TAqGIK'? STITDIES TO GETER1IINE THE OFFSHORE-INSHORE; EXCHAI'JGE OF GROUNDFISH O F F ORERIN AND WASHINGTON PROGFEBS REPORT NO. 4 I'YITED STATES ATObIIC E;I.'ERGY COMF'IISSION C0NTR.ACT NO. ~ ~ ( ~ 5 - 1 ) 1 7 3 1 ATTTIN R. MAGILL AND SARY 5. MILBURN ?I% COF4MISSION OF OR?3rX)N INTRODUCTION The d i s p o s a l of r a d i o a c t i v e waste s c i e n t i s t s and t h e public. F ~ O ~ U Ci ~s Sa s e r i o u s problem f a c i n g One s o l u t i o n proposed i s t o dump t h e s e waste products a t sea, with t h e area of northern Oregon and southern Washington i n 100 t o 1,000 fathoms a s one a r e a of consideration, However, one of t h e problems t o be resolved i s t h e subsequent d i s t r i b u t i o n of f i s h e s present in t h e a r e a where t h e s e wastes would be dumped, Do t h e s e f i s h move i n s h o r e t o become a v a i l a b l e t o f i s h e r i e s and hence u t i l i z e d by man? The most p r a c t i c a l method p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e t o determine t h e migration of t h e s e deep water f i s h e s i s by tagfring. Recoveries of tagged f i s h by t h e inshore f i ~ h e r i e swould rrovide information on t h e offshore-inshcre novements of t h e s e f i s h . This i s t h e f o u r t h i n a s e r i e s of annual progress r e p o r t s on a cooperative study by t h e Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) , Bureau of Commercial F i s h e r i e s (BCF), a d Oregon Fish commission (oFC) t o determine t h e o f f shore-inshore movements of Dover s o l e (Mi c r o s t omus pacif icus ) and s a b l e f i s h (Anoplopoma f i b r i a ) , Funds f o r t h i s study a r e made a v a i l a b l e from t h e AEC on a yearly contractual basis, This r e p o r t w i l l present a b r i e f summary of t h e work accomplished s i n c e t h e i n i t i a t i o n of t h e study i n 1961 and a more d e t a i l e d summary of t h e proEress made during t h e past y e a r ( ~ e t o b e r1, 1964 t o September 30, 1965). SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES During t h e p r i o d Prom June 1961 t o May 1964, 3,013 Dover s o l e and 4,647 s a b l e f i s h were tagged and released a t various depths from 50 t o 450 fathoms i n a 35-mile-long area southwest of t h e Columbia River ( ~ i g u r e1 ) . The t a g g i n g was done from t h e BCF v e s s e l John N. Cobb and BCF chartered v e s s e l F i ; u r e 1. Area of investigation o f f n o r t h e r n oreeon and sout he pn Washinpt,on. Commaqda. T l e d a t e s , d e ~ t h , :nd numbers c f f i s h t l o 7 e d x . 3 r e l e a s e d a r e shown i n Tzbles 1 and 2, The t a p r e d f i s h a r e brcuoht i n a s pclrt of t h e c e t c h o f commercial t r a w l e r s znd, i n t h e cnse o f s a b l e f i s h , o c c a s i o n a l l y l o n g l i n e r s . The t a g s a r e recovered by d a i l y c x i v a s s i ~ gof t h e f i s h p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s i n t h e A s t o r i a and Warrenton a r e a s a n d i n t e r v i e w i n g t h e v e s s e l s k i p p e r s and f i s h e r m e n as t h e y unload, S i n c e t h e t r a x l v e s s e l s u n l o a d bottomfish a t s e v e r a l p o r t s a l o n g t h e Orecon c o a s t and t h e p r o j e c t b i o l o g i s t i s s t a t i o n e d a t A s t o r i a , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o t r a v e l t h e c o e s t a t s ~ p r o x i n a t e l ymonthly i n t e r v a l s t o pick up t a u s and e a t h e r c z t c h d a t a . reward of $, 50 t o $. given, has been aid A s an i n c e n t i v e f o r p e r s o n s t o r e t u r n a l l t a g s , a 75 p e r t a g , depending on t h e amount o f r e c o v e r y i n f o r m a t i o n s i n c e 1962, Wnenever p o s s i b l e , t h e c c n p l e t e t a g - b e a r i n g f i s h i s r e c o v e r e d a l o n g w i t h t h e d a t e of r e c o v e r y , l o c a t i o n , ~ r , ddepth o f c a t c h . ' h e n t h e s p e c i n e n i s r e t u r ~ e dt o t h e l z b o r a t o r y , s c a l e s and o t o l i t h s a r e removed f o r a,ge a n a l y s i s , l e n g t h r e c o r d e d f o r qrowth s t u d i e s , an3 t h e s e x noted, CUWNT ACTIVITIES T h i s y e a r was s p e n t ir, - OCTOBER 1, 1064 TO SEFTEMBER 30, 1965 working ul; t a g r e c o v e r i e s ; org?inizinp, c a t a l o q t n g , and ccdin,? t a p - r e t u r n d a t j f o r computer p m q r a m l n g ; c o r r e l a t i n g e f f o r t d a t a w i t h t a q ret1.rrns; a t ? l y z i n ~age 2nd qrowth d z t a - ; reviewing l i t e r a t u r e ; and p l a n n i n z a method of a , n a l y s i s t h a t would p r o v i d e t h e most meaninqful r e s u l t s , R e t u r n s from s a b l e f i s h ta?,ying have Seen n e g l i q i b l e , t h e r e f o r e , most o f t h e t i m e :ind e f f o r t has been d i r e c t e d toward Dover s o l e . The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s , u n i e s s o t h e r w i s e s t ~ t e d ,r e f e r o n l y t o Dover s o l e , Data P r o c e s s i n g - It was d e c i d e d e a r l y i n t h e y e a r t h a t a c o r n ~ a t e rprogram would be t h e b e s t c;nd e s s i e s t m y t o o r p a n i z e and a n a l y z e t h e s e d a t a , T h e r e f o r e it was n e c e s s a r j Table 1. Numbers of Dover s o l e tagged June 1961 recovery t o September 30, 1965. Depth 6-6 t o 6-9 NO. $ Re- 9-11 t o 9-17 No. %Re- 12-6 No, % Re- - May 1964 by depth and t i n e of tagging, and percentage 3-3 t o 3-12 No 4 $ Re- 5-18 t o 6-5 %ReNo, 8-26 t o 9-1 No, % Re- 11-2 t o 11-3 No. % Re- Table (Cont %nued ---------- -- --- ------ -- 1963 15'64 -1-23 t o 1-24 8-21 t o 9-6 10-2e t o 1-9 t o 1-24 6 - 1 9 tc? 5-19 Tot21 T c t a l ~ n , ~ o t ~ l No. Depth No. % IZe% ReNo. . $ R e . FTo, $ ReNo. % Re- Number Re$ Re(fms) Tagged covered TaRged covered Tagged covered Taqged covered Taaged covered Tagged covered Ta-..,yerlcovered ccverec! -- 11-15 - (I) .c k a, .rl d $ P k 0 t o d e c i d e whst d a t a should be p l a c e d cn t h e d c t z ~ r o c e s s i n zc a r d s a d d e v i s e a s u i t a b l e coding system. After consult in.^ t h e OFC s t a t i s t i c i a n , E a r l P u l f o r d , it was d e c i d e d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g was n e c e s s a r y f o r a complete and t h o r o u g h analysis: R e l e a s e Data: Species Date of t a g g i n g Tagging v e s s e l Location ( g i v e n by l o r a n b e a r i n g ) Type of t a g Tag number Lenath of f i s h a t t a y a i n g Depth of tow ( i n which f i s h was c a p t u r e d ) T o t a l weiqht of f i s h i n tow Leneth of tow ( t e n t h s o f h o u r s ) Mator s p e c i e s i n c a t c h Number o f f i s h t a g g e d ard r e l e a s e d ( t h i s tow) Time of d a y Recovery Data: Date Location (loran bearing) Depth Length o f f i s h Sex Growth Age Time o u t ( d a y s ) D i r e c t i o n of movement D i s t a n c e rnoved ( n e a r e s t 1 0 m i l e s ) Depth change ( n e a r e s t 25 f a t h o m s ) Recovery v e s s e l It was a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s e a s o n of t a e q i n g and r e c o v e r y be coded on t h e card.. The 1961, 1962, 1963, and 1964 t a g r e t u r n s were coded and, except f o r minor changes, a r e r e a d y f o r punching o n t o d a t a ~ r o c e s s i n gc a r d s . E f f o r t Data I n o r d e r t o determine more e x a c t l y t h e m i g r a t i o n a l p a t t e r n of Dover s o l e and s a b l e f i s h , e f f o r t d a t a s a t h e r e d from t h e l c g bcoks of t h e t r a w l fishermen a r e beinq summarized on a monthly b a s i s a d w