A floristic survey of the Pryor Mountains, Montana
by Judith Colleen McCarthy
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Biological Sciences
Montana State University
© Copyright by Judith Colleen McCarthy (1996)
Abstract:
The Pryor Mountains are located in southcentral Montana in Carbon and Big Horn counties. They
occur at the interface of three floristic provinces: the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great
Basin. It has been hypothesized that plant diversity is high in this area both because of this junction and
the presence of xeric habitats which have accommodated invasion of species from more southern
deserts. This floristic study was undertaken to describe the plant diversity and its relationship to the
flora of the three adjoining regions. During the summer field seasons of 1994 and 1995, plants were
systematically collected and a checklist of 981 taxa was developed for the 1,278 square kilometers
study area. This flora was compared with 11 other floristic surveys from the western United States,
which represented the three cited regions. The Pryor Mountain flora was found to be more diverse than
comparative floras. While it has 948 species, the adjusted mean of the other floras is 716 species. The
closest affinity of the Pryor Mountain flora was to the northwestern Black Hills, a Great Plains flora,
with a 37% similarity, followed by floras from the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin. Although the
Great Basin region has the least numerical influence on this flora, a full 5% of the Pryor Mountain flora
is composed of northern range extensions of southern desert species. A FLORISTIC SURVEY OF THE
PRYOR MOUNTAINS, MONTANA
by
Judith Colleen McCarthy
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
of
Master of Science
in
Biological Sciences
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY--BOZEMAN
Bozeman, Montana
A p ril'1996
ii
(mail
APPROVAL
of a thesis submitted by
Judith Colleen McCarthy
This thesis has been read by each member of the graduate committee
and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage,
format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for
submission to.the Colleoe of Graduate Studies.
Dr. Matt Lavin
Chairperson, Graduate Committee
Approved for the Major Department
Dr. Ernest R. Vyse
'
Head, Major Department
Date
Approved for the College of Graduate Studies
Dr. Robert c Brown
Graduate Dean
Date
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In presenting this paper in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a
master’s degree at Montana State University--Bozeman, I agree that the Library
shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
If I have indicated my intention to copyright this paper by including a
copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes,
consistent with "fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests
for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this paper in
whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder.
yk.c&M.Uuj
Signature
u
Date
f l o u t s /B r
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am indebted to many people and institutions for their help in the
pursuit of this project. First, to my advisor, Dr. Matt Lavin, for his ethereal
ideas and prodding humor; to my committee members, Dr. Richard Stout and
Dr. Tad Weaver; to Dr. Dan Gustafson for regional maps; to Don Heinze of the
Bureau of Land Management for financial and field support and, with Bonnie
Heidel and Margaret Beer of the Montana Natural Heritage Program, for
Sensitive Plants survey work; to Kim Reid, Custer Forest Service, for use of the
Sage Creek Cabin; to Robert Dorn for assistance with historical references; to
Ron Hartman and E. Nelson of the University of Wyoming Herbarium for
verifying plant specimen nomenclature; to Dr. Carl Wambolt for assistance with
Artemisia species and Don Heinze with Salix species; to the Montana State
University Herbarium, Cathy Seibert, and Carol Johnson for their support.
Special appreciation to Dr. John Rumely for his generosity and wit in helping
me with plant identification.
To Gary Thompson, Jennifer Lyman, and Glenn Clifton for working with
me in the field; to Denise Culver, Tulli Kerstetter, and my fellow graduate
students for going before and beside me; to my three daughters, Susan, Gen,
and Kate for their continual encouragement; to Cherie for historical reference;
and to my field assistant and sidekick, Khaki,' for his abiding presence.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF T A B L E S .....................................................................................................
vii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . ; .........................
viii
A B S T R A C T .......................................................
ix
INTRODUCTION
1
......................
Statement of the P ro b le m .................................................................... . . .
Description of the Pryor Mountain Study A r e a ........................................
Physical ........................................
Geology ................................................................................................
S o ils .................................................................... ..............................’ .
C lim a te ..............................................................................
Human History of the Pryor A r e a ...............................................................
S e ttle m e n t.............................................................................................
Botanical Exploration .................
1
2
2
2
5
5
6
6
8
THE FLORA OF THE PRYOR MOUNTAIN REGION ........................................
14
Paleofloras from Paleozoic to Cenozoic ..................................................
Floras From Cenozoic To Present .............................................................
Present Day Flora .............................. : ................................. ....................
Relationship of Pryor Mountain Flora to Other
Floristic Provinces ......................................................................................
14
15
20
M ETHO DS/RESULTS....................
22
24
Floristic Survey ......................................................................................' . . 24
Comparative Floras ........................................
26
Quantitative A n a lysis......................
30
Relationship of F lo ra s ................................
30
Species R ich n e ss.................................................................................... 30
Vl
TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued
Page
PRYOR MOUNTAINS AS A NORTHERN REFUGE FOR
SOUTHERN DESERT S P E C IE S ............................................................................ 34
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................
40
APPENDICES
50
................................
Appendix A -C hecklist of Vascular Plants of
the Pryor M o u n ta in s..............................
51
Appendix B-Additions to Entire Taxa Data Set of 3 2 1 7 ............................ 91
Vll
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
Page
Regions and provinces of North America selected
for comparative floristic surveys ..............................................................
28
2.
Data used in the statistical analysis.........................................................
29
3.
Percent similarities between all possible pairs of the
regions based on Jaccard’s coefficient of s im ila rity ............................31
4.
Species richness relationship between number of
observed and adjusted taxa (mean = 716) ........................................
33
Annotated checklist of vascular plants for the
Pryor M o u n ta in s .............................................
52
5.
6.
59 Pryor Mountain Additions to the Entire Taxa
Data Set of 3217 as presented in Culver (1994) . ............................... 92
Vlll
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page
Map of the location of the Pryor Mountain Study
Area with major drainages and roads ..................................................
3
Relief map of the entire Pryor Mountains showing
four uplifted b lo c k s ...................................................................................
4
Map of Nathaniel Wyeth showing relationship to
Pryor Mountains by his Big Horn River passing in
August of 1833 ...........................................................................................
10
Brigadier Reynolds' Expedition Map of 1859
showing the Pryor Mountains and Big Horn River
southwest of Fort S m ith .............................. '............................................
11
5.
Locations of the selected floristic surveys of
western North America ............................................................................ 27
6.
Floristic affinities of the Pryor Mountains based
on pairwise comparisons (Jaccard, 1908) and
cluster a n a ly s is .............................................................................................. 32
7.
Juniperus osteosperma distribution at northern
limit in the Pryor Mountains ....................................................................
37
ix
ABSTRACT
The Pryor Mountains are located in southcentral Montana in Carbon and
Big Horn counties. They occur at the interface of three floristic provinces: the
Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great Basin. It has been
hypothesized that plant diversity is high in this area both because of this
junction and the presence of xeric habitats which have accommodated invasion
of species from more southern deserts. This floristic study was undertaken to
describe the plant diversity and its relationship to the flora of the three
adjoining regions. During the summer field seasons of 1994 and 1995, plants
were systematically collected and a checklist of 981 taxa was developed for the
.1,278 square kilometers study area. This flora was compared with 11 other
floristic surveys from the western United States, which represented the three
cited regions. The Pryor Mountain flora was found to be more diverse than
comparative floras. While it has 948 species, the adjusted mean of the other
floras is 716 species. The closest affinity of the Pryor Mountain flora was to
the northwestern Black Hills, a Great Plains flora, with a 37% similarity, followed
by floras from the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin. Although the Great
Basin region has the least numerical influence on this flora, a full 5% of the
Pryor Mountain flora is composed of northern range extensions of southern
desert species.
1
INTRODUCTION
The flora of the Pryor Mountains is distinctive in Montana because it
occurs at the juncture of the Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Great Basin
Provinces. Here documented are 981 vascular plant taxa from the Pryor
Mountains with a composite of my collections from the summers 1994-1995
and other botanical collections from 1978-1994. This survey of the Pryor
Mountain flora provides a taxonomic checklist of the flora as well as an
analysis of the relationship to surrounding floristic regions of western North
America (Cronquist, 1982).
Statement of the Problem
The Pryor Mountain Region has elements of three floras, the Great
Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Great Basin. However, botanists have described
it as Great Basin in character (Dorn, 1978; Lichvar et al., 1985; Kratz, 1988;
Lesica and Shelly, 1991; Achuff and Lesica, 1992). What actually dominates in
the Pryor Mountains? The area has also been described as rich in diversity
(Achuff and Lesica, 1992). How diverse is the Pryor Mountain flora compared
with other regions of the western United States? How does its richness
2
compare with another reputedly diverse area in Montana, the Centennial
Valley?
Description of the Prvor Mountain Study Area
Physical
The Pryor Mountain study area is located in Carbon County in
southcentral Montana. This region lies between 45 degrees north latitude at
the south boundary (the Montana-Wyoming line) and 45.27 degrees latitude at
the north (Crow Indian Reservation) and is primarily in Custer National Forest
and the Bureau of Land Management districts. The eastern boundary is at
-108.88 degrees longitude, the Big Horn River, and the western boundary is
-108.16 degrees, Hunter Creek, west of Montana Highway 310 (Figure 1). The
study region covers approximately 1286 square kilometers.
Geology
The Pryor Mountains consist of four major crustal blocks-W est Pryor
Mountain, Northeast Pryor block, Red Pryor Mountain, and East Pryor
M ountain-each of which is elevated at the northeast corner and downwarped
on the southwest side. These can be visualized as trap-door blocks with
uplifted corners which form steep eastern scarps and gentle southwestern dip
slopes (Orrell, 1988; Blackstone, 1978) (Figure 2).
ntains
5 km
station
x
# Dry H eadj/is'
^ xT - X e East Pc^ei
BigFrwrjwlountain . L
IVciommissary wTdge
odsebafry JHoIIo
• Burnt Ridge Ti
Demijonn Flat
Figure 1.
Map of the location of the Pryor Mountain Study Area with major drainages and roads.
Figure 2.
Relief map of the entire Pryor Mountains showing four uplifted blocks. The yellow Big HornCarbon County lines separate the Crow Reservation in the north from the Forest Service, Bureau
of Land Management and National Park Service lands to the south. Major roads, permanent and
intermittent drainages are in red, blue and cerulean.
5
The stratigraphic section of the Pryor Mountains exposes Precambrian
through Cretaceous rocks, a span of about 550 million years, with all except
the Silurian represented. Most visible are the Paleozoic Era Bighorn and
Jefferson Dolomites (165 m) and the Madison Limestone Group (159 m). The
Mesozoic Era presents the noticeable "Triassic Redbeds'' in the Chugwater
siltstone (175 m) and the Cleverly Formation (111 m) as well as other smaller
formations.
Soils
Soils in the Pryors are mollisols, aridisols, and entisols, represented in
order of declining organic matter content. In general, soils in the northeast
Pryor Mountains are sandy or silty well-drained loams and are often calcareous
(Parker et al., 1978). The soils in the south and west portions of the Pryors
have a higher clay content, are often saline, and plant productivity is low due
to aridity (Develice and Lesica, 1993). Typical pH of the saltbush-sagebrush
desert measures 8.5 while mixed grass prairie is 7.5 (Knight et al., 1987).
Climate
The Pryor Mountains lie to the east of the Absaroka-Beartooth
Mountains and in the rainshadow. Precipitation ranges from 17 cm to 48 cm
annually and elevations range from 1305 m to 2796 m above sea level.
6
The climate in the higher, northeast Pryor Mountains is cool and has a mean
annual precipitation estimated at 48 cm (USDA-SCS, 1981). Climate in the
southern portion of the Pryor Mountains is cool temperate and semi-arid.
Bridger, Montana, 16 km northwest of the Pryors, receives an average of
30.48 cm of precipitation annually, and temperatures vary from an average of
-10 degrees centigrade in January to an average 22 degrees C in July. Lovell,
Wyoming, 20.8 km south of the mountains, receives an average of 17 cm
precipitation annually and temperatures range from an average -16 C in
January to an average 24 degrees C in July (Knight et al., 1987). During the
two years of this study, 1994 was a very dry year with only 10 cm of rain
during the spring months, March through June (Bridger, Montana). In 1995,
precipitation recorded for the same months (Pryor, Montana) was 26 cm.
Human History of the Pryor Area
Settlement
Excavations document human occupation over the past 12,000 years.
The first inhabitants were called the "Sheepeaters" (Bonnichisen and Young,
1979). The flat surfaces atop the Pryor Mountains were unglaciated and
therefore attracted these inhabitants. Their sites are marked by projectile
points and tipi rings on East Pryor Mountain and down the Crooked Creek
drainages (Bonnichisen and Oliver, 1981). A cave in Bear Canyon, on the
7
southwest side, revealed grains of wheatgrass (EIymus) radiocarbon dated
10,650 yrs BP (Bonnichsen et al., 1981).
The Crow Indians arrived from the Great Lakes region in the late 1700’s
to settle in the Pryor Mountains, which were then called the "Arrowhead
Mountains" (Harvey, 1974). Forced treaties eventually shuffled them to the
north and northeast Pryors while the U.S. Government occupied lands to the
south. The Indians used wild plants in the Pryors and relied on, among many
others, the roots of American Bistort (Polygonum bistortoides) for food, the
stems of Blueflax (Linum lewisii) for fiber, and the leaves of Gumweed
(Grindelia squarrosa) for tea (Loendorf, 1968).
The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed the "Arrowhead Mountains" on
the Yellowstone River, heading east in July of 1806. A member of that party,
Sargent Nathaniel Pryor, "a man of charm and ability," according to Clark,
stopped to camp on a dry creek. He was responsible for delivering 52 horses
overland to Mandan, North Dakota. During the night, a rainstorm flooded the
creek and the Crow Indians drove off the horses. Both the creek and the
mountains are named for Sgt. Pryor (De Voto, 1953).
Trappers and mountain men, heading west, went through Pryor Gap
and followed the nearby Bozeman and Bridger Trails until the 1860’s. Eastern
settlers arrived in the Pryors by 1879, where they cut timber and grazed cattle
and sheep. The railroad increased access by humans until the drought of the
8
1930’s evicted settlers to other sites. This left the Bowler Flat area desolate
(Harvey, 1974). Ranches continue to function in the Pryors today at Sage and
Crooked Creeks because of available water.
Today human use includes oil drilling in Elk Basin, sporadic uranium and
bentonite mining, hunting, recreation, and grazing. This, rangeland in the
Pryors was described by Ross and Hunter (1976) as of the poorest condition
in Carbon County. It is not uncommon to see whole acres of cheatgrass
(Bromus tectorum) following grazing. Primary productivity, especially in the arid
region, is low (Kratz, 1988). He measured vegetative production of desert
communities to be from 4 to 12 gram s/square meter. Sustained human
activity threatens this sparse vegetation by disruption and removal of slowgrowing plant life.
The Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range was established on East Pryor
Mountain by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1968. The herd size is
controlled at 122 horses by a BLM administered adoption program. Its goal is
protection of the plant and native animal life in the Pryor Mountains.
Botanical Exploration
Botanical collectors, usually as part of government surveys, traversed
the Oregon Territory ("all of the west about the Missouri, Yellowstone and
Columbia Rivers") to send specimens back east to professional botanists for
identification. In 1833 the Big Horn River carried Nathaniel Wyeth of
9
Cambridge, Massachusetts, as he ventured west for the Astor Fur Trading
Company (Wyeth, 1833) (Figure 3). Collecting plants all the way west to
Columbia Falls, Wyeth sent one collection with a letter to Thomas Nuttall in
Cambridge. He added a postscript that read: "P.S. By the notes on the paper
my journal will show the place from which the plant comes if kept in its proper
sheet until I come home" (Young, 1899). He also wrote that "the earth is
decorated with a variety of beautiful flowers and all unknown to me."
Unfortunately, that collection was lost but the plants gathered on the return trip
as far east as the Missouri River did arrive at their destination. Wyeth passed
through southern Montana along the Big Horn River on August 12, 1933.
The preservation of Wyeth’s specimens was excellent and Nuttall’s
analysis of 113 species of flowering plants shows that 51 were determined new
to science (Graustein, 1967). One new genus represented by a stout "dwarf
sunflower" Nuttall named for Wyeth, Wyethia. Others from this list still found in
the Pryor Mountains today include Ranunculis glaberrimus, Grindelia squarrosa
and Oxytropis Iagopus (Nuttall, 1834). These specimens remain at the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences Herbarium (where Nuttall examined them)
with duplicates at the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium.
