Energy & the
Environment
The Story of an Addict
Energy & Environmental
Politics
• Energy consumption is a primary
source of pollution
• Energy production is a primary
source of habitat destruction
• Patterns of Energy Consumption &
Production
• Economic Implications
• Stability of supply & price
• Industry sensitivities
• Regional/geographic sensitivities
Clash of Values
• Unfettered economic growth v
environmental regulation
• Pollution control v. pollution
avoidance
• Conservation v supply
• land use values: economic
exploitation v preservation
• government v market
• liberty v government social
regulation
Consumption &
Production Patterns
How Do We Use Energy?
• Residential/Commercial = 35%
• Industrial = 37%
• Transportation = 28%
U.S. Domestic Energy
Consumption by Source
100
80
60
40
20
0
19
50
19
54
19
58
19
62
19
66
19
70
19
74
19
78
19
82
19
86
19
90
19
94
19
98
Quadrillion BTUs
120
Solar
Biofuels
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Comparative Consumption
per Capita (1997)
million Btu/pop
350
300
250
200
France
Germany
Japan
150
Switzerland
100
UK
50
0
US
Comparative Consumption
per GDP(1997)
1000 Btus/$ GDP
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Japan
Switzerland
UK
US
What do we Pay for
Energy?
What Difference Does it
Make?
Comparison of Fuel
Prices per Gallon ($1999)
US
Canada
Mexico
Germany
UK
Japan
Korea
Gasoline
Diesel
1.47
2.04
1.92
3.78
5.13
3.65
4.09
1.36
1.68
1.36
2.90
4.77
2.89
1.95
Industrial
Heavy Oil
36.33
36.67
40.48
39.81
43.65
Sources of Electricity
% Generation
60
50
40
30
Coal
Oil
Gas
20
Nuclear
10
Hydro
0
Price of Electricity
Cents per KWh
(constant $)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6
19
0
65
9
1
7
19
0
75
9
1
8
19
0
85
9
1
90
9
1
95
9
1
Impact of Cheap Energy
• wasteful use of energy resources
• ignoring conservation & energy
efficiency
• Increases pollution
• blocks entry of alternative, non-fossil
fuel
• decreases US production (where
extraction costs are high)
• increase is dependence on foreign
suppliers
Pollution Impact
Particulate Emissions
by Energy Source
500
400
300
200
100
0
Electrical Utilities
Other
Industrial
Motor Vehicles
Residential
Off Highway Vehicles
SO2 Emissions
by Energy Source
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Electrical Utilities
Other
Industrial
Motor Vehicles
Residential
Off Highway Vehicles
NOx Emissions
by Energy Source
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Electrical Utilities
Other
Industrial
Motor Vehicles
Residential
Off Highway Vehicles
VOC Emissions
by Energy Source
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Electrical Utilities
Other
Industrial
Motor Vehicles
Residential
Off Highway Vehicles
CO Emissions
by Energy Source
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Electrical Utilities
Other
Industrial
Motor Vehicles
Residential
Off Highway Vehicles
Coal
• Extraction
• Habitat
destruction
• Spoils
• acid leaching
• landscape
leveling
• hydrological
disruption
• Processing &
Use
• Air Pollution
• Water pollution
• Climate Change
Oil & Gas
• Extraction
• Habitat
destruction
• drilling
structures,
pipelines, &
access roads
• Processing &
Use
•
•
•
•
Air Pollutants
Water Pollution
Climate Change
Oil Spills
Nuclear
• Extraction
• Habitat
destruction
• Spoils
• radioactive
• Processing &
Use
• radioactive
waste
• radiation
• thermal pollution
Hydro Power
• Extraction
• Habitat
destruction
• Water Pollution
• Processing &
Use
• Habitat/ecologic
al destruction
• hydrologic
disruption
• Landscape
change
Wind
• Extraction
• Habitat
destruction
• Water Pollution
• Processing &
Use
• Habitat/ecologic
al destruction
• Wildlife kills
Autos
US Vehicles Miles
per capita
Vehicle Miles per Capita
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
1980
2000
Auto Fuel Efficiency
25
Miles per Gallon
20
15
Cars
Light Trucks
10
5
0
7
19
0
7
19
5
8
19
0
8
19
5
9
19
0
9
19
5
0
20
0
0
20
5
Environmental Impact of
Cars & Trucks
• Air Pollution
• 20% Greenhouse Gases
• 1 mpg increase in efficiency
• Î 6400 pound reduction in GHG
• Î $300 increase in car cost for fuel
− USPIRG Report
• soil & water pollution from
fueling stations, lubricants, etc.
Environmental Impact of
Cars & Trucks
• Fossil fuel demand
• 10 mpg increase in fuel efficiency Î 7
bb oil reduction over ten years
• ANWR = ~ 7-14 bb oil
• 10 mpg increase in fuel efficiency Î 380
million ton annual decrease in CO2
emissions
• ~ 7 % of US total
• Roadways (> 6 million miles)
• Use up land
• Fragment landscape
Energy Resource
Politics
U.S. Oil Fields
U.S. Coal Mines
U.S. Nuclear Fuel
Storage