Supplementary Online Appendices
2
4
Table S1: Study sites included in analyses. Pretreatment observational data were collected at all sites. Subsequent fertilization and
fencing were only conducted at experimental sites. Study type indicates if sites had observation data only (Obs.) or observational and
experimental fencing and fertilization data (Exp.).
Site
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Name
Serengeti
Mt Gilboa
Summerveld
Ukulinga
Azi
Kibber (Spiti)
Bogong
Burrawan
Derrimut
Ethabuka (South Site)
Kinypanial
Mt. Caroline
Pinjarra Hills
Fruebuel
Val Mustair
Papenburg
Elva
Kirikukyla
Companhia das Lezirias
Heronsbrook (Silwood Park)
Lancaster
Rookery (Silwood Park)
Koffler Scientific Reserve
Cowichan
Hanover
Savannah River
Duke Forest
Barta Brothers
Boulder South Campus
Chichaqua Bottoms
Cedar Creek LTER
Cedar Point Biological Station
Hall's Prairie
Konza LTER
KonzaN1B
Continent
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Asia
Asia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
Region
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Asia
Asia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Central
Pacific Coast
Atlantic Coast
Atlantic Coast
Atlantic Coast
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Country
Tanzania
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
China
India
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Switzerland
Switzerland
Germany
Estonia
Estonia
Portugal
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Canada
Canada
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
Ecosystem
Savanna
Montane Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Alpine Grassland
Alpine Grassland
Alpine Grassland
Semiarid Grassland
Semiarid Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Semiarid Grassland
Savanna
Grazed Pasture
Grazed Pasture
Alpine Grassland
Old Field
Semiarid Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Mesic Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Mesic Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Old Field
Old Field
Savanna
Old Field
Semiarid Grassland
Semiarid Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Semiarid Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Lat.
-2.25
-29.28
-29.81
-29.67
33.67
32.32
-36.87
-27.73
-37.81
-23.64
-36.20
-31.78
-27.53
47.11
46.63
53.09
58.26
58.71
38.00
51.41
53.99
51.41
44.02
48.46
43.42
33.34
36.01
42.24
39.97
41.79
45.40
41.20
36.87
39.07
39.08
Lon.
34.51
30.29
30.72
30.40
101.87
78.01
147.25
151.14
144.79
138.40
143.75
117.61
152.92
8.54
10.37
7.47
26.35
23.80
-8.00
-0.64
-2.63
-0.64
-79.54
-123.38
-72.14
-81.65
-79.02
-99.65
-105.23
-93.39
-93.20
-101.63
-86.70
-96.58
-96.56
Elev.
(m)
1536
1748
679
842
3500
4241
1760
425
38
104
90
285
38
995
2320
0
64
8
200
60
180
60
301
50
271
71
141
767
1633
275
270
965
194
440
440
Precip.
(mm)
854
926
939
880
667
504
1592
683
574
211
426
330
1133
1355
1098
783
616
601
554
692
1322
706
815
764
1033
1194
1163
597
425
855
750
445
1282
877
878
Study
Type
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Obs.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Obs.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Number
of Plots
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
28
30
40
30
30
30
10
10
30
31
30
26
30
36
30
30
20
30
30
20
54
50
60
30
30
12
First
Sample
Year
2008
2010
2010
2009
2007
2011
2009
2008
2007
2013
2007
2008
2013
2008
2008
2007
2012
2012
2012
2007
2008
2007
2010
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2009
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Saline Experimental Range
Sevilleta LTER
Shortgrass Steppe LTER
Spindletop
Temple
Trelease
Tyson
Bunchgrass (Andrews LTER)
Buttercup (Andrews LTER)
Hart Mountain
Lookout (Andrews LTER)
Niwot Ridge LTER
Sagehen Creek UCNRS
Sheep Experimental Station
American Camp
Elliott Chaparral
Finley NWR
Glacial Heritage
Hastings UCNRS
Hopland REC
Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve
Leadbetter Point
Mclaughlin UCNRS
Sedgwick Reserve UCNRS
Sierra Foothills REC
Smith Prairie
Mar Chiquita
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
North America
South America
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Intermountain West
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
Pacific Coast
South America
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
Argentina
Semiarid Grassland
Desert Grassland
Semiarid Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Old Field
Montane Grassland
Montane Grassland
Shrub steppe
Montane Grassland
Alpine Grassland
Montane Grassland
Grazed Pasture
Mesic Grassland
Annual Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Annual Grassland
Annual Grassland
Annual Grassland
Salt Marsh
Annual Grassland
Annual Grassland
Annual Grassland
Mesic Grassland
Mesic Grassland
39.05
34.36
40.82
38.14
31.04
40.08
38.52
44.28
44.28
42.72
44.21
39.99
39.43
44.24
48.47
32.88
44.41
46.87
36.20
39.01
37.41
46.61
38.86
34.70
39.24
48.21
-37.72
-99.10
-106.69
-104.77
-84.50
-97.35
-88.83
-90.56
-121.97
-121.96
-119.50
-122.13
-105.38
-120.24
-112.20
-123.01
-117.05
-123.28
-123.03
-121.55
-123.06
-122.24
-124.05
-122.41
-120.02
-121.28
-122.62
-57.42
440
1600
1650
271
184
200
169
1318
1500
1508
1500
3050
1920
910
41
200
68
33
750
598
120
2
642
550
197
62
6
607
252
365
1140
871
982
997
1647
1718
272
1898
439
882
262
557
331
1104
1311
702
1127
592
2072
867
521
935
597
838
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Obs.
