Mobile GIS
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Content of mobile GIS lecture
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What is mobile GIS?
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Taxonomy of mobile GIS.
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Examples of mobile GIS solutions.
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Main challenges.
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Mobile GIS – In what context to GIS?
Internet
Multimedia Internet
Multimedia archive
Media streaming
Web player
iTunes services
Geoinformatics/GIS
Mobile GIS
Navigation
Positioning
Tablet PC
Location based services
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Do we speak about same thing?
Navigation systems
Mobile GIS
Mobile GIT Autonomous systems
Mobile IS
ITS
Mobile technologies
UAV
Mobile GT Mobile commerce
LBS systems
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One of the mobile GIS perspectives
Mobile GIS integrating various ICT
(ICT = Information and communication technologies)
Voice technology
Sensors
Databases
M-GIS
Mobile terminals
Communication
Positioning
Security technology
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Another mobile GIS perspectives
M-GIS integrating various components
Methods
Knowledge
Organisation
& People
Mobile GIS
Data
Technology
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A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
Type of Services
• Safety applications – e.g. emergency calls, early
evacuation varning, roadside assistance.
• Content delivery – e.g. driving directions, areaspecific advertisement, mobile yellow-pages.
• Tracking – e.g. fleet management, personal tracking,
inventory management.
• Billing and charging – e.g. highway fees.
Lopes, L-V. E. & Ludden, B. (1999) ’GSM standards activity on location VO’,
in Novel Methods of Location and Tracking of Cellular Mobiles and Their
System Applications (Ref. No. 1999/046), IEE Colloquium.
Varshney, U. (2001) ’Location management support for mobile commerce
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applications’, in Proc. First Int. Workshop on Mobile Commerce, Rome, Italy.
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
Role and location of Mobile GIS
• Professional (On duty) – e.g. productivity,
entertainmnet, efficiency, convenience.
• Private (Off duty) – e,g. productivity, entertainmnet,
efficiency, convenience.
• Personal, Group & Public.
• Work, Home & Other.
Dholakia, R.R. & Dholakia, N (200X) ’Mobility and markets: emergenging
outlines of m-commerce’, Journal of Business Research, In Press,
Uncorrected Proof.
Dix, A.T. et al (2000) ’Exploiting space and location as a design framework
for interactive mobile systems’, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction, Vol.7, No.3, pp.285-321.
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A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
(Some) Requirements for Services
• Accuracy of location estimate.
• One shot or regular position estimates.
• Speed of response.
• Coverage -
e.g. a) everywhere, b) wherever there is
coverage, c) only in specific areas.
• Deployment.
• Cost & complexity.
• Impact on network traffic (communication).
(Lopes and Ludden 1999)
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A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
Level of Mobility
• Fixed – device is not mobile at all – e.g. base stations.
• Mobile – device may be moved by others – e.g. tablet
PC, PDA, wearable computers.
• Autonomous – device may move under its own
control – e.g. robot.
(Dix et al 2000)
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A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
Relation to other devices
• Free – device is independent of other devices, its
functionality is essentially self-contained….with fixed,
mobile and autonomous levels of mobility.
• Embedded – device is part of a larger device….with
fixed, mobile and autonomous levels of mobility.
• Pervasive – functionality provided by the device is
essentially spread throughout the environment….with
mobile and autonomous levels of mobility.
(Dix et al 2000)
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A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS –
Type of Device Carrier & Installation
• Humans.
• Animals.
• Vehicles (operated by humans).
• Unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAV).
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What dimensions mobile G(IS)
can also contain…
(Dholakia and Dholakia 200X)
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Sea
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Sea navigation
3D-chart in a bridge-view perspective
solving the “directional” problem
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Sea navigation
Nautical GIS that calculate sea level, waves and
wind, cargo, etc.
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Ground
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In-vehicle navigation & fleet
management
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Tracking - Precision farming (I)
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Role of positioning (GPS).
Auernhammer, H. (2001) ’Precision farming – the environmental challenge’,
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Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol.30, No.1-3, pp.3-43.
Tracking - Precision farming (II)
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Systematic approaches for site-specific plant protection.
(Auernhammer 2001)
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Tracking - Precision farming (III)
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Automated documentation of geo-referenced process data.
