Transport as a Tool for Urban Design
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Transport as a Tool for Urban Design Urban Transportation Planning MIT Course 1.252j/11.380j Fall 2006 Mikel Murga, MIT Research Associate and Lecturer Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport as a Tool for Urban Design Day Transport and Land Uses Problems Approaches Best Practices Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport and Land Uses Let us design a new freeway… Present traffic on existing roads? Design speed? Desired LOS? Budget? But… Day How many new dwellings will be built nearby? How many office bldgs? Technology parks? How many parking places are needed? What size for the new shopping center? ………?? From road builders to urban planners! Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 3 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Problems Triggers: Results: Day Housing density Suburban job centers Segregation of land uses Parking availability and cost Unbalanced modal split Increased economic, environmental and social costs Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 4 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Problems Let us use the 1990 Census Data to observe very different modal choices at different cities for the home to work trip Is it the result of the transport system per se? Or is it due to a more complex system where many factors play a role: economic conditions, housing market, individual perceptions and choices…? Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 5 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston Little Mystic Ch Millers River Charles River Sawing Pond Charles River ? Charles River Basin Frog Pond Public Garden Pond Muddy River Pond Fort Point Channel Modal Share at Origin CTPP TAZ Charts Muddy River 2000 1000 Reserved Channel tnut Hill rvoir Fisher Hill Reservoir Leverett Pond Brookline Reservr 0 500 Drove Alone 2 Carpool Bus Streetcar Subway Railroad WALK Old Harbor Work at Home .4 .8 1.2 Wards Pond Day Sargent Pond Miles Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 6 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston ? Modal Share at Origin CTPP TAZ Charts 0 Day 2000 1000 500 Drove Alone 2 Carpool Bus Streetcar Subway Railroad WALK Work at Home .7 1.4 2.1 Miles Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 7 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago South Pond Chicago River N Branch Canal N Branch Ogden Slip Modal Share at Origin CTPP TAZ Charts Burnham Park Harbor 0 Day ? Mason Canal Stetsons Canal Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2000 1000 500 Drove Alone 2 Carpool Bus Streetcar Subway Railroad WALK Work at Home .4 .8 1.2 Miles 8 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago ? Modal Share at Origin CTPP TAZ Charts 0 Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2000 1000 500 Drove Alone 2 Carpool Bus Streetcar Subway Railroad WALK Work at Home 1 2 3 Miles 9 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Houston ? Modal Share at Origin CTPP TAZ Charts Day 0 Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2000 1000 500 Drove Alone 2 Carpool Bus Streetcar Subway Railroad WALK Work at Home 1 2 3 Miles 10 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Better Processes Transport projects opportunities: Development (macro): Rehabilitation (micro): Day Strategic and long-term Examples like Curitiba, Toronto, Stockholm… Self-containment vs dispersal Urban growth along axes through zoning and landuse incentives Tactical, short term but also effective In-fill development as demand management Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 11 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Better Processes Development (macro): Day Curitiba as an example Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 12 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Better Processes Rehabilitation (micro): Day It can be implemented rather quickly Local actions spilling over the metropolitan scale Zürich’s per capita transit trips above Curitiba’s Any transport project – however minor – can be approached as an improvement opportunity Let us look at several examples Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 13 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 A traffic-light regulated intersection Town of Amorebieta, Basque Country, Spain Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 14 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 A new proposal for the traffic intersection ESPACIOS PEATONALES Espacios existentes Day Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 ) Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 15 A new proposal for the traffic intersection: Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Plus rerouting most of the big trucks ESPACIOS PEATONALES Espacios existentes Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 ) Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 16 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Traffic Simulation and Visualization • • Day To guarantee functional outcome To explore other alternatives and go beyond the obvious Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 17 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 18 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 19 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 20 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 21 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 22 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The Power of the before and after Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 23 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 From traffic to place making... a PLEN TZIA ...Just by avoiding through traffic F. C. GO BE Day LA S Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 24 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 From traffic to place making... Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 25 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 From traffic to place making... Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 26 From traffic to place making…… . Humanizing a few roundabouts Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 27 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 The power of a LRT project Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 29 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Zürich A true success story, thanks to full priority, strict parking policies and pedestrian schemes Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 32 The power of a good transit system: Public Spaces in Milano Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 33 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport Approaches City Traffic Engineering Approach: Traffic Calming a first step: Other steps: Day It fosters more convivial public spaces It triggers a new relationship between pedestrians and cars It facilitates biking To divert through traffic Priority for bus or LRT service Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 37 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport Approaches Beyond car traffic: Day O-D pathing Road crossings Street furniture Traffic calming Balanced activities throughout the day Public activities Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 38 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport Approaches Car Parking: Day Critical for modal split On-site parking is critical to distinguish between shoppers and commuters To be seen in a wider context than just onsite provision Complementary measures (pedestrian improvements, transit…) a must Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 39 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport Approaches Public Transport: Figure by MIT OCW. Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 41 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Transport Approaches Park-Ride facilities: Day Visible, well signed and secure Again to be seen in a larger context It should not preclude high-density development near rail stations Price should be lower than downtown Shuttle service of prime quality: frequent service, priority to reach downtown faster than by car (similar to an airport car rental shuttle) Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 42 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Best Practices The Netherlands ABC location policy: Locations: Activities: Day A: main transit hub – few parking - downtown B: district center or small town bus junction C: Not served by transit A: People intensive land uses B: Commercial and service activities with low turnout (e.g..: car sales, furniture dealers…) C: Goods intensive uses Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 43 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Best practices The priorities of the City of York Council, UK: Day Pedestrians People with disabilities Cyclists Public Transport passengers Commercial and business vehicles Car-borne shoppers Coach-borne visitors Car-borne long-stay commuters Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 44 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Best practices The resulting measures in the City of York: Day Strict parking policy 5 park-and-ride sites Reallocation of road space among buses, cyclists and pedestrians Traffic calming measures: 30 mph on major radials and 20 mph, elsewhere Safe and continuous cycle network Implementation of a pedestrian route network throughout the city Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 45 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Best Practices: Beyond Transport A recent example: Durango a small ancient semi-rural town of 26,000 people experiencing growth Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 46 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Mobility Profile 1997 vs 2002 2.600 32.000 36.000 Interna 12.500 2.500 3.600 Externa 18.900 1.300 400 4.400 11.000 2.100 Atraída Movilidad 1997 19.500 2.000 Problems? 2.700 25.500 30.400 Interna 20.300 2.400 4.900 Externa 26.800 1.400 6.000 10.600 3.700 Day Atraída 22.000 Movilidad 2002 1.700 Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 47 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Jobs Supply versus residents with jobs Movilidad Laboral 12000 10000 8000 6000 2384 3955 Externos 3219 3335 4000 2000 4836 2783 Atraidos Internos 4229 3614 3443 ´86 ´91 ´96 Does it explain the unsustainable mobility profile? 0 Day “Externos”: residents working outside town “Internos”: residents working in town “Atraidos”: Non residents working in town Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 48 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Best Practices: Beyond Transport Among our many other recommendations, we had to include the need to attract service jobs to an area which in the past offered many industrial jobs Day Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 49 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 In a nutshell Global Vision, Local Action… Don’t let the global vision rob you from opportunities for local change Local change, however limited, is important: Day We need early winners to jumpstart a new process Small changes may become showcases Don´t forget we need a new model… To start a process… more effective than relying only on end-state planning Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 52 Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006 Upon starting a process… (Jane Jacob’s “Systems of Survival”) Commercial Syndrome Day Guardian Syndrome Shun trading Shun force Exert prowess Come to voluntary agreements Be obedient and disciplined Be honest Adhere to tradition Collaborate easily with strangers and Respect hierarchy aliens Be loyal Compete Take vengeance Respect contracts Deceive for the sake of the task Use initiative and enterprise Make rich use of leisure Be open to inventiveness and novelty Be ostentatious Be efficient Dispense largesse Promote comfort and convenience Be exclusive Dissent for the sake of the task Show fortitude Invest for productive purposes Be fatalistic Be industrious Treasure honor Be thrifty Be optimistic 53 Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga
