March, 2009
Beginning this month, we will be featuring an LCI Faculty Profile, focusing on research and application
interests; recent publications, current graduate students, etc. Our first featured Profile will be Philip
Bos, Director, IPP; Professor, Chemical Physicals; Associate Director, Liquid Crystal Institute. This
Profile can be found at the end of the newsletter, following LCI NEWS.
CLEANROOM NEWS
The cleanroom staff continues to make changes to the facility to improve utility and efficiency.
process will continue over the next few months, as additional areas are addressed.
This
The Class 10K South area (or “scribe room”) has been reorganized and cleaned, and users will now be
required to follow cleaner protocols in this area. In particular, users who are not fully suited for the
main cleanroom will be required to wear lab smocks and gloves, in addition to the usual shoe covers. A
similar change is planned for the Class 10K North area, which houses the GenVac SC1 e-beam
evaporator.
The iTi Ink Jet Printer has been moved from its position in the Class 1000 alcove to make room for a
new high end assembly area. The Asymtek A402 XY Dispenser has been reinstalled in this space (the
A403 Dispenser is still in the original assembly area), and the Fusion UV Source and Dymax UV
Source have been moved to this area as well. This area will initially be used by one of the IPP member
companies for more complicated assembly tasks.
Parts have been ordered to complete installation of an Ocean Optics Spectrometer in the standard
assembly area. This would allow for quick cell gap measurements during and immediately after cell
assembly efforts. Completion of this setup is expected in April.
The Brewer GX100 Large Area Spincoater has been shipped back to Brewer for repairs and upgrades.
The unit will be returned to operating condition, but will continue to operate with some components that
are obsolete. At this time, the cost of completely upgrading the unit to supported hardware is not
justified, especially with the Headway Research IT22 Spincoater also available.
New tooling is nearly complete for use with the Clean Air Systems Wet Bench. The new tooling will
accommodate 6” and 7” glass sizes, for photolithographic processing using the in-bench tanks. Training
sessions for usage of the new setup are available upon request.
The GenVac Aerospace SC1 ion-assisted e-beam coater is currently operational for metal or insulator
coatings, but not for ITO. GenVac has agreed to help troubleshoot and repair the custom ion gun. One
of the turbo pump controllers requires repair as well. The ion gauges have been replaced, and staff will
continue to look at upgrading the safety interlocks.
If there are particular pieces of equipment that are of interest to you, or if you would like to see
particular capabilities added to the room, please contact Doug Bryant.
PROCESS SPOTLIGHT: Evaluation of Glass Cleaning Methods
In previous newsletters, we have addressed several glass cleaning methods (see “Ultrasonic Cleaning”
from September/October 2008, “Megasonic Cleaning” from November 2008, and “UV/Ozone
Cleaning” from May 2007) used in the flat panel display industry. In this article, we will discuss
approaches to a complete substrate cleaning strategy, and how to evaluate their effectiveness.
In general, any effective cleaning method includes both a physical, particle removal method with a
chemical, thin film removal method. The former takes care of large particle contamination and heavy
soils, and the latter removes process residues and thin adsorbed films, making surfaces wettable for
coatings. Examples of physical cleaning methods are brush scrubbing, ultrasonic, megasonic, and high
pressure jet spray. Examples of chemical cleaning methods include use of organic solvents, neutral
detergents, and use of specific chemicals (such as RCA cleaning in the semiconductor industry, or
Chromerge for glassware). UV/ozone and plasma cleaning are primarily chemical cleaning methods, as
they remove or oxidize films on the surface of the glass.
So how can the effectiveness of any cleaning process be measured? Obviously the overall effectiveness
impacts process yield, but a more direct measurement is usually desireable. As is often the case, the
metric used depends upon which types of contamination are most detrimental to the process being
carried out. If particles are the primary concern, a simple before-and-after particle count may be
sufficient. With liquid crystal devices, each substrate typically has many thin film layers, and will be
susceptible to contamination that affects film adhesion and wettability. In this case, contact angle
measurement is very useful.