In 1859 Reynolds explored in the "headwaters of the Yellowstone and
Missouri Rivers, and of the mountains in which they rise," and these
observations were published for Congress in 1867 (Reynolds, 1867) (Figure 4).
T
I C4 \ H
Figure 3.
Map of Nathaniel Wyeth showing relationship to Pryor Mountains by his Big Horn
River passing in August of 1833.
11
Figure 4.
Brigadier Raynolds' Expedition Map of 1859 showing the Pryor
Mountains and Big Horn River southwest of Fort Smith.
12
F. V. Hayden’s plant specimens from that excursion were sent to St. Louis, to
Dr. Englemann, a professional botanist whose private collection formed the
nucleus of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The mosses and liver worts were
identified by Professor Sullivan of Columbus, Ohio. The catalogue of plants
and list of mosses and liverworts were not published in the Raynolds report to
the Secretary of the War Department. Englemann did publish the 1853 plant
list of collections of F. V. Hayden along the Yellowstone River as near to the
Pryor Mountains as Fort Sarpy, now Hardin, Montana (Engelmann, 1862).
Some listed species still in the study area are: Nasturtium caiycinum, Gaura
coccinea, Oenothera caespitosa, Rhus trilobata and Psoralea esculenta.
Frank Tweedy, a topographer with the United States Geological Survey,
collected plants in 1881-1882 on the Crow Reservation and in 1886-1891 in
Carbon County (Blankinship, 1905). J. W. Blankinship, Professor of Botany at
the Montana Agricultural College, collected plants along the Big Horn River in
1890. Specimens of both Tweedy and Blankinship are in the Montana State
University Herbarium (MONT).
W. E. Booth and J. C. Wright, both botanists at Montana State
University, collected plants in the Pryors in the 1950’s and 1960’s, respectively,
and deposited them in the herbarium, MONT (personal communication, J. H.
Rumely). Robert Dorn, Wyoming botanist, first cited the Great Basin species in
Carbon and Beaverhead Counties in Montana when he described notable
13
plants from the foothills and along the Bighorn Canyon (Dorn, 1978). Both
Custer National Forest and the Bureau of Land Management have, over the
years, monitored these special plants (South, 1980; Achuff and Lesica, 1992;
Develice and Lesica, 1993).
Several more surveys were made from 1980 to 1994. Knight more
thoroughly investigated the vegetation in the Bighorn Canyon and, with Lichvar
and Collins, composed a checklist of vascular plants in 1983. Kratz analyzed
the Great Basin vegetation for the Montana Heritage Program and named
communities along a moisture gradient of 12-28 cm (Kratz, 1988). Develice,
Achuff, Shelley and Lesica surveyed plants for the Bureau of Land
Management from 1991 to 1993 (Lesica and Shelly, 1991; Achuff and Lesica, .
1992; Develice and Lesica, 1993). Jennifer Lyman and Glenn Clifton, botanists,
did surveys at Piney Creek and Arrow Ranch in 1992 and in 1994 (Clifton and
Lyman, 1994).
14
THE FLORA OF THE PRYOR MOUNTAIN REGION
Paleofloras from Paleozoic to Cenozoic
Paleozoic floras of the western United States, compared with the eastern
states, are rarely preserved. In the study region, the nearest Paleozoic
representation of the flora is of Devonian Period (360 Ma) at Beartooth Butte in
northwestern Wyoming. Plant remains consist of small axes of Psylophyton
wyomingensis Dorf and suggest an estuarine environment (Dorf, 1934).
During the Mesozoic Era (225-65 Ma), the gymnosperms were the dominant
element as evidenced by Araucarioxylon and Woodworthia preserved as
petrified logs, along with cycadeoids, ferns, and Equisetum, in the Petrified
Forest National Park in east-central Arizona. In the Jurassic Morrison
Formation in Utah and Montana, Araucarioxylon, Osmundicaulis and Xenoxylon
(conifers and ferns)are also found (Tidwell, 1975).
By the Cretaceous Period, the angiosperms had appeared and were
already competing for territory with the gymnosperms. Large palms, figs,
poplar, and sassafras grew in warm, moist forests. They contrast sharply with
the small-leaved sclerophyllous plants in the regions of these fossil localities
today (Axelrod, 1950). Late Cretaceous (100 Ma) floras from the Medicine
15
Bow Formation in southcentral Wyoming contain species of Metasequoia,
Ficus, Cinnamomum and Magnolia and indicate a warm-temperate to
subtropical climate (Dorf, 1942). The floras mentioned are representative of the
Pryor Mountain floras at the respective time periods.
Floras From Cenozoic To Present
An overview of the Cenozoic Era (65 Ma-present) shows that during the
Eocene epoch (50 Ma) the world was undergoing a transformation from a
climatic "greenhouse" mode in which the climate was warm, equitable and
maritime, with narrow temperature gradients across latitudes and within
oceans. The relatively low continents were flooded by the sea from time to
time (McGowran, 1990).
From a floristic perspective, three major trends characterized this period
from Eocene to Oligocene in the Rocky Mountains: (1) development of more
distinct phytogeographic provinces from a homogenous Paleocene holarctic
flora, (2) the early diversification in Eocene upland areas of temperate floras,
and (3) the first appearance of many extant angiosperm genera a n d .
disappearance of many typically Cretaceous and Paleocene forms (Wing,
1985).
By the Cenozoic Era (65 Ma), many representations of paleofIoras are
evident and it is possible to construct a landscape with specific vegetation and
16
to infer the paleoclimate based on the physiognomy of those plants. Leaves
with entire margins decreased from 85% to 10% from Eocene (50 Ma) to
Pliocene (7 Ma) in North America, suggesting a reduction of temperature.
Fluctuations during the Tertiary were calculated by this measure and are
considered to have been correlated with changes in the earth’s rotational axis
(Wolfe, 1978). Eocene assemblages from central and northern Wyoming
represent tropical conditions (MacGinitie, 1969).
Wood anatomy also indicates tropical versus temperate environment.
Primitive scalariform perforation plates and diffuse porous rings reflect the
former, and simple perforation plates and grouped porous rings mirror the
latter. Seasonality required larger and smaller conducting vessels which
enhanced tenfold the transport of fluids (Wheeler and Baas, 1991). By late
Eocene, seasonal features were evident in subtropical and temperate species.
Clustered vessels, ring porosity, and helical thickening are seen in Gallatin
Fossil Forest specimens of Alnus Iatissima and Carpnius saximontana
(Wheeler, 1977).
During the Tertiary Period and extending into the Quarternary (2.5 Mapresent), the climatic history of the Rocky Mountains was dominated by cooling
mid-Tertiary and Quarternary, drying from Miocene (26 Ma) into Pleistocene
(2.5 Ma) due to increasing elevation of Cascades and Sierra Nevada, and
Pleistocene fluctuations between glacio-pluvial and warm-dry ages (Antevs,
17
1952). With these climatic trends, the vegetation of the Tertiary was marked by
extensive migrations of plant groups, rapid evolution in situ, and massive
extinctions in response to these climatic changes. In this "icehouse" state,
temperature gradients were steeper, climate was continental with stronger
seasonality, and oceanic circulation was more vigorous. The poles had
icecaps and sea level was lower, so that the extent of epicontinental seas was
restricted (McGowran, 1990).
Paleocene (60 IVIa) formations were deposited in basins between the
mountains as the Laramide Orogeny uplifted the new Rocky Mountains. The
Paleocene Fort Union Formation, exposed in the Big Horn Basin, extends
through Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas. It contains both extensive
coalbeds and a diversified flora in which were described 170 recognizable
fossils of algae, fungi, ferns, cycads, conifers, and ginkgos (Brown, 1962). The
angiosperms alone include palms, willows, magnolias, witchazel, sweetgum,
maples, and even breadfruit (Arctocarpus). This Fort Union assemblage was a
lowland flora of rolling hills, deposited by braided streams onto a floodplain.
Two different ecological habitats are suggested by the warm tropical climate
plants intermingled with the temperate ones. The large leaves with toothed
margins, indicative of adaptation to a temperate climate, outnumbered the
entire margined ones, ten to one. The ferns, figs, breadfruit and palms were ■
interpreted as relics of a warm tropical flora. While palms have been found as
18
far north as the Yellowstone River in Montana, this flora was generally
considered mesophytic in a warm temperate environment with a medium
amount of precipitation distributed throughout the year (Brown, 1962)
Eocene fossils in the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Colorado include
woodland types of Celtis, Pinus, Platanus, and Rhus and subtropic scrubs of
Cassia, Mimosites, and Passiflora, (Brown, 1962). It has been interpreted that
altitudinal effects are evidenced by cooler valleys accommodating montane
conifer forests of Picea, Pinus, Larix, and Tsuga.
Oligocene Ruby floras in southwestern Montana show a xeric
coniferous-deciduous association without subtropical elements, suggesting a
cooling trend (Becker, 1961). These contain specimens of Abies, Acer,
Cercocarpus, Mahonia, Ribes, and Rosa. The Late Oligocene Florissant
Lakebeds in central Colorado contained 87 genera from 3 areas: coriaceous­
leaved oaks and chaparral from dry foothills, a Iakeshore group including
Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Populus, Ribes, Rhus, Salix, Sequoia, and broadleaved
trees of Ulmus and Tilia from wet valley margins, and conifers from higher
peaks. These suggested a warm temperate and xeric environment (MacGinitie,
1953). The Florissant pollen showed xeric genera of Elaeagnus and
Sarcobatus (Leopold, 1965).
The Columbia Plateau assemblages provide evidence that the northern
Rocky Mountain region was probably occupied primarily by coniferous forests
19
during the Oligocene (Wolfe, 1987). Miocene (25 Ma) floras were less rich
than Oligocene floras, and observable is the absence of the Eastern and Asian
like broad leaved genera. With progressive loss of moisture, Artemisia and
associated Asteraceae pollen began to predominate the Upper Miocene of the
northern Great Basin (Gray, 1964). The Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae
became common as did extant genera such as Sphaeralcea, in the Malvaceae
family. By the end of the Miocene, moisture had decreased in eastern Oregon
and the Great Basin as a result of the rising of the Cascades and northern
Sierra Nevada (Wolfe, 1978). The cooler and dryer climate, was evidenced by
the smaller leaf size and sclerophyllous nature of many species (Axelrod and
Raven, 1985). In spite of the profound effects of elevation, precipitation, and
temperature changes on the flora, the temperature only ranged about 15
degrees centigrade and the altitude about 3000 meters in North America
throughout the Cenozoic Era (Wolfe, 1978).
Floras from the Pliocene contain species which indicate a close
relationship to those presently growing in western north America. The Pliocene
flora is essentially modern and includes such genera as Acer, Populus, Primus,
Salix, Cercocarpus and Mahonia (Chaney, 1959).
Palynological evidence indicates that Juniperus osteosperma, found at
the very northern edge of its range in the Pryors, was already differentiated
during the Pliocene (Vasek, 1966). With the rising Sierra Nevada and Cascade
20
Ranges, dryer climate, and decreased seasonal rain, a flora characteristic of
seasonally cool, xeric climates invaded. The grassland, sage, and semidesert
taxa proliferated; thus we see diverse genera of Aster, Astragalus, Cryptantha,
Eriogonum, Haplopappus, Penstemon and Senecio, as well as Gilia in the
Pliocene (Axelrod and Ting, 1960).
Present Dav Flora
The present day flora of the Pryor Mountain area can best be described
in the context of its plant communities. In various studies in the Pryor
Mountains, South (1980) listed 12 Pryor Mountain Ecosystems, Kratz (1988)
described 4 plant community types in the south Pryors, and Develice and
Lesica (1993) cited 33 vegetation types on BLM land. We use four general
vegetation zones for the purpose of describing the general ecological
amplitude of each species in the Pryor region. These closely follow Habeck
(1987) and have been modified to fit the desert on the south side of the Pryor
Mountains. Dominant species are listed for each vegetational zone.
The four vegetational zones in this study are: (1) riparian,
(2) desert/barren, (3) sagebrush/grassland, and (4) montane forest/subalpine
meadow. They are described below:
(1)
Riparian - any place with streams or ponds and includes elevations
from 1230-2500 meters. Common dominant species are: Betula
21
occidentalis, Populus deltoides, Populus angustifoUum, Salix exigua,
Cornus sericea, Acer glabrum, Clematis linguisticifolia, Rosa woodsii,
Ribes cetosum, Hordeum jubatum, Glyceria grandis, Elymus canadensis,
Epilobium ciliatum and Mertensia ciliata.
(2)
Desert/Barren - this zone is characterized by low productivity due to
aridity and soils of shale, clay, and bentonitic material with saline or
alkaline substrate. Elevation ranges from 1200-1600 meters, and in the
Pryors this zone is confined to the southern and western sides.
Characteristic species are Atriplex confertifolia, A. canescens, A. nuttallii,
A. spinosa, Sarcobatus vermicuiatus, Artemisia spinescens, A. pedatifida,
Chrysothamnis nauseosus, Agropyron spicatum, A. smithii, Oryzopsis
hymenoides, Poa juncifolia, Platyschukuhria integrifolia, Allium textile,
Opuntia polyacantha, Musineon divaricatum, Eriogonum brevecaule,
Halogeton glomeratus and Juniperus osteosperma.
(3)
The Sagebrush/Grassland (1500-1900 meters) has more sandy and
rocky soils and is often calcareous. Characteristic species include
Juniperus osteosperma, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Artemisia tridentata,
A. nova, Symphoricarpos oreophylos, Bouteloua gracilis, Agropyron
spicatum, Aristida purpurea, Koleria cristata, Carex rossii, Gutierrezia
sarothrae, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Petrophytum caespitosum, Opuntia
polyacantha, Hymenoxys acaulis and Phlox hoodii.
'■t
/> I
zj L
“
22
(4)
The Montane Forest/Subalpine Meadow (1800-2600 meters) is
dominated by mostly conifers. Grasses and forbs are also present, the
forbs often in cushion habit in the subalpine meadow. Dominants
include: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmanii,
Pinus flexilis, Artemisia tridentata, Poa alpinum, Phleum alpinum, Carex
rossii, Agropyron spicatum, Vulpia kingii, Arnica cordifolia, Lupinus
sericeus, Vaccinium scoparium, Castilleja pulchellum, Gentiana affinis,
Erigeron caespitosus, Phlox caespitosus and Soiidago radiata.
Relationship of Prvor Mountain Flora to Other Floristic Provinces
Ten floristic groups and ten floristic provinces have been identified in the
United States (Gleason and Cronquist, 1964). The flora of each province is a
floristic group and the land surface refers to the province. These were later
revised into 13 floristic provinces and 9 subprovinces in North America
(Cronquist, 1982). The Pryor Mountains occur at the western edge of the
Prairies Province, the eastern margin of the Rocky Mountain Province, and the
northeastern periphery of the Great Basin Province. Thus we might expect to
find a blend of floristic elements from all three provinces.
Plants typical of the Prairies Province occur in the northeast section of
the Pryors at the Big Horn River, where the rainfall at Fort Smith is 48 cm per
year. These include: Amorpha canescens, Calylophus serruiatus, Andropogon
23
gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula, Echinacea pallida var. angustifolia, Liatris
punctata, Dalea purpurea, Andropogon scoparius, Celtis occidentalis,
Tradescantia bracteata, Tradescantia occidentalis, Triodanis leptocarpa,
Triodanis perfoliata and Smilax herbacea (Lichvar et al., 1985). Where the
Wyoming Basin and Great Plains meet, there exist sod-forming grasslands
(
mixed with rhizomatous wheatgrasses and dominated by Bouteloua gracilis
and Agropyron smithii intermixed with Artemisia tridentata and other sagebrush
species. These communities are the product of continental climate with growth
moisture arriving in early summer rainfall (Habeck, 1987).
The Rocky Mountain elements occur at higher elevations in the Pryors,
often on the north and northeast sides where it is relatively moist and cool.
Characteristic taxa include: Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Mahonia repens, Arnica cordifolia, and Calypso
bulbosa as well as various species of Lupinus, Erigeron, Eritrichium, Claytonia,
Potentilla, Draba, Lesquerella, Gentiana and Saxifraga.
The Great Basin species are best represented in the Pryor Mountains at
the arid south side where the rainfall is about 17 cm per year as recorded in
Lovell, Wyoming (Knight et al., 1987). Plants characteristic of this more
southern desert flora are: Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia spinosa, Atriplex
confertifolia, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Tetradymia spinosa, Sarcobatus
vermiculatus, Agropyron spicatum, and Juniperus osteosperma.