Obs.
Obs.
Exp.
Obs.
Obs.
Exp.
Obs.
Exp.
Exp.
Obs.
30
40
30
30
26
30
40
30
30
30
30
40
30
40
30
30
19
30
30
27
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
2008
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2011
6
8
10
Table S2. Final regression model of exotic cover and exotic richness at the site scale (N=62) explained by environmental covariates.
Tests of significance are based on quasi-likelihood due to significant over- or under-dispersion in the data. Only the reduced model is
shown. The full model included elevation (m); precipitation (mm yr-1); seasonal precipitation and temperature variation; mean,
maximum, and minimum annual temperature (C); aboveground live biomass (log g m-2 yr-1); aboveground dead biomass (log g m-2).
Estimated dispersion parameter for quasi-likelihood was 0.56 for exotic cover, 4.24 for exotic richness, and 3.10 for native grass
richness.
Response
Source
Estimate Type II S.S. D.F. F
p
Exotic Cover
Mean Annual Temp.
0.227
8.03
1 14.3 0.000
Temp. Wettest Quarter
-0.133
7.08
1 12.6 0.001
Residuals
33.17
59
Exotic Richness
Temp. Driest Quarter
Residuals
Native Grass Richness Elevation
Temp. Wettest Quarter
Residuals
12
0.065
51.78
254.36
1 12.2 0.001
60
0.447
0.040
33.89
34.95
179.78
1 10.9 0.002
1 11.3 0.001
58
14
Table S3. Author contributions to manuscript.
Full Name
Eric Seabloom
Elizabeth Borer
Yvonne Buckley
Elsa Cleland
Kendi Davies
Jennifer Firn
W. Stanley Harpole
Yann Hautier
Eric M. Lind
Andrew MacDougall
John L. Orrock
Suzanne M Prober
Peter Adler
Juan Alberti
T. Michael Anderson
Jonathan D. Bakker
Lori A. Biederman
Dana M. Blumenthal
Cynthia S. Brown
Lars Brudvig
Maria Caldeira
Chengjin Chu
Michael J. Crawley
Pedro Daleo
Ellen I. Damschen
Carla M Dantonio
Nicole M. DeCrappeo
Chris R. Dickman
Guozhen Du
Philip A Fay
Paul Frater
Daniel S. Gruner
Nicole Hagenah
Wrote the paper,
e.g. contributed
substantially to at
least one section
of the paper
X
Analyzed data, e.g.
generated models
(statisical and/or
mathematical),
figures, tables, maps,
diagrams etc.
X
Developed and
framed research
questions for
specific study
using Nutrient
Network data
X
X
Nutrient Network
coordinators, e.g.
designed experiments,
coordinates network
data collection and
compilation, and
garners funding.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contributed
substantially to
data analyses, e.g.
provided
comments and
suggestions
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contributed to
paper writing,
e.g. provided
comments and
suggestions
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Collected
Data
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Andy Hector
Aveliina Helm
Helmut Hillebrand
Kirsten S. Hofmockel
Hope C. Humphries
Oscar Iribarne
Virginia L. Jin
Adam Kay
Kevin P Kirkman
Julia A. Klein
Johannes M. H. Knops
Kimberly J. La Pierre
Laura M. Ladwig
John G. Lambrinos
Andrew DB Leakey
Qi Li
Wei Li
Rebecca McCulley
Brett Melbourne
Charles Mitchell
Joslin L. Moore
John Morgan
Brent Mortensen
Lydia R. O'Halloran
Meelis Pärtel
Jesús Pascual
David Pyke
Anita C. Risch
Roberto Salguero-Gómez
Mahesh Sankaran
Martin Schuetz
Anna Simonsen
Melinda Smith
Carly Stevens
Lauren Sullivan
Glenda M. Wardle
Elizabeth M. Wolkovich
Peter D. Wragg
Justin Wright
Louie Yang
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X