Field verification of predictive bedload formulas in a coarse bedload mountain stream
by Nicholas Bugosh
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Earth Sciences
Montana State University
© Copyright by Nicholas Bugosh (1988)
Abstract:
Field verification of the applicability of bedload predictive formulas to coarse-bedload high-gradient
mountain streams has received relatively little study as compared to similar work in sand bed streams.
This study attempted to verify the applicability of two types of predictive bedload formulas, a
discharge type and a tractive force type, to Squaw Creek, a coarse bedload high-gradient mountain
stream. The Schoklitsch (1934) formula was chosen as a discharge type and the Meyer-Peter and
Muller (1948) formula was selected as a tractive force type. The predictions of these formulas were
also compared to predictions generated from Bagnold's simple theoretical expression for unit stream
power.
Discharge, water surface slope, bed slope, water density, bedload particle size and bedload quantity
were measured instantaneously during the 1983 and 1984 bedload transport events. A technique, which
proved very successful, was developed for simultaneously measuring water surface and bed slope. The
appropriate parameters were substituted into the formulas and the resulting predicted quantity of
bedload was compared to the quantity actually measured in the stream. Field observations of channel
features and changes in channel morphology were made to enable explanations for any variance
between predictions and measurements.
The catastrophic dispersal of an old log jam in the study reach was observed and recorded during the
1983 bedload event. The dispersal of this log jam and the resulting instantaneous changes in stream
power parameters had greater effect on bedload in Squaw Creek than any other parameter studied.
Approximately 730 metric tons of bedload passed through the study reach during the twenty-three day
1983 bedload event. Thirty percent of this bedload moved in a three day period and is directly
attributable to the burst of the log jam.
The Schoklitsch formula predictions were closest to measured values. The complex Meyer-Peter and
Muller formula yielded predictions very similar to those of the simple stream power expression. The
formulas overpredicted bedload in Squaw Creek by approximately two orders of magnitude. One order
of magnitude of the overprediction can be attributed to sampling and analysis error. The remaining
order of magnitude overprediction is attributed to the formulas' inability to account for variance in
sediment supply, sediment storage and spatial and temporal variations in bedload transport in a
high-gradient coarse-bedload stream. FIELD VERIFICATION OF PREDICTIVE BEDLOAD FORMULAS
IN A COARSE BEDLOAD MOUNTAIN STREAM
by
N i c h o l a s B u gosh .
A t h e s i s su b m itte d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
of th e req u irem e n ts f o r th e degree
of
M aster o f S cien ce
in
E a r th S c ien c e s
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, M ontana
May 1988
APPROVAL
of a t h e s i s s u b m itte d by
N i c h o l a s Bugosh
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h member o f t h e t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e
and h as b e e n fo u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y r e g a r d i n g c o n t e n t , E n g l i s h
u s a g e , f o r m a t , c i t a t i o n s , b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e , and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s
r e a d y f o r s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e C o l l e g e o f G r a d u a te S t u d i e s .
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e r s o n , G r a d u a t e C om m ittee
A pproved f o r t h e M a jo r D e p a r tm e n t
Approved f o r t h e C o l l e g e o f G r a d u a te S t u d i e s
'Bate
G r a d u a t e Bban
iii
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In
p re s e n tin g
th is
th e sis
in
p a rtia l
fu lfillm e n t
of
th e
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r . a m a s t e r 's d e g r e e a t M o n ta n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
I
a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l m ak e i t a v a i l a b l e t o b o r r o w e r s u n d e r
r u le s of th e L ib ra ry .
B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s fro m t h i s t h e s i s a r e a l l o w a b l e
w ith o u t s p e c ia l p e rm issio n ,
p ro v id e d
t h a t a c c u r a t e a c k n o w le d g m e n t o f
s o u r c e i s m ade.
P e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e q u o t a t i o n fro m o r r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s
t h e s i s may b e g r a n t e d b y my m a j o r p r o f e s s o r ,
o r in h i s / h e r absence, by
t h e D i r e c t o r o f L i b r a r i e s w hen, i n t h e o p i n i o n o f e i t h e r ,
use of th e m a te r ia l is f o r s c h o la r ly purposes.
th e proposed
Any c o p y in g o r u s e o f
th e m a t e r i a l in t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a in s h a l l n o t be a llo w e d
w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
S ig n a tu re
D ate
V
acknowledgements :
■
I t h a n k D r . S t e p h a n G. C u s t e r f o r i n t r o d u c i n g me t o Squaw C r e e k
and
fo r
p ro je c t.
h is
p e rs o n a l, tim e
and
m oney t h a t
he c o n t r i b u t e d
to
th e
A p p r e c i a t i o n i s a l s o e x t e n d e d t o D r . J o s e p h M. A s h l e y a n d
Dr. Howard S. P e a v e y , m em bers o f t h e r e a d i n g c o m m i t t e e , f o r t h e i r t i m e
and s u g g e s t i o n s .
I th a n k S te v e G l a s s e r f o r h i s t e c h n i c a l h e lp and
w ords of encou rag em en t.
I
th an k B i r g i t A uschner f o r h e r h e lp in th e
f i e l d d u r i n g t h e 1984 s e a s o n .
A d d itio n a l th an k s a r e due t o th e C a s tle
Rock B a p t i s t B i b l e Camp who k i n d l y p r o v i d e d e l e c t r i c i t y ,
t o th e U n ited
S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e who a p p r o v e d a c c e s s and t o t h e many f r i e n d s who
c h e e r f u lly serv ed as f i e l d a s s i s t a n t s .
I t h a n k my w i f e , P a t r i c i a ,
h e r h e lp w i t h t h e d r a f t i n g and e d i t i n g and f o r h e r m o ra l s u p p o r t .
t h a n k my f a t h e r ,
for
I
Andrew B ugosh, f o r h i s c o n s t a n t e n c o u r a g e m e n t and f o r
s h o w in g me many y e a r s a g o t h a t w o r t h w h i l e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t e n r e q u i r e
g re a t p ersev eran ce.
F i n a l l y , I w i s h t o t h a n k R.A. B a g n o l d ( 1 9 6 6 , p.
12) who i n s p i r e d t h i s p r o j e c t when h e w r o t e , "The m o st s e r i o u s f a c t u a l
inadequacy i n th e f i e l d
of s e d im e n t t r a n s p o r t i s ,
I su g g est,
our la c k
o f d a ta on th e u n su sp en d ed t r a n s p o r t o f b e d lo a d by a t u r b u l e n t f l u i d . "
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
VITA.................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES.................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................
ABSTRACT............................. ........... .................................................................................
2.
INTRODUCTION.......... ..........................................................................................
I
P u r p o s e and S c o p e ..................................................................................
S i t e ...................................................
C l i m a t e and V e g e t a t i o n . . . .
H y d ro lo g ic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
I
csi cN <1-
.I .
. x ii
METHODS AND MATERIALS................................................................................
6
' S i t e P r e p a r a t i o n .....................................................................................
S tre a m Power P a r a m e t e r s ................................................................
V e l o c i t y ..............................................................................................
W a te r D e n s i t y ....................................
S l o p e ......................................................................................................
S e d im e n t S a m pling and A n a l y s i s ...................................................
I n t r o d u c t i o n .....................................................................................
B e d l o a d .................................................................................
M o d ifie d - M u l h o f f e r B a s k e t ..............
H e l l e y - S m i t h B r id g e - M o u n te d S a m p le r ....................
H e l l e y - S m i t h H and-H eld S a m p le r ................................
F r e s h l y D e p o s i t e d S e d i m e n t . . . . .........................................
B e d lo a d G r a i n S i z e A n a l y s i s .................................................
Bed A rm or..................................................
C h a n n e l M o rp h o lo g y .........................................................
M a g n e tic C o b b le C o u n t e r .....................................
B e d lo a d F o r m u l a s .............................................
S tre a m Power E x p r e s s i o n ..........................................................
S c h o k l i t s c h (IOSA)j F o r m u l a ...................................................
M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r (1948) F o r m u l a .........................
6
6
6
I
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
15
16
v ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS— C o n tin u e d
Page
3.
RESULTS................................................
I n t r o d u c t i o n ............................................................................................
D i s c h a r g e ...................................................................................................
W a te r D e n s i t y ............................................................................
Datumr-Line S lo p e M e asu re m e n t T e c h n i q u e .............................
B e d l o a d S a m p l e r s ..........................
M o d i f i e d M u l h o f f e r B a s k e t . .......................
B r i d g e —M ounted H e l l e y —S m ith ............................
H a n d -H e ld H e l l e y - S m i t h ........................
S p a t i a l V a r i a t i o n i n B e d l o a d ..................................................
S e d im e n t S u p p l y . ..............................................................
S e d im e n t S t o r a g e ..................................................................................
4.
DISCUSSION.....................................................................
I n t r o d u c t i o n ............................................................................................
O v e r p r e d i c t i o n Due t o E r r o r ........................................................
M e asu re m e n t E r r o r ...........................................
E r r o r i n S l o p e M e a s u re m e n t.......................................
E r r o r i n W a te r D e n s i t y M e a s u r e m e n t.. . . . . . . .
E r r o r i n D i s c h a r g e M e a s u re m e n t..............................
E r r o r i n B e d l o a d S a m p li n g .........................................
E f f e c t o f M easu re m e n t E r r o r on F o rm u la
P r e d i c t i o n s ....................................................................
O v e r p r e d i c t i o n Due t o F o rm u la I n a d e q u a c i e s ....................
S p a t i a l V a r i a t i o n ......................................................................
V a r i a t i o n i n S e d im e n t S u p p ly a n d S t o r a g e . .............
L a n d s l i d e s , D e b r i s F lo w s , A v a l a n c h e s ,
S tre a m b a n k F a i l u r e ...................................................
Bed A rm or................................................
P o o l S t o r a g e .........................................................................
Log J a m s ..................................................................................
B e d f o rm s ........................................................................
T e m p o ra l V a r i a t i o n .................................
5 . . CONCLUSIONS........................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................
18
18
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
36
36
37
37
37
38
39
40
44
46
46
48
48
49
58
59
63
66
71
74
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TABLE OF CONTENTS— C o n tin u e d
Page
APPENDICES...............................................................................
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A
B
C
D
DISCHARGE DATA...................................................
- WATER DENSITY. DATA........................................... ..
- SLOPE DATA...........................................................................
- PARTICLE SIZE DATA...................... ....................... ..
80
81
87
90
95
ix
L IS T OF TABLES
T ab le
1.
2.
Page
P h y s io g ra p h ic and h y d r o lo g ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
Squaw C re e k s t u d y s i t e . ....................................... ..
4
C o m p a ris o n o f t o t a l b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t p r e d i c t i o n s
and m e a s u r e m e n ts a n d c o e f f i c i e n t o f a d j u s t m e n t k .............
18
A v e ra g e v a l u e s (k) o f c o e f f i c i e n t , k , f o r 1983
an d 1984 an d p e r c e n t v a r i a t i o n fro m a v e r a g e .........................
19
4.
E r r o r a n a l y s i s . ............................................................................................
19
5.
Range o f p o s s i b l e p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d b a s e d on
p r o b a b l e e r r o r s ............................................................................................
45
Bed s l o p e v a l u e s f o r s t r e a m w i s e p r o f i l e s
5 - 3 a n d 4 - 2 . . . , ..............................................................................................
52
Squaw C re e k d i s c h a r g e an d s t a g e d a t a f o r 1983 an d
1984 b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t s ..................
82
T o ta l suspended s o l i d s and w a te r te m p e ra tu re d a ta
f o r 1983 a n d 1984 b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t s .............................
88
B e d s l o p e an d w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e d a t a f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l
p r o f i l e s t h r o u g h s t u d y r e a c h f o r 1983 an d 1 9 8 4 ....................
91
S i e v e a n a l y s e s ( F o l k , 1980) o f i n s t a n t a n e o u s
H e l l e y - S m i t h b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t s a m p le s an d b a r
an d c h a n n e l m a t e r i a l s a m p l e s .................................................................
96
S i e v e a n a l y s e s o f s a m p l e s t a k e n fro m d e p o s i t s f o rm e d
by Squaw C r e e k ................................................................................................
98
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11 .
X
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page
L o c a t i o n map o f s t u d y a r e a . Squaw C r e e k , G a l l a t i n
C o u n ty , M o n t a n a , .................................................. ........................................
3
T e c h n iq u e f o r m e a s u r in g b e d s l o p e and w a t e r s u r f a c e
s l o p e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ..................................................................................
9
W a te r l e v e l t e c h n i q u e f o r m e a s u r in g w a t e r s u r f a c e
s l o p e ..............
9
G ra p h o f m e a s u r e d and p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d d u r i n g 1983
e v e n t ....................................
20
G ra p h o f m e a s u r e d and p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d d u r i n g 1984
e v e n t ................................................................. ....................................................