C
24
METHODS/RESULTS
Floristic Survey
A floristic survey of the Pryor Mountains was conducted between
March 28 and August 20, 1994, and April 28 and August 10 of 1995. The area
was systematically sampled to include the complete range of habitats and
geography. Sample plots were visited repeatedly during the two consecutive
field seasons. Every effort was made to equally distribute collecting in the four
general vegetational zones: riparian, desert, sagebrush/grasslands, and
montane forest/subalpine meadow. At each location, voucher specimens of all
fruiting and flowering specimens were collected. Habitat information such as
elevation, substrate, and associated species were also recorded for each
specimen.
The specimens were identified at the MSU herbarium during the
academic years of 1993, 1994, and 1995, using floras of Dorn (1984, 1992),
Hitchcock and Cronquist (1961, 1964, 1973), Hitchcock et al. (1959, 1969),
Cronquist (1955, 1989), Rollins (1993), and Barneby (1964). A collection of
845 plant specimens was deposited into the holdings of the Montana State
University Herbarium (MONT). Also deposited were 158 specimens of Tom
25
Jacobsen, who began this project. Collection identifications were verified with
herbarium specimens. Confirmation of many specimens was by Dr. J. H.
Rumely. Dr. Carl Wambolt verified the Artemisia specimens and Don Heinze,
the Salix specimens.
Following specimen identification, an annotated checklist as compiled
(Appendix A). Duplicate species were eliminated, which left 511 McCarthy and
35 Jacobsen specimens. Floristic publications were then searched for
additional taxa listed for the Pryor region. These include: Dorn (1978) south
Pryor foothills, 9 species; South (1980) northside Custer Forest Service,
42 species; Lichvar et al. (1985) from the Big Horn National Recreation Area,
259 species; Kratz (1988) southwestern section, 2 species; Lesica and Shelly
(1991) southside BLM land, 32 species; Achuff and Lesica (1992) southside
BLM land, 1 species; Chadde et al. (1992) northside CFS, 22 species; Lyman
(1992) Arrow Ranch on Sage Creek, northside, 12 species, Develice and
Lesica (1993), BLM land, 18 species; Clifton and Lyman, Piney Creek area,
southwest area, 19 species; Clifton (1994), entire Pryors, 15 species; and
Thompson (1994), southside, 4 species. These additional species are
integrated into the single checklist for the Pryor Mountain region (Appendix A).
Effort was made to update species names to their current nomenclature
(example: Eriogonum chrysocephaium = E. brevecaule). Vegetation zones of
collections were carefully determined by specimen label information, as in the
26
case of Lichvar et al. from the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
herbarium in Lovell, WY. Ron Hartman and E. Nelson at the University of
Wyoming Herbarium (phone communication) provided answers to many
questions concerning the herbarium vouchers from the Lichvar et al. study. In
the Dorn, Achuff, and Kratz lists, descriptions in the accompanying text
revealed the vegetation zone. Lyman, Clifton, and Thompson supplied specific
site information (personal communication). The Custer National Forest Service,
Bureau of Land Management and Montana Natural Heritage reports were
searched for site descriptions to designate vegetational zones. A few were
judiciously assigned based on known habitats in other areas of Wyoming and
Montana (Dorn 1984, 1992).
The final annotated checklist of the Pryor Mountain plants documents
75 families and a total of 981 taxa (Appendix A).
Comparative Floras
The flora of the Pryor Mountain region was compared with 11 regional
floras chosen from available theses of floristic surveys of western North
America (Figure 5; Culver, 1994). The original compilation of this large list was
done by Denise Culver in 1994 as a masters degree student in Biology at
Montana State University. The floras are drawn from 7 states and from areas
ranging in size from 341 square kilometers to 34,000 square kilometers. The
27
- 120
Figure 5.
-110
Locations of the selected floristic surveys of western North America.
(After Culver, 1994)
28
floras from the floristic regions and provinces o f North America according to
Cronquist (1982) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Regions and provinces of North America selected for comparative
floristic surveys.
Province
Region
North American Prairies
Northwest Black Hills, WY
Vancouverian
Sonora Pass, CA
Wallowa Mountains, OR
Rocky Mountain
Centennial Region, MT
Yellowstone Headwaters, WY
Western Wind River Range, WY
Southeastern Absarokas, WY
Flat Tops and White River Plateau, CO
Great Basin
Raft River Range, UT
Toiyabe, Toquima, and Monitor Ranges, NV
Santa Rosa Range, NV
A total of 3276 native, exotic, terrestrial and aquatic species were
recorded from the 12 western North American floras including the Pryor
Mountain region. The authors of the floras, observed number of taxa, and
area of the floras are given in Table 2.
29
Table 2.
Data used in the statistical analysis.
Region
Abbv.
Reference
Observed
# Species
Area
(km2)
Pryor Mountains, MT
PM
McCarthy et al.,
Appendix A
981
1,278
Centennial Region, MT
CR
Culver, 1994
Dorn, 1968
Lowry, 1979
766
1,347
Yellowstone, WY
YE
Snow, 1989
887
3,820
Southeast Absarokas,
WY
SA
Kirkpatrick, 1987
902
4,351
Western Wind Rivers,
WY
WR
Fertig, 1.992
1029
4,403
Flat Tops and White
River Plateau, CO
NC
Vanderhorst,
1993
882
6,475
NW Black Hills, WY
BH
Marriot, 1985
976
6,475
Raft River, UT
RR
Preece, 1950
318
341
Santa Rosa Range, NV
SR
Charlet, 1991
375
1,595
Toiyabe, Toquima &
Monitor Ranges, NV
CN
Goodrich, 1981
1,064
34,000
Sonora Pass, CA
SP
Lavin, 1983
824
2,500
Wallowa Mountains,
OR
WA
Mason, 1975
Abrams, 1950,
1953, 1955
Abrams & Ferris,
1960
907
714
30
Quantitative Analysis
Relationship of Floras
The degree of similarity between sites was determined by calculating the
Jaccard’s (1908) Index. Jaccard’s Index is based on the shared presence (not
absence) of species between two floras. A rectangular data matrix consisting
of 3276 taxa as rows and 12 floras as columns was constructed to generate
distance measures. Similarities between floras were clustered (Table 3). The
distances obtained from similarity matrices were subjected to cluster analysis
via the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) in
the NT-SYS-pc program. Only one dendrogram was found from the cluster
analysis and this had a cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.94. A Mantel
t test was performed and the resulting 5.015 + value of p = 1.000 strongly
suggest that there is no significant difference between the matrix and the
derived dendrogram distances. Using this cluster analysis, the Pryor
Mountains are more similar to the Black Hills flora (37%) than any other flora
compared. (Jaccard’s similarity coefficient in Table 3; see also Figure 6).
Species Richness
Species richness (number of species/1000 km squared) of the Pryor
Mountain region was compared to the other floras. The data were first
standardized to an area of 1000 kilometers to compensate for the effect of
31
Table 3.
CR
Percent similarities between all possible pairs of the regions based
on Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity.
YE
BH
SA
NC
WR
WA
SP
CN
SR
RR
CR
1.00
YE
0.39
1.00
BH
0.24
0.24
1.00
SA
0.36
0.48
0.23
1.00
NC
0.30
0.39
0.26
0.33
1.00
WR
0.39
0.55
0.23
0.48
0.41
1.00
WA
0.28
0.32
0.16
0.25
0.25
0.31
1.00
SP
0.18
0.20
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.21
0.24
1.00
CN
0.20
0.21
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.20
0.26
1.00
SR
0.18
0.17
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.21
0.19
0.21
1.00
RR
0.21
0.19
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.28
1.00
PM
0.31
0.33
0 .3 7
0.33
0.30
0.31
0.22
0.15
0.22
0.15
0.18
Abbreviations for the regions:
CR - Centennial Region, MT; YE - Yellowstone Headwaters, WY; BH - Black
Hills, WY; SA - Southeastern Absarokas, WY; NC - Flat Tops and White River
Plateau, WY; WR - Wind River Range, WY; WA - Wallowa Mountains, OR;
SP - Sonora Pass, CA; CN - Toiyabe, Toquima & Monitor Ranges, NV;
SR - Santa Rosa Range, NV; RR - Raft River Range, UT; PM - Pryor
Mountains, MT.
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - :- --- CR
jYE
________
WR
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SA
NC
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - WA
_________
BH
p
PM
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SP
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CN
__________
SR
'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - RR
Figure 6.
Floristic affinities of the Pryor Mountains based on pairwise comparisons (Jaccard, 1908) and
cluster analysis.
Abbreviations for the regions: CR - Centennial Region, MT; YE - Yellowstone Fleadwaters, WY;
BH - Black Hills, WY; SA - Southeastern Absarokas, WY; NC - Flat Tops and White River Plateau,
WY; WR - Wind River Range, WY; WA - Wallowa Mountains, OR; SP - Sonora Pass, CA; CN Toiyabe, Toquima & Monitor Ranges, NV; SR - Santa Rosa Range, NV; RR - Raft River Range,
UT; PM - Pryor Mountains, MT.
w
33
different-sized areas (Whitaker, 1975): observed number of taxa divided by
log area = adjusted number of taxa divided by the log (1000 kilometers squared).
After modifying the effect of different-sized areas, the species-area richness of
the Pryor Mountain region at 948, is higher than the mean of 716 (Table 4).
Table 4.
Species richness relationship between number of observed and
adjusted taxa (mean = 716).
Flora
Abbv.
Observed
# Species
Area (km2)
# Species/
1000 km2
PM
981
1,278
948
CR
766
1,347
734
YB
887
3,820
743
SA
902
4,351
744
WR
1029
4,403
847
NC
882
6,475
694
BH
976
6,475
768
RR
318
341
377
SR
375
1,595
351
CN
1,064
34,000
704
SP
824
2,500
728
WA
907
714
954
Abbreviations for the regions:
CR - Centennial Region, MT; YB - Yellowstone Headwaters, WY; BH - Black
Hills, WY; SA - Southeastern Absarokas, WY; NC - Flat Tops and White River
Plateau, WY; WR - Wind River Range, WY; WA - Wallowa Mountains, OR;
SP - Sonora Pass, CA; CN - Toiyabe, Toquima & Monitor Ranges, NV;
SR - Santa Rosa Range, NV; RR - Raft River Range, UT; PM - Pryor
Mountains, MT.
34
PRYOR MOUNTAINS AS A NORTHERN REFUGE
FOR SOUTHERN DESERT SPECIES
In spite of predominant Great Plains and Rocky Mountain influences, the
Pryor Mountains have a small but distinct representation from southern floras.
In fact, 5% (53 species) of the flora represent northernmost populations of
otherwise more southern desert species. The Bighorn Basin was probably a
migrational pathway between the Pryor Mountains and the Red Desert of
southwest Wyoming (Achuff and Lesica, 1992). Dorn (1978) discussed "the
Great Basin species" in the south foothills of the Pryor Mountains and along
the Big Horn Canyon. He mentioned Juniperus osteosperma, Artemisia nova
and Atriplex spp. as representing such species. Dorn also described an 1800
square km area bordering the Wyoming line as similar to the Centennial Valley
in southwest Montana. The vegetation of the Centennial Valley and the Pryors
is physiognomically similar and the areas may also be climatically similar.
Numerous species of desert plants centered in the Great Basin reach the
northern limit of their range in the Pryor region (Lichvar et al., 1985). Most of
the sensitive plant taxa listed by the Bureau of Land Management share this
pattern of distribution. Besides Juniperus osteosperma, these include
Astragalus geyeri, Astragalus grayi, Astragalus oreganus, Cryptantha scoparia,
35
Eriogonum salsuginosum, Grayia spinosa, Leptodactylon caespitosum,
Mentzelia pumila, and Nama densum.
Species with strong southern affinities are listed below.
Chenopodiaceae. contains six species that are centered in the Great Basin
desert and which are in the Pryors: Atriplex canescens, Atripiex confertifolia,
Atriplex gardneri, Suaeda fruticosa, Suaeda torreyana, and Sarcobatus
vermiculatus. The Asteraceae southern desert species are represented in the
Pryors by Artemisia pedatifida, A. spinescens, Hymenoxys torreyana,
Malacothrix torreyi, Piatyschkuhria integrifolia,. Sphaeromeria capitata,
Townsendia incana, T. spathulata, Wyethia scabra and Xylorhiza glabriuscula.
In the Fabaceae, Astragalus chamaeluce, A. grayi, A. geyeri and A hyalinus
are of Great Basin origin and occur in the Pryor Mountains. The
Polemoniaceae has southern desert representatives in the Pryors including
Gilia inconspicua and G. Ieptomeria. Two representatives of the Boraginaceae
from southern deserts occuring at their northern limits in the Pryors are.
Cryptantha flavoculata and C. scoparia. The Brassicaceae contains five
species from southern deserts in the Pryors: Malcomia africana (Asian origin),
Physaria acutifolia, Stanleya tomentosa, S. pinnata and Streptanthella
longirostis. Phacelia ivesiana, P. glandulosa and Nama densum of the
Hydrophyllaceae are of Great Basin origins and in the Pryors.
36
A migration route for Great Basin species from Nevada and Utah runs
northeast through the southwestern desert of Wyoming, northward through the
Bighorn Basin to the dry Pryor Mountain Desert. This pattern was first
proposed for Juniperus osteosperma, collected 6 miles north of Warren,
Montana, and described by Little in 1952 (Vasek, 1966) (Figure 7). Kratz
(1988) also cites the occurrence of Juniperus osteosperma in Montana at the
northern edge of its continental range and at the northern edge of the PinyonJuniper Zone.
While Juniperus osteosperma is commonly associated with Pinus edulis
or Pinus monophylla in the Great. Basin, it does form "pure stands at lower
elevations and often extends into the Sagebrush Zone" (Cronquist et al., 1972). •
In the Pryor Mountain study area, Juniperus osteosperma occurs as scattered
individuals at low elevations, dominates dense stands at mid-elevations and
grades into mixed stands with Pinus flexilis and Juniperus scopulorum at
higher, perhaps wetter, elevations. This Great Basin vegetation in the south
Pryor Mountains was described as four community types occuring on a
moisture gradient. The communities were determined by moisture availability
from least (10 cm) to most (29 cm): Atriplex gardneri/Artemisia spinescens,
Artemisia pedatifida/Agropyron spicatum, Artemisia nova/Agropyron spicatum
and Juniperus osteosperma/Artemisia nova (Kratz, 1988).
37
I-J ___
L * _______
Figure 7.
Juniperus osteosperma distribution (*) at northern limit in the Pryor
Mountains.
38
Where moisture is a limiting factor, xerophytic plant communities possess
fewer species than do the communities of mesophytic regions, but the number
of communities per unit of area is likely to be larger than in regions of
adequate moisture (Stebbins, 1952).
Twenty-three communities of Great Basin associated plants were
identified on BLM Lands in the Pryor Mountains. Some of these vegetation
types had not been reported from elsewhere and others are globally rare
(Develice and Lesica, 1993).
Weber (1962) notes a similar pattern in the south Rockies where the
desert flora penetrated far into the Rockies in western Colorado by way of
warm river valleys, canyon walls, and arid plateaus. Here, characteristic
genera are similar to those in the Pryors: Astragalus, Atriplex, Cryptantha,
Phacelia, and Gilia. The flora of Idaho also had xerophytes extend northward
from the arid and semi-arid intermountain trough of Utah and Nevada. These
genera are: Atriplex, Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, Grayia, and Gutierrezia
(Daubenmire, 1952). .
Unusual substrates in the Pryors harbor species otherwise centered in
the Great Basin. Eriogonum brevecaule grows on heavy clay soils, Lesquerella
and Astragalus spathulatus on stony soils, Leptodactylon caespitosum thrives
on gypsum, and Eriogonum salsuginosum on bentonitic clay (Reveal, 1979).
39
Xylorhiza, Machaeranthera, and Stanleya flourish in selenium rich soils (Weber,
1968). All are found in the Pryor Mountain study area.
In conclusion, the distribution pattern of the southern desert flora,
represented by Juniperus osteosperma, ranges from the states of Nevada and
Utah, up through southern Wyoming and the Bighorn Basin to the Pryor
/
Mountains of southcentral Montana (Figure 7). Sphaeromeria capitata also
illustrates this pattern with collections in the Escalente Range in Garfield
County, Utah (Holmgren et al., 1976), southwest Wyoming, and southcentral
Montana. This model is typical and represents 53 species or 5% of the Pryor
Mountain flora. These 53 taxa are noted by an asterisk (*) in the checklist in
Appendix A.
