
Alfalfa Hay, Long
Alfalfa Hay, Chopped
Alfalfa Hay, Long,
and Grain
-2 2.63
-44.60
-47.86
ALFALFA HAY FOR MILK PRODUCTION
29
to be used in various sections when dairy cattle are restricted largely to
alfalfa hay. It is our belief that the ultimate solution of this problem will
involve well-chosen supplements during the early lactation period. It is
during the first three or four months of the lactation period that the
economy of milk production for the entire cycle is particularly influenced
by supplemental feeding.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Yearbook of Agriculture, 1931, United States Department of Agriculture,
pp. 804-808. 1931.
Director's Biennial Report, 1924-26, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 41-43.
Director's Biennial Report, 1926-28, Oi-egon Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 53-54.
Director's Biennial Report, 1920-30, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 83-84.
Il/oil, F. W. Alfalfa as a Sole Feed for Dairy Cattle. Jour. Dairy Sci. V. I,
pp. 447-461. 1918.
Reed, 0. E., Fitch, J. B., and Care, H. W. The Relation of Feeding and Age
of Calving to the development of Dairy Heifers. Kansas Agr. Experiment station. Bul. 233, 38 p. 1924.
Headley, F. B., Knight, E. W., and Cline, L. E. Work of the Newlands
Reclamation Project Experiment Farm in 1922 and 1923. U. S. Department of Agriculture Cir. 352, 27 p. 1925.
Moseley, T. W., Stuart, Duncan, and Graves, R. R. Dairy Work at the
Huntley Field Station, Huntley, Montana. 1918-1927. U. S. Department
of Agr. Tech. Bulletin 116, pp. 15-22. 1929.
Graves, R. R., and Shepherd, J. B. A Study of Certain Phases of the Economics of Dairy-Cattle Feeding. Bureau of Dairy Industry. U. S. Department of Agr. Roughage Feeding Series Mimeograph, 26 p. 1933.
Gaines, W. L. The Energy Basis of Measuring Milk Yield in Dairy Cows.
Ill. Agr. Experiment Station. Bulletin 308. May 1928.
Graves, R. R., Fohrman, M. H., and Smith, R. H. A Study of Age-Correction Factors. Bureau of Dairy Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agr. Mimeograph,
21 p. 1933.
Haag, J. R., Jones, J. S., Jones, I. R., and Brandt, P. M. The Physiological
Effect of Rations Restricted Principally or Solely to the Alfalfa Plant,
I. The Calcium, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Metabolism of Dairy Cattle.
Jour. Dairy Sci. V. 12, pp. 445-455. 1929.
Haag, J. R., Jones, I. R., and Braudt, P. M. The Physiological Effect of
Rations Restricted Principally or Solely to the Alfalfa Plant III. The
Influence of Various Mineral Supplements on the Calcium, Phosphorus,
and Nitrogen Metabolism of Dairy Cattle. Jour. Dairy Sci. V. 15, pp.
23-28. 1932.
30
AGRJCI'LTI'RAL EXPERIMENT STATION BI'LLETIN 328
Huff juan, C. F., Duncan, C. W., Robinson, C. S., and Lamb, L. W. Phos-
phorus Requirements of Dairy Cattle When Alfalfa Furnishes the
Principal Source of Protein. Michigan Agr. Experiment Station Tech.
Bulletin 134, 75 p. 1933.
Henry, W. A., and Morrison, F. B. Feeds and Feeding. Henry-Morrison
Company, Madison, Wisconsin. 18th Edition, pp. 746-747. 1923.
Armsbv, H. P. The Nutrition of Farm Animals. The MacMillan Co., New
York, p. 712. 1917.
WelInian, 0. Futterungsversuche uber die Bedeutung des Mineraistoffwechsels, inbesondere der Erdalkalien und Phosphorsaure. Biologia
Generalis, Vol. 8, pp. 387-396. 1932.
Eckles, C. H. Dairy Cattle and Milk Production. The MacMillan Company.
Rev. Edition, p. 410. 1923.
Forbes, E. B., and lions, LeRoy. The Economy of Conversion of Food
Energy into Milk Energy by the Dairy Cow. Journal of Nutrition, \o1.
5, pp. 395-401. 1932.
flPlC.fl?sI STATT RflAP1) ()1? WT(T-TTlR 1OUCATION
C. Samrnons
Lief S. Finseth
B. F. Irvine
\Villard L. Marks
Herman Oliver
Cornelia Marvin Pierce
E. Callister
B. McLeod
C. A. Brand
\V. J. Kerr, D.Sc., LL.D
i-'ortland
Dallas
Portland
Albany
Canyon City
La Grande
Albany
Portland
Roseburg
Chancellor of Higher Education
STAFF OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Staff members marked are United States Department of Agriculture
investigators stationed in Oregon
President of the State College
Geo. W. Peavy, M.S.F
Director
Wm. A. Schoenfeld, B.S.A., M.B.A
Vice Director
R. S. Besse, M.S
Division of Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Economist; In Charge, Division of Agricultural
E. L. Potter, M.S
Economics
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Economist
W. H. Dreesen, Ph.D
Farm Management
Economist (Farm Management)
D. Scudder, B.S
Associate Economist (Farm Management)
H. E. Selby, M.S
Associate
Economist
(Farm Management)
G. W. Kuhlman, M.S
Associate Economist (Farm Management)
S. Burner, M.S._
Division of Animal Industries
P. H. Brandt, A.M Dairy Husbandman; In Charge, Division of Animal Industries
Animal Husbandry
Animal Husbandman
0. H. Nelson, M.S
Assistant Animal Husbandinan
W. Rodenwold, B.S
Assistant Animal Husbandman
\V. Oliver, M.S
Dairy Husbandry
- Gustav Wilster, Ph.D
Dairy Husbaridman (Dairy Manufacturing)
Associate Dairy Husbandman
I. R. Jones, Ph.D
Poultry Husbandry
Poultry Husbandiiiaii
A. G. Lunn, B.S
Poultry Husbandman
F. L. Knowlton, M.S
Associate Poultry Husbandman
F. K. Fox, M.S
Veterinary Medicine
Veterinarian
T. Simms, D.V.M
Poultry Pathologist
W. T. Johnson, B.S., D.V.M
Associate Veterinarian
J. N. Shaw, B.S., D.V.M
Associate Veterinarian, Bureau of Animal Industries
R. Jay, D.V.M
Assistant Poultry Pathologist
E. H. Dickinson, D.V.M
Associate Veterinanian
F. M. Bolin, D.V.M
Junior Veterinarian"
0. H. Muth, D.V.M
Technician
0. L. Searcy, B.S
Division of Plant Industries
Agronomist; In Charge, Division of Plant Industries
G. R. Hyslop, B.S
Farm Crops
D. D. Hill, M.S
Associate Agronomist
H. A. Schoth, M.S...Associate Agronomist; Forage Crops and Disease Investigation
D. C. Smith, Ph.D
Assistant Agronomist
B. B. Robinson, Ph.D
Assistant Plant Breeder, Fiber Flax Investigations"
Grace Cole Fleischman, A.B
Assistant Botanist, Division of Seed Investigations"
Horticulture
W. S. Brown, D.Sc
Horticulturist
A. G. B. Bouquet, M.S
Horticultucis (Vegetable Crops)
E. H. Wiegand, B.S.A
Horticulturist (Horticultural Products)
Horticulturist (Pomology)
H. Hartman, M.S
C. E. Schuster, 1\{.S
Horticulturist (Nut Culture)
Horticulturist (Plant Propagation)
W. P. Duruz, Ph.D
G. F. Waldo, M.S
Assistant Pomologist (Small Fruit Investigations)5
J. C. Moore, M.S
Assistant Horticulturist (Pomology)
Assistant Horticulturist (Horticultural Products)
T. Onsdortf, B.S
STATION STAFF(Continsied)
Soil Science
W. L. Powers, Ph.D
Soil Scientist
C. V. Ruzek, M.S
Soil Scientist (Fertility)
M. -R. Lewis C.E
Irrigation and Drainage Engineer, Bur. of Agric. Engineering
R. E. Stephenson, Ph.D
Associate Soil Scientist
E. F. Torgerson, B.S
Assistant Soil Scientist( Soil Survey)
J. S. Jones, M.S.A
R. H. Robinson, M.S
J. R. Haag, Ph.D
D. E. Bullis, M.S
H. B. Hatch, B.S
F. E. Price, B.S
C. Ivan Branton, B.S
G. V. Copson, M.S
J. E. Simmons, M.S
Other Departments
Agricultural Cliemiitry
Chemist in Cliaige
Chemist (Insecticides and Fungicides)
Chemist (Animal Nutrition)
.Associate Chemist (Horticultural Products)
Assistant Chemist
Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Engineer
Assistant Agricultural Engineer
Bacteriology
W. B. Bollen, Ph.D
D. B. Charlton, Ph.D
D. C. Mote, Ph.D
A. 0. Larson, M.S
B. G. Thompson, M.S
F G. Hinman., M.S
E. Dimick, M.S
C. Jones, M.S
K. W. Gray, B.S
W. ID. Edwards, B.S
Hand H. Wilson, A.M
C. E. Owens, Ph.D
S. M. Zeller, Ph.D
B. F. Dana. M.S
F. P. McWlsorter, Ph.D
D. Bailey, M.S
W. Miller, Ph.D
R. Hoerner, M.S
T. Dykstra, M.S
Roderick Sprague, Ph.D
Bacteriologist in Charge
Associate Bacteriologist
Associate Bacteriologist
Assistant Bacteriologist
Entomology
Entomologist in Charge
Entomologist (Stored Products Insects)"
Assistant Entomologist
Junior Entomologist (Stored Products Insects)"
Assistant Entomologist
Assistant Entomologist
Field Assistant (Entomology)
Field Assistant (Entomology)
Home Economics
Plant Pathology
Home Economist
Plant Pathologist
Plant Pathologist
Pathologist (Curley Top Diseases of Vegetables)"
Plant Pathologist
Associate Pathologist (Enforcement of Insecticide Act) *
Associate Pathologist (Nut Disease Investigations)"
Agent (Hop Disease Investigations)"
Assistant Plant Pathologist (Potato Diseases)"
Assistant Pathologist (Cereal Diseases)z
H. H. Millsap
Agent (Bulb Diseases)"
Publication5 and News Service
C. D. Byrne, M.S
Director of Information
Editor of Publications
E. T. Reed, B.S., A.B
D. M. Goode, B.A
Associate Editor of Publications
Associate in News Service
J. C. Burtner, B.S
Branch Stations
D. E. Stephens, B.S
Supt., Sherman Br. Expt. Sta., Moro; Sr. Agronomist"
L. Childs, A.B
Superintendent, Hood River Br. Expt. Station, Hood River
Superintendent, Southern Oregon Br. Expt. Station, Talent
F. C. Reimer, M.S
D. E. Richards, B.S..........Superintendent, Livestock Br. Experiment Station, Union
Superintendent, Umatilla Br. Experiment Station, Hermiston"
H. K. Dean, B.S
Superintendent, Harney Valley Br. Experiment Station, Burns
0. Shattuck, M.S
Superintendent, John Jacob Astor Br. Expt. Sta., Astoria
A. E. Engbretson, B.S
Acting Superintendent, Pendleton Field Station, Pendleton;
G. A. Mitchell, B.S
Assistant Agronomist, Division of Dry Land Agriculture"
Arch Work, B.S
Acting Supt. Medford Br. Expt. Sta., Medford; Associate
Irrigation Engineer, Bureau of Agricultural Engineering"
W. W. Aldrich, Ph.D.Assistant Horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry, Medford"
G. G. Brown, A.B., B.S Horticulturist, Hood River Br. Expt. Station, Hood River
Associate Entomologist, Sou. Or. Br. Expt. Sta., Talent
L. G. Geniner, It{.S
J. F. Martin, M.S Junior A?r000mist, Div. Cereal Crops and Diseases, Pendleton"
Assistant to Supt., Sherman Br. Experiment Station, Moro
H. H. Oveson, M.S
R. B. Webb, M.S
Jr. Agronomist, Sherman Branch Experiment Station, Moro
R. E. Hutchinsomi, B.S
Asst. to Supt., Harney Valley Br. Expt. Sta., Burns