AMT101
BasicElectricity
Chapter10
WacoYMF
WacoCockpit
Video
Atom
•  Basicunitofma>er
•  Nucleusisthecenteroftheatom
•  Basiccomponents:
!
Neutron
•  Locatedinthenucleus
•  Noelectriccharge
!
Proton
•  Locatedinthenucleus
•  PosiEvecharge
•  Aboutthesamesizeandweightonasaneutron
•  Basiccomponents:
!
Atom
Electron
•  Orbitsaroundthenucleus
•  NegaEveelectric
•  About1/1800theweightofaneutron
Atom
A.Electronscirclethenucleusofanatominshells,withalltheelectronsineachshell
circlingthenucleusthesamedistancefromthecenter.Thisisanatomofoxygen,which
hastwoelectronsinitsinnershellandsixinitsoutershell.
B.Thistypeofdiagramhelpsusseethewayanatomofoxygenisconstructed.
Molecule
•  Electrons
DefiniEons
HaveanegaEvecharge
!  Electricityiscreatedbythemovementorstorageof
electrons
!
•  Ion–Anatomthathasgainedorlostanelectron
!
PosiEveornegaEvecharge
•  Insulator–Blocksthemovementofelectrons
•  Conductor-Possessmanyfreeelectrons
!
Enablesthemovementofelectrons
PowerofTensReview
MathReview
ScienEficNotaEon
•  Covertfroma“+”power
Movethedecimalpointrightforeachpower
3
!  1X10 =1000
4
!  4.56X10 =45,600
!
•  Converttoa“+”power
CountthenumberofEmesyoumustmovethe
decimalpointtothelea
!  Trytogetthefirstpartofthenumberbetween1and
10
4
!  20,000=2X10
!
ScienEficNotaEon
•  Covertfroma“-”power
Movethedecimalpointleaforeachpower
-3
!  1X10 =0.001
-4
!  4.56X10 =0.000456
!
•  Converttoa“-”power
CountthenumberofEmesyoumustmovethe
decimalpointtotheright
!  Trytogetthefirstpartofthenumberbetween1and
10
-4
!  0.0002=2X10
!
ScienEficNotaEon
•  Useyourcalculatortomanipulatenumbers
•  Ifyoudon’thaveascienEficnotaEoncalculator,
convertthenumberandthenuseyour
calculator
•  EngineeringNotaEonisaspecialformof
ScienEficNotaEon
!
LikeEnglish,itispowersof3
•  Thousands,millionsandbillions
•  103,106and109
•  Firstpartofthenumberbetween1and1000
•  10,000(floaEngpoint)=1X104(scienEfic)=
10X103(engineering)
TI-30XIISNotaEonManipulaEon
•  NotaEons
FloaEngPoint–FLO
!  ScienEfic–SCI
!  Engineering–ENG
!
•  DoallyoucalculaEonsandthendothenotaEon
conversion
•  NotaEonconversion
(2nd)(SCI/ENG)
!  SelectnotaEonwitharrowkeys
!  (=)
!
•  RemembertoreturntoFLOwhendone
A>racEveandRepulsiveForces
ElectromagneEcWave
MagneEsm
•  MagneEsm-thepropertyofanobjecttoa>ract
certainmetallicsubstances(ferrousmetals).
•  FerrousMaterial-“conductsmagneEcforces”
!
Ironorsteel
•  Magnethas“North”and“South”poles
•  Usea“keeperbar”tostoreamagnet
!
Ferrousbartoconnectpoles
MoleculeArrangement
•
•
•
•
•
•
MakeaMagnet
Startwithapieceofferrousmetal
Getthemetalveryhot
ApplyamagneEcfield
CoolwiththemagneEcfieldsEllapplied
ReleasemagneEcfield
Lesson–OverheaEngamagnetandyourisk
loosingthe“magnet”
MagneEcForceLines
MagnetRepulsion
PathofLeastResistance
ElectromagneEsm
ElectromagneEcField
Right hand for current (left hand for electrons)
MakeanElectromagnet
Electromagnet
•  IroncoreinelectromagnetfocusesmagneEc
fieldlines
•  Loopsofwirearecalledacoil
!
Moreloops–strongermagnet
•  Morecurrentthroughthecoil–strongermagnet
•  Usedinelectricalinstruments,motors,
generators,alternators,relaysandsolenoids
Electricity
•  Electricityisthemovementofelectrons
•  ElectronsflowfromnegaEvetoposiEve
•  Electronflowisgeneratedbyforcinganelectron
outofitsorbit
•  Electronsflowbyknockinganelectronoffan
adjacentatom,thinkofdominos
!
Breakthelinkandtheflowstops
•  Currentistheamountofelectronflow
MeasuredinAmperes(Amps)
!  CurrentflowsfromposiEvetonegaEve
!
•  Mistakeofhistory
Electricity
ElectronandConvenEonalFlow
•  Electronflow–ElectronsflowfromthenegaEve
ba>eryterminaltoposiEveba>eryterminal
•  ConvenEonalFlow–Currentflowsfromthe
posiEveba>eryterminaltonegaEveba>ery
terminal
• Currentrulestheworld
Voltage
•  AlsocalledElectromoEveForce
•  MeasuredinVolts
!
V
•  Thinkofitasthepressurebehindelectricity
•  Naturedoesn’tlikedifferencesinvoltage
Naturewilltrytoequalizevoltage
!  Ifthereisvoltagedifferenceconnectedbya
conductor–currentwillflow
!  Voltagecanjumpagap–sparkplug
!
GroundSymbols
•  Groundis0Volts
•  Groundisthemasterreference
12VoltBa>ery
12V
MeasuringVoltage
12 Volts
12V
MeasuringVoltage
-12 Volts
12V
MeasuringVoltage
24 Volts
12V
12V
MeasuringVoltage
-24 Volts
12V
12V
MeasuringVoltage
12V
12V
MeasuringVoltage
-12 Volts
12V
12 Volts
12V
MeasuringVoltage
12V
12V
MeasuringVoltage
-12 Volts
12V
-12 Volts
12V
Current
•  Currentistheflowofelectrons
!
Coulomb–6.28X1018electrons
•  FAAsayaCoulombisabasicunitofelectricalquanEty
•  CurrentisreferredtoasI
•  CurrentismeasuredinAmperes
Amps
!  A
!
•  Currentflowiscausedbyadifferenceinvoltage
•  Thevoltagedifferenceiscalled“voltage
potenEal”
!
NovoltagepotenEal,nocurrent
Current
•  ElectricEnergySources
Examples:Ba>eries,SolarPanels,Generator&
Alternator
!  Pushingordrivingorforcingthecurrentflow
!  Currentflowsoutofthe“+”(posiEve)terminaland
intothe“-”(negaEveterminal)
!
•  ElectricalEnergyConsumers
Motor(moEon),light(light&heat),resistor(heat)
!  ResisEngthecurrentflow
!  Currentflowsintothe“+”terminalandoutofthe“-”
terminal
!
Resistance
•  OpposiEon(resistance)totheflowofelectricity
•  Theresistanceofaconductorordevicewill
determinetheamountofcurrentthatflowsfora
givenvoltagepotenEal
•  Moreresistance,lesscurrent
!
Lessresistance,morecurrent
•  ResistanceismeasuredinOhms
!
Ω
•  Resistanceuses(consumes)electricalenergy
!
Showsupasmovement(motor),lightorheat
AlgebraReview
•  X(mulEply)isalsoexpressedas*
•  ÷(divide)isalsoexpressedas/
•  BothsidesofanequaEonremainequalaslong
asyoudothesamethingtobothsidesofthe
equaEon
•  ExampleA=B
A*C=B*C
!  A/C=B/C
!  A+C=B+C
!  A-C=B-C
!
Ohm’sLaw
Ohm’sLaw
•  V–VoltageisVolts
!
YourbookusesEforElectromoEveForce
•  I–CurrentinAmps
•  R–ResistanceinOhms
!
•
•
•
•
Usuallycalledthe“Load”
Version#1:I=V/R
Version#2:V=IXR
Version#3:R=V/I
AllversionsareactuallythesameequaEon
HowtoRememberOhm’sLaw
V
I X R
Ohm’sLawExamples
•  Problem:Currentfor2ohmloadwith10Volts?
I=V/R
!  I=10volts/2ohms=5amps
!
•  Problem:Howmuchvoltageisneededto
produce3ampswitha5ohmload?
V=IXR
!  V=3ampsX5ohms=15volts
!
•  Problem:Whatloadproduces4ampswitha12
voltsupply
R=V/I
!  R=12volts/4amps=3ohms
!
Powerof10withOhm’sLaw
•  Symbols
!
K=1000–Kilo(pronounced“Kil-oh”)
•  12,000=12K
•  25,500=25.5K
!
m=1/1000or0.001–milli(pronounced“mi-lee”)
•  0.023=23m
•  0.03=30m
•  0.125=125m
•  0.0015=1.5m
•  50mAX100Ω=0.05AX100Ω=5volts
•  25AX12.5KΩ=25AX12,500Ω=312,500=
312.5KV
MeterGuidelines
•  SetmeterbeforeconnecEngtocircuit
•  Measurevoltageinparallel
!
“Sidebyside”
•  Measurecurrentinseries
“In-line”bybreakingaconnecEon
!  Donewronganditwillblowthefuseinyourmeter
!
•  Measuringresistance: Turncircuitpoweroff
!  Mayhavetoremovecomponentfromcircuit
!
•  MeasuringconEnuity(beep)–turncircuitpower
off
Power
•  Work:thetransferofenergy
•  Power:therateatwhichworkisdone
!
TheamountofworkperunitEme
•  Horsepower:theunitofpowerusedtomeasure
mechanicalpower
hp
!  33,000foot-poundsperminute
!  550foot-poundspersecond
!
Power
•  Wa>:theunitofpowerusedtomeasure
electricalpower
W
!  Onejoulepersecond
!
•  1hp=746W
•  Power=VoltageXCurrent
P=VXI
!  Wa>s=VoltsXAmps
!
HowtoRememberPowerEquaEon
P
I X V
CommonPowerEquaEonExamples
•  Adeviceuses2Aat24volts,howmuchpoweris
used?
P=IXV
!  P=2AX24V=48W
!
•  Howmuchcurrentisusedbya100wa>bulbin
a110voltsystem?
I=P/V
!  I=100W/110V=0.91A
!
Ohm’sLawWheel
PowerEquaEonswithOhm’sLaw
RelaEonshipbetweenvoltage,current,resistance,andpowerinanelectrical
circuit.ThetopquanEtyisequaltotheproductofthetwobo>omquanEEes,andonebo>om
quanEtyisequaltothetopquanEtydividedbytheotherbo>omquanEty.
CommonPowerEquaEonExamples
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ωand
5A?
!
P=IXV
Ohm’sLaw
V
I X R
CommonPowerEquaEonExamples
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ωand
5A?
P=IXV
!  V=IXR(FromOhm’sLaw)
!  P=IX(ReplaceVoltageHere)
!  P=IX(IXR)
!  P=IXIXR
2
!  P=I XR
2
!  P=5 AX100Ω
!  P=2,500Wa>sor2.5KW
!
CommonPowerEquaEonExamples
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ωwith
5Vacrossit?
!
P=IXV
Ohm’sLaw
V
I X R
MostCommonPowerEquaEons
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ω
with5Vacrossit?
P=IXV
!  I=V/R(FromOhm’sLaw)
!  P=(ReplaceCurrentHere)XV
!  P=(V/R)XV
!  P=VXV/R
2
!  P=V /R
2
!  P=5 V/100Ω
!  P=0.25W
!
MostCommonPowerEquaEons
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ωand
5A?
!
P=I2XR
•  Howmuchpowerisusedbyaloadof100Ωwith
5Vacrossit?
!
P=V2/R
•  746wa>s=1Horsepower(hp)
PowerforaCircuit
•  Tocalculatethepowerofacircuit,justtotalthe
powerfromallthecomponentsinthecircuit
•  Example:Apowercircuitcontainsaradio(150
wa>s),a100wa>and50wa>lights.
Totalpower=150W+100W+50W=300W
SchemaEcSymbol-Ba>ery
SchemaEcSymbol-Ground
SchemaEcSymbol-Resistor
SchemaEcSymbol–VariableResistor
SchemaEcSymbol–Switch
SimpleSchemaEc
SimpleSchemaEc
SimpleSchemaEc
SimpleSchemaEc
A
A
SchemaEc-Conductor
SchemaEc–ShieldedWire
SchemaEc–Resistor
Resistors
•  Carbonfilm
!
•
•
•
•
ResistorTypes
Don’tuseforhighpowerapplicaEons
Metaloxide
Metalfilm
Metalglaze
Wire-wound
!
HighpowerapplicaEons
ResistorParameters
•  PowerRaEng
Howmuchpoweritcanhandle(getridof)
!  Measuredinwa>s
!
•  Resistance
!
MeasuredinOhms
•  Tolerance
Measuredin%ofResistance
!  Toleranceisusedtoexpresstherangeofpossible
valuesforaresistor
!
ResistorTolerance
•  %ofResistance
•  AddtheTolerancetotheResistancetogetthe
maximumresistancepossiblevalue
•  SubtracttheTolerancefromtheResistanceto
gettheminimumresistancepossiblevalue
•  200Ωresistorwith5%Tolerance
200ΩX5%=10Ω
!  Maximumpossiblevalue=200Ω+10Ω=210Ω
!  Minimumpossiblevalue=200Ω-10Ω=190Ω
!  Theresistorcanhaveavaluerangingfrom190Ωto
210Ω
!
ResistorColors
ResistorColors
ResistorColor
•  Firstcolorband-firstdigitinthenumerical
resistancevalue
•  Secondcolorband–seconddigitinthe
numericalresistancevalue
•  Thirdcolorband–thirddigitinthenumerical
resistancevalue
or
•  Third/Fourthcolorband-numberofzerostobe
addedtobeginningdigits
!
Gold–X0.1orSilver–X0.01
ResistorColor
•  Lastcolorband–Tolerance
!
Noband–20%Tolerance
•  Colormnemonic-
“Be>erBeRightOrYourGreatBigVentureGoes
West”
•
•
•
•
ResistorExample
250000or250KΩwith20%tolerance
Tolerance=250KX20%=50KΩ
Maximumvalue=250K+50K=300KΩ
Minimumvalue=250K–50K=200KΩ
•
•
•
•
ResistorExample
86000or86KΩwith10%tolerance
Tolerance=86KX10%=8.6KΩ
Maximumvalue=86K+8.6K=94.6KΩ
Minimumvalue=86K–8.6K=77.4KΩ
VariableResistor
•  Pot
•  Rheostat
!
VariableResistor
TwoconnecEons–adjustjustoneresistor
•  PotenEometer
!
ThreeconnecEons–Splitonebigresistorintotwo
smallerresistor
VariableResistor
VariableResistor
VariableResistor
Thermistors
•  Adevicethatchangesresistancewithaheat
VariableResistor
•  PhotoconducEveCells
Fuse
•  Usedtoprotectwiring
•  Slowandfastburning
•  Replacewithexactlysameasoriginal
CircuitBreaker
•  Usedtoprotectwiring
•  Similartoafusebutrese>able
•  DisablewithEewrapandlabel
Switch
•  Pole-theswitch’smovablebladeorcontactor.
Thenumberofpolesisequaltothenumberof
circuits,orpathsforcurrentflow,thatcanbe
completedthroughtheswitchatanyoneEme.
•  Throw-indicatesthenumberofcircuits,or
pathsforcurrent,thatitispossibletocomplete
throughtheswitchwitheachpoleorcontactor.
Switch
•  PosiEons-indicatesthenumberofplacesat
whichtheoperaEngdevice(toggle,plunger,and
soforth)willcometorestandatthesameEme
openorcloseoneormorecircuits.
Switch–SPST
•  Single-Pole,Single-Throw
Switch-SPDT
•  Single-Pole,Double-Throw
Switch-DPST
•  Double-Pole,Single-Throw
Pushbu>onSwitch
•  Alsocalledmomentaryswitch
•  PushedtooneposiEon
LetgoanditreturnstooriginalposiEon
•  Example:Pushtotalk
Microswitch
•  UsedtodetectposiEonofmovingthings
•  Example:Detectlandinggearandlandinggear
doorposiEon
IgniEonSwitch
•  MulE-posiEon
•  Rotary
•
•
•
•
•
IgniEonSwitch
Off
RightMagnetoOn
LeaMagnetoOn
LeaandRightMagnetoOn
LeaandRightMagnetoOnandEngageStarter
IgniEonSwitch
•  Off
!  Connectleaandrightmagnetotoground
•  RightMagnetoOn
!  Connectleamagnetotoground
!  Disconnectrightmagneto
•  LeaMagnetoOn
!  Connectrightmagnetotoground
!  Disconnectleamagneto
•  LeaandRightMagnetoOn
!  Disconnectbothmagneto
•  LeaandRightMagnetoOnandEngageStarter
!  Disconnectbothmagneto
!  Connectstartercircuittoground
SerialResistance
SeriesResistance
•  SeriesResistanceisoneresistorrightaaer
anotherresistorinaline
•  Totalresistanceforaseriescircuitisthetotalof
alltheresistors
!
RT=R1+R2+R3...
•  RT=10Ω+30Ω=40Ω
•  I=12V/40Ω=0.3A
Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
•  Sumofallvoltagesaroundaclosedpathorloop
iszero
0.3 A ->
+ V1 -
- V2 +
•
•
•
•
Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
I=0.3A
V1=R1XI=10ΩX0.3A=3V
V2=R2XI=30ΩX0.3A=9V
Vtotal=3V+9V=12V
Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
•  Sumofallvoltagesaroundaclosedpathorloop
iszero
0.3 A ->
+3-
-9+
Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
•  Thesumofallthevoltagesaroundaloopis
equaltozero.
+
I
12V
10Ω
V1
+
V2 30Ω
-
•
•
•
•
•
Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
RT=10Ω+30Ω=40Ω
I=12V/40Ω=0.3A
V1=R1XI=10ΩX0.3A=3V
V2=R2XI=30ΩX0.3A=9V
Vtotal=3V+9V=12V
SeriesResistancewithVoltage
•  FindtheTotalResistancefortheseriesresisters
!
RT=R1+R2+R3...
•  Findcurrentthroughseriesresisters
!
I=SourceVoltage/TotalResistance
•  Findvoltageacrossindividualresistor–use
Ohm’sLaw
!
V=RXI
•  Thetotalofthevoltageacrosseachresistor
shouldequalthevoltagefromthesourcevoltage
SeriesResistancewithVoltage
+
I
10Ω
V1
+
12V = V1 + V2 + V3
12V
V2 30Ω
-
20Ω
V3
+
•
•
•
•
•
•
SeriesResistancewithVoltage
RT=10Ω+30Ω+20Ω=60Ω
I=12V/60Ω=0.2A
V1=R1XI=10ΩX0.2A=2V
V2=R2XI=30ΩX0.2A=6V
V3=R3XI=20ΩX0.2A=4V
Vtotal=2V+6V+4V=12V
SeriesResistancewithVoltage
•  FindtheTotalResistance
•  I=SourceVoltage/TotalResistance
•  Voltageacrossindividualresistor–useOhm’s
Law
!
V=RXI
•  Thetotalofthevoltageacrosseachresistor
shouldequalthevoltagefromthesupply
SeriesResistancewithCurrent
SeriesResistancewithCurrent
•  FindtheTotalResistance
•  VoltageSource=TotalResistanceXI
•  Voltageacrossindividualresistor–useOhm’s
Law
!
V=RXI
•  Thetotalofthevoltageacrosseachresistor
shouldequalthevoltagefromthesource
SeriesResistancewithCurrent
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SeriesResistancewithCurrent
RT=1KΩ+3KΩ+5KΩ=9KΩ
I=1mA
VoltageSource=9KΩX1mA=9V
V1=R1XI=1KΩX1mA=1V
V2=R2XI=3KΩX1mA=3V
V3=R3XI=5KΩX1mA=5V
VoltageSource=V1+V2+V3
!
VoltageSource=1V+3V+5V=9V
ErrorinBook
•  ResistorPolarityisbackwards
VoltageinSeries
•  Takethetotalofthevoltages
•  Totalvoltageis4.5V
Ba>eryinBackwards
•  Totalvoltageis1.5V
WhichLaw?
•  Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw
Chancetousebothlaws
•  I=200mA
VoltageDivider
RemembertheLadder?
ParallelResistor
ParallelResistor
•  Total(equivalent)ParallelResistance=
or
ParallelResistor
•  TwoResistorsinParallel:
or
ParallelResistor
ParallelResistor
•  TotalParallelResistance=
or
ParallelResistor
Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw
•  ThesumofthecurrentsintoajuncEonornode
isequaltothesumofthecurrentsflowingoutof
thatsamejuncEonornode
•  “Whatgoesinmustcomeout”
•  IT=I1+I2+I3...
Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw
Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw
RememberOhm’sLaw
•  Ohm’sLawforCurrent
!
I=V/R •  Ohm’sLawforResistance
!
R=V/I
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
•  Converttheparallelresistorstotheirequivalent
resistor
!
Converttoserialcircuit
•  Findcurrentinserialcircuit
•  UseOhm’slawtofindvoltageacrossparallel
resistors
!
V=IXEquivalentResistor
•  UseOhm’slawtofindcurrentthroughparallel
resistor
!
I=VoltageAcrossEquivalentResistor/R
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
Parallel/SerialResistors
I1
R1
5Ω
I2
I3
I4
R2
R3
5Ω
R4
5Ω
+
12 V
-
5Ω
Parallel/SerialResistors
+9V-
I1
R1
5Ω
I2
I3
I4
R3
5Ω
R4
5Ω
1.8A
+
+
12 V
-
RE
1.67Ω
R2
3V
_ 5Ω
Parallel/SerialResistors
+9V-
I1
R1
5Ω
1.8A
I3
I4
0.6A
0.6A
0.6A
+
+
12 V
-
I2
R2
3V
_ 5Ω
R3
5Ω
R4
5Ω
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
Series-ParallelDCCircuits
ResistorCircuitSteps
•  Simplifyparallelresistors
Converttosingle“equivalent”resistor
!  YoushouldendupwithaSerialcircuit
!
TotaltheSerialresistorstogetasingleresistor
UseOhm’slawtocalculateIfromba>ery
Useba>eryItocalculateVacrossresistors
UseVacross“equivalent”resistortocalculateI
througheachparallelresistor
•  UseVandItocalculatethePforeach
component
•
•
•
•
ResisEvityTable
SelecEngConductorSize
•  Resistanceofaconductorisinversely
proporEonaltoitscross-secEonalarea
!
Biggertheconductor,thelesstheresistance
•  Thelongertheconductor,thehigherthe
resistance
!
Totalresistance=resistanceperfootXlengthof
conductor
•  UseacablespecificaEontodeterminethesizeof
yourconductorwhenrewiringaplane
!
Oruse43.13-1BChapter11SecEon5
CopperTable
BusBar
•  UsedtoconcentratewiringconnecEon
•  BuyacommercialsoluEon
•  Hireanengineer
BusBar
BusBar
BusBar
GenerateElectricity
GenerateElectricity
GenerateElectricity
GenerateElectricity
GenerateElectricity
GenerateElectricity
•  MoveawirethroughamagneEcfieldandyou
generateelectricity
!
Movethemagnetormovethewire
•  Increasethevoltagegeneratedby:
!
Increasingthenumberofwirespassingthroughthe
magneEcfield
•  Generator/Alternator–increase#ofturns
!
IncreasemagneEcstrength
•  Generator/Alternator–increasefieldstrength
!
Movewirefaster
•  Generator/Alternator–rotatefaster
SimpleGenerator
GenerateaACSineWave
GenerateaACSineWave
GenerateaACSineWave
GenerateaACSineWave
GenerateaACSineWave
•  Cycle
CycleandFrequency
AcycleisarepeEEonofapa>ern.
!  Wheneveravoltageorcurrentpassesthrougha
seriesofchanges,returnstothestarEngpoint,and
thenagainstartsthesameseriesofchanges,the
seriesiscalledacycle.
!
•  Frequency
ThefrequencyisthenumberofcyclesofalternaEng
currentpersecond(1second).
!  Thestandardunitoffrequencymeasurementisthe
hertz(Hz).
!
CycleofVoltage
CycleforaGenerator
•  Thevoltageandcurrentpassthrougha
completecycleofvalueseachEmeacoilor
conductorpassesunderanorthandsouthpole
ofthemagnet.
•  ThenumberofcyclesforeachrevoluEonofthe
coilorconductorisequaltothenumberofpairs
ofpoles.
•  Thefrequencyisequaltothenumberofcycles
inonerevoluEonmulEpliedbythenumberof
revoluEonspersecond.
CyclesforaGenerator
•  Thefrequency(F)isequaltothenumberof
cyclesinonerevoluEonmulEpliedbythe
numberofrevoluEonspersecond.
PeriodofaCycle
•  Period-TheEmerequiredforasinewaveto
completeonefullcycle
•  Theperiodofasinewaveisinversely
proporEonaltothefrequency
•  Thehigherthefrequency,theshortertheperiod
CycleWavelength
•  Thedistancethatawaveformtravelsduringa
periodisreferredtoasawavelength
!