i l l be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e r e l e a s e and r e c o v e r y d a t a . These d a t a mzy a l s o be coded and p l a c e d on d a t a processin? cards f o r ease of handlino, Freliminary c o r r e l a t i o n of catch d a t a with t a a recoveries i s discussed i n a l z t e r s e c t i o n of t h i s report. A R ~and Growth As was mentioned e a r l i e r , when a specimen i s returned t o t h e laboratory, s c a l e s and o t o l i t h s a r e renoved f o r age a n a l y s i s and length i s recorded f o r growth s t u d i e s , A review of t h e l i t e r a t u r e concerning Dover s o l e age and growth shows only two recent works, Hagerman (1952) and Harry (1956). Review of t h e s e s t u d i e s and unpublished age and growth d a t a analyzed by Sigurd J, Westrheim and Alfred R. Morgan shows wide d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e methodology of aqing and subsequent r e s u l t s . Recent t a g r e t u r n s f r m Dover s o l e tagged i n t h e Willapa Deep i n 1955 (Westrheim and Morgan, 1363) sug3est t h a t previous methods of aae determination may have been i n a c c u r a t e . Research i n t o t h i s problem i s being continued with t h e hope t h a t a b e t t e r technique can be formulated, Because of t h e slow growth of t h e Dover s o l e and t h e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t time s i n c e t h e f i r s t r e l e a s e s , t h e growth d a t a gathered t o d a t e a r e not considered i n d i c a t i v e of t h e t r u e yrowth r a t e , Many of t h e f i s h recovered within a year a f t e r r e l e a s e showed a neqative change i n s i z e caused by t h e shrinkaqe during handling. A more d e t a i l e d study of growth w i l l be prepared f o r t h e f i n a l report. RESULTS -- Dover Sole During t h e period from June 1961 t o September 30, 1965, 755 Dover s o l e t a g s were recovered, Table 3. Recoveries of t a g s by y e a r of tagging a r e shown i n It was noted i n Proqress Report No. 3 t h a t t h e percentages recovered from each y e a r ' s t o t a l r e l e a s e s were not c o n s i s t e n t . No explanation was given Table 3. Numbers of Dover sole recovered by year of tagging. Year of Tagging Number Tagged 1964 2,718 TOTAL 9,013 Recoveries by Year 1965 Through 1961 1962 1963 1964 September 9 80 113 % of Tags Total Recovered 270 165 435 16.0 349 204 755 8.4 a t t h a t time t o explain t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , but s e v e r a l 'possible reasons have s i n c e been o f f e r e d t o explain t h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s . Analysis of Tables 1 and 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e percentage r e t u r n i s s t r o n g l y influenced by t h e depth a t which t h e f i s h a r e tagged. Both i n 1962 and 1964, sthe y e a r s from which t h e highest percentages of t a g s were returned, l a r g e numbers of tagged f i s h were released i n 100 fathoms o r l e s s . I n 1964, t h e y e a r from which t h e highest percentage of t a g s were returned, over 9@ were r e l e a s e d i n 100 fathoms o r l e s s , The reverse i s t r u e f o r 1961 and 1963, t h e years from which t h e lowest percentage of t a g s have been recovered. Over 7G% o f t h e t a g s r e l e a s e d during 1962 were r e l e a s e d a t depths over 100 fathoms, I n 1961, t h e y e a r of lowest percentage return, over 98% of t h e t a g s were r e l e a s e d i n over 100 fathoms. Correlation of monthly Dover s o l e landings a t Astoria by depth ( ~ a b l e s4, 5, and 6 ) with t a g r e t u r n s gives a p a r t i a l explanation f o r t h e tagging depth and percent recovery r e l a t i o n s h i p . About 8@ of t h e Dover sole landed from t h e northern half of