21
6.
1983 h y d r o g r a p h d u r i n g b e d l o a d e v e n t ............................................
28
7.
1984 h y d r o g r a p h d u r i n g b e d l o a d e v e n t ......................................
29
8.
S tu d y r e a c h p r i o r t o d i s p e r s a l
l o g j a m ...................................
32
9.
S tu d y r e a c h a f t e r d i s p e r s a l o f l o g jam and p r i o r t o
c h a n n e l i n c i s i o n ...........................................................................................
32
S tu d y r e a c h a f t e r d e p o s i t i o n o f new b a r s , s h i f t o f
f lo w t o l e f t b a n k and c h a n n e l i n c i s i o n ................................
33
11.
A e r i a l p h o to o f
s t u d y r e a c h p r i o r t o 28 May, 1 9 8 3 . . . . . .
34
12.
A e r ia l p h o to o f
s t u d y r e a c h a f t e r 19 J u n e , 1 9 8 3 .....................
34
13 .
View l o o k i n g u p s t r e a m p r i o r t o 28 May, 1983
s h o w in g f l o w a l o n g r i g h t b a n k .................................................
35
View l o o k i n g u p s t r e a m a f t e r 19 J u n e , 1983 show ing
d e p o s i t i o n a l o n g r i g h t b a n k and c h a n n e l i n c i s i o n .....................
35
C u m u l a t iv e g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h r e e
b e d l o a d s a m p l e s ................... ..........................................................................
42
1 3 : 3 5 , 29 May, 1 9 8 3 .
54
5.
10.
14.
15 .
16.
of
B a r a g g r a d a t i o n b e g i n n i n g ......................
xi
L IS T OF FlG U RES-- C o n t i n u e d
F ig u re
17.
Page
I n d e f i n i t e t i m e b e t w e e n 1 8 : 4 0 , 29 May and
1 1 : 2 6 , 30 May, 1 9 8 3 .......................................................................................
54
18.
1 1 : 2 6 , 30 May, 1 9 8 3 . D i s c h a r g e i s s t i l l r i s i n g ....................
55
19.
1 1 : 0 0 , 11 J u n e , 1 9 8 3 . R i g h t c h a n n e l f i l l e d ............................
55
20.
1 3 : 2 9 , 12 J u n e , 1 9 8 3 . Flow c o n f i n e d t o l e f t b a n k .............
56
21.
1 4 : 1 5 , 19 J u n e , 1 983. B e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t
e n d e d ............................................................................
22.
A g g r a d a t i o n o f b a r a l o n g r i g h t b a n k d u r i n g 1983
b e d l o a d e v e n t .........................................................................
23 .
has
B a r m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g 1983 e v e n t o v e r
o l d e r c h a n n e l m a t e r i a l ................................................................................
61
61
Xii
ABSTRACT
F ie ld v e r i f i c a t i o n o f th e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of b e d lo a d p r e d i c ti v e
f o r m u l a s t o c o a r s e - b e d l o a d h i g h - g r a d i e n t m o u n ta in s t r e a m s h a s r e c e i v e d
r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e s tu d y a s c o m p a red t o s i m i l a r w ork i n san d bed
s tre a m s.
T h is s t u d y a t t e m p t e d t o v e r i f y t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f tw o
t y p e s o f p r e d i c t i v e b e d l o a d f o r m u l a s , a d i s c h a r g e t y p e and a t r a c t i v e
f o r c e t y p e , t o Squaw C r e e k , a c o a r s e b e d l o a d h i g h - g r a d i e n t m o u n t a i n
stre a m .
The S c h o k l i t s c h (1934) f o r m u l a w as c h o s e n a s a d i s c h a r g e t y p e
and t h e M e y e r - P e t e r a n d M u l l e r (1948) f o r m u l a w as s e l e c t e d a s a
t r a c t i v e fo rc e ty p e.
The p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e s e f o r m u l a s w e re a l s o
c o m p a re d t o p r e d i c t i o n s g e n e r a t e d f r o m B a g n o l d ' s s i m p l e t h e o r e t i c a l
e x p r e s s i o n f o r u n i t s t r e a m p o w e r.
. D is c h a rg e , w a te r s u r f a c e s lo p e , bed s lo p e , w a te r d e n s it y , b e d lo a d
p a r t i c l e s i z e and b e d lo a d q u a n t i t y w e r e .m easu red i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y
d u r i n g t h e 1983 and 1984 b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t s .
A te c h n iq u e , w h ich
proved v e ry s u c c e s s f u l , w as d e v e lo p e d f o r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m e a s u r in g
w a t e r s u r f a c e and b ed s lo p e .
The a p p r o p r i a t e p a r a m e t e r s w e r e
s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o t h e f o r m u l a s and t h e r e s u l t i n g p r e d i c t e d q u a n t i t y o f
b e d l o a d w a s c o m p a re d t o t h e q u a n t i t y a c t u a l l y m e a s u r e d i n t h e s t r e a m .
F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s o f c h a n n e l f e a t u r e s and c h a n g e s i n c h a n n e l
m o rp h o lo g y w e r e made t o e n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r any v a r i a n c e b e t w e e n
p r e d i c t i o n s and m e a s u r e m e n ts .
The c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l o f an o ld lo g ja m i n t h e s tu d y r e a c h
w a s o b s e r v e d and r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e 1983 b e d l o a d e v e n t .
The
d i s p e r s a l o f t h i s l o g j a m and t h e r e s u l t i n g i n s t a n t a n e o u s c h a n g e s i n
s t r e a m p o w e r p a r a m e t e r s ha d g r e a t e r e f f e c t on b e d l o a d i n Squaw C re e k
t h a n . any o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s t u d i e d .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 730 m e t r i c t o n s o f
b e d lo a d p a sse d th ro u g h th e s tu d y re a c h d u rin g th e tw e n ty - th r e e day
1983 b e d l o a d e v e n t .
T h i r t y p e r c e n t o f t h i s b e d l o a d moved i n a t h r e e
d a y p e r i o d and i s d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e b u r s t o f t h e l o g ja m .
The S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a p r e d i c t i o n s w e r e c l o s e s t t o m e a s u re d
v a lu e s.
The c o m p le x M e y e r - P e t e r a n d M u l l e r f o r m u l a y i e l d e d
p r e d i c ti o n s v e ry s i m i l a r to th o s e of th e s im p le stre a m pow er
e x p re ssio n .
T h e f o r m u l a s o v e r p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d i n Squaw C r e e k b y
a p p r o x i m a t e l y tw o o r d e r s o f m a g n i tu d e .
One o r d e r o f m a g n i tu d e o f t h e
o v e r p r e d i c t i o n c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o s a m p l i n g and a n a l y s i s e r r o r .
The
re m a in in g o r d e r o f m a g n itu d e o v e r p r e d i c t i o n i s a t t r i b u t e d to th e
f o rm u la s ' i n a b i l i t y to a c c o u n t f o r v a r ia n c e in s e d im e n t su p p ly ,
s e d im e n t s t o r a g e and s p a t i a l and te m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s in b e d lo a d
t r a n s p o r t i n a h i g h - g r a d ie n t c o a rs e -b e d lo a d s tre a m .
I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
P u r p o s e and Scope
C oarse b e d lo a d i n h ig h - g r a d ie n t
has
re c e iv e d
little
stu d y
M ilh o u s and K l i n g e m a n ,
1973;
(slo p e(S )
(M cP herson,
Nans o n ,
>0.01) m o u n t a i n s t r e a m s
197 0;
1974;
H o llin g sh e a d ,
L a r o n n e and C a r s o n ,
1971;
1976;
A c k e rs and W h ite , 1 9 8 0 ; P a r k e r , K lin g e m a n and M cC lean , 1982; C u s t e r
and o t h e r s , 1987; R eid and F r o s t i c k , 1987) a s c o m p a re d t o b e d lo a d i n
sand-bed
s tre a m s.
A lth o u g h o t h e r s
have s tu d ie d b e d lo a d ,
have been l a r g e l y c o n fin e d t o .s a n d - s i z e d p a r t i c l e s
g ra d ie n t
stre a m s.
T hese w o rk e rs
t h e i r w o rk s
i n f l u m e s and l o w -
have proposed
m an y t h e o r i e s
to
d e s c r i b e b e d lo a d , a s w e l l as t h e o r e t i c a l and e m p i r i c a l f o r m u la s to
p re d ic t
q u a n tity
of b e d lo a d
a stre a m
is
ca p ab le
of tra n s p o rtin g ;
V e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h i s g ro u n d w o rk t o c o a r s e ( g r a v e l
th ro u g h b o u ld e r) s e d im e n t, h i g h - g r a d ie n t s tre a m s h as o n ly begun in
e a r n e s t b y a few w o r k e r s i n t h e l a s t tw o d e c a d e s ( S h u l i t s and H i l l ,
1968; W h i t e ,
M i l l i and C ra b b e , 197 5 ) .
p a r t t o sa m p lin g d i f f i c u l t i e s .
The a p p a r e n t n e g l e c t i s due i n
The t r e m e n d o u s s t r e a m p o w e r n e c e s s a r y
t o t r a n s p o r t p e b b l e , c o b b l e , and b o u l d e r s i z e p a r t i c l e s m akes s e d i m e n t
s a m p l in g e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t and h a z a r d o u s (N ovak, 1957; H u b b e ll,
1964).
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s w o rk i s t o ; (I) m e a s u r e s t r e a m p o w e r p a r a ­
m e t e r s i n a h i g h —g r a d i e n t c o a r s e b e d l o a d s t r e a m ;
( 2) m e a s u r e q u a n t i t y
2
of b e d lo a d ;
(3) a t t e m p t
to v e rif y
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t f o rm u la s to
a p p lic a b ility
such a stre a m ;
o f som e e x i s t i n g
and (4) t o
o f f e r e x p la ­
n a ti o n s f o r v a r i a n c e b e tw e en th e p r e d i c te d b e d lo a d and m easured bed ­
l o a d t o s e r v e a s t h e b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t o f t h e s e m o d e ls .
S ite
Squaw C re e k i s a m a j o r t r i b u t a r y o f t h e W e st G a l l a t i n R i v e r ,
o f t h r e e h e a d w a t e r s t r e a m s (W est G a l l a t i n R i v e r ,
one
J e f f e r s o n R iv er,
M a d i s o n R i v e r ) w h i c h c o n v e r g e t o f o r m t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r . T he s t u d y
s i t e i s i n G a l l a t i n C o u n ty , M o n ta n a a b o u t 3 8 .4 k i l o m e t e r s s o u t h o f
B ozem an ( F ig u r e I ) .
The s t u d y s i t e
is
a t t h e c o n f l u e n c e o f Squaw
C r e e k a n d t h e W e s t G a l l a t i n R i v e r ( l a t i t u d e 4 5 ° 2 6 , 2 8 " N, l o n g i t u d e
1 1 1 ° 1 3 ' 2 0 " W,
h y d ro lo g ic
in
u n it
SE 1 / 4 ,
Sec.
1 0 -0 2 -0 0 -0 8 .
33,
T .4
T a b le
I
S .,
R .4 E . ,
su m m a riz es
M o n ta n a )
som e
of
in
th e
q u a n t i f i a b l e p h y s i o g r a p h i c an d h y d r o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e a r e a .
C l i m a t e an d V e g e t a t i o n
1
The c l i m a t e
la titu d e s .
is
ty p ic a l
Snow c o v e r i s
of s u b - a lp in e to a lp in e a re a s a t h ig h
i n t a c t m ost of th e y e a r w ith
m id -Ju n e
t h r o u g h l a t e O c t o b e r b e i n g c l e a r o f snow i n m o st o f t h e l o w e r p a r t o f
th e
b a sin .
d rain ag e.
P re c ip ita tio n
av erag es
8 1 .8
c e n tim e te rs
The mean b a s i n a l t i t u d e i s 2 ,2 6 8 m e t e r s .
a s w e l l a s t h e n o r t h e r n an d s o u t h e r n e x p o s u r e s ,
v a r i e ty in v e g e ta tiv e ty p es.
fo r
th e
The g r e a t r e l i e f ,
c o n trib u te to
great
The b a s i n i s m o s t l y h e a v y f o r e s t , b u t
l a r g e a r e a s w i t h s o u th e r n e x p o su re s s u p p o rt m a in ly
ju n ip e r.
(cm)
s a g e b ru s h and
The f o r e s t t y p e s v a r y f r o m a s p e n i n t h e f o o t h i l l s t o D o u g la s
3
^oxeraan
°
Bi l l i n g s
tudy a r e a
Oq u a » C r o o k
Scale
F i g u r e I . L o c a t i o n map o f s t u d y a r e a . Squaw C r e e k , G a l l a t i n C o u n t y ,
M o n ta n a .
The s t u d y l o c a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s t a r .
4
fir
in
th e
su b -a lp in e
zones
to E n g lem an s p ru c e .