Particle count / Inspection
A very simple yet effective way to qualify cleaning processes is through bright light or UV light
inspection. Although particles less than 50 microns or so are not directly visible to the naked eye, they
can easily be viewed with scattered light from a bright light source. A glass substrate that looks
perfectly clean in room light may display numerous particles, smudges, or scratches when viewed this
way. A simple homemade setup to inspect clean glass is shown in Figure 1.
In a manufacturing setting, machine inspection can be used, where the substrate surface is scanned for
defects using pattern recognition algorithms. This method is better suited to semiconductor fabrication,
or high end displays with active matrix or CMOS backplanes. Large displays for television applications
are also ideally suited for inspection, since a single ill-placed particle can ruin an entire panel.
UV light can be used for inspection to enhance visibility of thin film contamination by fluorescence.
The efficiency of any inspection method is affected by the optical character of the substrate: raw glass or
ITO glass is ideally suited to simple inspection techniques, while dense structures (TFTs for example) or
scattering surfaces make inspection more complicated.
Figure 1. Simple inspection setup using flat black background and bright light source.
Contact Angle Measurement
Prior to spincoating or vacuum deposition of thin films, a clean, wettable surface is critical.
Contamination or poorly cleaned surfaces can lead to spin defects (streaks, etc.) and dewetting of thin
films, and poor adhesion of vacuum deposited coatings. This can lead to peeling or curling of films
before assembly, failure of subsequent coatings, or premature failure of displays in the field.
Contact angle measurement is an easy technique for evaluating the surface condition of a substrate. By
measuring the angle that a drop of liquid (typically water, but other fluids can be used) makes with a flat
surface, the “wettability” of that surface can be observed. A surface with a very low contact angle is
considered hydrophilic, and a drop of liquid placed on the surface will spread out quite readily. The
opposite situation gives a hydrophobic surface; an example of a naturally hydrophobic surface would be
Teflon.
Figure 2. Contact angle definitions and relation to surface free energy (from Rame-Hart website)
Processes such as UV/ozone are most effective at lowering contact angle, by removing organic films
down to the last few monolayers. Due to re-adsorption of contaminants, such processes are short lived,
and best applied immediately before the coating step.
Figure 3. Relation of contact angle to wettability (from Rame-Hart website)
In liquid crystal device fabrication, wettability is most important with polyimide film application. Such
films are typically applied as polyamic acid precursor solutions (or more commonly blends of polyamic
acid type and preimidized type), and are very sensitive to surface moisture. Hydrophilic surfaces are
necessary to achieve pinhole free thin films.
All contamination will affect contact angle, but contact angle measurement is used most effectively after
gross particle contamination has been eliminated. In other words, it is useful to combine particle
inspection with contact angle measurement to more fully characterize a cleaning process.
Figure 4. Contact angle goniometer (left). Substrate stage is in center, with light source to right, camera
to left, and drop dispensing apparatus above substrate stage. Image of drop taken from goniometer
shown on right. (from Wikipedia)
Contact angle measurement can be done qualitatively by simply observing the behavior of water
droplets on a surface. In a spray rinse tank, water droplets will form beads and roll off the surface of a
hydrophobic surface (such as a glass plate with neutral detergent residue), but will wet the surface
completely and “sheet” off once the residue has been rinsed clean, and the surface becomes hydrophilic.
Alternatively, a contact angle goniometer such as that in Figure 4 may be used. Such systems use
software to analyze the images to accurately measure contact angle, and can calculate surface energies
and surface tensions if desired. Precise drop volumes can be added to the surface for easy analysis.
Figure 5 illustrates how contact angle measurements can be used to evaluate cleaning. By measuring
contact angles at each step during the cleaning process, a picture emerges of how the contact angle
decreases and thus wettability of the surface increases with added cleaning.
Figure 5. Evaluation of two different cleaning processes by contact angle measurement (from O’Mara)
At the LCDRF, surface cleanliness can be evaluated using our custom inspection station (see Fig 1
above), or with a Rame-Hart contact angle goniometer (part of the FlexMatters accelerator, currently
housed in the LCI first floor teaching lab).
We welcome your suggestions: any industrial partners who would like to see a particular topic covered
in a future newsletter can forward ideas to Doug Bryant or Phil Bos.
A Sampling of Resources:
1. O’Mara, William C., Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays: Manufacturing Science and
Technology, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993 ISBN 0-442-01428-7
2. Fister-Gale, Sarah, “Display Manufacturing, Particles on Display”, Cleanrooms magazine, Dec
2005. http://cr.pennnet.com/display_article/244260/15/ARTCL/none/none/1/Displaymanufacturing:-Particles-on-display/
3. http://ramehart.com/goniometers/contactangle.htm See Rame-Hart’s site for more in depth
explanations of contact angle measurement and surface energy/tension.
4. Wikipedia entry for contact angle measurement: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_angle
Websites
1. Rame-Hart: http://www.ramehart.com/
2. Blak-Ray inspection lamps: http://www.minresco.com/uvlamps/b100.htm
3. AST Products: http://www.astp.com/surface_vca.html
4. Kruss: http://www.kruss.info/
5. Orbotech/Photon Dynamics, automated flat panel inspection systems:
http://www.orbotech.com/Eng/D8_Doc/MenuID/554/
LCI NEWS
Recent LCI Publications:
From Professor L.C. Chien:
“Liquid crystal alignment on inkjet printed and air-buffed polyimide with nano-grove surface”, J.-Y.
Hwang and L.-C. Chien, J. Phys. D., Appl. Phys., 42, 055305 (2009).
Recent conferences:
Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies VI - 2009 Photonics West Conferences
Upcoming conferences:
The Gordon Research Conference on Liquid Crystals will be held June 14-19, 2009 at Colby-Sawyer
College in New London, New Hampshire.
LCI Project updates:
From Professor L.C. Chien:
Sub-millisecond switchable Bragg reflection has been demonstrated with a red-shifted color over 100
nm at 40V from a polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal cell.
New and Familiar Faces at LCI
CPIP Student, John Harden, will defend on March 10 and then start as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the
LCI, working for Jakli and Gleeson.
Lu Zou is a new postdoctoral fellow working for Chanjoong Kim as of 1/5/09.
Myroslava Omelchenko is a new Research Assistant working in Oleg Lavrentovich's lab, 2/9/09 for
one year.
Dr. Yuriy Nastyshyn has returned to work in Dr. Lavrentovich's lab for 3 months, 2/9/09 - 5/8/09.
Ph.D. Defense
March 3, 2009: Mingxia Gu, “Effects of Dielectric Relaxation on Director Dynamics in Uniaxial
Nematic Liquid Crystals”
Upcoming LCI Seminars
March 11: Prof. Ophelia Tsui, Department of Physics, Boston University, "Liquid Crystal Alignment
Control by Frustrated Boundary"
March 30: Prof. Changhuei Yang, Department of Electric Engineering and Bioengineering, California
Institute of Technology, "Novel Optical Approaches for Biomedical Applications - From Dime-Size
Microscopes to Time-Reversal Based Suppression of Tissue Turbidity"
April 8: Prof. Scott Milner, Department of Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, Title: T.B.A.
April 15: Prof. Hyk Yu, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, "Polymer
Surface Functionalization and Endovascular MRI Applications"
April 22: Dr. Stephen Morris, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, "Smectic Film
Convection: A Tempest In a Soap Bubble"
April 29: Prof. Royce Zia, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, "New Surprises in Driven Systems
with Two Species"
Recent LCI Seminars
(Note: To see video recordings of these presentations, go to the IPP web site:
http://www.lci.kent.edu/ipp/07/lciconnection.htm and click on the “Access Videos” link and enter your
login and password.)
January 26: Dr. Charles Reichhardt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, "Using Colloids to
Explore Complex Matter with Competing Interactions"
January 28: Prof. Monica Olvera de la Cruz, Northwestern University, IL, "Nano-Patterns in Gels of
Charged Chains"
February 2: Dr. Cynthia Reichhardt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, "Local Probes of
Melting, Decoupling, and Jamming Transitions"
February 4: Prof. Judit E. Puskas, University of Akron, "Novel Carbon Nanocomposite Biomaterials"
February 11: Prof. Matthew Glaser, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, "Soft Shoulders
and Cluster Phases: Novel Colloidal Paths to Liquid Crystallinity"
February 18: Prof. Sergij Shiyanovskii, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, "Theoretical
Diversity of Liquid Crystals: Problems, Models and Methods"
February 23: Prof. Victor Reshetnyak, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, "Theoretical
Modeling of Heterogeneous Liquid Crystal Systems"
February 25: Dr. Matt Lynch, Proctor & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio, "Suspending Particles in Complex
Fluids"
NSF Program Director recently visited LCI
On Feb. 10, Dr. Linda Sapochak, the newly appointed National Science Foundation Program Director
of Solid State and Materials Chemistry Program, Division of Materials Research, visited the Liquid
Crystal Institute. She took a tour of the LCI labs and gave a presentation.