PMFC Area 2 4 and a l l of Area 2-D f c r t h e period 1961-63 were caught i n l e s s than 90 fathoms, while 86% of t h e t o t a l recoveries were from 100 fathoms o r l e s s . I n a d d i t i o n , over 75% of t h e y e a r l y landings from 1961-63 were made from May through September and over 8% of t h e t a g s were recovered during t h i s same period a able 7). It i s apparent, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t those f i s h tagged and r e l e a s e d in l e s s t h a n 100 fathoms during May o r June of any one y e a r would be subjected t o an i n t e n s e f i s h e r y . This p a r t i a l l y explains t h e high recovery r a t e f o r 1964 when 1,347 r e l e a s e s were made a t 50 fathoms i n May of t h a t year. Another f a c t o r which helps t o explain t h e inconsistency in t h e percentages recovered from each y e a r ' s t o t a l r e l e a s e i s t h e r a t i o of t a g s r e l e a s e d i n shallow water t o those r e l e a s e d i n deep water, Since in g e n e r a l a higher Table 4. Month & Area Dover s o l e landings in 1961 a t Astoria f o r PMFC areas 2-C (northern h a l f ) and 2 4 , showing a r e a , month, and depth of catch, ( Landings i n thousands of pounds, ) 0-30 January 2-D N. Half 2-C February 2-D N. Half 2-C March 2-D N. Half 2-C April 2 -D N. Half 2 4 May 2-D N. Half 2 4 11 June 2-D N, Half 2-C 8 July 2-D N. Half 2 4 31 August 2-D N. Half 2 4 19 September 2-D N , Half 2-C 9 October 2-D N. Half' 2-42 6 November 2-D N, Half 2-C - December 2-D N. Half 2 4 - TCTAL - - - 3 - - 87 30-60 60-90 Depth (Fathoms) 90-120 120-150 150-180 180-230 T o t a l by Month & Area Table 5. Month & Area Dover s p - r: landings in 1962' a t A s t o r i a f o r FNFC a r e a s 2-C ( n o r t h e r n h a l f ! an 2-D, showing a r e a , month, and depth of c a t c h , ( ~ a n d i n ~i ns thousands of pounds, ) 0-30 30-60 Depth ( F a t horns 60-90 90-120 1 2 b 1 5 0 150-180 ' 180-23b ToAaL by & Area 1&;1t11 January 2-D N. Half 2-C February 2-D N. Half 2 4 March 2-D N, Half 2 4 April 2-D N. Half 2 4 May 2-D - - - - 28 N, Half 2 4 - Tune 2 -D N. Half 2-C 5 July 2-D N. Half 2 4 18 - 106 9 - - 26 172 August 2-D N. Half 2-C September 2-D N, Half 2 4 October 2 -D N . Half 2 4 November - - 1 - N , Half 2 4 - December 2-D N. Half 2-C - 2 -D TOTAL - 105 581 268 134 57 12 32 1,189 Table 6. Month & Area Dover s o l e landings i n 1963 a t Astoria f o r PMFC areas 2-C (northern h a l f ) and 2-D, showing a r e a , month, and depth of catch. (Landings i n thousands of pounds, ) 0-30 30-60 Depth (Fathoms ) 60-90 90-120 120-150 T o t a l by 150-180 180-230 Month & Area January 2-D N, Half 2-C February 2-D N. Half 2-C March 2-D N, Half 2-C April 2-D N. Half 2-C 1 - May 2-D N,' Half 2-C 8 June 2 -D N. Half 2 4 10 Juls 2-D N, Half 2 4 15 - 216 2 August 2-D N, Half 2-C Ue - 224 4 223 September 2-D N, Half 2-C October 2 -D N , Half 2-C - T 2 - 230 - - 2 - November 2 -D N, Half 2 4 December 2-D N. Half 2-C TOTAL - - 56 - - - - - - 29 - 30 950 458 118 22 9 102 1,715 1 - - - U ' n r l a l n r l N -'K 1 1 1 1 60' r l . rl ln rl 15 d percentaye of t a p s i s recovered from shallow water 2nd lower percentage from deep water, lumrinq t h e s e t o g e t h e r zives a lcwer over-all percentage recovery r a t e f o r t h o s e g e a r s i n which most of t h e t a g g i n g was done i n deep water (1961 and 1063). The opposite r e s u l t i s obtained f o r 1962 and 1964 when most of t h e t a g g i n p was done i n shallow water. I n order t o b e t t e r understand t h e inshore-offshore movements of t h e Dover s o l e , t h e a r e a of t a q e i n g has been separated i n t o two zones a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Figure 1. Area B r e p r e s e n t s t h e shallow r e l e a s e zone, 35 t o 90 