T y p ic al
fo rest
u n d e r s t o r y p l a n t s a r e b l u e h u c k l e b e r r y and g r o u s e w h o r t l e b e r r y .
T ab le I . P h y s io g ra p h ic
stu d y s i t e .
and h y d r o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Squaw
D ra in a g e b a s i n a r e a
R e lie f
Mean b a s i n s l o p e
S tre a m o r d e r ( S t r a h l e r )
T o ta l stre a m le n g th
M ain c h a n n e l l e n g t h
Mean p a r t i c l e s i z e (d ^ g ) a rm o r
Mean p a r t i c l e s i z e (d ^ g ) b a r
Mean p a r t i c l e s i z e (d^p)
b e d l o a d ( 7 6 . 2 mm H -S)
Pcp (snow)
Pcp ( r a i n )
B a n k f u l d i s c h a r g e (Q^ 5 )
W id th (Ql i 5 )
D e p t h (Q1 [5 )
Lag t im e (snow m e l t )
Lag t im e ( r a i n )
Q a v e r a g e a n n u a l flo w
Q p e a k f lo w 1 9 5 9-1975
C reek
1 0 5 .7 s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s (km^) ( 4 0 . 4
s q u a re m ile s (m i^ ))
1 5 2 0 .0 m e t e r s (m) ( 4 .9 8 7 f e e t ( f t ) )
25 . 0 °
4 , b a s e d on U .S .G .S . t o p o g r a p h i c
q u a d ra n g le
1 0 3 .6 k i l o m e t e r s (km) ( 6 4 . 4 mi)
2 2 .0 km ( 1 3 .7 mi)
94 m i l l i m e t e r s (mm) (Dunne and
L e o p o l d , 1978)
4 3 .3 mm ( F o l k , 1980)
8 .5 mm ( a v e r a g e 1983 and 1984)
( F o l k , 1980)
4 5 .7 c e n t i m e t e r s (cm) ( 1 8 . 0 i n )
3 5 . 6 cm ( 1 4 .0 i n )
5 c u b ic m eters p e r second ( n r / s )
( 1 7 6 .5 5 'f t 3 / s )
8 .6 m ( 2 8 . 2 f t )
0 .3 m ( 1 . 0 f t )
7 h o u r s ( h r ) (p e a k a r r i v e s a t
s i t e 2 0 :0 0 h r)
1 .5 h r
1 .1 n r / s ( 3 8 .7 c u b i c f e e t p e r s e c o n d )
(ftq /s)
8 .5 n r / s ( 2 9 8 .3 f t 3 / s )
H y d ro lo g ic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
T a b l e I g i v e s some o f t h e q u a n t i f i a b l e h y d r o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of
Squaw
ap p ro p riate
C reek.
because
Some
q u a lita tiv e d e s c rip tio n of
Squaw
i t i s th e v ery n a tu r e of h ig h g r a d ie n t
C reek
is
m o u n ta in
s t r e a m s w h i c h h a s b o t h l i m i t e d t h e am ount o f r e s e a r c h d o n e on them and
f r u s t r a t e d s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f many b e d l o a d f o r m u l a s t o them .
5
M o s t o f t h e y e a r Squaw C r e e k i s a c a l m , c l e a r m o u n t a i n s t r e a m
m o v in g l i t t l e ,
i f any,
s e d i m e n t l o a d . ' T h ro u g h m o s t o f t h e w a t e r y e a r
i t i s a b o u t 0.3 m d e e p a n d 7 .6 2 m w i d e a t t h e s t u d y r e a c h .
a ju m b le of b o u ld e rs ,
jam s.
c o b b le s,
Squaw C r e e k f l o w s ,
3 ,0 4 8 m ab o v e
t h e m outh.
m ean
p e b b le s,
b e a v e r dam s a n d l o g
i n i t s 2 2 .0 km l e n g t h ,
from g r e a t e r th a n
s e a l e v e l a t t h e h e a d o f t h e b a s i n t o 1 ,6 7 6 'm a t
E ach s p r i n g f r o m a b o u t m id —May t o m i d - J u n e t h e c h a r a c t e r
of th e stre a m
c h a n g e s s u d d e n ly .
As t h e w a rm d a y s m e l t t h e s n o w p a c k ,
m a tic a lly -
sand,
The b e d i s
d isc h a rg e in c re a s e s d ra­
tw o t o t h r e e f o l d i n a 4 8 - h o u r p e r i o d . F o r e x a m p le , f ro m
2 4 - 2 6 May, 1 9 8 3 d i s c h a r g e on t h e r i s i n g l i m b o f t h e h y d r o g r a p h r o s e
f r o m 2 .0 t o 5 .0 m ^ / s .
F low o v e r t h e b o u l d e r a n d c o b b l e s t r e w n b e d
b e c o m e s e x t r e m e l y t u r b u l e n t and,
com es u n w a d a b le .
t h o u g h l e s s t h a n 0.6 m dee p ,
Due t o t h e v e r y s t e e p s l o p e ,
i t be­
th e d isch arg es p rese n t
a r e c a p a b l e o f t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e c o b b l e an d b o u l d e r s i z e b e d m a t e r i a l .
The a u t h o r h a s w i t n e s s e d
c o b b le s
( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 mm i n
b o u n c i n g 0.3 m a b o v e t h e . w a t e r s u r f a c e !
It
is
th is
d iam e te r)
h ig h en ergy,
e x p l o s i v e n a t u r e o f h i g h - g r a d i e n t m o u n t a i n s t r e a m s t h a t m akes b e d l o a d
s a m p l i n g b o t h d i f f i c u l t and h a z a r d o u s .
6
CHAPTER 2
METHODS AND MATERIALS
S ite P re p a ra tio n
The s tu d y
(U .S .F .S .)
stre a m
reach
c o n ta in s
g a g in g
a U n ited
sta tio n
(S quaw
S ta te s
F o rest
C reek B i b l e
S e rv ic e
C am p).
The
U .S .F .S . g a g i n g s t a t i o n w a s u s e d o n a c o o p e r a t i v e b a s i s d u r i n g
research .
I t c o n s i s t s o f a s t a f f g a u g e a n d a L e u p o l d —S t e v e n s T y p e F
M o d e l 68 r e c o r d i n g s t r e a m
s ta tio n
g a u g e m o u n t e d on a s t i l l i n g
i s lo c a te d a t a b r id g e w h ich c ro s s e s
a c c e s s t o t h e cam p.
p lan k
th e
Im m e d ia te ly u p stre a m
c a tw a lk w as i n s t a l l e d
w h ic h a llo w e d r e p e a ta b l e ,
acro ss
safe,
w e ll.
The
Squaw C r e e k a l l o w i n g
of t h i s b r i d g e a w ooden
th e stre a m
to p ro v id e
a p latfo rm
p o i n t m e a s u r e m e n ts o f t h e s t u d y p a r a ­
m eters d u rin g peak d isc h a rg e .
S tre a m Pow er P a r a m e t e r s
V e lo c ity
S t r e a m f lo w v e l o c i t y w as m e a s u r e d f ro m t h e c a t w a l k w i t h a G e n e r a l
O c e a n ic s v e l o c i t y m e t e r a t 0.6 s t r e a m d e p t h ( U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t
o f th e I n t e r i o r , 1 982).
D is c h a rg e m ea su rem e n ts th u s o b ta in e d w e re
c o m p a re d w i t h U.S.F.S. m e a s u r e m e n t s , w h i c h a t low f l o w s w e r e made on a
waded c h a n n e l t r a v e r s e d o w n stre a m o f t h e b r id g e w i t h a S c i e n t i f i c
In stru m e n ts
P ric e
AA c u r r e n t
m ete r.
D u rin g
peak
flo w
U .S .F .S .
7
m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e made o f f t h e b r i d g e w i t h a c u r r e n t m e t e r a t t a c h e d t o
a 75 p o u n d C o l u m b u s w e i g h t s u s p e n d e d b y c a b l e ,
in accordance w ith
s ta n d a rd
h y d ro m e tric
D e p a rtm e n t
In te rio r,
1982).
procedure
(U n ite d
S ta te s
of th e
W a te r D e n s i t y
W a te r d e n s i t y w as e s t i m a t e d u s in g
se d im e n t.
t e m p e r a t u r e and su sp en d e d
W a te r t e m p e r a t u r e w as ta k e n u s in g
th erm o m e te r.
a h a n d -h e ld m ercu ry
S usp e n d e d s e d i m e n t l o a d w a s m e a s u r e d f ro m t h e c a t w a l k a t
10 e v e n l y s p a c e d i n t e r v a l s u s i n g a h a n d - h e l d DH-48 s a m p l e r ( U n i t e d
S t a te s D e p a rtm en t of th e I n t e r i o r ,
th e
flo w
at
19 8 2 ).
ea ch m easurem ent p o in t
so
The s a m p l e r w a s d i p p e d i n t o
th a t
a c ro ss-se c tio n a lly
i n t e g r a t e d sam p le r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t o t a l suspended s e d im e n t t r a n s p o r t
w as o b ta in e d .
The w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e w as c o n v e r t e d t o p u r e w a t e r
d e n s ity u sin g d a ta ta b le s
(W east and o t h e r s , 1967).
T he s u s p e n d e d
l o a d ( m g / 1) w a s a d d e d t o t h e p u r e w a t e r d e n s i t y t o o b t a i n t h e w a t e r
d e n sity in
th e s tre a m .
S lo p e
B e d s lo p e and w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e w e re m e a su re d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
( F i g u r e 2).
S t a k e s w e r e d r i v e n i n t o t h e r i g h t and l e f t b a n k s u p s t r e a m
o f t h e b r i d g e and a l s o
o f th e c a tw a lk .
in to
t h e h e a v y b r i d g e a b u t m e n t s a t e i t h e r end
N ylon c o r d s w e r e s t r e t c h e d t a u t a c r o s s t h e s t r e a m a t
t h e s e tw o t r a v e r s e s .
L e v e l i n g o f t h e l i n e s i n 1983 w as i n i t i a l l y done
w i t h a B r u n t o n h a n d - t r a n s i t ( c o m p a s s).
c a ta s tro p h ic
b e d lo a d
event
The c o m pass w a s u s e d b e c a u s e a
o ccu rred
d u rin g
se t-u p
i n s t a l l a t i o n w as n e c e s s a r y to m ea su re th e p a s s in g e v e n t.
and
ra p id
The l i n e s
8
w e r e l a t e r r e s u r v e y e d h o r i z o n t a l by p l a n e t a b l e
m en ts w e re a d j u s t e d t o f i t
because of i t s
in itia l
stre tc h
s ta b ility
is
and e a r l i e r m easu re­
t h e m o re a c c u r a t e s u r v e y . N y lo n w a s c h o s e n
in c h a n g in g m o is tu r e c o n d i t i o n s once th e
ta k e n ou t.
These l i n e s
p ro v id e d f ix e d h o r iz o n t a l
d a tu m t o w h i c h d i s t a n c e - t o - b e d a n d d i s t a n c e - t o - w a t e r s u r f a c e m e a s u r e ­
m e n t s c o u l d e a s i l y b e m ad e u s i n g a m e a s u r i n g s t i c k .
stic k is
p l a c e d i n t o t h e s t r e a m a n d down t o
th e bed p e r p e n d ic u la r t o
t h e n y l o n d atu m l i n e a n d w a t e r a n d b e d s u r f a c e s .
th e
bed
and
w a te r
s im u lta n e o u sly .
su rface
to
th e
The m e a s u r in g
d a tu m
The d i s t a n c e fro m
lin e
can
be
read
W h il e u p s t r e a m m e a s u r e m e n t s h a d t o b e made by w a d in g ,
due t o a l a c k o f fu n d s t o c o n s t r u c t a n o th e r c a tw a lk , th e d o w n stre a m
m e a s u r e m e n t s c o u l d b e m ade f r o m t h e c a t w a l k a t t h e b r i d g e .
and w a te r, s u r f a c e
n y l o n d a tu m l i n e s
fa c e slo p e
e le v a tio n s
(y^ a n d y 2 ) a n d t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n
(x) a l l o w e d e a s y c a l c u l a t i o n
(S = y 2- y i / x ) .
T he b e d
of bed and w a te r s u r ­
The s l o p e m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e t a k e n a t f i v e
l o n g i t u d i n a l p r o f i l e s a lo n g th e c h a n n e l.
A s i m i l a r m eth o d h a s a l s o
b e e n u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y by B r i d g e a n d J a r v i s
(1982).
W ater s u r f a c e s lo p e m ea su rem e n ts w e re checked u s in g a w a t e r l e v e l
m eth o d
(F ig u re 3 ).
d iam e te r,
F le x ib le p la s tic
tu b in g ,
7 .9 m l o n g a n d 1.6 cm
was p la c e d i n th e s tre a m l o n g i t u d i n a l l y and a llo w e d t o f i l l
w ith w a te r.