40
BIBLIOGRAPHY
41
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University Press. Stanford, CA.
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Abrams. L 1955. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Vol. I. Stanford
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Abrams, L , and Ferris, R. S. 1960. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States,
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Achuff, P. L , and Lesica, P. 1992. Species of Special Concern in the Pryor
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Alt, David. 1986. Roadside Geology of Montana. Mountain Press Publishing
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Antevs, Ernst. 1952. Cenozoic Climates of the Great Basin. Geologische
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Bonnichsen and Oliver. 1981. University of Maine--Alberta. Pryor Mountains
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Brown, Roland W.. 1962. Paleocene Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great
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APPENDICES
51
/
APPENDIX A
CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE PRYOR MOUNTAINS
Table 5.
Annotated checklist of vascular plants for the Pryor Mountains. References are M = McCarthy;
J = Jacobsen; D = Dorn; S = South; LK = Lichvar, Collins, Knight; K = Kratz; CJ = Chadde,
Johnson; LS = Lesica, Shelly; AL = Achuff, Lesica; DL = Develice, Lesica; L = Lyman, CL =
Clifton, Lyman; C = Clifton; T = Thompson. Vegetation Zones: Rl = Riparian; DT = Desert;
SG = Sagebrush/Grassland; MF = Montane Forest/Subalpine Meadow.
* Southern desert species with northern limits in the Pryor Mountains.
Family_____________ Genus___________Species___________________________________________________ REF
Rl
DT
SG
MF
PTERIDOPHYTES
Equisetaceae
Polypodiaceae
Selaginaceae
L.
E q u is e tu m
a rv e n s e
E q u is e tu m
h y m e n a le
E q u is e tu m
Ia e v ig a tu m
A. Br.
E q u is e tu m
v a rie g a tu m
Schleich. ex Weber & Mohr
A s p le n iu m
tr ic h o m a n e s -ra c e m o s u m
C h e iia n th e s
fee/ Moore
C ry p to g a m m a
s te lle ri
(Gmel.) Prantl
M
X
C ys to p te ris
fra g ilis
(L) Bernh.
M
X
P e lla e a
b re w e d
Eaton
M
X
P e lla e a
g la b e lla
Mett ex Kulm
M
X
P e lla e a
o c c id e n ta lis
LK
X
P o ly s tic h u m
Io n c h itis
(L) Roth
LK
W o o d s ia
o re g a n a
Eaton
M
W o o d s ia
s c o p u lin a
S e la g in e lla
densa
M
L.
L.
X
LK
X
CL
X
S
X
M
X
M
(E. Nels.) Rydb.
Eaton
Rydb.
X
X
X
X
LK
X
LK
X
GYMNOSPERMS
Cupressaceae
*
L
J u n ip e ru s
c o m m u n is
J u n ip e ru s
h o rizo n ta lis
J u n ip e ru s
o s te o s p e rm a
J u n ip e ru s
s c o p u lo ru m
Moench.
(Torrey) Little
Sarg.
M
X
M
X
M
M
X
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Pinaceae
A b ie s
Ia s io c a rp a
P ic e a
e n g e lm a n ii
P ic e a
g la u c a
P in u s
c o n to rta
P in u s
flexilis
P in u s
p o n d e ro s a
P s e u d o ts u g a
m e n z ie s ii
A cer
g la b ru m
A cer
negundo
Agavaceae
Yucca
g la u c a
Amaranthaceae
A m a ra n th u s
b lito id e s
Anacardiaceae
R hus
g la b ra
R hus
trilo b ata
T o x ic o d e n d ro n
ry d b e rg ii
B e ru la
e re c ta
B u p le u ru m
a m e ric a n u m
C o n iu m
m a c u la tu m L
C y m o p te ris
a c a u lis
C y m o p te ris
te re b in th in is
(Hook.) I . & G.
J
H e ra c le u m
s p h o n d y liu m
L. var. Ia n a tu m (Michx.) Dorn
M
X
L o m a tiu m
cous
M
X
L o m a tiu m
d Is s e c tu m
L o m a tiu m
fo e n ic u la c e u m
L o m a tiu m
o rie n ta te
L o m a tiu m
trite rn a tu m
REF
(Hook.) Nutt.
(Moench) Voss
Rl
DT
SG
M
X
S
X
M
X
S
James
Dougl. ex Laws & Laws
(Mirb.) Franco
MF
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
X
ANGIOSPERMS
Aceraceae
Apiaceae
Torrey var. g la b ru m
L.
M
X
X
M
Nutt.
X
M
X
Wats.
LK
X
LK
X
Nutt.
M
L
(Small ex Rydb.) Greene
(Huds.) Cov. var. in c is a (Torr.) Cronq.
Coult & Rose
Pursh (Raf.)
(Wets.) Coult. & Rose
(Nutt.) Math & Corstr. var. m u ltifid u m
(Nutt.) Coult & Rose
Coult & Rose
(Pursh) Coult & Rose ssp. p la ty c a rp u m (Torr.) Cronq.
X
LK
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
M
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LK
X
J
X
LK
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Apiaceae
M u s in e o n
d iv a ric a tu m
M u s in e o n
v a g in a tu m
O s m o rh iza
c h ile n s is
O s m o rh iza
d e p a u p e ra te
O s m o rh iza
Io n g is ty lis
P e rid e rid ia
g a ird n e ri
S a n ic u la
m e rila n d ic a
S hoshonea
p u lv in a ta
Apocynaceae
Apocynum
a n d ro s a e m ifo liu m
Asclepiadaceae
A s c le p ia s
s p e c io s a
A s c le p ia s
v irid iflo ra
Asteraceae
REF
(Pursh.) Nutt, ex I . & G.
Rl
M
M
X
H. & A.
M
X
LK
(Torr.) DC
LK
(H. & A.) Mathias
L.
Evert & Cons.
L.
X
X
X
M
X
LK
X
CJ
X
X
Torrey
M
X
Raf.
M
M
MF
X
LK
L.
SG
X
Rydb.
Phil.
DT
X
A c h ille a
m ille fo liu m
A g o s e ris
g la u c a
(Pursh.) Raf. var. d a s y c e p h a la (Torrey & A. Gray) Jeps.
M
X
A g o s e ris
g la u c a
(Pursh.) Raf. var. g la u c a
M
X
A m b ro s ia
a rte m is ifo lia
L. var. e la tio r (L ) Desc.
LK
X
A m b ro s ia
p s ilo s ta c y a
DC var. c o ro n o p ifo lia (I. & G.) Farw.
LK
X
LK
X
L var. trifida
A m b ro s ia
trifida
A n a p h a lis
m a r g a r ita c e a
A n te n n a ria
a lp in a
A n te n n a ria
d im o rp h a
A n te n n a ria
Ia n a ta
(L) Bentham & Hooker
(L ) Gaerth var. m e d ia
(Nutt.) T. & G.
(Hook.) Greene
I . & G.
A n te n n a ria
Iu z u lo id e s
A n te n n a ria
m e d ia
A n te n n a ria
m ic ro p h y lla
A n te n n a ria
p a rv ifo lia
A n te n n a ria
ra c e m o s e
Greene
Rydb.
Nutt.
Hook.
X
X
M
X
M
X
LS
X
C
X
CJ
X
C
X
M
X
LS
X
M
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Asteraceae
A n te n n a ria
ro s e a
A n te n n a ria
u m b rin e lla
A rc tiu m
m in u s
A rn ic a
c o rd ifo lia
REF
Greene ssp. ro s e a
Rydb.
LK
M
A rn ic a
fu ig e n s
Pursh.
J
A rn ic a
Iatifo lia
Bong.
M
A rn ic a
Io n g ifo lia
A rn ic a
m o llis
A rn ic a
ry d b e rg ii
A rn ic a
s o ro ria
Greene
J
A rte m is ia
b ie n n is
Willd.
LS
Greene
L.
A rte m is ia
c a m p e s tris
A rte m is ia
L ssp. b o re a lis (Pall.) Hall & Clem.
var. s c o u le ria n a (Bess.) Cronq.
A rte m is ia
cana
c a m p e s tris
Pursh
A rte m is ia
d ra c u n c u lis
A rte m is ia
frig id a
A rte m is ia
Io n g ifo lia
A rte m is ia
Iu d o v ic ia n a
A rte m is ia
m ic h a u x ia n a
L
Willd.
Nutt.
Nutt. var. Iu d o v ic ia n a
Bess.
Fries.
A rte m is ia
n o rv e g ic a
*
A rte m is ia
nova
*
A rte m is ia
p e d a tifid a
*
A rte m is ia
s p in e s c e n s
A rte m is ia
trid e n ta ta
A rte m is ia
trid e n ta ta
A. Nets.
Nutt.
Eaton
SG
MF
X
M
Hook.
Hook.
DT
CL
(Hill) Bernh.
Hook.
Rl
X
X
X
X
X
X
CJ
X
M
X
M
X
X
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
LS
X
LK
X
X
M
X
S
X
M
M
X
X
M
X
Nutt. var. trid en tata
M
X
Nutt. var. w y o m in g e n s is (Beetle & Young) Welsh
M
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Asteraceae
A rte m is ia
trid e n ta ta
Nutt. var. vaseyan a
M
A s te r
a lp ig e n u s
(I. & G.) Gray
DL
A s te r
c h ile n s is
Nees. ssp. a d s e n d e n s (Lindl.) Cronq.
LK
X
A s te r
c ilio la tu s
Lindl.
LK
X
A s te r
c o n s p ic u u s
A s te r
e a to n ii
*
*
REF
Lindl.
(Gray) Howell
Lindl. var. falcatu s
A s te r
fa lc a tu s
A s te r
fo lia c e u s
A s te r
h e s p e riu s
A s te r
Ia e v is
A s te r
o c c id e n ta lis
A s te r
p e r e le g a n s
A s te r
s c o p u lo ru m
B a ls a m o rh iz a
in c a n a
B a ls a m o rh iz a
s a g itta ta
B id e n s
c e rn u a
Lindl. in DC var. a p ric u s Gray
Gray
DT
SG
X
X
X
T
X
M
X
X
CJ
(Nutt.) I . & G.
X
Nels. & Macbr.
CJ
X
Gray
S
X
M
X
(Pursh) Nutt.
L.
M
LK
g ra n d iflo ra
C e n ta u re a
re p e n s
X
M
Nutt.
B ric k e itia
MF
X
DL
M
LK
L.
Rl
(Hook.) Nutt. var. g ra n d iflo ra
L.
X
X
LK
X
CL
(Greene) Cock, ex Stockw. var. Ie u c o p s is
X
C h a e n a c tis
a lp in a
C h a e n a c tis
d o u g la s ii
(Hook.) H. & A.
M
X
C h a e n a c tis
d o u g la s ii
(Hook.) H. & A. var. a c h ille a e fo lia (H. & A.) A. Nels.
M
X
C h ry s a n th e m u m
Ie u c a n th e m u m
C h ry s o p s is
villo sa
C h ry s o th a m n u s
Iin e fo liu s
C h ry s o th a m n u s
nauseosus
C h ry s o th a m n u s
v is c id ifIo ru s
L.
(Pursh) Shinn.
Greene
(Pallas ex Pursh.) Britt
(Hook.) Nutt.
M
LK
X
X
S
T
X
X
X
M
X
M
X
X
Table 5.
Family
Asteraceae
Continued.
Genus
Species
REF
var. Ia n c e o la tu s (D C. Eat.) Rydb.
C h ry s o th a m n u s
v is c id ifo iiu s
C ic h o riu m
in tyb u s
C irs iu m
a rv e n s e
(L) Scop.
C irs iu m
a rv e n s e
(L) Scop. var. a rv e n s e
C irs iu m
flo d m a n ii
L.
Rl
LK
DT
(Rydb.) Arthur
C irs iu m
h o o k e ria n u m
C irs iu m
p o ly p h y llu s
C irs iu m
s c a rio s u m
C irs iu m
e a to n ii
C irs iu m
u n d u la tu m
Nutt.
Nutt.
Gray & Robbins
(Nutt.) Spreng
(Savi) Tenore
C irs iu m
v u lg a re
C o n y za
c a n a d e n s is
C re p is
a c u m in a ta
C re p is
a trib a rb a
C re p is
in te rm e d ia
(L) Cronq.
Nutt.
Heller
Gray
X
X
M
L
X
X
DL
X
S
X
CJ
X
CJ
X
LS
X
CL
X
M
X
M
X
X
J
X
m o d o c e n s is
Greene ssp. m o d o c e n s is
LK
X
C re p is
o c c id e n ta l is
Nutt.
J
X
(James) T. & G.
C re p is
ru n c in a ta
E c h in a c e a
p a llid a
E rig e ro n
a c ris
E rig e ro n
a llo c o tu s
E rig e ro n
c a e s p ito s u s
Nutt.
M
E rig e ro n
c o m p o s itu s
Pursh. var. g la b ra tu s
M
E rig e ro n
c o ry m b o s u s
E rig e ro n
d iv e rg e n s
E rig e ro n
e a to n ii
L.
Blake
LK
X
LK
X
DL
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
Nutt.
LK
T. & G.
DL
X
M
X
Gray
X
X
LK
C re p is
Nutt. var. a n g u s tifo lia (DC) Cronq.
MF
X
LK
M
SG
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Asteraceae
E rig e ro n
g la b e llu s
Nutt. var. g la b e llu s
REF
Rl
LK
X
DT
SG
MF
X
X
E rig e ro n
o c h ro le u c a s
Nutt. var. s c rib n e ri
E rig e ro n
o c h ro le u c u s
Nutt.
M
X
E rig e ro n
o c h ro le u c u s
Nutt. var. o c h ro le u c u s
M
X
(Banks ex Pursh.) Greene
M
E rig e ro n
p e re g rin u s
E rig e ro n
p u m ilu s
E rig e ro n
ra d ic a tu s
Hook.
M
X
E rig e ro n
ry d b e rg ii
Chronq.
M
X
E rig e ro n
s im p le x
S
X
E rig e ro n
s p e c io s u s
E rig e ro n
s trig o s u s
var. p u m ilu s Nutt.
Greene
(Lindl.) B.C. var. s p e c io s u s
Muhl. ex Willd.
Rydb. ex Porter & Britt.
CJ
s u b trin ervis
u rsin u s
Eaton
M
G aiH ard ia
aristata
Pursh.
M
G rin d e lia
s q u a rro s a
G u tie rre z ia
s a ro th ra e
H a p p lo p a p p u s
a c a u lis
H a p p lo p a p p u s
a rm e ro id e s
H a p p lo p a p p u s
u n iflo ru s
H a p p lo p a p p u s
Ia n u n g in o s u s
H e lia n th e lla
q u in q u e n e rv is
H e lia n th u s
annuus
L.
LS
H e lia n th u s
n utta llii
T. & G.
LK
H e lia n th u s
p e tio la ris
H e lia n th u s
rig id u s
(Cass.) best. var. s u b rh o m b o id e u s (Rydb.) Cronq.
LK
H e te ro th e c a
h o rrid a
(Rydb.) Harms
M
(Pursh) var. q u a s ip e re n n is Lunell
M
(Pursh) Britt & Rusby
M
(Hook.) I . & G.
Gray
(Hook.) Gray
Nutt.
X
X
X
L
E rig e ro n
(Nutt.) Gray
X
M
LK
E rig e ro n
(Nutt.) Gray
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
J
X
M
X
X
M
X
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Asteraceae
H ie ra c iu m
c y n o g lo s s o id e s
H ie ra c iu m
a lb iflo ru m
H ie ra c iu m
canadense
*
Species
REF
Arv. Touv.
Hook.
Rl
DT
LK
M
SG
X
X
CJ
X
H ym enopappus
fHifoUus
Hook.
J
X
H ym enopappus
fililo liu s
Hook, var Iuteus
D
X
H ym enopappus
p o ly c e p h a lu s
D
X
H ym enoxys
a c a u lis
H ym enoxys
to rre y a n a
Iva
axillaris
Iva
x an th ifo lia
L a c tu c a
Iu d o v ic ia n a
L a c tu c a
o b lo n g ifo lia
Osterh.
(Pursh.) Parker
M
(Nutt.) Parker
M
Pursh
X
LK
X
LK
X
(Nutt.) Ridd.
LK
X
Nutt.