fathoms, and Area A r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e l e a s e zone f r m 90 t o 450 fathoms. A .grid p a t t e r n placed a t 10-mile i n t e r v a l s e a s t f r o n 125* West l o n p i t u d e and along each 1 0 microsecond l o r a n bearing l i n e from 2H4 2600 t o 2H4 3600 has been drawn over t h e e n t i r e a r e a of t a q recovery. These squares a r e approximately 8 by 10 m i l e s nnd, a . l t k o u ~ l ismall e n o u ~ ht o show some p a t t e r n of mcvernent, t h e y a r e l e r q e e n o u ~ ht o n u l l i f y a o s t e r r o r s i n t h e reported l o c a t i o n of t a g recovery. When t h e r e c 0 v e r i . e ~from each y e a r ' s t a ~ g i n ga r e i;ssi,yned t o t h e i r s r e a of r e t u r n ( F i p r e s 2, 3, 4, and 5 ) , a g e n e r a l n o r t h e s s t and i n s h o r e p a t t e r n of movement can be seen f o r t h e deep-water r e l e a s e s ( ~ r e aA ) returned during t h e summer and e a r l y f a l l (May t c November). Tag r e t u r n s from Area B f o r t h e same period show e i t h e r some i n s h o r e movement o r no movement. Although t h e number of recoveries durinq t h e winter and earljr s p r i n g (b!oveiiber t o ~ a y ) i s much smaller, Area B r e l e a s e s in p e n e r a l show zn opposite southwest movement t o deeper o f f s h o r e a r e a s . Area A r e c o v e r i e s d u r i n z t h i s period show l i t t l e o r no movement. It should be noted i n Table 8 t h a t t h e r e have been v e r j few r e t u r n s i n any y e a r f o r t h e November t o May period. One explanation f o r t h i s f a c t i s t h a t t h e f i s h e r y i s l e s s i n t e n s e durinp t h i s period. I n a d d i t i o n , Dover s o l e a r e l e s s a v a i l a b l e because of t h e i r mi2ration i n t o deeper areas. .gure 2. Tag recoveries through September 1965, from 1,585 tagged Dover s o l e released i n Area A during 1961 (no r e l e a s e s i n Area B during 1961). (Circled nwnbers i n d i c a t e t a g s recovered from November t o May; a l l o t h e r s were recovered from May t o November, ) Firmre 3, Tap recoveries through September 1965, from 2,504 tagged Dover s o l e umbers released i n Area A and 304 released i n Area B during 1962, i n upper r i g h t corners of each square a r e t h o s e recoveries from l r ~ aR: 4rea A recoveries a r e indicated i n lower l e f t corner. i - ilur;zbers i n d i c a t e tags recovered from November t o May; a l l others were recovered f ran May t o November. ) Figure 4. Tag recoveries through September 1965, from 1,660 tagged Dover s o l e u umbers r e l e a s e d i n Area A and 242 r e l e a s e d i n Area B during 1963. i n upper r i g h t c o r n e r s of each square a r e t h o s e r e c o v e r i e s from A-q R: Area A r e c o v e r i e s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n lower l e f t corners. C i r c l e d numbers i n d i c a t e d t a g s recovered from November t o May; a l l o t h e r s were recovered from May t o Kovember.) Figure 5, Tag recoveries through September 1965, from 947 tagged Dover s o l e released i n Area A and 1,771 released i n Area B during 1964, umbers i n upper r i g h t c o m e r s of each square a r e t h o s e -ecoveries from Area B; Area A recoveries a r e i n d i c a t e d i n lower l e f t corners. Circled numbers i n d i c a t e t a g s recovered from November t o May; a l l others were recovered from May t o November, ) Table 8, Numbers of s a b l e f i s h recovered by y e a r o f ta.gging and recovery. b Recoveries by Year Year of Taucing Number T a g ~ e d 1961 L961 - 1962 1,413 1963 2,914 1964 320 TOTAL 4,647 1962 1 1963 1964 1965 Through September 2 9 2 3 1 1 11 3 3 Total % o f Tags Recovered 3 0.2 14 0.5 1 0.3 18 0.4 A s was noted e a r l i e r , t h e