The u p s t r e a m end o f t h e t u b e w as t h e n r a i s e d u n t i l i t s
m e n i s c u s (x^) w a s l e v e l w i t h t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e .
th e tu b e w as th e n a l s o r a i s e d v e r t i c a l l y .
The d o w n s tre a m en d o f
Due t o a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
t h e m e n i s c u s a t t h e d o w n s t r e a m e n d o f t h e t u b e (x ^) w i l l r i s e t o t h e
sam e l e v e l a s t h e u p s t r e a m m e n i s c u s .
m en iscu s to
th e w a te r s u rfa c e
The d i s t a n c e f ro m t h e d o w n s tre a m
( y 2~ y i )
Is
th en m easured as i s
th e
9
distance
between
(Ergenzinger,
the upstream
and d o w n s t r e a m
meniscus
(x£ - x
p e r s o n a l commu n i c a t i o n ) .
me a s u r i n g st i ck
surveyed
t a u t nyl on d a t u m l i ne
horizontal
poi nt
wat er
surface
wa t e r
s t r e a m feed
Figure 2. T e c h n i q u e s f o r m e a s u r i n g bed s l o p e and w a t e r s u r f a c e
s lo p e si m u lt a n e o u s ly (flow d i r e c t i o n normal to page, towards
reader) .
horizontal
water surface
plastic
tubing
s t r e a m bed
F i g u r e 3.
Wat er l e v e l t e c h n i q u e f o r me a s u r i n g w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e .
10
S e d im e n t S a m p lin g and A n a l y s i s
In tro d u c tio n
Bed m a t e r i a l w as s a m p le d w h i l e i n t r a n s p o r t f ro m t h e m a in c h a n n e l
a t h ig h er d isch arg es.
b ars,
d ry ch a n n els,
Bed m a t e r i a l w a s s a m p le d w h i l e i m m o b i l e f ro m
and t h e m a in c h a n n e l a t low f l o w .
sa m p lin g te c h n iq u e s w ere t e s t e d f o r s u i t a b i l i t y .
th ese
A v a r i e ty of
A d e s c rip tio n of
fo llo w s.
B e d lo a d
M o d ifie d
M u lh o f f e r B a s k e t. D u r in g t h e 1982 r u n o f f a m o d if ie d
M u l h o f f e r b a s k e t ( E r g e n z i n g e r a n d C u s t e r , 1 9 8 3 ) w i t h c o a r s e ( I cm x
I cm) m esh s c r e e n i n g w a s u s e d .
The b a s k e t w as m o u n te d t o t h e b r i d g e
o v e r h e a d i n a m a n n e r s u c h t h a t i t c o u l d b e swung f o r w a r d and down i n t o
p o sitio n
a g a in s t a lo g fa s te n e d
f l u s h t o th e stre a m b e d .
D u r in g p e a k
flo w s a hand w in c h w as n e c e s s a r y t o f o r c e th e b a s k e t i n t o p o s i t i o n
a g a in s t th e c u rre n t.
H e l l e y - S m i t h B r i d g e - M o u n te d S a m p le r .
I n 1983 and 1984 a H e l l e y -
S m i t h b r i d g e - m o u n t e d ( 7 . 6 2 cm x 7 . 6 2 cm) b e d l o a d s a m p l e r w a s a l s o
trie d
(E m m e tt, 1 9 8 0 ).
T h is c o n s is t e d of th e H e lle y - S m ith p r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n t i a l s a m p l e r n o z z l e and b a g m o u n te d t o
a heavy s t e e l w e ig h t.
The s a m p l e r h a s v a n e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e r e a r t o k e e p t h e n o z z l e p o i n t i n g
u p s tre a m i n t o th e flo w .
I t i s l o w e r e d t o t h e s t r e a m b o t t o m , on a c a b l e
f ro m a b r i d g e b y m eans o f a hand w i n c h m ounted on a t r o l l e y .
H e l l e y - S mi t h H a n d -H e ld S a m p le r . T h e t h i r d
s a m p lin g te c h n iq u e ,
t e s t e d i n 1 983 a n d 1 9 8 4 w a s a H e l l e y —S m i t h ( 7 .6 2 cm x 7 . 6 2 cm) h a n d —
/
11
h e l d s a m p l e r (E m m e tt, 1980).
The s a m p l e r w as u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h
t h e c a t w a l k , w h i c h w a s m a r k e d a t 0 .3 0 m i n t e r v a l s a c r o s s t h e s t r e a m
w i d t h t o d e f i n e 23 r e p e a t a b l e s a m p l i n g s i t e s .
in te g ra te d
sa m p le s,
ev ery
o t h e r m arked
To o b t a i n c r o s s c h a n n e l
site
w as
sam p led
f o r 30
s e c o n d s , y i e l d i n g a t o t a l o f 10 s i t e s i n 5 m i n u t e s .
P ro b le m s w e re e n c o u n te re d in u s in g e a c h s a m p le r.
These w i l l be
e l a b o r a t e d u p o n i n t h e r e s u l t s and . d i s c u s s i o n s e c t i o n s .
F r e s h l y D e p o s i t e d S e d im e n t
S ta tic
bed
m ate ria l
sam ples w e re g a th e re d
s u l t i n g f r o m b e d l o a d e v e n t s o f 19 83 and 1984.
a f t e r d e p o sitio n
re­
The s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n
f r o m r e p r e s e n t a t i v e l o c i o f new d e p o s i t i o n , i . e . , c e n t e r o f new b a r ,
c e n t e r o f c h a n n e l , u p s t r e a m o f a new l o g j a m .
s u f f i c i e n t to f i l l
a 3.8 l i t e r p l a s t i c
A v o lu m e of m a t e r i a l
m i l k j u g w a s c a r e f u l l y dug o u t
to sa m p le b o t h th e a rm o r and s u b a rm o r l a y e r s .
t i g h t l y packed,
T he a r m o r l a y e r i s a
i m b r i c a t e d s u r f a c e l a y e r o f be d m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s n o t
t r a n s p o r t a b l e b y t h e d i s c h a r g e s p r e s e n t d u r i n g m o st o f t h e y e a r .
d u rin g peak flo w s i s
th e ch an n el arm o r b ro k en ,
O nly
a llo w in g th e f i n e r
g r a i n e d , m a t r i x f i l l i n g s e d i m e n t t r a p p e d b e lo w i n t h e s u b a r m o r a s w e l l
as
th e c o a r s e r arm o r m a te r ia l
to be e n tra in e d
as b e d lo a d .
It
is
im p o r ta n t to sa m p le b o t h l a y e r s t o a v o id o b t a i n in g a sam p le b i a s e d
to w a rd s
th e
re p re se n ta tiv e
b e d lo a d .
la rg e r
of a l l
siz e s
of
th e
siz e s
th e
arm o r
la y e r,
w h ich a c t u a l l y
are
w h ic h
is
not
e n tra in e d
The s a m p l e s w e r e t h e n d r i e d and s i e v e d f o r s i z e a n a l y s i s .
as
12
B edload G ra in S iz e A n a ly s is
S i e v i n g w a s done u s i n g a 1 / 4 P h i i n t e r v a l e x c e p t w hen i m p o s s i b l e
due t o a few m i s s i n g s c r e e n s , o r w hen deem ed u n n e c e s s a r y i n th e f i n e
f r a c t i o n due t o a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f c o a r s e m a t e r i a l .
w as hand s ie v e d , w h i l e t h e sand and s i l t
f o r 15 m i n u t e s p e r s i e v e s t a c k .
th e
re su ltin g
c u m u la tiv e
C oarser m a te ria l
s i z e s w e r e s i e v e d on a Ro-Tap
Each f r a c t i o n w as th e n w eig h ed and
w e ig h ts
w ere
p lo tte d
by
c o m p u ter
for
a n a l y s i s . O c c a s io n a ll y one l a r g e c o b b le w o u ld r e p r e s e n t th e b u lk o f
th e sam ple,
c a u sin g th e cu rve t o b e g in a t
by t h e c o b b le .
e x tra p o la te d
In t h i s
case th e g ra in
th e
s iz e c la s s rep resen ted
s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n p l o t w as
f ro m t h i s known p o i n t t o t h e x - a x i s , a t t h e p o i n t r e p r e ­
s e n tin g th e n e x t l a r g e s t Phi s iz e ,
t o c o m p le te th e p lo t.
Bed Armor
T h e b e d a r m o r o f Squaw C r e e k i s
to o la r g e b o th to f a c i l i t a t e
t r a n s p o r t of bed sa m p le s t o th e l a b and f o r s ie v e a n a l y s i s .
A random
p o i n t - c o u n t m e th o d s u g g e s t e d by Dunne a n d L e o p o l d (1978) was em p lo y e d
in ste a d .
S a m p lin g s
w ere
c o n d u c te d
by
d o w n s t r e a m o f t h e b r i d g e on random t r a n s e c t s ,
s te p s and m e a su rin g th e b - a x i s of th e
th e s a m p le r 's b o o t.
w h ic h
an
d e te rm in e d .
av erag e
w ad in g
th e
stu d y
reach
s to p p in g e v e ry c o u p le of
p a rtic le
t o u c h e d by t h e t o e
of
The p a r t i c l e s a r e g ro u p e d i n t o s i z e c l a s s e s t o
w e ig h t
fo r
p a rtic le s
in
th e
c la s s
has been
A s a m p l e o f 102 p a r t i c l e s w a s u se d .
.
C h annel M orphology
The c h a n g e s i n c h a n n e l m o rp h o lo g y w e r e r e c o r d e d by. tw o m e th o d s .
P l a n e t a b l e m a p p in g o f t h e s t u d y r e a c h b e f o r e and a f t e r b e d l o a d e v e n t s
13
w a s a u g m e n te d b y a e r i a l p h o t o s a l s o t a k e n b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e e v e n t s
o ccu rred .
A
tim e
la p se
p h o to
sequence
a ls o
reco rd ed
channel
m o rp h o lo g y c h a n g e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l o f a l o g
jam d u r in g
t h e 1983 s p r i n g
ru n o ff.
In a d d i t i o n to th e s e m eth o d s,
b e d lo a d e v e n ts w e re a l s o v e r i f i e d u s in g an i n - s t r e a m
m ag n e tic c o b b le
c o u n te r.
M a g n e tic C o b b le C o u n t e r
A m a g n e t i c c o b b l e c o u n t e r ( E r g e n z i n g e r and C u s t e r ,
to
reco rd
b e d lo a d
b o th
c o n tin u o u sly
th ro u g h
th e
1983) w as u s e d
day
and as s p o t
s a m p le s, e s p e c i a l l y d u r in g sa m p lin g of s tre a m p a ra m e te rs .
B e d Io a d F o r m u la s
The f o r m u l a s c h o s e n t o t e s t w e r e o f t h r e e t y p e s ; a t h e o r e t i c a l
e x p re ssio n based
on c o n c e p t s f ro m g e n e r a l p h y s i c s
( B a g n o ld ,
19 6 6 ),
a
d i s c h a r g e f o r m u l a ( S c h o k l i t s c h , 1934) and a t r a c t i v e f o r c e f o r m u la
it
( M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r ,
1 948). A d i s c u s s i o n o f e a c h f o r m u l a and t h e
c r i t e r i a f o r i t s in c lu s io n in th e stu d y fo llo w s.
S tre a m Pow er E x p r e s s i o n
I n 1 9 6 6 R.A. B a g n o l d p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e p r o b l e m o f b e d l o a d p r e ­
d i c t i o n c o u ld b e r e s o l v e d th ro u g h an a p p ro a c h from g e n e r a l p h y s ic s .
He r e a s o n e d t h a t u n i t s t r e a m p o w e r ,
(w), t h e p o w e r o f a s t r e a m t o move
s e d im e n t p e r u n i t of s tr e a m w id th , m ust be th e p ro d u c t of d is c h a r g e
(q),
w a te r su rfa c e
g r a v i t y (g).
slo p e
(S ), w a t e r d e n s i t y ( P ), and t h e f o r c e o f
That i s .
w=
qSpg.
14
I f we a s s u m e t h a t g r a v i t y i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t o v e r a r e a c h
and w a te r d e n s ity v a r i e s n e g li g ib l y ,
as a f u n c tio n of slo p e ,
s tr e a m power can be c o n c eiv e d o f
d is c h a r g e and a c o n s ta n t.
n o ted th a t stre a m pow er i s
stro n g ly
re la te d
B a g n o l d (1 9 6 6 )
to b e d lo a d tr a n s p o r t .
P e r f e c t e f f i c i e n c y of t r a n s p o r t , in d e e d , i s r e l a t e d to stre a m pow er
d ire c tly .
in d ex
of
e ffic ie n t,
I t i s f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h a t s tre a m pow er i s u s e f u l as an
tra n sp o rt
S in ce
stre a m s
are
not p e rfe c tly
t r a n s p o r t w o u ld be e x p e c te d t o be l e s s th a n t h a t p r e d i c te d
u s i n g a).
q u a n tify
c a p a c ity .
A lth o u g h
u n it
B a g n o ld 's
stre a m
pow er,
1 9 6 6 to e x p r e s s i o n
not
to
p re d ic t
w as
q u a n tity
in te n d e d
of
tr a n s p o r t, u n it stre a m pow er is a u s e fu l p r e d ic tiv e to o l.
to
b e d lo a d
For th is
s t u d y , b e d lo a d w as p r e d i c t e d u s i n g a n e x p r e s s i o n b a s e d on t h e u n i t
s tre a m power co n cep t.
That is ,
t>u>= cI s Pg-
T he s y m b o l b
i s u sed to d i f f e r e n t i a t e p r e d ic te d b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t
u s i n g t h e u n i t s t r e a m p o w e r e x p r e s s i o n f r o m B a g n o l d ' s (1 9 6 6 ) s t r e a m
p o w e r , co.
T h is e x p r e s s io n w as in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y to se rv e as a
r e f e r e n c e w i t h w h i c h t o c o m p a re t h e p r e d i c t i v e f o r m u l a s .
By c o m p a r in g
m o re c o m p le x f o r m u l a s w i t h t h i s s i m p l e , f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t i t c a n b e
d e te r m in e d i f t h e c o m p le x m a th e m a tic a l m a n i p u la t io n s of th e o t h e r
f o rm u la s r e a l l y im p ro v e p r e d i c t i v e a c c u ra c y i n a c o a rs e b e d lo a d , h ig h g r a d i e n t m o u n ta in s tre a m .
S h u lits
fo rm u la s.
an d H i l l
R ev iew
of
(1968) p r o v i d e a n e x c e l l e n t
th e ir
w ork
show ed
th a t
sum m ary o f b e d l o a d
tw o
fo rm u la s,
th e
Tl
S c h o k l i t s c h (193 4) a n d M e y e r —P e t e r a n d M u l l e r ( 1 9 4 8 ) w o u l d b e m o s t
l i k e l y t o y i e l d a c c e p t a b l e r e s u l t s o n Squaw C r e e k .
A d e sc rip tio n .
15
s u m m a r i z e d f r o m S h u l i t s and H i l l (1 9 6 8 ),
o f t h e s e tw o f o r m u l a s ,
w h ich
w e r e o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d i n German, f o l l o w s .
S c h o k l i t s c h (1934) F o rm u la
The S c h o k l i t s c h (1934) f o r m u l a i s o f t h e d i s c h a r g e t y p e .
ty p e of b e d lo a d fo rm u la ,
fu n c tio n of d isc h a rg e .
In t h is
tr a n s p o r t r a t e i s c o n sid e re d p r im a r ily a
In m e tric u n i ts
th e fo rm u la can be e x p ressed
as
G1=7000 [S3 / 2/ d 1 / 2 ] (Q1-Q 0 1 )
w here
G1 = b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e p e r u n i t s t r e a m w i d t h (k g /m ^ s)
S = w a te r s u r f a c e slo p e
d = g rain siz e
(mm, a p p r o x i m a t e l y <!3 5 )
Q1 = d i s c h a r g e p e r u n i t w i d t h (m3 / s / m )
Q01 = c r i t i c a l d i s c h a r g e (m ^/s/m )
= 0 . 0 0 0 0 I 9 4 4 d / S A/3
A c o rre c tiv e
fa c to r
fo r
g ra in
s iz e
v a ria tio n
is
in c lu d e d
( g 3 / 2 / d l / 2 ) a s l s t h e c o n c e p t o f c r i t i c a l d i s c h a r g e (Q0 1 ) .
C ritic a l
d is c h a r g e a d d re s s e s th e id e a t h a t n o t a l l a v a i l a b l e d is c h a r g e is used
up i n s e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r t
as b e d lo a d .
Thus c r i t i c a l
d isc h a rg e
(Q01) ,
t h a t t h r e s h o l d d i s c h a r g e a t w h ich b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t i n i t i a t e s ,
su b tra c te d
from t o t a l d is c h a r g e
(Q l-Q 01 ) w h ic h i s
a v a ila b le
to
(Q1) t o y i e l d
th at p a rt
is
of th e t o t a l
m ove s e d i m e n t a s b e d l o a d .
T h is
f o r m u la i s i n c lu d e d b e c a u s e i t h a s show n v e ry c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s in
c o m p a r is o n t o o t h e r d i s c h a r g e ty p e f o r m u la s w hen u s e d w i t h a w id e
v a rie ty
of d a ta s e t s
( S h u l i t s and H i l l ,
1968).
16
M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r (1948) F o rm u la
The M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r (1948)
fo rc e ty p e,
tra c tiv e
fo rm u la is
of th e t r a c tiv e
t h a t i s , b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t i s c o n s id e re d a f u n c tio n of th e
fo rc e of th e stre a m .
I t i s t h e r e s u l t o f 14 y e a r s o f w ork
c o m b i n in g b o t h f i e l d and f lu m e d a t a .
Gh1273 = v [QbZQ]
The f o r m u l a may b e w r i t t e n a s
[Kb /K g] 3 / 2 HS - 0 . 0 4 7 v " s dE
0 .2 5
[ v Z g ] 1Z3
i n t h e m e t r i c s y s t e m , w h e re
v = s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f w a t e r ( m e t r i c tonsZm3 )
Qb = b e d d i s c h a r g e ( I i t e r s Z s )
Q = t o ta l d isch arg e (Iite rs Z s )
Kg
=
S tric k le r
ro u g h n ess
c o e ffic ie n t
for
th e
bed
(m1/ 3 Zs)
n
=
Qb
/■ Ab Rb 2Z3 S1/ 2 = !Z n ,
=
M anning
bed roughness
Kg = p a r t i c l e o r g r a i n r o u g h n e s s (m */3 Zs)
= 2 6 Z [d 9 0 ] 1/ 6
H = d e p t h ( w a t e r , m)
S = slo p e
V 11s
=
(w a te r s u rfa c e )
su b m e rg e d s p e c i f i c w e i g h t o f
s e d im e n t
(m etric
tonsZm 3 )
=
Vg - v = s p e c i f i c w e i g h t i n a i r o f s e d im e n t
- s p e c i f i c w e i g h t i n w a t e r o f s e d im e n t
dE = e f f e c t i v e d i a m e t e r o f t h e b e d m a t e r i a l (m)
g = a c c e l e r a t i o n du e t o g r a v i t y (mZs2)
G"^ = im m ersed b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e
( m e t r i c t o n s Z s-m)
17
In
fo rm u la
th is
is
tra c tiv e
a v a ila b le
f o r m u l a vHS i s t h e t r a c t i v e f o r c e t e r m u p o n
based.
force
of
th e
o th er
term s of th e
stre a m to
f o r bed lo ad t r a n s p o r t .
o nly a p a r t of th e
red u cin g
The
fac to r
re sista n c e s,
th a t
fo rm u la
amount
of
such
account
fo r
reduce
fo rce
th e
to ta l
a c tu a lly
[Qf3ZQ] a c c o u n t s f o r t h e f a c t
t o t a l d i s c h a r g e a c t s on t h e b e d .
to
w h ic h
tra c tiv e
a s b a r s and r i p p l e s .
fo rce
th a t
[Ky/Kg]^Z 2
lo sse s
a
to
fo rm
The te r m 0 . 0 4 7 v " gdg i s
th e
c r i t i c a l t r a c t i v e f o r c e , t h a t a t w h ich th e bed i s j u s t b a r e l y a t r e s t .
When
th is
tra c tiv e
c ritic a l
tra c tiv e
fo rce is
su b tra c te d
fro m
th e
to ta l
f o r c e of th e s tre a m th e rem a in d e r i s th e f o r c e a v a i l a b l e
to
move s e d i m e n t a s b e d l o a d .
The M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r (1948) f o r m u l a w as i n c l u d e d b e c a u s e i t
has
b e e n shown t o b e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h a w id e r a n g e o f t r a c t i v e f o r c e
fo rm u la s
( S h u lits
and H i l l ,
1968) and b e c a u s e i t i s o f t e n
w o rk ers s tu d y in g b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t .
used
by
18
CHAPTER 3 -
RESULTS •
In tro d u c tio n
M e a s u r e m e n t o f q u a n t i t i e s and s i z e o f m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t e d w i t h i n
th e c h a n n e l a llo w e d c o m p a riso n w i t h m a t e r i a l d e p o s ite d d u r in g changes
i n c h a n n e l m o rp h o lo g y t o h e l p
and p e r m i t v e r i f i c a t i o n
id e n tify in -stream
of b e d lo a d c a l c u l a t i o n s .
so u rces of m a te ria l
The r e s u l t s
of th is
i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e s u m m a r iz e d i n T a b l e s 2 - 4 and F i g u r e s 4 - 5 .
T a b l e 2 . C o m p a ris o n
o f t o t a l b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t p r e d ic tio n s .
m e a s u r e m e n ts and c o e f f i c i e n t o f a d j u s t m e n t k .
Sample t y p e
(num ber o f c o m p l e t e s e t s o f
m e a s u re d p a r a m e t e r s u s e d
t o d e te rm in e )
P re d ic te d
B e d lo a d
(m e tric to n s
dry)
and
M easured
k
B e d lo a d
Z m e a s u re d X ■
(m e tric to n s \ p r e d i c t e d J
dry)
1983 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
L m = 2 4 4 ,0 2 2
S tre a m p o w e r f o r m u l a (13 s e t s )
727
3 . 0 X IO- 3
1983 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a (12 s e t s )
G^. = 1 3 6 ,6 1 0
7 27
5 .3 X ICT3
G ^ = 2 9 2 ,2 6 8
7 27
2 .5 X IO"3
1983 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
MPM f o r m u l a (12 s e t s )
1984 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
S tre a m p o w e r f o r m u l a (9 s e t s )
h^ = 1 9 5 ,2 2 5 •
522
2 .7 X IO"3
1984 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a (9 s e t s )
G^ = 6 5 ,7 7 5
522
7 . 9 X IO"3
II
G ^ = 1 7 2 ,5 2 9
522
3 . 0 X IO"3
1984 E n t i r e c h a n n e l w i d t h
MPM f o r m u l a (9 s e t s )
19
T ab le 3 .
A v e r a g e v a l u e s (k) o f c o e f f i c i e n t , k , f o r 1983 a n d 1 9 8 4 a n d
p e r c e n t v a r i a t i o n f ro m a v e r a g e .
_
% v a ria tio n
k
\ / _
from k
, k 1983 . , k 1984 1 x /
measured \ / measured X Zk 1983 + k I 98411 (k - k 1983 o r 1984) X 100)
(
p r e d i c t e d J \^predictedy \
\
k
2
Formula
Stream power
3 .0 X 10 ^
2.7 X IO"3
2 .9 X IO"3
5
S c h c k li ts c h
5 .3 X IO-3
7 . 9 X 10~3
6 .6 X 10"3
20
MPM
2.5 X IO"3
3 .0 X 10"3
2 .8 X IO"3
9
'
T ab le 4 .
E rro r a n a ly sis •
V a ria b le
T y p ical e r r o r
. P e r c e n t change in b e d lo a d p r e d i c te d
i n m e a s u re m e n t
b y f o r m u l a s due t o i n t r o d u c t i o n o f
o f v a r i a b l e (%)
e r r o r in p aram eter
1983
1984
Steam p o w e r
1 983 1 984
W a te r d e n s i t y ,
5
5
0 .5
0 .5
D isch arg e, Q
5
5
4
4
W a te r s u r f a c e
slo p e , S
10
5
0
0
Mean p a r t i c l e
s i z e , d 50
10+30*
10+30*
10+30*
10+30*
10
5
S c h o k litsc h
1 983 1 984
MPM
1983 1 984
-
-
-
5
5
. 7
7
15
8
17
10
5
5
0
0
—
-
3
3
—
-
17
10
+16
+8
+52
+31
58
47
21
3
P a rtic le s iz e
d 90
W a te r d e p t h . h
V a r i a b l e s com bined
in w orst p o s s ib le
case
W ith s a m p l e r b i a s
added
—
.
—
+15
+10
—
*10% f o r s i e v e a n a l y s i s and 30% f o r s a m p l e r b i a s
(see D iscu ssio n te x t)
20
30
Schoklitsch 1934 Formula
Meyer-Peter-Muller Formula
Stream
Power
Formula
25
20
15
10
5
0
June
1983 pre dic ted
b e d lo a d transport rate.
( k g / m- s )
May
measured r at e
1.0
0.5
0.0
May
F ig u re 4.
June
1983 measured bedload transport rate
G ra p h o f m e a s u r e d and p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d d u r i n g 1983 e v e n t .
21
D Schoklitsch 1934 Formula
O Mever-Peter-Muller Formula
predicted
ra te
(kg/m-s)
A Stream Power Formula
June
predicted bedload transport rate
0.5 .
measured
rate (k g/m -s )
1984
1984 measured bedload transport rate
F ig u re 5.
G raph o f m e a s u re d and p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d d u r i n g 1984 e v e n t .
22
A l l t h r e e o f t h e f o r m u l a s t e s t e d w i t h Squaw C re e k d a t a p r e d i c t e d
b e d l o a d . o v e r tw o o r d e r s o f m a g n itu d e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t w h ic h w as
m easured.
T he b e d l o a d m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s a r e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .
The S c h o k l i t s c h
(1934) f o r m u l a p r e d i c t i o n w as c l o s e r t o
b e d l o a d f o r b o t h t h e 1 983 a n d 1 9 8 4 d a t a s e t s .
M e y e r - P e t e r an d M u l l e r
b o th y e a rs ,
m easured
The s t r e a m p o w e r an d
(MPM) f o r m u l a s g a v e v e r y
s im ila r
re su lts
for
MPM b e i n g 20% g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s t r e a m p o w e r p r e d i c t i o n i n
1983 and 12% l e s s t h a n t h e s t r e a m p o w e r p r e d i c t i o n i n 1984,
as d e te r­
m in e d f ro m T a b l e 2.
C o lu m n t w o , i n T a b l e 2 , l i s t s
th e m e tr ic to n s of b e d lo a d p re ­
d i c t e d by e a c h o f t h e f o r m u l a s a n d c o lu m n t h r e e , i n T a b l e 2 , l i s t s
m e tric
to n s
e v e n ts.
of b e d lo a d
m easured f o r
The i n s t a n t a n e o u s t r a n s p o r t
t h e 1983
ra te s
th e
and 1984 t r a n s p o r t
p e r u n i t w i d t h w e r e m u l­
t i p l i e d by t h e p e r i o d o f t i m e t h e s t r e a m m a i n t a i n e d t h a t r a t e and t h e
s tr e a m w i d t h t o y i e l d m e t r i c to n s o f b ed lo ad .
These c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e
b a sed upon c o m p le te s e t s of m easured p a ra m e te rs ,
fo rm u la .
as a p p lic a b le to each
(Many p a r a m e t e r s h a d t o b e m e a s u r e d " i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y " a n d
p r o b l e m s o f t e n c a u s e d d e l a y s i n m e a s u r e m e n t o f one o r m ore p a r a m e t e r s
re su ltin g
in
an in c o m p le te
set
o f " i n s t a n t a n e o u s " m e a s u r e m e n ts .)
The
f o u r t h c o lu m n l i s t s t h e e m p i r i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d a d j u s t m e n t c o e f f i c i e n t ,
k,
w h ic h a d j u s t s
a c tu a lly
th e
m easured i n
b e d lo a d
th e
stre a m .
p re d ic te d
by
th e
fo rm u la s
The c o e f f i c i e n t k i s
to
th a t
d e t e r m i n e d by
d i v i d i n g t h e m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d by t h e p r e d i c t e d b e d lo a d .
The k v a l u e s f o r e a c h f o r m u l a i n T a b l e 2 v a r y fro m y e a r t o y e a r .
The c o n s i s t e n c y , o f e a c h f o r m u l a ' s p r e d i c t i o n f r o m y e a r t o y e a r c a n b e
c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e p e r c e n t v a r i a t i o n from e a ch f o r m u la 's a v e ra g e k
23
v a l u e ( T a b le 3 ).
The s t r e a m p o w e r p r e d i c t i o n w a s m ore c o n s i s t e n t fro m
y e a r t o y e a r v a r y i n g +5% fro m i t s a v e r a g e k v a l u e .
Some o f t h e o v e r p r e d i c t i o n and y e a r l y v a r i a t i o n i n
p re d ic tio n s
is
a ttrib u ta b le
to
erro r
in
t h e f o r m u l a ’s
p a r a m e te r m ea su rem e n ts.
R e s u lts o f a n a l y s i s o f t h i s p a r a m e te r m easurem ent e r r o r a r e p r e s e n te d
i n T a b l e 4.
The S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a w a s l e a s t a f f e c t e d ,
m arg in o v e r th e s tr e a m pow er p r e d i c t i o n ,
th e p a ra m e te rs.
P r e d ic tio n s by th e
by e r r o r in
by a s l i g h t
m easurem ent o f
S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a v a r i e d +16%
i n t h e w o r s t p o s s i b l e c a s e f o r 1983 d a t a a n d +8% f o r t h e 1 9 8 4 w o r s t
p o s s ib le case.
The MPM f o r m u l a w a s t h e m o st a f f e c t e d v a r y i n g +52% and
+31% f o r t h e sam e d a t a .
E rro r a n a ly s is i s d iscu ssed l a t e r .
The b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s p r e d i c t e d b y t h e f o r m u l a s a r e p r e ­
s e n t e d i n F i g u r e s 4 and 5.
F ig u re
5
p lo ts
n in e
F i g u r e 4 p l o t s t w e l v e p r e d i c t e d p o i n t s and
p o in ts.
In
m ak in g
th e
m an y
in sta n ta n e o u s
p a r a m e te r m e a su re m e n ts r e q u ir e d by th e f o rm u la s , c a s e s o c c u rre d in
w h i c h m e a s u r e m e n t o f a p a r a m e t e r w as i m p o s s i b l e d u e t o som e f i e l d
c o n d itio n s.
T h is r e s u l t e d i n m any s e t s
p a r a m e te r m ea su rem e n ts.
sent
th o se
tim e s
sim u lta n e o u sly -
at
of in c o m p le te in s ta n ta n e o u s
The p o i n t s p l o t t e d
w h ic h
a ll
stu d y
i n F i g u r e s 4 and 5 r e p r e ­
p a ra m e te rs
t h e r e a r e no e s t i m a t e d v a l u e s .
w ere
m easured
As a r e s u l t ,
a l l of
t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d i n t h e f i e l d w as n o t u s e d t o p l o t F i g u r e s 4 and 5.
T h e r e a r e 12 c o m p l e t e s e t s o f i n s t a n t a n e o u s p a r a m e t e r m e a s u r e m e n ts f o r
1983 a n d 9 f o r 1 9 8 4 c o n t a i n e d i n A p p e n d i c e s A-D.
To t e s t t h e e f f e c t
t h a t t h i s s m a l l s e t o f d a t a p o i n t s w o u l d h a v e on f o r m u l a p r e c i s i o n ,
in c o m p le te p a ra m e te r s e ts
w ere a ls o
p lo tte d
fo r
c o m p a riso n w i t h
c o m p le te p a ra m e te r s e t s u s in g e s tim a te d v a lu e s as n e c e s s a ry .
A lthough
24
n o t show n h e r e ,
t h e e s t i m a t e d d a t a s e t s p r o v i d e d 146 p o i n t s
a n d 87 p o i n t s f o r 1 9 8 4 .
f o r 1983
The e s t i m a t e d and n o n - e s t i m a t e d d a t a s e t s
y i e l d e d p r e d i c t i o n s w i t h i n 20% o f e a c h o t h e r .
T h e 20% d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e e s t i m a t e d and n o n - e s t i m a t e d d a t a s e t s i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t a s
c o m p a re d t o
th e
tw o o r d e r s
o f m ag n itu d e
o v e rp re d ic tio n .
B ased upon
t h i s c o m p a riso n i t was assum ed t h a t r e s u l t s b a se d upon th e s m a l le r
n u m b e r o f c o m p l e t e d a t a s e t s w e r e v a l i d f o r t h e s t u d y and d i d n o t r u n
th e r i s k of in tr o d u c in g e r r o r by in c lu d in g e s tim a te d p a ra m e te rs .
D a ta
a n a ly se s
a ttrib u ta b le
to
in d ic a te
erro r,
as
th a t
fo rm u la
m e n tio n e d
fo llo w in g f a c to r s to v a ry in g d e g re e s.
above,
o v e rp re d ic tio n
w as
a ffe c te d
not
by th e
E f f e c t s o f t h e s e f a c t o r s and
r e l e v a n t o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d b r i e f l y h e r e a s r e s u l t s and a r e
d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n C h a p t e r 4.
D isch arg e
D i s c h a r g e w a s v e r y a c c u r a t e l y and e a s i l y m e a s u r e d
w alk.
f ro m t h e c a t -
The c o n v e r g e n c e o f f lo w b y t h e b r i d g e a b u t m e n t s w a s p r o v e d , b y
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h U.S.F.S. m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n d o w n s t r e a m
of th e b rid g e ,
to n o t a d v e r s e ly a f f e c t a c c u r a c y of th e m ea su re m e n ts.
d is c h a r g e from t h e c a tw a lk d id ,
how ever,
M e a su rin g
i m p r o v e t h e e a s e and s a f e t y
w i t h w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e made.
W a te r D e n s i t y
V a ria tio n s
i n w a t e r d e n s i t y c a u s e d b y c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e and
s u s p e n d e d s e d i m e n t w e r e fo u n d t o c h a n g e s t r e a m p o w e r a n i n s i g n i f i c a n t
25
am o u n t (0.01%) on Squaw C reek.
A c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f 1 ,0 0 0 k g /m ^ c a n b e
used w i t h n e g l i g i b l e e r r o r in th e s tre a m power e x p re s s io n .
D a tu m -L in e S lo p e M e asurem ent T e c h n iq u e
The datum l i n e s l o p e m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e u s e d p r o v e d t o b e veryp r e c i s e and easy to u se.
I t w as c h e c k e d by t h e w a t e r l e v e l m eth o d
o n ly t w i c e b e c a u s e tw o p e o p le w e re n e c e s s a r y t o u s e t h e w a t e r l e v e l
m eth o d .
B o th t i m e s t h e w a t e r l e v e l m eth o d y i e l d e d w a t e r s u r f a c e
s l o p e s 50-100% l a r g e r t h a n t h e da tu m l i n e m ethod.
T his d i f f e r e n c e in
w a t e r s u r f a c e s lo p e v a l u e s p ro b a b ly i s due t o l o c a l v a r i a t i o n s
in
w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e on t h e s tu d y r e a c h , n o t t o g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n '
t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e tw o m e th o d s .
surface
The t u b i n g u s e d t o m e a s u r e w a t e r
s l o p e s by t h e w a t e r l e v e l m eth o d w a s 7.9 m f ro m
i s o nly a f r a c t i o n of th e
T h is
d a t u m - l i n e m e th o d y ^ - y ^ d i s t a n c e o f 38.1 m.
The c e n t r a l s e c t i o n o f t h e s t u d y r e a c h m e a s u r e d by t h e w a t e r l e v e l w a s
a r i f f l e . The s t e e p e r w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e s m e a s u r e d t h e r e by t h e w a t e r
le v e l
m eth o d p r o b a b l y , r e f l e c t l o c a l v a r i a t i o n
due t o t h e g r e a t e r b e d s l o p e a t t h e r i f f l e .
in w a te r s u rfa c e slo p e
The w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e s
o b t a i n e d by t h e w a t e r l e v e l m e th o d w e r e v e r y c l o s e t o b e d s l o p e v a l u e s
o b t a i n e d by t h e d a t u m . l i n e m ethod.
B e d lo a d S a m p le rs
M o d ified M u lh o ffe r B a sk e t
The M u l h o f f e r s a m p l e r b a s k e t p r o v e d i n e f f e c t i v e a s t u r b u l e n c e
c r e a t e d by f l o w t h r o u g h t h e b a s k e t m e s h . w a s g r e a t e n o u g h t o w a s h o u t
b e d lo a d t h a t was c a p tu r e d .
26
B r i d g e —M ounted H e l l e y - S m i t h
The b r i d g e - m o u n t e d H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e r a l s o p r o v e d i n s u f f i c i e n t .
I t had th e a d v a n ta g e of e a sy r e t r i e v a l d u rin g peak f lo w s ,
w as
d isc o n tin u e d
p o ssib le .
because
a c c u ra te
p o in t
but i t s use
m e a su re m e n ts
As s o o n a s t h e s a m p l e r f r a m e on i t s
w ere
not
c a b le c o n ta c te d th e
w a t e r s u r f a c e i t was sw e p t to w a rd s t h e th a lw e g f r u s t r a t i n g a t t e m p t s to
m easure b e d lo a d a t d e s ir e d p o i n ts a c ro s s th e ch an n el w id th .
H and-H eld H e l l e y - S m i t h
The c a t w a l k p r o v i d e d a s o l i d p l a t f o r m
f o r m e a s u re m e n t and w as
v e ry b e n e f i c i a l i n a llo w in g r e p e a t a b l e p o i n t sa m p lin g of b e d lo a d .
At
peak f lo w s a g r e a t d e a l of s t r e n g t h was needed t o m a i n ta i n c o n t r o l o f
t h e 7 6 . 2 mm n o z z l e h a n d - h e l d H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e r .
H a n d lin g w as
e n h a n c e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f a h a n d l e e x t e n s i o n m ade f r o m g a l v a n i z e d
s t e e l fen ce r a i l sto c k .
su b sta n tia lly .
The a d d e d w e i g h t and l e n g t h im p r o v e d c o n t r o l
Even w i t h t h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n , m ost f i e l d a s s i s t a n t s
c o u ld n o t m a i n ta i n c o n t r o l of t h i s s a m p le r a t peak flo w .
T h is s a m p le r
p ro v ed m ost e f f e c t i v e and w as u se d t o m easu re b e d lo a d .
S p a t i a l V a r i a t i o n i n B e d lo a d
B ed lo ad w as n o t o b s e rv e d to be s p a t i a l l y c o n tin u o u s a c r o s s th e
stre a m bed.
B e d l o a d w a s c o n s i s t e n t l y g r e a t e s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 .8 m
f r o m t h e l e f t b a n k i n e a r l y 1983 a n d 3 .8 m f r o m t h e l e f t b a n k a f t e r
t h e c h a n n e l c h a n g e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e d i s p e r s a l o f t h e l o g ja m . T h e s e
p o i n t s ' r o u g h l y c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e t h a l w e g . Only 83% o f t h e s t r e a m w i d t h
was in v o lv e d i n s e d im e n t t r a n s p o r t a s b e d lo a d .
27
S e d im e n t S u p p ly
S ed im en t su p p ly
Creek.
g re a tly
a ffe c te d
b e d lo a d
t r a n s p o r t on Squaw
P r e d i c t i o n s made u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a s a s s u m e a c o n s t a n t s u p p l y
of tra n s p o rta b le
se d im e n t.
m ay t r a n s p o r t " l e s s
B a g n o ld (1966,
s e d im e n t th a n i t
p.
129) n o t e d t h a t a r i v e r
c o u ld i f
m ore t r a n s p o r t a b l e
s e d im e n t w e re a v a i l a b l e " and t h a t t h i s " d e f ic ie n c y o f s e d im e n t su p p ly "
m ig h t c a u se p r e d i c t e d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s t o be c o n s id e r a b ly l a r g e r th a n
m easured t r a n s p o r t r a t e s .
To d e t e r m i n e i f s u c h a s e d i m e n t d e f i c i e n c y
e x i s t e d a t Squaw C re e k d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e s t u d y , t h e c h a n n e l an d
its
trib u ta ry
s tre a m s,
w h ich
cut
m apped l a n d s l i d e s
u n its,
s e a r c h e d by f o o t a n d v e h i c l e f o r e x t r a —c h a n n e l s e d i m e n t s o u r c e s ,
a s a v a la n c h es,
rock s li d e s ,
and d e b r i s f l o w s .
se d im e n t su p p ly zo nes w ere i d e n t i f i e d
in
th e
w ere
such
No f r e s h e x t r a - c h a n n e l
b a sin
su g g e stin g
Squaw
C reek i s a s e d im e n t d e f i c i e n t s tr e a m , a t l e a s t d u r in g t h e p e r io d of
t h i s s tu d y .
d o w n stre a m
S m a ll a r e a s o f b a n k f a i l u r e
of th e
stu d y
reach
c o u l d b e f o u n d u p s t r e a m an d
d u rin g a l l
th e y e a rs
of th e stu d y .
F i g u r e s 9 a n d 10 s h o w w h e r e b a n k f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d w i t h i n t h e s t u d y
r e a c h i n 1 9 8 3 . T h e o n l y new l o a d i d e n t i f i e d w a s r e w o r k e d s e d i m e n t
i n t r o d u c e d by b a n k f a i l u r e .
S e d im e n t S t o r a g e
S e d im e n t s t o r a g e
a ls o had g r e a t
a f f e c t s on b e d l o a d .
s t o r e d w i t h i n thie c h a n n e l a t Squaw C re e k i n t h e b e d a r m o r ,
lo g ja m s , and b e d fo rm s.
B edload i s
p o o ls and
The a r m o r l a y e r r e m a i n e d c o h e s i v e a t m o st
d i s c h a r g e s d u r i n g 1983 a n d 1 9 8 4 p r e v e n t i n g r e l e a s e o f t h e s u b a r m o r
28
m a te ria l.
The a r m o r w as b r o k e n f o l l o w i n g
t h e d i s p e r s a l o f a l o g jam
i n 1983 r e s u l t i n g i n t h e r e l e a s e o f s e d i m e n t s t o r e d i n t h e s u b a rm o r.
B e d lo a d i n c r e a s e d a s s e d i m e n t w as r e l e a s e d fro m
on r i s i n g
lim b s
of ru n o ff hydrographs.
As t h e s e e v e n t s s u b s i d e d t h e y
w e r e f o l l o w e d by a d e c r e a s e i n b e d l o a d u n t i l
th e n e x t sed im e n t in p u t.
c a n b e s e e n by c o m p a r in g F i g u r e s 4 -5 and 6 - 7 .
discharge (It^/sec)
T h is
May
June
Date
F ig u re 6 .
1983
s to r a g e in p o o ls
hydrograph d u rin g b e d lo a d e v e n t.
29
TJ
m
o
TJ
0)
JJ
TJ
0)
3
V)
>
O
C
OJ
0)
E
>
(ft / s e c )
- 250
.
discharge
- 100
I
June
D ate
1984 h y d ro g r a p h d u r i n g b e d l o a d
event
( o a s / ui)
- 150
30
F ig u re 7 .
200
30
Much o f t h e b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t o b s e r v e d w a s r e l a t e d t o r e l e a s e o f
channel sto ra g e .
On 28 May
1983 t h e a u t h o r and tw o f i e l d
a ssista n ts
w e r e c o m p l e t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e s l o p e s u r v e y l i n e s on t h e s t u d y
r e a c h o f Squaw C r e e k .
At 1 8 :4 5 we w e r e f i n i s h i n g s u p p e r a t o u r t e n t
cam p a b o u t 7 0 m
th e b rid g e .
from
I t was e v e n in g ,
d a r k n e s s w a s c l o s i n g i n a r o u n d o u r camp.
t r e m e n d o u s , "BOOM",
stre a m .
creek .
as i f a s ti c k
th e g a th e rin g
A l l o f a s u d d e n , we h e a r d a
o f d y n a m ite had e x p lo d e d a t th e
Huge a m o u n ts o f d e b r i s w e r e t h e n o b s e r v e d f l o a t i n g
I t becam e c l e a r t h a t a lo g jam ,
u p stre a m
of th e stu d y re a c h a t l e a s t
down t h e
w h i c h had b e e n e m p la c e d j u s t
tw o y e a r s
e a rlie r,
had j u s t
b u rst.
We h u r r i e d l y c o m p l e t e d i n s t a l l a t i o n and b e g a n s a m p l i n g t h r o u g h
th e n ig h t.
A r e c o n n a i s s a n c e o f t h e r e a c h r e v e a l e d a tr e m e n d o u s b e d ­
lo a d e v e n t w as ta k in g p la c e .
fro m w h e re th e jam had b e e n ,
A lo n g t h e r i g h t b a n k , d i r e c t l y a c r o s s
fist-siz e d
b o u n c in g a f o o t above th e w a te r s u r f a c e .
and l a r g e r c o b b le s w e r e
H av in g n e v e r w i t n e s s e d a
c a t a s t r o p h i c b e d l o a d e v e n t on Squaw C r e e k , n o o n e k n e w how l o n g i t
w o u ld c o n t i n u e a t t h i s i n t e n s i t y .
W h ile r e l a t i n g
th e e v e n ts o f th e p r e v io u s e v e n in g to
a n o th e r
s t u d e n t t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g , a ro w o f c o b b l e s w a s o b s e r v e d p r o ­
tr u d in g above th e w a t e r s u r f a c e u p s tre a m
gauge show ed t h a t s t a g e w as r i s i n g
-
( F i g u r e 1 6 ).
a g g ra d a tio n
Yet th e s t a f f
of c o b b le -s iz e d
m a t e r i a l was t a k i n g p l a c e b e f o r e o u r e y e s !
The d i s p e r s a l o f t h i s
b e d lo a d
lo g jam t r i g g e r e d
th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t
t r a n s p o r t e v e n t observed in t h r e e y e a rs of s tu d y .
C hanges i n
c h a n n e l m o r p h o lo g y w e r e r e c o r d e d b y p l a n e t a b l e m ap p in g ( F i g u r e s 8 , 9,
31
and
10)
and
a e ria l
(F ig u re s
11
and
12 )
and
ground
p h o to
su rv ey
( F i g u r e s 13 a n d 1 4 ) . T h e l o g j a m a c t e d a s b o t h a t e m p o r a r y s e d i m e n t
sto ra g e
a r e a and l o c a l b a s e l e v e l .
s e d im e n t
in to
Its
d isp e rsa l
th e sed im e n t d e f i c i e n t stre a m .
was d e p o s ite d in th e r i g h t c h a n n e l.
th e s tre a m s h if t e d
its
Much o f t h i s
its
se d im e n t
c h a n n el as i t graded to
T his i n c i s i o n r e s u l t e d
o f t h e a r m o r l a y e r and r e l e a s e
lo o se
A f te r t h i s se d im e n t d e p o s itio n
c o u r s e and i n c i s e d
a new b a s e l e v e l ( F i g u r e 1 4 ).
re le a se d
in
of a d d i t i o n a l s e d im e n t.
th e b rea k in g
The d i s p e r s a l
o f t h i s l o g ja m h a d g r e a t e r e f f e c t on b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t a t Squaw C re e k
t h a n an y o t h e r f a c t o r s t u d i e d .
The b e d f o r m s
b edform s.
id e n tifie d
at
Squaw C re e k w e r e d u n e s and
c lu ste r
B e d f o rm s c a u s e d s p a t i a l an d t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n b e d l o a d ,
a f f e c t i n g b o t h p r e d i c t i o n s and m e a s u r e m e n t s .
The b e d l o a d e v e n t a t Squaw C re e k l a s t e d a b o u t 21 d a y s i n 1983 and
1984 w i t h g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y
tra n sp o rt.
7 27 t o n s
in p a r t i c l e
s i z e and m ass o f m a t e r i a l i n
T o t a l m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d , a s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 a b o v e , w as
in
1 983
and 522 to n s
p e rio d b o th as c o n tin u o u s,
d isc o n tin u o u s b u rs ts .
in
1 984.
B e d l o a d m o v ed d u r i n g
lo n g d u r a t i o n
e v e n ts
th is
and as s p o ra d ic ,
32
IFLOW
W
Viewpoint for
F ig u re 8.
Figures 16-21
S tu d y r e a c h p r i o r t o d i s p e r s a l o f lo g ja m
1983) .
Zo ne o f
bank erosion
- O u t l i n e of o r i g i n a l b a r
F ig u re 9.
( p r i o r t o 28 May
12.2 m
Scale
S tu d y r e a c h a f t e r d i s p e r s a l o f l o g jam and p r i o r t o c h a n n e l
i n c i s i o n ( p r i o r to 5 Ju n e 1983).
33
Iqggj Portion of original bar remaining after burst of log jam
Zone o f
bank erosion
0
L_
12.2 m
S c a le
F i g u r e 1 0 . S tu d y r e a c h a f t e r d e p o s i t i o n o f new b a r s , s h i f t o f f lo w t o
l e f t b a n k and c h a n n e l i n c i s i o n ( a f t e r 5 J u n e 1983). A ll
l e g e n d m a t e r i a l same a s F i g u r e 9 u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e n o t e d .
34
F i g u r e 11.
A e r i a l p h o t o o f s t u d y r e a c h p r i o r t o 28 May, 1983.
F ig u re 12.
A e r i a l p h o t o o f s t u d y r e a c h a f t e r 19 J u n e ,
1983.
35
F ig u re 13.
View l o o k i n g u p s t r e a m p r i o r t o 28 May, 1983
a lo n g r i g h t b ank.
s h o w in g f lo w
F ig u re 14.
View l o o k i n g u p s t r e a m a f t e r 19 J u n e , 1983 s h o w in g d e p o s i ­
t i o n a l o n g r i g h t b a n k and c h a n n e l i n c i s i o n .
36
CHAPTER 4
DISCUSSION
In tro d u c tio n
A l l t h r e e o f t h e f o r m u l a s t e s t e d p r e d i c t e d m uch m ore b e d l o a d
t r a n s p o r t i n Squaw C re e k t h a n w a s m e a s u r e d ( T a b le 2).