(Auernhammer 2001)
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Tracking - Precision farming (IV)
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Feeding & grass management on a pacture
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Safety applications - IS Swede (I)
Mobitex
GSM
3G
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Safety applications - IS Swede (II)
Technologies in the ambulance:
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GPS
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Mobitex/GSM/(3G)
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Handheld/PDA
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On-board computer
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WLAN
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Related medical equipment
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Safety applications - IS Swede (II)
Available services:
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Positioning.
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Tracking & Resource management (SOS Alarm).
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Resource management (ER).
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Patient journal.
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EKG, blood pressure,
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Threatment monitoring.
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Positioning + distance mapping by LIDAR + eye tracking
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Air
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Power line infrastructure monitoring (I)
Damage assessment & navigation system (positioning,
voice cont.)
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Power line infrastructure monitoring (II)
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Wearable
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Augmented reality
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Helmets
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Image in ”glasses” of the helmet
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Further applications of the helmmet
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What are the key challenges in
mobile GIS/Geoinformatics?
• Positioning
• Dependability
• Usability & Human-machine interaction &
Cognitive sciences
…with dependence on user group, input & output
facilities, context information, tasks, etc.
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Challenges – Positioning (I)
There are different types of positioning solutions…
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Global / National / Regional / Local
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Indoor / Outdoor
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Transponder / Passive receiver
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Fixed instrastructure / Mobile infrastructure
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Professional / Public
Key questions:
• What is my position?
• How accurate is this position?
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Challenges – Positioning (II)
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Today most common and precise, commercialy available
positioning system – GPS.
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Challenges – Positioning (III)
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GPS – ”clear” horizont & enough satellites available.
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Challenges – Positioning (IV)
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GPS – incorrectly predicted position when no satellites
available.
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Challenges – Positioning (V)
Overview of some of the positioning systems:
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Terrestrial – up tom 50m – population centers – very high
– dedicated network.
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GPS – 100m – global – selective – free.
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DGPS – 5m – bearer – selective – some free.
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GSM – 5-10km – GSM networks – high – linked to GSM
operator.
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LEO – 1km – global – high – feature inclusive.
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Galileo – ? (cm) – global – ??? – ???.
(Mason 1999)
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Challenges – Dependability (I)
• Reliability – minimal probability of system failure.
• Availability – services as specified and when
requested.
• Security – protection against accidental & deliberate
intrusion.
• Safety – system failure without causing any damage.
Sommervile, I. (2001) Software Engineering (Sixth edition), Person Education
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Limited.
Challenges – Dependability (II)
Discovered problems:
Unreadable information & damaged files & Application crash !!
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Challenges – Dependability (III)
Analysis of deployment of ICT in a large scale accident:
Communication = the most vulnerable element.
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What information do we need communicate?
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Why do we need to communicate particular information?
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When do we need that information?
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How old is that information?
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Etc.
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Challenges – Usability (I)
”Device overload”
Example of device overload on
professional level:
Today commanding fire-officers
are often equipped with …
… 1x (2x) FM radio, 1x (2x)
GSM phone, 1x digital camera,
1x pager, [1x Tetra terminal]…
soon even … PDA/Handheld,
3G terminals, etc. …
… operating all this equipment is
more and more demanding on
skills, time, etc.
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Challenges – Usability (II)
”User overload”
• Guessability – using service/system for first time.
• Learnability – how fast the user learn service/system.
• Speed of operation – system’s vs. user’s response.
• Robustness – tolerance to user’s errors.
• Adaptability – interconnection of system/service and
a single model of work.
Jordan, P.W. (1998) An Introduction to Usability, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
(Sommerville 2001)
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Challenges – Usability (III)
Kray, C., et al. Presenting route instructions on mobile devices. in Proc. 2003
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int. conference on Intelligent user interfaces. 2003. Miami, Florida, USA: ACM.
Challenges – Usability (IV)
(Kray et al 2003)
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Challenges – Usability (V)
Percentage of time spent glancing towards different areas –
when following instructions given by a co-drive (N),
and turn-by-turn navigation system (B).
Ross, T. & Burnett, G. (2001) ’Evaluating the human-machine interface
to vehicle navigation systems as an example of ubiquitous computing’,
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Int. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 2001. 55(4): p. 661-674.
Challenges – Usability (VI)
Daimon, T., M. Nishimura, and H. Kawashima, Study of drivers' behavioral
characteristics for designing interfaces of in-vehicle navigation systems based
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on national and regional factors. JSAE Review, 2000. 21(3): p. 379-384.