percentage r e t u r n f o r deep-water r e l e a s e s has been low a able 1 ) compared t o t h e percentage r e t u r n f o r shallow r e l e a s e s . S e v e r a l explanations have been o f f e r e d f o r t h e high r e t u r n r a t e f o r shallow releases. The reasons f o r t h e low r e t u r n s from deep-water r e l e a s e s a r e , however, not r e a d i l y apparent. I f t h e Dover s o l e do micrate inshore and offshore, then t h o s e f i s h tagged i n deep water should become a v a i l a b l e t o the fishery, Only a few of t h e s e f i s h have been recovered, Perhaps t h e s t r e s s of being brought up from 200 o r 300 fathoms i s too g r e a t . Westrheim and Morgan (1963 ) recovered not t h e important consideration. supports t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y . of t h e f i s h which t h e y tagged a t This would suqgest t h a t tkAes t r e s s f a c t o r i s depths from 180 t o 230 fathoms. of t h e population was tayged. However, One explanation miyht be th-,t only t h e f r i n g e Unpublished d a t a f r m another t a g ~ i n gs t u d y It i s hoped t h a t f u r t h e r t a p r e t u r n s and a more d e t a i l e d ana1ysj.s w i l l t e l l why o u r recovery r a t e from deep water has been so low. Sablefish During t h i s r e p o r t period, only t h r e e s a b l e f i s h have been recovered. Of 21, t h e 4,647 tagged over a three-year period (Table 2 ) , only 18 f i s h have been recaptured and returned t o t h e laboratory. The recoveries by year of tagging a r e shown i n Table 8. The movements of s a b l e f i s h have varied g r e a t l y . Of t h e 17 r e t u r n s fram which recovery data a r e known, f i v e have moved more than 25 miles from t h e a r e a of tagging: one went 120 miles north i n f o u r months; two went approximately 75 miles south; and two o t h e r s went 275 miles south. The recovery r a t e of 0.4% i s s t i l l not adequate t o draw any general conclusions regarding movements, Sablefish tagging s t u d i e s conducted i n Washington, Oregon, and California i n 1950 and 1951 produced r e l a t i v e l y low recoveries. The recovery r a t e s f o r each s t a t e approximately two years a f t e r i n i t i a t i o n of t h e s t u d i e s were a s follows: C a l i f o r n i a 3.2%; Washington 2.9%; and Oregon 1.5% ( ~ o l m b e r gand Jones, 1954). A t t h a t time, t h e Oregon f i s h e r y was operating a t a low l e v e l , The low number of recoveries can probably be a t t r i b u t e d t o s e v e r a l f a c t o r s , but t h e major reason appears t o be t h e lack of f i s h i n g e f f o r t in t h e deeper waters where rnost of t h e marketable s a b l e f i s h a r e found, have been made from t h e minor Oregon long-line f i s h e r y . No recoveries Most of t h e f i s h recovered have been those caught i n c i d e n t a l l y i n t h e t r a w l catches. Since most of t h e l a r g e r s a b l e f i s h a r e found a t depths from 250 t o 450 fathoms, t h e f i s h a r e l a r q e l y unavailable t o t h e l o c a l t r a w l fishernen, LITERATURE CITED Hagerman, F. B. 1952. The biology of t h e Dover s o l e ( ~ i c r o s t o m u s pacificus) ( ~ o c k i n ~ t o n )C . a l i f . Dept. of F i s h & Game, Bull. 85. Harry, G. Y. 1956. Analysis and h i s t o r y of t h e Oregon o t t e r t r a w l f i s h e r y . Univ. of Wash., Ph.D. t h e s i s . Holmberg, E. K., and W. G. Jones. 1954. Results of s a b l e f i s h tagging experiments i n Washington, Oregon, and C a l i f o r n i a . P a c i f i c Marine F i s h e r i e s Comm., Bull. 3; 103-119. Westrheim, S. J, , and A. R. Morgan, 1963. R e s u l t s from tagging a spawning stock of Dover s o l e , Microstomus pacif icus, P a c i f i c Marine F i s h e r i e s Comrn., Bull. 6; 13-21.