SymbolizedwiththeGreekle>erlambda(λ)
•  Higherfrequency,shorterwavelength
•  Radioantennasaredesignedaroundtheradio
frequency
Maintainanantennaslength
!  FollowtheinstallaEoninstrucEonswhencreaEnga
cableforanantenna,thelengthmayberelatedto
theradiowavelength
!
CycleWavelength
•  Forsound:
wavelength=speedofsound/frequency
•  Forlight,electricityandradiowaves:
wavelength=speedoflight/frequency
PhaseRelaEonships
PhaseRelaEonships
PhaseRelaEonships
ThreePhasePower
ThreePhasePower
OutofPhase
•  AddingtwosignalsINphasewilladdtogetherto
makeabiggersignal
•  IftwosignalsOUTofphaseareaddedtogether,
theywillba>leeachother
•  Iftwosignal180°OUTofphaseareaddedto
together,theywillcanceleachotherout
!
ThisishowacEvesoundcancelaEonworks
ValuesofAlternaEngCurrent
•  InstantaneousValueofvoltageorcurrent-
inducedvoltageorcurrentflowingatany
instantduringacycle
•  PeakValue(PeakVoltage)-thelargest
instantaneousvalue
LargestsingleposiEvevalueoccurswhenthesine
waveofvoltageisat90°
!  ThelargestsinglenegaEvevalueoccurswhenitis
at270°
!  LargestposiEvetolargestnegaEveiscalledPeakto-Peak
!
ValuesofAlternaEngCurrent
•  Effec>veValueisalsoknownastheRMSvalue
orrootmeansquare
•  Effec>veValueofasinewaveisactuallya
measureoftheheaEngeffectofthesinewave
•  TheRMSorEffec>veValueofanACvoltageis
equaltotheDCvoltagethatproducesthe
sameamountofheat(energy)
RMS=0.707XPeaktoPeak
!  PeakVoltage=1.41XRMS
!
•  110RMSvoltageX1.41=155PeakVolts
Transformers
Transformers
•  Atransformerchangeselectricalenergyofa
givenvoltageintoelectricalenergyatadifferent
voltagelevel
Likeagearsystemforelectricity
!  Stepupvoltageorstepdownvoltage
!
•  Asimpletransformerconsistsoftwocoilsthat
arenotelectricallyconnected,butarearranged
sothatthemagneEcfieldsurroundingonecoil
cutsthroughtheothercoil.
Transformers
•  Threecomponents:
!
Core
•  TransfersmagneEcfield
!
PrimaryCoil(Winding)
•  Inputside
!
SecondaryCoil(Winding)
•  Outputside
StepDownTransformer
StepUpTransformer
Transformers
•  WorksonlywithACvoltageorpulsing(On-Off)
DCvoltage
!
Voltagemustbeconstantlychanging
•  Mutualinductance(sharingamagneEcfield)is
thebasistotransferenergybetweencoils
•  Thetransformer’sturnraEodeterminesthe
outputvoltage.
OutputVoltage=InputVoltageXTurnRaEo
!  TurnRaEo=OutputTurns/InputTurns
!  OutputV=InputVXOutputTurn/InputTurns
!  ItislikeagearraEo
!
Transformers
•  Powerin=transformerlosses+outputpower
•  PerfectTransformer(nolosses)
Powerin=Powerout
!  VinXIin=VoutXIout
!  Iftheoutputvoltageissteppedup,thecurrentis
steppeddown
!  ThereisadirectinverseproporEonbetweencurrent
andvoltage
!  Ifthevoltageissteppedup4Emes,thecurrentis
steppeddown4Emes
!  Ifthevoltageissteppeddown4Emes,thecurrentis
steppedup4Emes
!
MulE-OutputTransformers
Capacitors
Plus Side
sometimes indicated
with a
“+” sign
Used to tune
radio circuits
Capacitors
•  Storeselectricalenergy
!
Aba>eryactslikeabigcapacitor
•  Basicallytwoparallelplatesseparatedbya
nonconductor(insulator),calledadielectric
•  Resistschangesinvoltage
Likethestoragetankonthecompressor
!  Willprovideextracurrenttomaintainvoltage
!
•  UsedtofilterripplesornoiseoutofDCvoltage
Capacitors
•  Largechargedcapacitorscanbeverydangerous
!
Followmanufacturer’sdischargeinstrucEons
•  MeasuredinFarads(F)
μF=10-6Farads
-12Farads
!  ρF=10
!
•  FactorsaffecEngcapacitance
Biggerplates–biggercapacitance
!  ParallelplatesareinverselyproporEonaltotheir
spacing
!
•  Closertheplates–largercapacitance
!
Strongerdielectric–biggercapacitance
CapacitorTimeConstant
•  τ(tau)=RC
C-Capacitance
!  R–Amountofresistanceincircuitchargingcapacitor
!
•  Determinescharginglength(Eme)
•  UsedinEmingcircuits
CapacitorsVoltage
•  CapacitorshavemaximumvoltageraEngs
•  Highestvoltagethatcanbesteadilyappliedtoit
withoutthedangerofthedielectricbreaking
down
•  AcapacitorusedinanACcircuitshouldhavea
workingvoltageatleast50%greaterthanthe
highestvoltagethatwillbeappliedtoit
CapacitorsinSeries
•  CT=1/(1/C1+1/C2+1/C3...)
!
SameequaEonasresistorsinparallel
•  Totalcapacitanceislessthanthesmallest
capacitor
CapacitorsinSeries
CapacitorsinParallel
•  Totalofallthecapacitors
•  CT=C1+C2+C3...
!
Likeresistorsinseries
•  Totalcapacitanceislargerthanthelargest
capacitor
Inductors
Inductors
•  Storeselectricalenergy
•  Manycoilsofwirearounda(iron)core
•  Resistschangesincurrent
Likeaflywheel
!  Willprovideextravoltagetomaintaincurrent
!
•  Combinedwithcapacitorstofilterripplesor
noise
Inductors
•  MeasuredinHenries(H)
μH=10-6Henries
-12Henries
!  ρH=10
!
•  FactorsaffecEnginductance
Morecoils–biggerinductance
!  LargercorecrosssecEon–biggerinductance
!  Longerlengthofwireusedtomakecoils–bigger
inductance
!  Be>ercorematerial–biggerinductance
!
InductorsinParallel
•  LT=1/(1/L1+1/L2+1/L3...)
!
SameequaEonasresistorsinparallel
•  Totalinductanceislessthanthesmallest
inductance
InductorsinParallel
InductorsinSerial
•  Totalofalltheinductors
•  LT=L1+L2+L3...
!
Likeresistorsinseries
•  Totalinductanceislargerthanthelargest
inductor
Capacitors&InductorsinAC
•  Capacitorsandinductorschangetheirbehavior
withfrequency
•  Theyaremodeledlikespecialresistors
Modelincludeschangingphase
!  Canbemistakenforlosingenergy
!
Capacitors&InductorsinAC
•  Modeledresistanceiscalledimpedance
SomeEmescalledreactance
!  Totalofinductance,capacitanceandresistances
!  Inductor–XL=2πXFrequencyXL
!
•  Impedanceincreaseswithfrequency
!
Capacitor–XC=1/(2πXFrequencyXC)
•  Impedancedecreaseswithfrequency
FAAQuesEon
•  WhencalculaEngpowerinareacEveor
inducEveaccircuit,thetruepoweris:
a.morethantheapparentpower
!  b.lessthantheapparentpowerinareacEvecircuit
andmorethantheapparentpowerinaninducEve
circuit
!  c.lessthantheapparentpower
!  FAAsaysC
!
•  Intruth,noenergyislost
FAAQuesEon
•  WhatistheopposiEontotheflowofAC
producedbyamagneEcfieldwithgenerated
backvoltage(EMF)called?
a.InducEvereactance
!  b.CapaciEvereactance
!  c.Mutualinductance
!  Answerisc
!
FAAQuesEon
FAAQuesEon
•  Whatistheimpedanceofanac-seriescircuit
consisEngofaninductorwithareactanceof10
ohms,acapacitorwithareactanceof4ohms,
andaresistorwitharesistanceof8ohms?
a.22ohms
!  b.5.29ohms
!  c.10ohms
!
•  FAAsaysC
•  Whatisthecircuit?
•  Worksonlyatexactlyonefrequency
FAAQuesEon
•  ElectrostaEcfieldsarealsoknownas
a.Dielectricfields.
!  b.ElectrostaEcfields.
!  c.StaEcfields.
!
•  Theanswerisa
PistonIgniEonSystem
PistonIgniEonSystem
•
•
•
•
•
Ba>eries
+-Cathode
--Anode
StoreenergythroughchemicalreacEon
Eachba>eryhasoneormorecells
Primaryba>ery–notrechargeable
Drycells–e.g.–AA&9V
!  1.5voltspercell
!
•  Secondaryba>ery-rechargeable
Ba>eries
•  Secondaryba>ery–rechargeable
Leadacid
!  Nickelcadmium(NiCd)
!  Nickelmetalhydride(NiMH)
!  Lithiumion(Li-ion)
!  Lithiumionpolymer(Li-ionpolymer)
!
Lead-AcidBa>eries
•  Car&smallaircraaba>eries
!
Aircraaba>eriesarebuilttougherandTSO’d
•  Eachcellis2.0to2.2volts
Cellsinseries
!  12voltba>eryhas6cells
!  24voltba>eryhas12cells
!
•  Electrolyte-sulphuricacid
!
Calledba>eryacid
Lead-AcidCell
•  PosiEveplates-leaddioxide(PbO2)
•  NegaEveplates-spongylead
•  Porousseparatorsbetweentheplates
!
Insulatesplates
•  Eachplateisporoustoallowelectrolytetomove
around
•  EachcellisconstructedwithmulEplepairsof
plates–manycellsinparallel–morecurrent
!
AllposiEvesconnectedtogether;allnegaEves
connected
Lead-AcidCell
•  PosiEveplatesmustbesurroundedbynegaEve
plates
!
AlwaysatleastoneextranegaEveplate
•  Casehassupportribsonthebo>om
Isolatesplatesfromdebris
!  Debriscanshortplatesandkillcell
!
•  Ba>erywillhavelowvoltage
Lead-AcidCell
NonspillBa>eryVentPlug
Non-spillBa>eryVentPlug
•  Eachcellhasaportwithanon-spillba>eryvent
plug
AccessfortesEngthestrengthoftheelectrolyte
!  Addingwater-disElled
!
•  Ventplugpermitsgasestoescapefromthecell
withaminimumofleakageofelectrolyte
!
Ventsoxygen&hydrogen
•  Preventsleaksduringinvertedflight
ConnecEonofStorageBa>ery
Ba>eryBox
•  Ba>eryenclosedinanacidresisEngmetal
container(ba>erybox)
!
Paintedwithacidresistantbasedpaint
•  TwovenEngnipples
•  OnevenEngtubeistheintaketubeandis
exposedtotheslipstream
•  SecondvenEngtubeistheexhaustventtube
andisa>achedtotheba>erydrainsump
!
Glassjarcontainingafeltpadmoistenedwitha
concentratedsoluEonofsodiumbicarbonate(baking
soda)
•
•
•
•
Ba>eryBox
Airstreamisdirectedthroughtheba>erycase
Ba>erygasesarepickedup
Neutralizedinthesump
Expelledoverboardwithoutdamagetothe
airplaneoroccupants
Electrolyte
•  SulphuricacidanddisElledwater
Specificgravityof1.270at60°F
!  Newba>ery–shippedseparately
!
•  PosiEvehydrogenionsandnegaEvesulfate(SO4)
ions
•  Cellisdischarged
ElectronsmovecausingachemicalreacEonthat
generateswater
!  Specificgravitychangestoabout1.150
!
Ba>eryRaEngs
•  Ba>eryraEngistheamp-hourraEng
•  MulEplycurrentflowinamperesbytheEmein
hoursthattheba>eryisbeingdischarged
•  Example:Aba>erywithacapacityof1amphourshouldbeabletoconEnuouslysupplya
currentof1amptoaloadforexactly1hour,or
2ampsfor1/2hour,or1/3ampfor3hours
•  Ampere-houroutputofaparEcularba>ery
dependsontherateatwhichitisdischarged
Ba>eryRaEngs
•  Heavydischargecurrentheatstheba>eryand
decreasesitsefficiencyandtotalampere-hour
output
•  Ba>erycapacitywillchangewithtemperature
•  RaEngsareonlyguidelines
LifeCycleofaBa>ery
•  Ba>ery-thenumberofcompletecharge/
dischargecyclesaba>erycanperformbeforeits
normalchargecapacityfallsbelow80%ofits
iniEalratedcapacity
•  Ba>erylifecanvaryanywherefrom500to1,300
cycles
•  FactorscancausedeterioraEonofaba>eryand
shortenitsservicelife
Over-discharging
!  Too-rapidchargingordischarging
!  DischargedforalongperiodofEme
!