Betty Hilgert retires after 25 years of service to KSU
On February 27, members of the Kent State Liquid Crystal Institute attended a retirement party for
Clerical Specialist Betty Hilgert. She leaves Kent State, after 25 years of service, including 5 years at
the Liquid Crystal Institute.
In 2000, Betty was awarded the Kent State University Quality Service Award while working as a layout
design artist for the Photography Department at University Communications and Marketing (UCM)
Department. Prior to working for UCM, she worked for the KSU Printing Service Department for
several years.
Everyone at LCI will miss Betty's great work ethic, enthusiasm and smiling face. We wish her all the
best!
Grant Proposal Writing Workshop to be held at Kent State
On May 12, 2009, from 8:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. a grant proposal writing workshop will be held at the Kent
Student Center on the Kent Campus.
This one-day workshop sponsored by the office of Research and Sponsored Programs offers a unique
opportunity to learn about the extramural funding process, proposal development, submission, and peer
reviews. Although, the workshop’s focus will be the National Science Foundation, the information and
discussions will be very pertinent to grant applications to other federal agencies. Presenters for the
workshop have extensive experience in proposal writing, review, and performance of research funded by
extramural grants. We plan to have two (one confirmed) workshop teachers who have served as program
director at the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy.
Highlights of the workshop include:
• Information about NSF programs
• How to Communicate with Program Directors
• Specific requirements of solicitations such as SGER, CAREER, MRI, etc.
• Techniques to write winning proposals
• What are Intellectual Merit and Broader Impact?
• Developing strategies for success
• Avoiding common and fatal mistakes
• Understanding reviewers’ critiques and how to benefit from them
Extended discussions will follow presentations and the participants will:
• Have an opportunity to discuss specific questions/situations
• Receive two sample proposals to review and submit reports
• Participate in simulated review panel to understand the process, what is important to the reviewers,
program
directors, and the grant agency
• Have an opportunity to interact with program directors and network with other colleagues.
Registration for this event is online at: http://www.kent.edu/rags/
(Registration is limited, so please REGISTER EARLY)
Contact Paulette Washko at 330.672.0731 or Pwashko@kent.edu with questions.
CPIP Professor Palffy-Muhoray and student Vianney Gimenez attend NSBP/NSHP Conference
and Physics Diversity Summit
Chemical Physics (CPIP) Professor Peter Palffy-Muhoray and CPIP student, Vianney Gimenez,
attended the National Society of Black Physicists’ (NSBP) Physics Diversity Summit at the joint
National Society of Black Physicists and National Society of Hispanic Physicists (NSBP/NSHP)
conference in Nashville,
Tennessee from February 11-15.
The purpose of the event was to bring together key stakeholders in the US physics enterprise and
consider some of the policy issues impacting the drive to bring about a diverse physics workforce.
Attendees included physics department chairs, professional society leaders, federal program officers,
and corporate leaders. Together, they hope to form a coalition of university, corporate, government and
professional society partners to advocate for effective policies, programs and practices to achieve a
diverse physics workforce.
A wide range of topics in the field of Physics were covered as well as sessions on:
• Physics GRE tutorial
• Alternative careers for physics graduates
• Applying to graduate school
• Success in graduate school
• Summer programs
• Fellowships and scholarships
• Personal and Professional Skills
• Financial planning for student and professional life
• Oral presentation skills
To learn more, visit
NSBP/NSHP summit: http://www.nsbp.org/summit/
NSBP: http://www.nsbp.org/
NSHP: http://www.hispanicphysicists.org/
Faculty Profile
Philip Bos
Statement of Interest
The focus of my work is applications of liquid crystals. This leads to interests in modeling, material
properties, and interactions of liquid crystals with surfaces.