LK
X
M
X
Nutt.
X
X
X
X
L a c tu c a
s e rrio la L
Liatris
p u n c ta ta
Hook.
T
X
L o g fia
a rv e n s is
(L) Holub
LK
X
L y g o d e s m ia
ju n c e a
L y g o d e s m ia
s p in o s a
(Pursh) D. Don
(Pursh) Gray
M a c h a e ra n th e ra
canescens
M a c h a e ra n th e ra
g rin d e lo id e s
M a c h a e ra n th e ra
LK
X
S
X
DL
X
(Nutt.) Shinners
M
X
ta n a c e tifo lia
(H.B.K.)
M
X
(Nutt.) T. & G.
LK
M a lo c o th rix
s o n c h o id e s
M a lo c o th rix
to rre y i
Gray
(Hook.) Schultz-Bip.
X
LK
M ic ro s e ris
n u ta n s
c u s p id a ta
N o th o c a la is
n ig re s c e n s
(Henderson) Heller
M
N o th o c a la is
tro x im o id e s
(Gray) Greene
M
(Pursh) Greene
X
X
D
N o th o c a la is
MF
X
LK
X
X
X
Table 5.
Family
Asteraceae
*
Continued.
Genus
Species
REF
(Nutt.) Rydb. ex Britt.
Rl
DT
LK
P ic ra n d e n io p s is
o p p o s itifo lia
P la ty s c h k u h ria
in te g rifo ila
(Gray) Rydb. var. o b io n g ifolia
C
X
P la ty s c h k u h ria
in te g rifo lia
(Gray) Rydb.
M
X
SG
X
R a ta b id a
c o lu m n ife ra
(Nutt.) Wool. & Standi.
LK
X
R u d b e c k ia
Ia n c in a ta L
var. a m p la (A. Nels.) Cronq.
LK
X
Hook.
M
S e n e c io
canus
S e n e c io
c ra s s u lu s
S e n e c io
c y m b a la rio id e s
S e n e c io
d im o rp h o p h y llu s
S e n e c io
e re m o p h iliu s
Gray
X
LS
Buek
Greene var. d im o rp h o p h y llu s
Richards
Nutt.
S e n e c io
h y d ro p h y lis
S e n e c io
in te g e rrim u s
S e n e c io
p a u c iflo ru s
S e n e c io
p a u p e rc u lu s
S e n e c io
p la tte n s is
S e n e c io
p s e u d a u re u s
S e n e c io
s e rra
S e n e c io
s p h a e ro c e p h a lis
S e n e c io
stre p ta n th ifo liu s
S o lid a g o
c a n a d e n s is
S o lid a g o
g ig a n te a
S o lid a g o
m is s o u rie n s is
S o lid a g o
m o llis
S o lid a g o
m u ltira d ia ta
S o lid a g o
rig id a
S o lid a g o
s p a rs iflora
Nutt. var. exaltatu s (Nutt.)Cronq.
Pursh.
Michx
Nutt.
X
X
J
X
LK
X
M
X
J
X
M
X
X
M
Rydb.
Hook.
Greene
L. var. s a le b ro s a (Piper) Jones
X
CJ
LK
Greene var. strep tan th ifo liu s
X
X
M
X
M
X
LK
X
Ait. var. s e ro tin a (Kuntze) Cronq.
LK
X
Nutt. var. m is s o u rie n s is
M
Bartl.
X
S
Ait.
L var. h u m ilis Porter
Gray
X
S
M
DL
X
X
DL
LK
MF
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Asteraceae
*
*
*
*
Genus
Species
REF
DC var. n a n a (Gray) Cronq.
S o lid a g o
s p a th u la ta
Sonchus
asper
Sonchus
o le ra c e o u s
Rl
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
Bieb.
u lg in o s u s
c a p ita te
S te p h a n o m e ria
ru n c in a ta
Nutt.
S te p h a n o m e ria
ten u ifo lia
(Raf.) Hall
T a ra x a c u m
Ia e v ig a tu m
T a ra x a c u m
o ffic io n a le
T e tra d y m ia
canescens
Nutt.
J
(Willd.) DC
Weber
DC
H. & A.
X
M
CJ
X
S
X
CJ
X
LK
X
M
X
T e tra d y m ia
s p in o s a
subnudum
T o w n s e n d ia
hooked
T o w n s e n d ia
in c a n a
T o w n s e n d ia
p a rry i
T o w n s e n d ia
s p a th u la ta
M
X
T ra g o p o g o n
d u b iu s
Scop.
M
X
Hook.
M
X
Beaman
LS
X
J
X
Nutt.
M
Eaton
M
Nutt.
X
W yeth ia
s c a b ra
s tru m a riu m
*
X ylo rh iza
g la b riu s c u la
Berberidaceae
M a h o n ia
re p e n s
(Lindl.) G. Don
M
X
Betulaceae
A ln u s
in c a n a
(L) Moench
S
X
B e tu la
o c c id e n ta lis
Hook., var. o c c id e n ta lis
M
X
Boraginaceae
A s p e ru g o
p ro c u m b e n s
L.
LK
X
C ryp ta n th a
a m b ig u a
C ryp ta n th a
b ra d b u ria
Nutt.
(Gray) Greene
LK
X
X
X a n th iu m
L.
X
X
T h e le s p e rm a
Ryd b.
MF
X
L
Sonchus
SG
LK
(L) Hill
S p h a e ro m e ria
DT
X
M
X
X
M
X
S
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Boraginaceae
C ryp ta n th a
cana
C ryp ta n th a
c e lo s io d e s
(Eastw.) Payson
C ryp ta n th a
fla v o c u la ta
(A. Nels.) Payson
C ryp ta n th a
k e ls e y a n a
*
*
REF
(A. Nels) Payson
Greene
Rydb.
C ryp ta n th a
m in im a
C ryp ta n th a
s c o p a ria
C ryp ta n th a
s p ic u life ra
C ryp ta n th a
to rre y a n a
C ryp ta n th a
w a ts o n ii
A. Nels.
(Piper) Payson
(Gray) Greene
(Gray) Greene
Rl
DT
X
X
X
X
X
M
M
M
SG
MF
X
M
X
M
X
LS
X
M
X
LS
X
LS
X
C y n o g lo s s u m
o ffic in a le
L.
M
E ritrich iu m
h o w a rd ii
(Gray) Rydb.
M
X
E ritrich iu m
nanum
(Vill.) Schrad. ex Gaudin
M
X
H a c k e lia
d e fle x a
(Wahlenb.) Opiz
M
H a c k e lia
flo rib u n d a
(Lehm.) I.M. Johnst.
Wolf
X
X
LK
X
L a p p u la
m y o s o tis
LS
X
L a p p u la
re d o w s k ii
(Hornem.) Greene
M
X
(Hornem.) Greene var. c u p u la ta
L a p p u la
re d o w s k ii
L ith o s p e rm u m
in c is u m
L ith o s p e rm u m
ru d e ra le
M e rte n s ia
c ilia ta
M e rte n s ia
o b lo n g ifo lia
C
X
Lehm.
M
X
(Doug.) ex Lehm.
M
(James ex Torrey) G. Don.
M
(Nutt.) G. Don
M
(A. Nels.) A. Nels.
M e rte n s ia
virid is
M y o s o tis
a lp e s tris
O n o s m o d iu m
m o lle
Michx. var. m o lle
O n o s m o d iu m
m o lle
Michx. var. o c c id e n ta le (Mack) I.M. Johnst.
Tiquilia
n u ttallii
Schmidt
Hook. Richardson
X
X
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
LK
LK
X
X
CD
IV)
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Brassicaceae
A llysu m
a lly s io d e s
REF
(L) L
Staph
Rl
DT
SG
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
A ly s s u m
d e s e rto ru m
A ra b is
d e m is s a
A ra b is
d ru m m o n d ii
A ra b is
g la b ra
(L) Bernh.
J
A ra b is
h irsu ta
(L) Scop.
LK
X
X
Greene var. Ia n g u id a Roll.
Gray
M
MF
X
X
A ra b is
h o lb o e llii
Hornem. var. h o lb o e llii
M
A ra b is
h o lb o e llii
Hornem. var. re tro fra c tra
J
X
A ra b is
h o lb o e llii
Hornem. var. p e n d u lo c a rp a (A. Nels.) Roll.
LK
X
A ra b is
h o lb o e llii
Hornem. var. p in e to ru m (Tidestr.) Rollins
C
X
A ra b is
Iig n ife ra
M
X
A ra b is
m ic ro p h y lla
Nutt.
J
A ra b is
m ic ro p h y lla
Nutt. var. s a x im o n ta n a Rollins
M
X
M
X
A. Nelson
Robinson
A ra b is
n utta llii
A ra b is
s p a rs iflo ra
Nutt. var. c o lu m b ia n a
M
B a rb a re a
o rth o c e ra s
Ledeb.
M
C a m e lin a
m ic ro c a rp a
Andrz. ex D.C.
M
C a p s e lla
b u rs a -p a s to ris
(L) Medic, var. b u rs a -p a s to ris
LK
X
X
X
X
X
(L) Hand.-Mazz.
LK
X
(C A. Mey.) Jarmol.
LK
X
LK
X
C a rd a ria
c h a la p e n s is
C a rd a ria
pubescens
C h o ris p o ra
te n e lla
C o n rin g ia
o rie n ta lis
D e s c u ra in ia
p in n a ta
(Rydb.) Hitch, var. in te rm e d ia
D e s c u ra in ia
p in n a ta
(Walt.) var. n e ls o n ii (Rydb.) Peck
M
X
D e s c u ra in ia
p in n a ta
(Walt.) Britt, var. h a lic to ru m
LK
X
D e s c u ra n ia
ric h a rd s o n ii
M
X
(Pall.) DC
(L) Dumort
(Sweet) Schultz var. v isco sa
M
X
M
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Brassicaceae
Genus
Species
D e s c u ra n ia
s o p h ia
REF
(L) Webb ex Prantl
Ryd b.
M
Rl
DT
X
X
SG
M
D ra b a
cana
D ra b a
c ra s s ifo lia
D ra b a
in c e rta
D ra b a
n e m o rs a
D ra b a
o lig o s p e rm a
D ra b a
p ra e a lta
D ra b a
re p ta n s
D ra b a
re p ta n s
(Lam.) Fern.
M
E rysim um
a s p e ru m
(Nutt.) D C.
M
X
E rysim um
c h e ira n th o id e s
M
X
E rysim um
in c o n s p ic u u m
H e s p e ris
m a tro n a lis
Grab.
Payson
L.
MF
X
M
X
S
X
M
X
M
X
Greene
LK
X
(Lam.) Fern var. re p ta n s
M
var. o lig o s p e rm a Hook.
L.
(Wats.) MacM
L.
X
X
M
X
M
Schrad. var. d e n s iflo ru m
M
X
L e p id iu m
d e n s iflo ru m
L e p id iu m
p e rfo lia tu m
L e p id iu m
v irg in ic u m
L e s q u e re lla
a lp in a
(Nutt.) Wats.
M
X
L e s q u e re lla
Ie s ic ii
Rollins
M
X
L.
X
M
L. var. p u b e s c e n s (Greene)
(Nutt.) Wats.
J
M
X
M
X
Iu d o v ic ia n a
M a lc o m ia
a fric a n a
N a s tu rtiu m
o ffic io n a le
*
P hysaria
a c u tifo lia
P hysaria
d id y m o c a rp a
R o rip p a
c a ly c in a
(Engelm.) Rydb.
LK
X
R o rip p a
c u rv ip e s
Greene
LK
X
R o rip p a
s in u a ta
M
X
R. Br.
(Hook.) Gray
(Nutt.) Hitchc.
M
X
X
L e s q u e re lla
Rydb.
X
X
*
(L.) R. Br.
X
X
M
X
M
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Brassicaceae
S c h o e n c ra m b e
Iin e fo lia
S is im b riu m
Io e s e lii
S is y m b riu m
a ltis s im u m
S is y m b riu m
Iin e fo liu m
(Nutt.) Nutt, ex T. & G.
S m e lo w s k ia
(Steph. ex Willd.) C. A. Mey
var. a m e ric a n a (Regel & Herd.) Drury & Roll.
LK
S ta n le y a
p in n a ta
(Pursh) Britt
M
S ta n le y s
to m e n to s a
Parry
M
S tre p ta n th e lla
Io n g iro s tis
(Wats.) Rydbg.
T h la s p i
a rv e n s e
C o ry p h a n ta
m is s o u rie n s is
O p u n tia
p o ly a c a n th a
*
P e d io c a c tu s
s im p s o n ii
Campanulaceae
C a m p a n u la
ro tu n d ifo lia
I.
M
T rio d a n is
Ie p to c a rp a
(Nutt.) Niewl.
LK
X
T rio d a n is
p e rfo lia te
LK
X
H u m u lis
lu p u lu s
*
*
Cactaceae
Cannabaceae
Cappparaceae
Caprifoiiaceae
REF
(Nutt.) Greene
L.
L
c a ly c in a
L.
M
Haw.
(Engelm.) Britt. & Rose var. s im p s o n ii
(L) Niewl. var. p e rfo lia ta
I. var. n e o m e x ic a n a Nels. & Ckll.
Hook.
Iu te a
s e rru la te
P o la n is ia
d o d e c a n d ra
Sam bucus
c a n a d e n s is
Sam bucus
c e ru le a
S y m p h o ric a rp o s
o re o p h ilu s
S y m p h o ric a rp u s
a lb u s
S y m p h o ric a rp u s
o c c id e n ta l is
Pursh
(L) DC ssp. tra c h y s p e rm a (I. & G.) Iltis
L. var. c a n a d e n s is
Raf. var. c e ru le a
Gray
L. Blake
Hook.
SG
X
LK
X
LK
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
J
X
M
X
LK
LK
LK
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LK
LK
MF
X
M
C le o m e
C le o m e
DT
M
M
(Sweet) Britt & Rose
Rl
X
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Caryophyllaceae
A re n a ria
c o n g e s ts
A re n a ria
h o o k e ri
A re n a ria
Ia te rifo lia
A re n a ria
n u tta llii
A re n a ria
o b tu s ilo b a
A re n a ria
ru b e lla
C e ra s tiu m
a rv e n s e
C e ra s tiu m
b e rrin g ia n u m
C e ra s tiu m
n u ta n s
L y c h n is
a lb a
P a ro n y c h ia
s e s s iliflo ra
S ile n e
a n tirrh in a
S ile n e
c s e re i
S ile n e
m e n z ie s ii
Hook.
M
Muhl. ex Willd.
M
Chenopodiaceae
*
Species
REF
Nutt. var. c o n g e s ta
M
L.
M
(Walenb.) Smith
L.
Cham. & Schlecht.
Raf. var. n u tan s
Miller
Nutt.
L.
Baumg.
S te lla ria
Io n g ifo lia
m e d ia
V a c c a ria
p y ra m id a ta
A trip le x
a r g e n te a
A trip le x
canescens
(L) Vill.
X
Nutt.
(Pursh.) Nutt.
X
X
X
S
X
X
M
X
M
X
X
DL
X
L
X
X
X
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
A trip le x
c o n fe rtifo lia
g a rd n e r i
A trip le x
h e rte ro s p e rm a
A trip le x
p a tu la
L
S
A trip le x
ro s e a
L.
LK
A trip le x
s u c le y i
(Torrey) Rydb.
X
X
LK
A trip le x
Bunge
X
M
*
(Torrey & Freni.) Wats.
X
M
*
(Moq.) Dietr
MF
X
X
M
LK
Medic.
SG
X
M
(Rydb.) Fern
S te lla ria
DT
M
Nutt.
Pax
Rl
M
X
LK
X
M
X
X
X
X
$
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Chenopodiaceae
C h e n o p o d iu m
a lb u m L
C h e n o p o d iu m
b e rla n d ie r i
C h e n o p o d iu m
c a p ita tu m
*
*
*
*
REF
LS
Moq. var. z s c h a c k e i (J. Murr.) J. Murr.
(L) Asch.
A. Nels.
C h e n o p o d iu m
d e s ic c a tu m
C h e n o p o d iu m
fre m o n tii
C h e n o p o d iu m
Ie p to p h y llu m
C h e n o p o d iu m
w a ts o n ii
C o ris p e rm u m
h y s s o p ifo liu m
G rayia
s p in o s a
H a lo g e to n
g lo m e ra tu s
K o c h ia
a m e r ic a n a
K o c h ia
s c o p a r ia
Wats. var. fre m o n tii
(Moq.) Nutt, ex Wats.
A. Nels.
L
(Hook.) Moq.
(Bieb.) Meyer
Wats.
(L) Schrad.
(Pursh.) Meeuse & Smit
K ra s c h e n in n ik o v ia Ia n a ta
Rl
M o n o le p s is
n u tta llia n a
S also la
ib e ric a
(Schultes) Greene
Sennen & Pau
DT
X
LK
X
J
DL
X
M
X
M
X
M
LK
X
X
M
X
M
X
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
*
S a rc o b a tu s
v e rm ic u la tis
*
Suaeda
fru tic o s a
(L) Forsk.
LK
X
Suaeda
m o q u in ii
(Torrey) Greene
C
X
*
Suaeda
n ig ra
Commelinaceae
T ra d e s c a n tia
b ra c te a ta
T ra d e s c a n tia
o c c id e n ta lis
Convovulaceae
C o n vo vu lu s
a rv e n s is
Ip o m e a
Ie p to p h y lla
C o rn u s
c a n a d e n s is
C o rn u s
s e re c ia
C o rn u s
s to lo n ife ra
Cornaceae
(Hook.) Torrey
(Raf.) Macbr.
Small ex Britt.
(Britt.) Smyth var. o c c id e n ta lis
L.
Torn
L.
L
Michx.
SG
J
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
CJ
X
M
X
M
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Crassulaceae
Sedum
Ia n c e o la tu m
Torrey var. Ia n c e o la tu m
M
Sedum
rh o d a n th u m
Gray
M
X
Sedum
s te n o p e ta lu m
S
X
C a re x
a p e rta
C a re x
a q u a tilis
C a re x
a th ro s ta c h y a
C a re x
a u re a
C a re x
b ru n n e s c e n s
C a re x
c a p ita ta
C a re x
d o u g la s ii
Boott.
C a re x
e ly n o id e s
Holm.
C a re x
filifolia
Nutt.
S
X
C a re x
g e y e ri
Boott
M
X
C a re x
g y n o c ra te s
(Wormsk.) ex Drejer
M
X
C a re x
h a y d e n ia n a
Olney
M
X
C a re x
h e lio p h y la
C a re x
h o o d ii
C a re x
in te rio r
C a re x
la n u g in o s a
Mich.
M
C a re x
m ic ro p te ra
Mack.
M
C a re x
n e b ra s c e n s is
C a re x
o e d e ri
C a re x
p a rry a n a
C a re x
P e n n s y lv a n ia
C a re x
p e ta s a ta
C a re x
p ra tic o la
Cyperaceae
REF
Pursh
Boott.
Wallenb.
Olney
Nutt.
(Pers.) Poir.
L.
Mack.
Boott
Bailey
M
X
LK
X
Retz
Dewey var. p a rra y a n a
Lam.
DT
SG
MF
X
X
CJ
X
M
X
CJ
X
M
X
CL
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
Dewey
Rl
X
X
X
M
X
LK
X
LK
X
LS
X
Dewey
CJ
X
Rydb.
CL
X
§
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Cyperaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Ericaceae
Genus
Species
REF
C a re x
ra y n o ld s ii
C a re x
ro s s ii
C a re x
ro strata
Dewey
Boott.
Allioni
C a re x
ru p e s tris
s c irp o id e a
C a re x
s p re n g e lii
C a re x
u tricu lata
C a re x
v a llic o la
C a re x
virid u la
C a re x
v u lp in o id e a
Michx
Dewey ex Spreng.
Boott in Hook.
Dewey
Michx.
Michx.
E le o c h a ris
m a c ro s ta c h y s
E le o c h a ris
p a lustris
S c irp is
v a lid u s
Vahl.
S c irp u s
a c u tu s
Muhl ex Bigel
S c irp u s
a m e ric a n u s
S c irp u s
p a llid u s
S c irp u s
pungens
(L) R. & S.
Vahl.
E la e a g n u s
a n g u s tifo lia
a rg e n te a
S h e p h e rd ia
c a n a d e n s is
A rc to s ta p h y lo s
P y ro la
(OrthiIIa)
u v a -u rs i
a s a rifo lia
Pers.
(Britt.) Fern
S h e p h e rd ia
DT
SG
LK
L.
M
MF
X
LS
Stokes ex With.
C a re x
Rl
X
X
DL
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
DL
X
LK
X
LK
X
CL
X
LK
X
M
X
CL
X
CL
X
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
(Pursh.) Nutt.
M
(L) Nutt.
M
X
S
X
(L) Spreng.
X
Michx.
LK
X
Sw.
M
X
LK
X
M
X
P y ro la
c h lo ra n th a
P yro la
secunda
V a c c in iu m
s c o p a riu m
L
Leiberg ex Cov.
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Euphorbiaceae
E u p h o rb ia
c y p a ris s ia s
Fabaceae
*
*
*
*
I.
L.
E u p h o rb ia
e s u la
E u p h o rb ia
g ly p to s p e rm a
E u p h o rb ia
ro b u s ta
Engelm.
(Engelm.) Small
REF
Rl
LK
X
LK
X
DT
SG
M
X
X
X
X
LK
A s tra g a lu s
a d s u rg e n s
Pallas
M
A s tra g a lu s
a d s u rg e n s
var. ro b u s tio r Hooker
M
A s tra g a lu s
a g re s tis
A s tra g a lu s
a re tio d e s
A s tra g a lu s
a tr o p u b e s c e n s
A s tra g a lu s
b is u lc a tu s
A s tra g a lu s
c a n a d e n s is
Dougl. ex G. Don
(Jones) Barneby
Coult. & Fish.
(Hook.) Gray
L. var. c a n a d e n s is
Sheld. var. filifolius
A s tra g a lu s
c e ra m ic u s
A s tra g a lu s
c h a m a e lu c e
A s tra g a lu s
c ib a riu s
A s tra g a lu s
c ra s s ic a rp u s
A s tra g a lu s
d ru m m o n d ii
A s tra g a lu s
g e y e ri
A s tra g a lu s
g ilv iflo ru s
Gray
Sheld.
Nutt.
Dougl. ex Hook.
Gray
A s tra g a lu s
g ra c ilis
A s tra g a lu s
g ra y !
A s tra g a lu s
h y a lin u s
Nutt.
Parry ex Wats.
Jones
A s tra g a lu s
k e n tro p h y ta
A s tra g a lu s
Ie n tig in o s u s
A s tra g a lu s
Io tiflo ru s
A s tra g a lu s
m is e r
A s tra g a lu s
m is e r
X
X
J
X
M
X
J
X
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
M
M
M
Sheld.
X
M
LK
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
Gray
LK
X
Dougl. ex Hook. var. p la ty p h y llid u s (Rydb.) Peck
M
Hook.
MF
X
LK
X
Dougl.
M
X
Dougl. var. d e c u m b e n s (Nutt, ex I . & G.) Cronq.
M
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Fabaceae
A s tra g a lu s
m is s o u rie n s is
A s tra g a lu s
o re g a n o s
Nutt.
Nutt.
REF
A s tra g a lu s
p la tte n s is
A s tra g a lu s
p u rs h ii
A s tra g a lu s
ro b b in s ii
A s tra g a lu s
s p a th u la tu s
A s tra g a lu s
vexilliflexis
G lycyrrh iza
Ie p id o ta
H e d y s a ru m
b o re a le
Nutt.
(Oakes) Gray
Sheld.
Sheld
X
CJ
L u p in u s
p u s illu s
L u p in u s
s e re c iu s
L u p in u s
w y e th ii
Rydb.
Pursh.
Pursh
Pursh
Wats.
L
M e d ic a g o
Iu p u lin a
M e d ic a g o
sativa
L
M e lilo tu s
a lb u s
Medic.
M e llilo tu s
o fficin alis
O n o b ry c h is
vicifo lia
(L) Pallas
Scop.
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
LS
X
S
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
LK
M
X
X
M
besseyi
(Rydb.) var. a rg o p h y lla Barneby
M
Rydb.
M
X
X
X
X
O xytro p is
besseyi
(Rydb.) Blank, var. b e s s e y i
LK
X
O xytro p is
besseyi
(Rydb.) Blank, var. fallax
LK
X
c a m p e s tris
O xytro p is
Ia g o p u s
(L) D C. var. g ra c ilis
(Pall.) DC
Nutt. var. a tro p u rp u re a (Rydb.) Barneby
X
X
besseyi
d e fle x a
X
X
M
O xytro p is
O xytro p is
X
M
O xytro p is
O xytro p is
X
X
M
M
s u lp h u re s c e n s
X
X
M
MF
X
M
Nutt. var. b o re a le
a rg e n te u s
SG
M
Pursh
L u p in u s
DT
J
M
Dougl. ex Hook var. p u rs h ii
H e d y s a ru m
Rl
X
M
LK
M
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Fabaceae
O xytro p is
Ia g o p u s
Nutt. var. Ia g o p u s Barneby
M
O xytro p is
Ia m b e rtii
Pursh
S
REF
Litv.
rip a ria
s e ric e a
O xytro pis
s p le n d e n s
D a le a
o c c id e n ta le
D a le a
p u rp u re u m
Nutt.
(Heller ex Britt. & Kearn.) Fern
(Vent.) Rydb.
LK
S
LK
P s o ra le a
te n u iflo ra
S p h a e ro p h y s a
s a ls u la
T h e rm o p s is
rh o m b ifo lia
Trifolium
h y b rid u m
Trifolium
p ra te n s e
Pursh var. tenuiflora
(Pallas) DC
(Nutt, ex Pursh) Nutt, ex Richards.
X
LK
X
X
X
X
X
X
LK
X
L.
LK
X
L.
LK
X
M
X
L
Trifolium
re p e n s
Vicia
a m e r ic a n a
Muhl. ex Willd. var. m in o r
CL
Muhl. ex Willd. var. trun cate
M
Vicia
a m e ric a n a
C o ry d a lis
a u re a
Willd.
LK
Gentianaceae
G e n tia n a
a ffin is
Griseb.
M
(Kell.) Kuntz
S w e rtia
ra d ia ta
E ro d iu m
c ic u ta riu m
G e ra n iu m
ric h a r d s o n ii
G e ra n iu m
v is c o s s is s im u m
(L ) LhHer.
Fisch & Traunty
Fisch & Meyer ex Meyer
X
X
LK
Fumariaceae
Geraniaceae
X
LK
Pursh
MF
X
L
Pursh
e s c u le n ta
Ia n c e o la ta
SG
X
M
Dougl. ex Hookeri
P s o ra le a
DT
M
O xytro pis
O xytro pis
P s o ra le a
Rl
X
X
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Grossulariaceae
R ib e s
a m e r ic a n u m
R ib e s
a u re u m
Pursh.
R ib e s
c e re u m
Dougl.
M
R ib e s
h u d s o n ia n u m
R ib e s
Ia c u s tre
R ib e s
m o n te g e n u m
R ib e s
o x y c a n th io d e s
R ib e s
v is c o s s is s im u m
Mill.
Richards.
(Pers.) Poiret
McCIatchie
REF
Rl
LK
X
M
X
DT
SG
X
X
L
X
M
X
X
S
X
L. var. s e to s u m (Lindl.) Dorn
M
X
Pursh. var. v is c o s is s im u m
M
X
Hydrophyllaceae
*
E llisia
n y c te le a
(L) L.
M
X
Nam a
densum
Lemmon var. p a rv iflo ru m (Greenm.) Hitch.
LS
X
N e m o p h y lla
b re v iflo ra
*
P h a c e lia
g la n d u lo s a
P h a c e lia
h a s ta ta
*
P h a c e lia
iv e s ia n a
P h a c e lia
lin e a ris
(Pursh.) Holz.
P h a c e lia
s e re c ia
(Grab, ex Hook.) Gray
Iris
m is s o u rie n s is
(Nutt.)
M
X
S isy rin c h iu m
a n g u s tifo liu m
Mill.
LK
X
S is y rin c h iu m
m o n ta n u m
Juglandaceae
J u g la n s
c in e ria
Juncaceae
Juncus
b a ltic u s
Juncus
c o n fu s u s
Cov.
Iridaceae
MF
Gray
Nutt.
Doug, ex Lehm. var. Ie u c o p h y lla (Torr) Cronq.
Torrey
Greene
L.
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
X
LK
X
M
LK
Willd. var. m o n ta n u s Engelman.
X
M
X
X
LK
X
L
X
Juncus
e n s ifo liu s
var. m o n ta n u s Wil kst.
M
X
Juncus
Io n g is ty lis
Torr var. Io n g istylis
LK
X
Juncus
p a rry i
Juncus
re g e lii
Engelm.
LK
Buch.
LK
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Juncaceae
Juncus
te n u is
Willd. var. d u d le y i (Wieg.) F.J. Herm.
LK
X
Juncus
te n u is
Willd. var. ten u is
LK
X
Juncus
to rre y i
Cov.
M
X
Juncus
tra c y i
Ryd b.
M
X
Lamiaceae
REF
(L ) DC. var. m u ltiflo ra (Ehrh.) Celak
L u zu la
c a m p e s tris
L u zu la
s p ic a ta
T rig lo c h in
m a ritim u m
Hedeom a
d ru m m o n d ii
Hedeom a
h is p id u m
M a rru b iu m
v u lg a re
M e n th a
a rv e n s is
L.
L. var. m e n th a e fo lia
DT
L.
M
X
M
X
Pursh
L.
X
DL
X
M
M
fis tu lo s a
c a ta ria
P ru n e lla
vu lg a ris
S c u te lla ria
g a le ric u la ta L
S ta c h y s
p a lu s tris L .
Lentibulariaceae
U tric u la ria
vu lg a ris
Liliaceae
A lliu m
b re v is ty lu m
A lliu m
c e rn u m
A lliu m
g e y e ri
Wats.
LK
A lliu m
textile
Nets. & Macbr.
M
L
L.
var. p ilo s a
L.
Wats.
Roth
L.
A s p a ra g u s
o ffic in a lis
C a lo c h o rtis
g u n n is o n ii
C a lo c h o rtu s
b ru n e a u n is
C a lo c h o rtu s
n Uttallii
D is p o ru m
hooked
X
X
M
M o n a rd a
X
LK
X
L
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
X
Nels. and Macbr.
T. & G.
(Torrey) Nicholson
X
X
X
LK
Wats.
X
X
M
M
M
C
MF
X
C
Benth.
SG
M
(L) DC
N e p e ta
Lamiaceae
Rl
X
X
X
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Liliaceae
D is p o ru m
tra c h y c a rp u m
E ryth ro n iu m
g ra n d iflo ru m
Rursh.
Fritillaria
a tro p u rp u re a
Fritillaria
p u d ic a
L e u c o c rin u m
m o n ta n u m
L iliu m
p h ila d e lp h ic u m
L lo y d e a
s e ro tin a
S m ila c in a
ra c e m o s a
S m ila c in a
s te lla ta
S m ila x
h e rb a c e a
V eratrum
c a lifo rn ic u m
Z ig a d e n u s
e le g a n s
Z ig a d e n u s
v e n e n o s u s .W a ts .
L in u m
Ie w is ii
L in u m
rig id u m
M e n tz e lia
a lb ic a u lis
Linaceae
Loasaceae
*
Malvaceae
Nyctaginaceae
REF
(Wats.) Benth. & Hooker
Rl
DT
SG
MF
M
X
M
X
Nutt.
M
X
(Pursh) Spreng.
M
Nutt, ex Gray
L. var. a n d in u m (Nutt.) Ker.
(L) Salisb.ex Reichenb.
(L) Desf.
(L) Desf.
L var. Ia s io n e u ro n (Hook.) A. DC.
Durand
Pursh.
var. g ra m in e u s
Pursh.
Pursh
X
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
LK
X
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
S
X
(Doug, ex Hook.) Doug, ex I . & G.
M
X
(Pursh. ex Sims) Urban & Gilg.
M
X
M e n tz e lia
d e c a p e ta la
M e n tz e lia
d is p e rs a
M e n tz e lia
p u m ila
M a lv a
p arviflo ra
L
LK
S p h a e ra lc e a
c o c c in ia
(Nutt.) Rydberg
M
X
A b ro n ia
fra g ra n s
Nutt, ex Hook.
M
X
M ira b ilis
lin e a ris
(Pursh.) Heimerl
M
X
Wats.
I . & G.
LS
X
J
X
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Onagraceae
C a ly lo p h u s
s e rru la tu s
C a m is s o n ia
a n d in a
C a m is s o n ia
m in o r
C a m is s o n ia
s c a p o id e a
C a m is s o n ia
p a rv u la
*
*
Species
REF
(Nutt.) Raven
(Nutt.) Raven
(A. Nelson) Raven
(I. & G.) Raven
(Nutt, ex T. & G.) Raven
L. var. a lp in a
Rl
LK
X
D
X
M
X
LS
LK
X
X
a lp in a
a n a g a llid ifo liu m
E p ilo b iu m
a n g u s tifo liu m
E p ilo b iu m
c ilia tu m
Raf.
M
X
E p iio b iu m
c ilia tu m
Raf. var. g la n d u lo s u m (Lemh.) Hoch & Raven
LK
X
E p ilo b iu m
c la v a tu m
Trel.
C
X
E p ilo b iu m
Ia tifo liu m
L.
M
E p ilo b iu m
p a n ic u la tu m
G a u ra
c o c c in e a
Nutt, ex Pursh.
M
Dougl. ex Hookeri
LK
Nutt, ex I . & G.
G a u ra
p a rv iflo ra
G ayo p h ytu m
ra m o s s is im u m
O e n o th e ra
a lb ic a u lis
O e n o th e ra
c a e s p ito s a
O e n o th e ra
d e p re s s a
T. & G.
Pursh.
MF
X
C irc a e a
L.
SG
D
E p ilo b iu m
Lam.
DT
M
X
M
X
X
X
X
LK
X
X
X
LK
M
Nutt.
M
Greene
LK
X
X
X
X
O e n o th e ra
Ia tifo lia
(Rydb.) Munz
LS
O e n o th e ra
n u tta llii
Sweet
M
X
O e n o th e ra
p a llid a
Lindl
M
X
O e n o th e ra
villo s a
Thumb
M
X
X
O)
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Orchidaceae
C a ly p s o
b u lb o s a
C o ra llo rh iza
m a c u la ta
C o ra llo rh iza
s triata
G o o d y e ra
o b lo n g ifo lia
Raf.
H a b e n a ria
h y p e rb o re a
(L) R. Br.
H a b e n a ria
u n a la s c e n s is
H a b e n a ria
virid is
P la n ta n th e ra
d ila ta ta
Orobanchaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
REF
(L) Oakes
Raf.
(Spreng.) Wats.
(L) R. Br.
(Pursh.) Lindl. ex Beck
Nutt.
O ro b a n c h e
fa s c ic u la ta
Iu d o v ic ia n a
O ro b a n c h e
u n iflo ra
P la n ta g o
m a jo r L
P la n ta g o
p a ta g o n ia
DT
Nutt.
L.
(L) Gaertn.
X
X
X
S
X
M
X
X
M
X
X
M
LK
X
X
LS
X
LS
X
M
X
X
M
M
X
A g ro p y ro n
c ris ta tu m
A g ro p y ro n
d a s y s ta c h y u m
A g ro p y ro n
in te rm e d iu m
A g ro p y ro n
re p e n s
A g ro p y ro n
rip a riu m
A g ro p y ro n
s m ith ii
A g ro p y ro n
s p ic a tu m
A g ro p y ro n
subsecundum
A g ro p y ro n
tra c h y c a u lu m
A g ro p y ro n
e lo n g a tu m
A g ro s tis
a lb a
LK
X
A g ro s tis
e x a ra ta
Trin.
M
X
A g ro s tis
s c a b ra
Willd.
S
X
X
S
(Host) Beauv.
(L) Beauv.
Scribn. & Sm.
Rydb.
X
M
X
LK
X
LK
X
S
(Pursh) Gould
M
X
X
S
(Link) Malte ex Lewis
(Host) Beauv.
L var. p a lu s tris (Huds.) Pers.
MF
M
LK
Jacq.
SG
M
LK
Lindl.
O ro b a n c h e
Rl
X
X
LK
X
LK
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Poaceae
A g ro s tis
s to lo n ife ra
REF
L.
M
Poir
Rl
DT
M
A lo p e c u ru s
a ru n d in a c e u s
g e r a r d ii
A n d ro p o g o n
s c o p a riu s
A ris tid a
fe n d Ie ria n a
A ris tid a
Io n g is e ta
Steud.
S
Nutt.
M
X
LS
X
Michx. var. s c o p a riu s
Steud.
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
X
A ris tid a
p u rp u re a
Avena
sativa
B e c k m a n n ia
s y z ig a c h n e
B o u te lo u a
c u rtip e n d u la
B o u te lo u a
g ra c ilis
B ro m u s
c a rin a tu s
Hook. & Am. var. c a rin a tu s
M
X
B ro m u s
c a rin a tu s
Hook. & Am. var. lin earis
M
X
LK
X
L.
(SteudeI) Fern
(Michx.) Torr. var. c u rtip e d u la
(H.B.K.) Lag
B ro m u s
c ilia tu s L
B ro m u s
c o m m u ta tu s
B ro m u s
in e rm is
B ro m u s
ja p o n ic u s
B ro m u s
te c to ru m
Schrad.
Leyss.
CL
Thunb.
L.
(Michx.) Beauv.
X
X
L
X
C a la m a g ro s tis
ru b e s c e n s
C a la m o v ilfa
Io n g ifo lia
C a ta b ro s a
a q u a tic a
D a c ty lu s
g lo m e ra ta
L
M
D a n th o n ia
in te rm e d ia
Vasey
S
D a n th o n ia
u n is p ic a ta
(Thurb.) Munro ex Macoun
DL
(L.) Beauv.
X
M
c a n a d e n s is
X
X
S
p u rp u ra s c e n s
(Hook.) Scribn. var. Io n g ifo lia
X
LK
C a la m a g ro s tis
Buckl.
X
M
C a la m a g ro s tis
R. Br.
X
LK
M
MF
X
A n d ro p o g o n
Vitman
SG
LK
X
CJ
X
LK
X
CL
X
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Poaceae
D e s c h a m p s ia
c a e s p ito s a
D e s c h a m p s ia
e lo n g a te
D is tic h lis
s p ic a ta
E c h in o c h lo a
c ru s g a lli.c ru s g a lli
E lym u s
c a n a d e n s is
E lym u s
c in e riu s
REF
(L) Beauv.
M
(Hook.) Munro
M
(L ) Greene var. s tricta (Torr.) Scribn.
L.
Scribn. & Merr.
Rl
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
g la u c u s
E lym u s
tra c h y c a u lis
E lym u s
v irg in ic u s
Elytrig ia
in te rm e d ia
(Link) Gould ex Shinners
L. var. s u b m u tic u s Hook.
X
X
M
LK
X
X
CL
Elmer
F e s tu c a
id a h o e n s is
F e s tu c a
o vin a
F e s tu c a
p ra te n s is
G ly c e ria
g ra n d is
G ly c e ria
striata
H o rd e u m
b ra c h y a n th e ru m
H o rd e u m
ju b a tu m
L.
X
M
X
M
Hubs.
Wats.
(Lam.) Hitchc.
Nevski
L.
K o e le ria
m a c ra n th a
K o e le ria
p y ra m id a ta
Leucopoa
k in g ii
M e lic a
b u lb o s a
M e lic a
s p e c ta b ilis
X
M
X
S
X
M
X
M
X
M
(Ledeb.) Schultes
(Wats.) Weber
Geyer ex Porter & Coult
Scribn.
(Griseb.) Scribn. var. p a m e llii (Scribn.) C L. Hitchc.
MF
X
(Raf.) Sweezy
e ly m o id e s
E lym u s
SG
X
Buckl. var. g la u c u s
E lym u s
DT
X
M
X
X
DL
X
M
X
M
X
S
X
LK
M e lic a
s u b u la te
M u h le n b e rg ia
a s p e rifo lia
(Nees & Meyer ex Trin.) Parodi
C
M u h le n b e rg ia
ra c e m o s e
(Michx.) B.S.P.
LK
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Poaceae
M u h le n b e rg ia
ric h a rd s o n is
M u n ro a
s q u a rro s a
(Nutt.) Torrey
LS
X
O ro z o p s is
m ic ra n th a
(Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb.
LK
X
O ry zo p s is
h y m e n o id e s
P a s c o p y ru m
s m ith ii
P h a la ris
a ru n d in a c e a
P h le u m
a lp in u m
P h le u m
p ra te n s is
P h ra g m ite s
a u s tra lis
REF
(Trin.) Rydb.
(Roem & Schult.) Richer ex Piper
Rl
DT
CL
M
M
L
X
X
X
X
M
L.
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
L.
X
M
X
LK
X
M
Poa
a lp in a
Poa
a rid a
Poa
b u lb o s a
Poa
c o m p re s s a
Poa
c u s ic ii
Poa
fe n d le ria n a
Poa
g la u c ifo lia
Vasey
X
LK
L.
X
LK
L
Scribn. & Williams ex Williams
Rydb.
in te rio r
Poa
ju n c ifo lia
Poa
n e rv o s a
Poa
p ra te n s is
Poa
s a n d b e r g ii
Poa
s c a b re lla
Poa
secunda
Poa
trivalis
P o ly p o g o n
m o n s p e lie n s is
P s e u d o re g n e ria
s p ic a ta
X
LK
(Stend.) Vasey
Poa
X
M
Vasey
X
M
C
X
X
S
var. a m p la Scribn.
(Hook.) Vasey
L.
Vasey
(Thurb)Ben
Presl.
X
M
X
DL
X
M
X
LK
X
K
M
L.
X
X
M
(L) Desf.
ssp. s p ic a ta
MF
X
CL
L.
SG
M
CL
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Poaceae
P u c c in e llia
n u tta llia n a
S c h e d o n n a rd u s
p a n ic u la tu s
S e ta ria
v irid is
S p a rtin a
g ra c ilis
Polemoniaceae
*
*
*
REF
(Schult.) Hitchc.
(Nutt.) Trel.
(L ) Beauv.
Trin.
C
Rl
DT
SG
X
CL
X
LK
X
C
X
S p a rtin a
p e c tin a ta
Link
LK
X
S p h e n o p h y lis
o b tu s a ta
(Michx.) Scribn. var. m a jo r (Torn) K.S. Erdm.
LK
X
S p o ro b o lis
a e r o id e s
(Torrey) Torrey
M
X
S p o ro b o lis
c ry p ta n d ru s
(Torn) Gray
LK
X
S tip a
c o lu m b ia n a
Macoun
S
X
S tip a
c o m a ta
S tip a
h y m e n o id e s
S tip a
Ie tte rm a n n ii
S tip a
n e ls o n ii
S tip a
o c c id e n ta lis
S tip a
virid u la
S tip a
w illia m s ii
T risetu m
canescens
T risetu m
s p ic a tu m
Prin. & Rupn
Vasey
ssp. d o rs i
Thurb. ex Wats.
Trin.
Scribn.
M
X
LK
X
CL
X
CJ
M
Buckl.
M
(L) Richt.
M
o c to flo ra
lin e a ris
Nutt.
M
C o llo m ia
tin c to ra
Kell.
J
G ilia
Ie p to m e ria
p in n a tifid a
Gray
Ip o m o p s is
p u m ila
var. virid is (Hook.) Grant
(Nutt.) Grant
X
X
X
D
LK
Rydb.
tw e e d ii
X
X
LK
G ilia
c o n g e s ta
X
LK
Vulpia
G ilia
X
CL
C o llo m ia
Ip o m o p s is
X
D
X
X
X
M
D
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Polemoniaceae
*
Ip o m o p s is
s p ic a ta
L e p to d a c ty lo n
c a e s p ito s u m
L e p to d a c ty lo n
p u n g e n s (T o rre y )
L in a n th u s
s e p te n trio n a lis
*
REF
(Nutt.) Grant
Nutt.
Torrey ex Nutt.
g ra c ilis
a n d ic o la
P h lo x
c a e s p ito s a
P h lo x
h o o d ii
P h lo x
M
M
X
M
X
M
Nutt.
M
Richardson
M
Io n g ifo lia
Nutt.
M
P h lo x
m u ltiflo ra
A.Nels(Nutt.)Parker
J
P h lo x
m u s c o id e s
P h lo x
p u lv in a ta
P o le m o n iu m
o c c id e n ta le
P o le m o n iu m
p u lc h e rrim u m
P o le m o n iu m
v is c o s u m
E rio g o n u m
X Iagopus
E rio g o n u m
annuum
E rio g o n u m
b re v e c a u le
E rio g o n u m
b re v ic a u le
E rio g o n u m
c a e s p ito s u m
E rio g o n u m
c e rn u u m
Nutt.
E rio g o n u m
c h ry s o p s
Rydb.
E rio g o n u m
flavu m
Nutt. var. p ip e d (Greene) Jones
Nutt. var. flavum
Nutt.
(Wherry) Cronq.
Greene var. o c c id e n ta le
Hook. var. p u lc h e rrim u m
Nutt.
Nutt.
Nutt. var. c a n u m (Stokes) Dorn
E rio g o n u m
fIavu m
m ancum
E rio g o n u m
o va lifo liu m
Nutt.
Rydb.
Nutt.
MF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
J
X
LK
X
LK
X
LK
X
LS
X
LK
Nutt. var. b re v e c a u le
SG
M
E. Nels
E rio g o n u m
DT
LK
(Hook.) Greene var. g ra c ilis
M ic ro s te ris
P h lo x
Rl
X
M
X
T
X
X
M
X
LS
X
S
X
X
J
X
M
X
X
LS
X
J
X
X
00
M
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Polygonaceae
*
E rio g o n u m
p a u c iflo ru m
E rio g o n u m
s a ls u g in o s u m
E rio g o n u m
s trictu m
E rio g o n u m
u m b e l la tu m
Torrey var. u m b e l latum
M
X
E rio g o n u m
u m b e lla tu m
Torrey var. s u b a lp in u m
M
X
P o ly g o n u m
a v ic u la re
P o ly g o n u m
b is to rto id e s
P o ly g o n u m
d o u g la s ii
P o ly g o n u m
Ia p a th ifo liu m
P o ly g o n u m
vivip aru m
Rum ex
c ris p u s
Rum ex
trian g u livalvis
Portulacaceae
Primulaceae
REF
Pursh
Benth.
L.
Rl
LS
X
M
X
Pursh.
Greene
L.
L.
X
X
M
X
LS
LK
(Danser) Rech. F.
Pursh.
venosus
C la y to n ia
Ia n c e o la ta
C la y to n ia
p e rfo lia ta
Donn
L e w is ia
pygm aea
(Gray) Robins.
L e w is ia
red iviva
M o n tia
p e rfo lia ta
P o rtu la c a
Pursh
X
X
Pursh.
X
LK
X
LK
X
M
X
M
M
X
X
M
X
M
X
(Donn.) Howell var. p e rfo lia ta
LK
X
o le ra c e a
L.
LK
X
Pers.
LK
X
P o ta m o g e to n
filifo rm is
A n d ro s a c e
s e p te n trio n a lis L
D o d e c a th e o n
c o n ju g e n s
D o d e c a th e o n
p u lc e llu m
D o u g la s ia
m o n ta n a
L y s a m a c h ia
cilia ta
Greene
(Raf ) Merrill
Gray
MF
X
M
L.
SG
S
LK
Rum ex
L.
DT
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
LK
X
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Ranunculaceae
A c ta e a
ru b ra
A nem one
cy Iin d ric a
Anem one
m u ltifid a
A nem one
p a n /iflo ra
A nem one
p a te n s
C le m a tis
c o lu m b ia n a
(Nutt.) var. te n u ilo b a
M
X
C le m a tis
c o lu m b ia n a
var. c o lu m b ia n a (Nutt.) I . & G.
M
X
C le m a tis
h irs u tis s im a
Pursh
C le m a tis
Iig u is tic ifo lia
Nutt.
M
M
C le m a tis
D e lp h in iu m
var. g ro s s e rra ta
a n d e r s o n ii Gray
D e lp h in iu m
b ic o lo r
Nutt.
LS
M
D e lp h in iu m
g e y e ri
Greene
AL
X
J
X
L
M
X
X
X
*
*
REF
Rl
DT
SG
(Aiton) Willd.
M
X
Gray
L
M
X
S
X
M
X
Poir var. m u ltifid a
Michx.
L.
o c c id e n ta lis
L. var. c a p illa c e o u s
R a n u n c u lis
a q u a tilis
R a n u n c u lu s
a e rifo rm is
R a n u n c u lu s
a q u a tilis
R a n u n c u lu s
c y m b a la ria
Gray
L.