Lead-AcidBa>eryTesEngMethods
Lead-AcidBa>eryTesEngMethods
•  Stateofchargeofaba>eryisindicatedbythe
densityoftheelectrolyte
•  Hydrometer-aninstrumentthatmeasuresthe
specificgravity(weightascomparedwithwater)
ofliquids
1.300to1.275-ahighstateofcharge
!  1.275to1.240-amediumstateofcharge
!  1.240to1.200-alowstateofcharge
!  Temperatureisbetween70°Fand90°F
!
Lead-AcidBa>eryTesEngMethods
•  AcorrecEonof0.004shouldbeaddedtothe
specificgravityreadingforeach10°above80°F,
and0.004shouldbesubtractedfromthespecific
gravityreadingforeach10°below80°F.
Lead-AcidBa>eryChargingMethods
•  Constantvoltage
Currentatthestartoftheprocessishigh
!  CurrentautomaEcallytapersoff
!  Approximately1ampereiswhentheba>eryisfully
charged
!  LessEmeandsupervisionrequiredthanbythe
constantcurrentmethod
!
Lead-AcidBa>eryChargingMethods
•  Constantcurrent
LongerEmetochargeaba>eryfully
!  Dangerofovercharging
!
Lead-Acid
•  Chargingreleasesdangersgas
Chargeinanopenarea
!  Don’tchargenearnickel-cadmiumba>ery
!
•  FillwithonlydisElledwater
•  Serviceaba>eryonlyaaerafullchargeand
whileitissEllwarm
•  Fullychargea“low”ba>ery
!
DiamondDA-42crash
•  Checkventtubes
•  Cleanwithbakingsodaandwaterthenwater
Lead-Acid
•  Keepfullychargedtopreventfreezing
!
Morecharge,lesswaterinelectrolyte
Lead-Acid
•  Whichofthefollowingstatementsis/aregenerallytrueregardingthecharging
ofseveralaircraaba>eriestogether?
!  1.Ba>eriesofdifferentvoltages(butsimilarcapaciEes)canbeconnected
inserieswitheachotheracrossthecharger,andchargedusingthe
constantcurrentmethod.
!  2.Ba>eriesofdifferentampere-hourcapacityandsamevoltagecanbe
connectedinparallelwitheachotheracrossthecharger,andcharged
usingtheconstantvoltagemethod.
!  3.Ba>eriesofthesamevoltageandsameampere-hourcapacitymustbe
connectedinserieswitheachotheracrossthecharger,andchargedusing
theconstantcurrentmethod.
!  a.3
!  b.2and3
!  c.1and2
•  AnswerisC
Nickel-CadmiumBa>eries
•  Ni-Cad
•  Usuallyusedonhighendaircraaandturbine
engines
•  PosiEveplate–NickelHydrate(NiOOH)
•  NegaEveplate–spongeCadmium(Cd)
•  Electrolyte–PotassiumHydroxide(KOH)and
water
•  1.25voltspercell
•  Ba>erysumpjar–3%(byweight)soluEonof
boricacidandwater
Nickel-CadmiumBa>eries
•  Cleanwithwaterplusvinegar,ammoniaorboric
acid
!
Rinsewithwater
•  Electrolytespecificgravitydoesn’tindicate
charge
•  Electrolytelevelishighestatfullcharge
•  Electrolytegetsabsorbintheplateiftheba>ery
standsforalongEme
•  Smallamountofpotassiumcarbonatedeposits
onthetopofba>erycellsisnormal
Nickel-CadmiumBa>eries
•  Charging,balancingandloadingequipmentis
specializedequipment
Load/dischargetesEngforchargelevel
!  Mostgasexpelledattheendofchargingcycle
!
•  Scheduledenergytest
•  Majordrawbackisthefactthattheba>erycan
overstress(runaway)withhighloads
!
Internalresistancegoesdownwhenba>erygetshot
Nickel-CadmiumBa>eries
•  Themethodusedtorapidlychargeanickelcadmiumba>eryuElizes
a.constantcurrentandconstantvoltage.
!  b.constantcurrentandvaryingvoltage.
!  c.constantvoltageandvaryingcurrent.
!
•  Answerisc
Nickel-CadmiumBa>eries
•  Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe
operaEngprincipalinanickel-cadmiumba>ery
installedinanaircraa?
a.Atfullcharge,theelectrolytewillbeatitslowest
levelandshouldbefilled.
!  b.Tocompletelychargeanickel-cadmiumba>ery,
somegassingmusttakeplace;thus,somewaterwill
beused.
!  c.WhenposiEveplatesslowlygiveupoxygen,which
isregainedbythenegaEveplates,theba>eryis
charging.
!
•  Answerisb
InternalBa>eryResistance
Internal Resistance
+
?Ω
+
I = 1A
12V
11Ω
-
Inverters
•  Convertsvoltages
•  CanturnDCintoAC
!
Aircraacommonlyuse400HzAC
•  CanalsoconvertonDCvoltagetoanotherDC
voltage
•  Mechanicalorsolidstate
•  SomeEmescalledswitchingpowersupplies
Inverters
Inverters
Semiconductor
•  Usuallymadeofsilicon
•  CrystalstructurethatchangesconducEvitywith
theapplicaEonofanelectricfield
•  Byapplyinganelectricsignaltothe
semiconductor,youcanturnitfromaninsulator
toaconductor
!
Anelectricswitch
•  Anelectricvalvecanalsobecreated,controlling
theamountofcurrentthatflows
!
Morecontrolthanjustonandoff
Diode
P-NJuncEonDiode
Diode
•  Actslikeacheckvalve
Allowscurrentonlyoneway
!  FollowthearrowforthedirecEonofcurrent
!  CalledrecEfiers
!
•  MostcommontypeisaP-NjuncEondiode
•  Takesabout0.7Vtoturnon
DiodeTurnOnVoltage
Reverse (Negative) Bias
Forward Bias
DiodeTurnOnVoltage
DiodeTurnOnVoltage
+
0.7V
_
HalfWaveRecEfier
HalfWaveRecEfier
AC Voltage and Current
DC Voltage and Current
FullWaveRecEfier
FullWaveRecEfier
Input
Output
FullWaveRecEfierDCPower
FullWaveRecEfier
•  ConvertACtoDC
•  DCsideiscommonlyfilteredwithacapacitoror
capacitor/inductorcombinaEon
•  ADCregulatorcommonlyfollowsfilteringcircuit
toholdDCatanexactvoltage
FullWaveRecEfier&Regulator
ZenerDiode
ZenerDiode
•  SomeEmescalled“breakdowndiodes”
•  Designedtobreakdownataspecificvoltage
!