Video About Current Lab Activities
http://realserver.lci.kent.edu/ramgen/cpip_lab_intros_2008/cpip_2008_lab_introduction_phil_bos.rm
CV /website
• http://www.lci.kent.edu/PI/BosP.htm
• I also have a site: http://boslab.lci.kent.edu But this has not been updated in a long time
Research Interests
• Surface alignment of liquid crystals
• Electro-optical interaction of liquid crystals
Applications interests
• Optical Wavefront control, including electro-optical beam steering and lenses.
• Optical filters
• Fast Switching Devices
• Improved viewing angle displays
• Low Power, optically efficient Displays
• Sensors
Interests in potential industrial interactions
• Research / Development topics
o I’d be glad to talk about anything that has to do with applications of liquid crystals, but
especially if it is a new or improved way to use liquid crystals
• Lab facilities of potential interest to IPP members.
o My lab has capabilities for most aspects of the characterization of LC devices.
• Topics that could address as consultant
o Applications of liquid crystals
Recent publications ( 7/07-6/08 )
Publications in Peer Reviewed Journals
Yong-Kyu Jang, Philip Bos, “Universal off-axis light transmission properties of the bright state in
perfectly compensated liquid crystal devices”, Journal of Applied Physics, 102, 2007.
Yong-Kyu Jang, Philip Bos, “Optimization of the white state director configuration for perfectly
compensated pi-cell devices” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 46, 2007
Philip Bos, H. Garcia, V, Sergan, “Wide-angle achromatic prism beam steering for infrared
countermeasures and imaging applications: solving the singularity problem in the two-prism design” ,
Optical Engineering, 46, 2007.
Yong-Kyu Jang, Philip Bos, “Comparison and analysis of off-axis color shift properties of
compensated liquid crystal devices” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 46, 2007
Cheng Chen and Philip Bos, “Anchoring transitions of liquid crystals on SiOx”, Liquid Crystals, 35,
2008.
Books and Chapters in Books
Co-editor of book: “ Mobile Displays, technology and applications” Achintya Bhowmik, Zili Li, Philip
Bos, Wiley (2008)
Chapter in book : Achintya Bhowmik, Zili Li, Philip Bos “ Introduction to mobile display technologies”
Chapter 1 in “ Mobile Displays, technology and applications” Achintya Bhowmik, Zili Li, Philip Bos,
Wiley (2008)
Conference Proceedings and Technical Reports
Mike Dorjgotov, Philip Bos, “Liquid Crystal Etalon Device for Reflective Displays” Society for
Information Display 2008 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXIX, p568-571.
Mitya Reznikov, Bentley Wall, Mark Handschy, Philip Bos, “ Mono domain alignment of the SmC
liquid crystalline phase for analog display applications” Society for Information Display 2008
International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXIX, p 1811-1814.
Yi Huang, K.H. Kim, J.K Jang, H.S Kim and Philip Bos, “Dynamic simulation of Pi-cell liquid crystal
displays with transverse field” , Society for Information Display 2008 International Symposium, Digest
of Technical Papers, XXXIX, p1865-1869,
Talks , Seminars and Overview Articles
“Fast-Switching Liquid Crystal Effects for Displays” Information Display, September, 2007 p20.
Mike Dorjgotov, Philip Bos, “Liquid Crystal Etalon Device for Reflective Displays”
Information Display 2008 International Symposium, , Los Angeles, CA, May 19-23, 2008
Society for
Mitya Reznikov, Bentley Wall, Mark Handschy, Philip Bos, “ Mono domain alignment of the SmC
liquid crystalline phase for analog display applications” Society for Information Display 2008
International Symposium, , Los Angeles, CA, May 19-23, 2008.
Yi Huang, K.H. Kim, J.K Jang, H.S Kim and Philip Bos, “Dynamic simulation of Pi-cell liquid crystal
displays with transverse field” , Society for Information Display 2008 International Symposium, , Los
Angeles, CA, May 19-23, 2008.
Patents Awarded
•
“Birefringent Filter-Based Color Generation Scheme for a Passive Matrix Display
Device”, P. Bos and S. Saeed, .US patent 7,289,189 issued 10-30-2007.
Current Graduate Students
• Lie Shi
• Mike Dorjgotov
• Yi Huang
• Liwei Li
Lei Shi
Ph.D Candidate
Liquid Crystal Institute &
Chemical Physics Program
Kent State University
Kent, OH 44242-0001
(330)-990-6295
leishi@lci.kent.edu
Long Term Interests
In a long term, I am interested in the liquid crystal devices and applications, both in numerical modeling
and experimental setup and demonstration, such as new liquid crystal display technology, liquid crystal
beam steering device, liquid crystal lens or any liquid crystal related devices. Other research fields, such
as optical communication, nano-technology, biology, etc, that are related or integrated with liquid
crystal technology, will also be my research interests.
Current Research Projects
Currently, I am focused on liquid crystal beam steering device and liquid crystal lens devices. Starting
from numerical modeling, we propose and develop a tunable liquid crystal polarization grating for beam
steering with variable angles. The devices have been set up and characterized experimentally. High
diffraction efficiencies (>95%) of the multi-angle beam steering that we propose in the modeling have
been implemented and demonstrated. Also we develop a new liquid crystal lens device which can be
electronically controlled totally and have variable focal lengths.
Interest in short term projects for a company
Based on my experience, I would like to attend such research projects as liquid crystal based devices and
applications. Because I have a lot of experiences both in liquid crystal experiments and numerical
simulations, it will be great that the project will have needs both in modeling and device construction. In
addition, teamwork is also very important for me. If the projects require me to concentrate on either
some specific modeling or device construction, it will be my pleasure to work together with other
colleagues.
________________________________
Yi Huang
Ph.D Candidate
Liquid Crystal Institute &
Chemical Physics Program
Kent State University
Kent, OH 44242
330-357-1813
nwong@lci.kent.edu
Long Term Interests
Since the optical properties of liquid crystals are very interesting, besides the current project I am
working on, I have other research topics I am interested in, such as liquid crystal lenses in mobile phone
camera, liquid crystal spectacle for astigmatism, liquid crystal application in 3D display.
Current Research Projects
Currently I am working on a project for Intel on highly power efficient active matrix displays. The
need for low power LC effects for these types of devices will help them to expand into new markets
such as book readers.
Interest in short term projects for a company
I would like to do an internship or work on a short term project. Since my career goal is to work in
industry and maybe someday I can start my own business, internship or working experience in industry
will be invaluable for my future career. Also, internship or working experience in industry can provide
me with the very first hand information about the industry needs and new application, which in term
enlightens my innovation, and benefits my current research. Considering the progress of my current
project, I think the short research project or modeling should be good for me.
________________________________
Enkh-Amgalan (Mike) Dorjgotov
Ph.D Candidate
Liquid Crystal Institute &
Chemical Physics Program
Kent State University
Kent, OH 44242-0001
(330) 672-1554
edorjgot@lci.kent.edu
Long Term Interests
My research interests are electro-optical properties of liquid crystals, numerical simulations of
dynamical physical processes and optics in liquid crystal cells, and low power mobile liquid crystal
displays.
Current Research Projects
Currently under the supervision of my thesis advisor I'm doing an original research in low power
display technology which was funded by Intel Mobile Platforms Unit. More specifically we are
exploring the merits and practicality of liquid crystal etalon based projection and reflective displays.
Interest in short term projects for a company
Yes, I would be interested in a short research project doing modeling, device construction, and device
Characterization
_____________________________________
Liwei Li
Ph.D Candidate
Liquid Crystal Institute &
Chemical Physics Program
Kent State University
Kent, OH 44242
330-357-9312
lli4@lci.kent.edu
Long Term Interests
Generally, optically and electrically related applicable devices, with liquid crystals materials or not.
Current Research Projects
1. Food spoilage detector with double layer alignment film, which prefer different orientation of liquid
crystal molecules. By introducing carboxylic acid group in the alignment film, certain amount of
amine could react with them, and be detected by observing the director change in the cell.
2. Optical storage materials. Literature study about the materials potential for phase storage has been
conducted, and the experimental study of certain glassy material and smectic materials is ongoing,
by using the external field and temperature control.
Interest in short term projects for a company
I am interested in device construction and characterization, as well as related modeling.