Pursh.
X
X
M
X
X
R a n u n c u lu s
g la b e rrim u s
J
M
R a n u n c u lu s
m a c o u n ii
LK
X
R a n u n c u lu s
p e n n s y lv a n ic u s
LK
X
R a n u n c u lu s
te s tic u la tis
R a n u n c u lu s
u n c in a tu s
T h alictru m
Fisch.et al.
fe n d le ri Engelm. ex Gray var. fe n d le ri
Hook. var. e llip tic u s (Greene) Greene
Britt.
L.f.
Crantz
var. u n c in a tu s G. Don ex G. Don
M
o c c id e n ta le
LK
M
T h a lic tru m
s p a rs ifIo ru m
T h allictru m
v e n u lo s u m
Trel.
S
M
X
X
T h alictru m
X
X
x
LK
Gray
Turcz. ex Fisch. & Meyer
X
LK
d a s y c a rp u m
T h alictru m
MF
X
00
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Rhamnaceae
C e a n o th u s
v elu tin o u s
Rosaceae
A g rim o n ia
g ry p o s e p a la
*
REF
Dougl. ex Hook.
Wallr.
(Nutt.) Nutt, ex Roem.
Rl
M
X
aln ifo lia
Ie d ifo liu s
Nutt.
M
C ra ta e g u s
d o u g la s ii
Lindl.
S
X
F ra g a ria
vesca
M
X
F ra g a ria
v irg in ian a
Miller
M
G eum
a lle p p ic u m
G eum
m a c ro p h y llu m
Willd. var. p e rin c is u m
X
X
X
LK
M
X
X
G eum
ross/7 (R. Br.) Ser.
G eum
triflorum
Pursh.
M
Iv e s ia
g o rd o n ii
(Hook.) T. & G.
M
X
K e ls e y a
u niflora
M
X
P e n ta p h y llo id e s
flo rib u n d a
P e tro p h y to n
c a e s p ito s u m
P h y s o c a rp u s
m a lv a c e o u s
(Wats.) Rydb.
(Pursh.) Love
Greene
P h y s o c a rp u s
m onogynous
P o te n tilla
a n s e rin a
P o te n tilla
(Nutt.) Ryd.
(Torrey) Coult
L
' b ie n n is Greene
var. m a c o u n i (Rydb.) C.L Hitch
P o te n tilla
c o n c in n a
P o te n tilla
d iv e rs ifo lia
P o te n tilla
fissa
P o te n tilla
g la n d u lo s a
P o te n tilla
g ra c ilis
Dougl. ex Hook. var. g la b ra ta (Lemh.) Hitchc.
P o te n tilla
g ra c ilis
P o te n tilla
g ra c ilis
Lehm. var. d iv e rs ifo lia
Nutt.
M
Lindl.
X
X
M
X
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
X
M
LK
MF
X
X
C e rc o c a r p u s
Jacq.
SG
M
LK
A m e la n c h ie r
L.
DT
X
X
M
X
M
X
Dougl. ex Hook. var. b ru n n e s c e n s (Rydb.) Hitchc.
M
X
Dougl. var. fla b e llifo rm is
M
X
Table 5.
Family
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Salicaceae
Continued.
Genus
Species
REF
var. g ra c ilis Dougl. ex Hook.
P o te n tilla
g ra c ilis
P o te n tilla
h ip p ia n a
P o te n tilla
n o n /e g ic a L
P o te n tilla
o vin a
P o te n tilla
p a ra d o x a
P o te n tilla
P e n n s y lv a n ia
P o te n tilla
p la tte n s is
P ru n u s
a m e ric a n a
P ru n u s
v irg in ia n a
Rosa
sayi
Rosa
w o o d s ii
R ubus
id a e u s
R ubus
p a n /iflo ru s
S p ia re a
b e tu lifo lia
G a liu m
Lehm.
ssp. m o n s p e lie n s is (L) Asch. & Graebn.
Macoun var. ovina
Nutt.
L
Nutt.
Marsh
L
Rl
DT
SG
M
X
LS
LK
X
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
M
LK
X
X
M
X
Schwein.
M
X
Lindl.
M
X
L
Nutt.
MF
X
M
X
M
X
Pallas var. Iu c id a (Dougl.) Hitchc.
M
X
a p a rin e
L var. e c h in o s p e rm o n (Wallr.)Farw.
M
X
G a liu m
a p a rin e
L var. a p a rin e
M
X
G a liu m
b ifo liu m
Wats.
C
X
G a liu m
b o r e a le
L.
M
X
G a liu m
trifidu m
L
M
G a liu m
trifIo ru m
G a liu m
v e ru m
P o p u lu s
a c u m in a ta
P o p u lu s
a lb a
P o p u lu s
a n g u s tifo lia
James
M
P o p u lu s
b a ls a m ife ra
L.
M
X
P o p u lu s
d e lto id e s
Marsh
S
X
Michx
L.
M
X
X
X
M
Rydb.
L.
X
M
X
LK
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Salicaceae
P o p u lu s
d e lto id e s
Marsh ssp. m o n ilife ra (Ait.) Echenw.
Michx
P o p u lu s
tre m u Io id e s
S a lix
a m y g d a lo id e s
Anderss.
Sarg. var. b e b b ia n a
S a lix
b e b b ia n a
S a lix
b o o th ii
S a lix
d ru m m o n d ia n a
Dorn
Barr, ex Hook.
var. p a y s o n ia n a (Pennell) Cronq.
S a lix
b ra c te o s a
S a lix
c y s to p te rid ifo lia
S a lix
Iu te a
S a lix
m o n tic o la
Rydb.
Nutt.
Bebb.
Anderss. var. n o v a e -a n g lia e
S a lix
m yrtillifo lia
S a lix
p la n ifo lia
Santalaceae
C o m a n d ra
u m b e lla ta
(L) Nutt.
C o m a n d ra
u m b e lla ta
var. p a llid a (L) Nutt.
Saxifragaceae
B o y k in ia
h e u c h e rifo rm is
Pursh. var. p la n ifo lia
(Rydb.) Rosend
REF
BI
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
M
X
LK
X
M
X
DT
SG
M
X
M
X
LK
X
J
X
M
X
M
X
M
LK
MF
X
X
(D.C. Eat.) Rydb.
LK
Dougl. ex Hookeri
L
X
S
X
C o n im ite lla
w illia m s ii
H e u c h e ra
c y lin d ric a
H e u c h e ra
g ro s s u la rifo lia
Rydb.
H e u c h e ra
p a rv iflo ra
var. d is s e c ta M. Jones
M
H e u c h e ra
p a n /iflo ra
var. u ta h e n s is (Rydb.) Garrett
M
L ith o p h ra g m a
g la b ru m
L ith o p h ra g m a
p a rv iflo ru m
M ite lla
p e n ta n d ra
Nutt.
(Hook.) Nutt, ex T & G.
Hook.
M ite lla
s ta u ro p e ta la
M ite lla
trifida
P a rn a s s ia
p a lu s tris
Piper
Grab.
L var. m o n ta n e n s is (Fern. & Rydb.) C L Hitchc.
X
X
X
X
M
M
X
X
X
X
CJ
X
M
X
DL
X
LK
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Saxifragaceae
S a x ifra g a
c e s p ito s a
S a x ifra g a
REF
Rl
DT
SG
MF
I. var. m in im a Blank
M
X
o re g a n a
A. Nals. var. s u b a p e ta la
J
X
S a x ifra g a
o re g a n a
Howell var. m o n ta n e n s is
S a x ifra g a
rh o m b o id e a
S ullivan tia
h a p e m a n ii
T e le s o n ix
Scrophulariaceae
*
Greene
C
X
M
X
(Coult. & Fisch.) Coult
M
h e u c h e rifo rm is
(Rydb.) Rydb.
M
X
B esseya
w y o m in g ie n s is
(A. Nels.) Rydb.
M
X
C a s tille ja
a n g u s tifo lia
C a s tille ja
c h ro m o s a
(Nutt.) G.Don var. d u b ia A.Nels.
A. Nels.
Greenm.
C a s tille ja
c u s ic ii
C a s tille ja
Iin e a rifo lia
C a s tille ja
m in ia ta
C a s tille ja
p a lle s c e n s
C a s tille ja
p ilo s a
C a s tille ja
p u lc h e lla
C a s tille ja
rh e x ifo lia
C a s tille ja
s e s s iliflo ra
C o llin s ia
p a rv iflo ra
L in a ria
d a lm a tic a
M im u lu s
g u tta tu s
M im u lu s
s u k s d o rfia
X
J
X
M
X
X
M
Benth.
Dougl. ex Hook.
(Gray) Greenm.
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
M
X
Rydb.
M
X
Rydb.
M
X
M
X
(S.Wats.)Rydb. var. Io n g is p ic a (A.Nels) N. Holmgren
Pursh.
Lind I.
M
X
(L.) Miller
M
X
DC var. g u ttatu s
Gray
Nutt.
O rth o c a rp u s
Iu te u s
P e d ic u la ris
b ra c te o s a
P e d ic u la ris
c y s to p te rid ifo lia
P e n s te m o n
a lb id u s
P e n s te m o n
a rid u s
M
LK
X
X
M
var. b ra c te o s a Benth. & Hooker
Rydb.
X
M
X
M
X
Nutt.
K
X
Rydb.
M
X
§§
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Species
Scrophulariaceae
P e n s te m o n
a tte n u a tu s
P e n s te m o n
c a ry i
P e n s te m o n
c o n fe rtu s
P e n s te m o n
cyaneus
*
Solanaceae
REF
Rl
DT
Doug, ex Lindl. var. p s e u d o p ro c e ru s (Rydb.) Cronquist M
Pennell
M
Dougl. var. p ro c e ru s (Dougl. ex Gray) Cov.
Pennell
P e n s te m o n
e ria n th e ru s
P e n s te m o n
g la b e r
P e n s te m o n
Ia ric ifo liu s
P e n s te m o n
n itid is
P e n s te m o n
p ro c e ru s
P e n s te m o n
ra d ic o s u s
V e rb a s c u m
th a p s u s
Pursh. var. e ria n th e ru s
Pursh
Dougl. ex Bentham
Doug, ex Grab.
A. Nels.
X
M
X
X
X
M
X
X
M
X
X
X
M
X
L.
M
X
a m e ric a n a
a n a g a llu s -a q u a tic a
L.
M
V ero n ic a
b ilo b a
V ero n ic a
p e re g rin e
Hyoscyam us
n ig e r
P h ysalis
h e te ro p h y lla
S o la n u m
d u lc a m a ra
L var. x a la p e n s is (H.B.K.) St. John & Warren
L.
Nees var. h ete ro p h y lla
L.
Nutt.
S o la n u m
trifIo ru m
Tamaricaceae
T am arix
c h in e n s is
Typhaceae
Typha
a n g u s tifo lia
Loureiro
X
LK
X
J
X
LK
X
M
X
LK
X
D
X
L.
LK
LK
X
L
LK
X
LK
X
L.
Typha
Iatifo lia
Ulmaceae
C e ltis
o c c id e n ta lis
U lm u s
p u m ila
Urticaceae
P a rie ta ria
p e n n s y lv a n ic a
U rtica
d io ic a
L.
Muhl. ex Willd.
L. var. g ra c ilis
X
LK
M
X
X
M
Schwein ex Benth.
V ero n ic a
X
X
X
LK
V e ro n ic a
X
LK
LK
L.
MF
X
L
LK
H. & A. var. Iaricifo liu s
SG
X
X
Table 5.
Continued.
Family
Genus
Valerianaceae
V alerian a
a c u tiio b a
M
X
V alerian a
d io ic a
L.
M
X
V alerian a
e d u lis
Nutt, ex I . & G.
M
X
V alerian a
s itc h e n s is
S
X
V e rb e n a
b ra c te a ta
V e rb e n a
h a s ta ta
Viola
Verbenaceae
Violaceae
Vitaceae
Species
REF
var. p u b ic a rp a Rydb.
Bong.
Leg & Rothr.
Rl
DT
SG
MF
M
X
L
LK
X
adunca
Smith var. a d u n c a
J
X
Viola
adunca
var. b e llid ifo lia Smith
M
X
Viola
c a n a d e n s is
M
X
Viola
n e p h ro p h y lla
Viola
n u tta llii
Viola
o rb ic u ia ta
Viola
p ra e m o rs a
Viola
p u rp u re a
Viola
v a llic o la
Vitis
rip a ria
var. c a n a d e n s is L.
Greene
Pursh
Geyer ex Holz.
Dougl. ex Lindl.
Kell.
A. Nels.
Michx.
X
CJ
X
LS
X
CJ
X
M
X
DL
X
LK
LK
X
X
91
APPENDIX B
ADDITIONS TO ENTIRE TAXA DATA SET OF 3217
92
Table 6.
59 Pryor Mountain Additions to the Entire Taxa Data Set of 3217 as
presented in Culver (1994).
Genus/Species
Family
A n te n n aria rosea
Caryophyllaceae
A rabis sp a rsiflo ra var. co lu m b ia n a
Brassicaceae
A rte m isia Io n g ifo lia
Asteraceae
A stra g a lu s a tro p u b e sce n s
Fabaceae
A stra g a lu s a re tioid e s
Fabaceae
A stra g a lu s Ie n tig in o su s var. p la typ h yllid e s
Fabaceae
A stra g a lu s g ra yi
Fabaceae
A stra g a lu s c ra s s ic a rp u s var. c ra s s ic a rp u s
Fabaceae
A stra g a lu s c e ra m ic u s var. filifo liu s
Fabaceae
C am issonia s c a p o id e a
Onagraceae
C arex aperta
Cyperaceae
C ha e n a ctis a lp in a var. Ie u co p sis
Asteraceae
C he n o p o d iu m w a tso n ii
Chenopodiaceae
C hrysotham nis Iinefolius
Asteraceae
C irsium p o lyp h yllu s
Asteraceae
C onm itella w illia m s ii
Saxifragaceae
C ryptantha w a tso n ii
Boraginaceae
C ryptantha s c o p a ria
Boraginaceae
D e scu ra n ia ric h a rd s o n ii var. viscosa
Brassicaceae
D isp o ru m h o o k e ri
Liliaceae
E le o ch a ris m a cro sta ch ys
Cyperaceae
E rigeron co m p o s itu s var. g la b ra tu s
Asteraceae
E rigeron a llo c o tu s
Asteraceae
E ritrich iu m h o w a rd ii
Boraginaceae
Festuca ovina
Poaceae
G alium verum
Rubiaceae
H abenaria virid is
Orchidaceae
H ym e n o p a p p u s filifo liu s var. Iuteus
Asteraceae
Ip om oea Iep to p h ylla
Convovulaceae
93
Table 6.
Continued.
Genus/Species
Family
Ip o m o p sis co n g e sta var. viridis
Polemoniaceae
J u g la n s c in e ria
Juglandaceae
L a p p u la re d o w s k ii var. cu p u la ta
Brassicaceae
L e p to d a ctylo n ca e spito su m
Polemoniaceae
L e u c o p o a k in g ii
Poaceae
L u p in u s p u s illu s
Fabaceae
L u p in u s w yeth ii
Fabaceae
M a ch a e ra n th e ra ta n a ce tifo lia
Asteraceae
M a la c o th rix s o n c h o id e s
Asteraceae
M alva p a rviflo ra
Malvaceae
M u sin e o n vaginatum
Apiaceae
O enothera depressa
Onagraceae
O xytropis besseyi var. Fallax
Fabaceae
O xytropis besseyi var. a rg op h ylla
Fabaceae
O xytropis ripa ria
Fabaceae
O xytropis s p le n d e n s
Fabaceae
P enstem on ca ryi
Scrophulariaceae
P ha celia g la n d u lo sa
Hydrophyllaceae
P la tysch kuh ria in te g rifo lia var. o b lo n g ifo lia
Asteraceae
P otentilla c o n c in n a var. m a c o u n i
Rosaceae
R orip p a ca ly c in a
Brassicaceae
S a m b u cu s ca n a d e n sis var. ca n a d e n sis
Caprifoliaceae
S hoshonea p u lvinata
Apiaceae
S ilene c s e re ii
Caryophyllaceae
S isyrin ch iu m a n g u stifo liu m
Iridaceae
Stanleya tom entosa
Brassicaceae
S ueada fru tico sa
Chenopodiaceae
Sueada m o q u in ii
Chenopodiaceae
Trisetum ca n e sce n s
Poaceae
W yethia sca b ra
Asteraceae
3