Reversebiased
•  Usedtocreateareferencevoltage
ZenerDiode
ZenerDiode
•
•
•
•
•
•
LED
LightEmi‚ngDiode
Actslikeanormaldiode
Lightsup
Veryefficiencysourceoflight
Lowpower
Longlife
LED
LED
LED
LED
LCD
•  LiquidCrystalDisplay
PhotoDiodes
•  Usedtosenselight
Transistor
Transistor
•  Electricswitch
•  Electricvalve
•  Threeterminals
Transistor
Base–controlterminal
!  Emi>er–theterminalwiththearrow
!  Collector
!
•  Changethevoltage/currentonBasetoturnon
valveorswitch
!
Calledforwardbiasingthetransistor
Transistor
•  Turntransistoron
0.7voltsacrossjuncEonthatlookslikeadiode
!  N-P-N-baseisposiEvewithrespecttotheemi>er
!  P-N-P-baseisnegaEvewithrespecttotheemi>er
!
Transistor
- 0.7 +
+ 0.7 -
FullWaveRecEfier&Regulator
+0.7-
12.7 V
The Zener Diode is really 12.7 volts
FAAQuesEon
FAAQuesEon
•  IfanopenoccursatR(1),thelight
a.cannotbeturnedon
!  b.willnotbeaffected
!  c.cannotbeturnedoff
!  c
!
FET
•  FieldEffectTransistor
JuncEonFET–JFET
!  Metal-oxideFET–MOSFET
!
•  Almostinfinitegain
!
Usedmostlyason/offswitch
•  AllmodernmicroprocessorsuseFETs
•  CaneasilybedamagedbystaEcelectricity
!
Useagroundstrap
Solenoid
Solenoid
Solenoid
Relay
Relay
•
•
•
•
•
Solenoids&Relays
Electromechanicalswitches
Useasmallcontrolsignaltocontroltheswitch
Canbeusetoremotelycontrolcircuits
Solenoidsareforbigamountsofcurrent
Relays
NormalposiEoniswhenthecontrolsignalisoff
!  Canbenormallyonornormallyoff
!  Cancontrolmorethanonecircuit
!  EnableDCsignalstocontrolACcircuits
!
ACControlledWithaRelay
ACGenerator
ACGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
Replace at 50%
of Length
DCGenerator
DCGenerator
DCGeneratorMaintenance
•  Clean,reshapeorreplacebrushes
!
Replacebrushesat50%length
•  BearingsmayormaynotneedlubricaEon
!
Checkmanufacturer’sinstrucEon
•  Cleanupcommutatorsurface
!
Insulatorsurfacemustbebelowmetalcontact
surface
•  Replaceregulator
•  Forbearingandcoilproblems,sendoutfor
repair
•  DCmotors
ElectricMotors
Flaps,gearandtrim
!  Builtsimilartogenerators
!  Somearedesignedtobereversible
!
•  Reversevoltage–reversedirecEon
•  Thermalswitchopensthedrivecircuitto
preventoverheaEng–letsmotorcooldown
•  ACmotorsareusedforlargeapplicaEon
•  Ifamotorispreventedfromturning,thedrive
circuitcanbefried
•  Maintenanceissimilartoagenerator
Alternator
Stator
AlternatorRegulator
Alternator
•  Coilsareontheoutside
!
Don’trotate
•  UsesrecEfies(diodes)toconvertACtoDC
•  Brusheslastlongerbecauseonlyfieldcurrent
goesthroughthem
Canprovidecleanersignal
!  Somealternatorarebrushless
!
•  WiderRPMrangethanagenerator
•  Maintainlikeagenerator
LogicGates
•  FuncEonsthatdealwith1’sand0’s
•  DefinedasBooleanlogic
•  LogicgatesarearepresentaEonofeither:
aschemaEcoflogic(flowchart)
!  anelectriccircuit
!
SchemaEcofLogic(ANDGate)
•  Theoutputisoneifallinputsareone
ElectricCircuit(ANDGate)
•
•
•
•
•
1
True
On
+
5v(+5voltsDC)
1’s
•
•
•
•
0’s
0
False
Off
Gnd(Groundorgroundsymbol)
SpecialCasesof1’s&0’s
•  +5V=1and-5V=0(Usagestopinthe70’s)
Buffer
•  Whatcomesin,comesout.
•  1in/1out,0in/0out
Not
•  Theoutputistheoppositeoftheinput
•  1in/0out,0in/1out
•  Neverusedalone.Usuallyusedontheoutput
sideofthegate.
•  Wri>enwithalineoverthesymbol
!
Ā=notA
NotGate
•  Bufferwitha“Not”funcEon
•  1in/0out,0in/1out
ANDGate
ANDGate
•  Fora1output,inputsAANDBmustbe1.
•  Allinputsmustbe1fortheoutputtobe1.For
everyotherinputcombinaEon,theoutputis0.
•  RememberanDgatelookslikea“D”
SimplifiedANDGate
ANDGateTruthTables
InputA
InputB
Output(X)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
InputA
InputB
InputC
Output(X)
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
ANDSchemaEc
ORGate
ORGate
•  Fora1output,inputsAORBmustbe1
•  Ifanyoftheinputsare1,thentheoutputis1.
SimplifiedORGate
InputA
ORGateTruthTables
InputB
Output(X)
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
InputA
InputB
InputC
Output(X)
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NANDGate
NANDGateTruthTables
InputA
InputB
Output(X)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
InputA
InputB
InputC
Output(X)
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
NORGate
•  AnORgatefollowedbyaNOTgate
NORGateTruthTables
InputA
InputB
Output(X)
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
InputA
InputB
InputC
Output(X)
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
ExclusiveOR
•  Fora1output,Exclusivelyone&onlyoneinputcanbe
1
ExclusiveNOR
•  Fora1output,bothinputsmustbethesame
1
Summary
•  ANDgatelookslikea“D”.RememberAN(D)–D
!
InputAANDBmustbeTRUEor1
•  ORgate–AORBmustbeTRUEor1
•  ExclusiveOR–extrabasecurve
!
Exclusivelyone&onlyoneinputcanbeTRUE
•  AcircleontheoutputmeansNOTthatfuncEon
!
Circle–oppositethefuncEon