(1934)
f o r m u l a p r e d i c t i o n w as t h e c l o s e s t
tw o o r d e r s
M u lle r
of m ag n itu d e h ig h .
fo rm u la s
S c h o k litsc h ,
1984.
b o th
S im ila r
c o m m u n ic a tio n )
re s u lts
in
to m easured b e d lo a d ,
b e in g
The s t r e a m p o w e r an d M e y e r - P e t e r and
p re d ic te d
on t h e a v e r a g e ,
The S c h o k l i t s c h
q u a n titie s
196%
h ig h e r
th a n
f o r 1983 a n d a v e r a g e d 280% h i g h e r i n
have b een
found
o th e r h ig h g r a d ie n t
by
E rg e n zin g e r
m o u n ta in
(personal
stre a m s.
S ta ll,
R u p a n i, and K andaw ay (1958) c h e c k e d t h r e e f o r m u l a s on a l o w e r g r a d i e n t
stre a m w ith s m a lle r p a r t i c l e
siz e
(193 4) f o r m u l a t h e b e s t a t 31% h i g h .
and a l s o fo u n d t h e
S c h o k litsc h
They fo u n d t h e E i n s t e i n (1950)
f o r m u l a 225% h i g h and t h e Duboys (187 9) f o r m u l a 776% h i g h .
The o v e r p r e d i c t i o n
sid e re d
in
tw o p a r t s
-
of th e fo rm u la s in t h i s
stu d y can be con­
m easurem ent e r r o r ,
in a b ility
and
fo rm u la s to a c co u n t f o r s e v e r a l im p o r ta n t f a c t o r s :
i n b e d lo a d
tra n sp o rt;
tem p o ral v a r i a t i o n s
v a ria tio n s
in
of
s p a tia l v a ria tio n
s e d im e n t s u p p ly and s to r a g e ;
in b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t .
th e
and
37
O v e r p r e d i c t i o n Due t o E r r o r
M easurem ent E r r o r
The f i r s t
of t h e s e s o u rc e s of e r r o r
( m e a s u re m e n t) o c c u r s b o t h i n
m easurem ent of th e p a ra m e te rs u se d i n th e p r e d i c t i v e fo rm u la s and in
th e sa m p lin g done to q u a n tif y b e d lo a d .
F i r s t c o n s id e r th e e r r o r in
m easurem ent of th e fo rm u la p a ra m e te rs.
E r r o r i n S lo p e M e a s u r e m e n t.
The s l o p e m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e u s e d
p ro v id e d v e ry c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s .
M e a s u r e m e n ts made on a d r y c h a n n e l
g iv e
an i n d i c a t i o n
of
t h e a c c u r a c y an d c o n s i s t e n c y
of t h e tec h n iq u e.
S i x m e a s u r e m e n t s a t o n e p o i n t on t h e u p s t r e a m da tu m l i n e t a k e n o v e r a
1 4 - d a y p e r i o d v a r y by l e s s t h a n Imm o r 0.2%.
w a te r su rfa c e
to
( s e e F i g u r e 4) i n f l o w i n g w a t e r w e r e m o re d i f f i c u l t due
tu rb u len ce.
m e n t,
M e a s u r e m e n ts made a t t h e
E ven a l l o w i n g f o r 10 t i m e s t h e e r r o r o f d r y m e a s u r e ­
e r r o r i s s t i l l l e s s t h a n 5%.
T h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s do n o t l e n d t h e m s e l v e s w e l l t o s t a t i s t i c a l
a n a ly s is b ecau se e a ch m easurem ent i s a t a d i f f e r e n t d isc h a rg e and,
th e re fo re ,
a t a d i f f e r e n t d e p th .
sam e d i s c h a r g e ,
m e a s u r e m e n t.
th e
sta n d a rd
I f m ea su re m e n ts w e re ta k e n a t th e
d e v ia tio n
c o u ld be
d e te rm in e d f o r
each
T h i s w a s n o t done b e c a u s e o f t i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s - t h e
num ber of p a r a m e t e r s w h ic h w ere b e in g m easu red s im u l ta n e o u s l y a llo w e d
v ery l i t t l e
tim e f o r m easurem ent r e p l i c a t i o n to o b ta in s t a t i s t i c a l
p o p u latio n s.
An a d d i t i o n a l
so u rce
of e r r o r
in th e
s lo p e m e a su re m e n ts w as
i n t r o d u c e d i n 1983 w hen t h e c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l o f a n u p s t r e a m l o g
ja m t w i c e w a s h e d o u t u p s t r e a m
da tu m l i n e
sta k e s.
F o rtu n a te ly ,
each
38
t i m e t h i s o c c u r r e d on e o f t h e p a i r o f s t a k e s r e m a i n e d i n i t s
o rig in a l
p o s i t i o n a l l o w i n g t h e r e p l a c e m e n t s t a k e t o b e r e f e r e n c e d t o i t . T he
da tu m l i n e w a s r e l e v e l e d u s i n g a B r u n t o n h a n d - t r a n s i t d u r i n g t h e f i e l d
season.
At t h e end o f t h e s e a s o n t h e datum l i n e w a s r e s u r v e y e d l e v e l
by p l a n e t a b l e a n d a d j u s t m e n t s w e r e m ade t o t h e d a t a b a s e d upon t h i s
m ore a c c u r a t e s u r v e y .
A lth o u g h g r e a t c a r e w as e x e r c is e d each tim e i n
re lo c a tin g
lin e ,
th e
d a tu m
d e v ia tio n in tro d u c e d .
c e rtain .
it
For th is
is
p ro b ab le
th a t
th e re
w as
so m e
r e a s o n t h e 1983 s l o p e d a t a i s l e s s
The 1984 d a t a w a s n o t s u b j e c t t o t h i s e r r o r .
E r r o r in W a te r D e n s ity
M easu rem en t. V a r ia tio n in w a te r d e n s ity
w a s m e a s u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f i t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d s t r e a m p o w e r on
Squaw C r e e k .
I t w as th o u g h t t h a t th e f o r e s t l i t t e r , a lg a e , and f i n e
s e d im e n ts w h ic h had a c c u m u la te d s in c e th e p re v io u s f lo o d e v e n t,
com­
b in e d w i t h w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s , m ig h t i n c r e a s e th e e f f e c t i v e
s p e c i f ic g r a v ity of th e w a te r in th e f i r s t flo o d of th e w a te r y ear. I f
s o , t h e s t r e a m p o w e r m i g h t b e a f f e c t e d by t h i s d e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n .
To d e t e r m i n e
th e
e ffe c tiv e
s p e c ific
g rav ity ,
s u s p e n d e d l o a d and
w a te r te m p e ra tu re w ere m easured s im u lta n e o u s to th e c o l l e c t i o n of d a ta
on t h e o t h e r s t u d y p a r a m e t e r s .
W a te r d e n s i t y w a s t h e n c a l c u l a t e d a s
t h e m a s s o f a u n i t v o lu m e o f w a t e r a t t h e m e a s u r e d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e
p lu s th e m ass of th e su spended lo a d ,
t h i s q u a n t i t y was th e n d iv id e d by
a u n i t v o lu m e o f w a t e r .
W a t e r d e n s i t y w a s f o u n d t o v a r y a b o u t 0.01% d u r i n g Squaw C r e e k 's
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t se a so n , th u s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
pow er.
a f f e c ti n g stre a m
D e n sity d i f f e r e n c e s w ere a ls o d isc o u n te d a s a s i g n i f i c a n t
39
f a c t o r i n b e d l o a d e v e n t s b y Nanson (1 9 7 4 ), w o r k i n g on a s t r e a m s i m i l a r
to
Squaw C r e e k .
I f su sp en d ed s e d im e n t sa m p lin g and a n a ly s i s
and
t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t w e r e o f f b y a f a c t o r o f 1 00, e r r o r w o u ld s t i l l
be le s s
t h a n 5%.
A 5% v a r i a t i o n i n w a t e r d e n s i t y w o u ld c h a n g e s t r e a m
p o w e r ( m) b y o n l y 0.5%,
w as fo u n d
to v ary
an i n s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t.
n e g lig ib ly ,
S in ce w a te r d e n s i t y
th e rem a in in g f u n c t i o n a l p a ra m e te r of
stre a m pow er i s d isc h a rg e .
E r r o r i n D is c h a rg e M easurem ent.
One p o s s i b l e
source
of e r r o r
in
d i s c h a r g e m e a s u r e m e n t w a s t h e m e th o d o f s t r e a m v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t.
The
stu d y
d isc h a rg e
d a ta
w as
o b ta in e d
im m ed ia te ly u p stre a m of th e b rid g e .
from
th e
c a tw a lk
m o u n te d
H e re t h e f l o w w a s c o n s t r a i n e d on
e i t h e r b a n k b y t h e b r i d g e a b u t m e n t s a n d on t h e b e d b y t h e l o g u p o n
w h i c h t h e m a g n e t i c d e t e c t o r s w e r e m o u n te d .
to
w h e th e r
th is
lo c a tio n
w o u ld
y ie ld
T h e r e w a s som e c o n c e r n a s
s ta tistic a lly
c o m p a rab le
d i s c h a r g e m e a s u r e m e n t s a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e U .S .F .S . s i t e , w h i c h w a s
d o w n stre a m
of
th e
b rid g e
acro ss
th e
n a tu ra l
c h a n n e l.
s t a g e / d i s c h a r g e r a t i n g c u r v e s w e r e c o m p a re d w i t h l i k e
b y t h e U . S .F .S .,
p a irs
of
d a ta
d a ta ,
o b tain ed
f o r t h e s a m e s t r e a m f l o w s o f Squaw C r e e k . T he t w o
w ere
c o m p u te r program .
com pared u s in g
th e
U .S .F .S .
re g re ssio n
RATER
The d a t a w e r e fo u n d t o h a v e r ^ v a l u e s o f 0.996 f o r
1983 an d 0.987 f o r 1984. D i s c h a r g e m e a s u r e m e n t a t t h e b r i d g e ,
c a tw a lk ,
Tw o
fro m t h e
w as n o t i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e l o c a t i o n a t w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e m e n t
w as ta k e n .
T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t , w h ere p o s s i b l e ,
m easured w i t h o u t
th e
in co n v en ien ce
d is c h a rg e can be
and d a n g e r o f w a d in g
th e stre a m .
D i s c h a r g e m e a s u r e m e n t , h a v i n g b e e n show n t o b e a c c u r a t e , w a s a s s i g n e d
a t y p i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r o f 5%, a r e a l i s t i c v a l u e f o r m e a s u r e m e n ts
40
show n to p o s s e s s a h ig h d eg ree, o f a c c u r a c y .
pow er,
of
th e
p ro b a b le
erro r
in
The e f f e c t on s t r e a m
d isc h a rg e,
d e n sity ,
and
slo p e
m easu rem en ts can be d e te rm in e d .
T a b l e 4 sh o w s t h e p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n b e d l o a d p r e d i c t i o n s b y e a c h
f o r m u l a w hen e r r o r i n t h e v a r i a b l e s h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d .
is
a t t h e m ax im u m p r o b a b l e e r r o r v a l u e u s e d i n t h i s
o th e r v a r i a b l e s a r e h e ld c o n s ta n t.
One v a r i a b l e
s tu d y and t h e
The v a l u e s u s e d t o c o m p u te t h e
t a b l e s a r e f ro m d a t a m e a s u r e d 0 1 :4 1 , 28 May 1983 on Squaw C reek.
show n i s
fo rm u la
th e w o rs t p o s s ib le
are
at
th e ir
case,
w hen a l l
m ax im u m e r r o r v a l u e .
fo rm u la p r e d i c ti o n i s l e a s t a f f e c te d by t h i s
T a b le
4,
b e in g
fo rm u la ,
th e
y ie ld in g
v a lu e s
+16% i n
MPM, w a s
+52%
th e v a r ia b le s
1983
a n d +8% i n
a ffe c te d
in
d e v ia tio n , w h ile g re a t,
1 983
th e
and
th e
e r r o r a s can be seen in
1984.
in
in
The S c h o k l i t s c h 1 9 3 4
m ost by
+31%
Also,
The m o st c o m p le x
th is
1984.
p o ssib le
T h is
erro r
am ount o f
d o e s n o t a p p r o a c h t h e tw o o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e f o r m u l a s ' p r e d i c t i o n s and s a m p l e d b e d l o a d .
d iffe re n c e
b e tw e e n
th e
p re d ic te d
and
m easured
v a lu e s
The
cannot
be
acco u n ted f o r by m easurem ent e r r o r a lo n e .
E r r o r i n B e d lo a d S a m p lin g . S a m p le r e r r o r d i d a f f e c t b o t h f o r m u l a
p r e d i c t i o n s and s a m p l e d b e d l o a d r a t e .
S m ith s a m p le r d e s ig n ,
mm n o z z l e i n
T h i s w as n o t d u e t o t h e H e l l e y -
b u t r a t h e r th e sa m p lin g e f f i c i e n c y
Squaw C re e k .
E m m ett (1980)
o f t h e 7 6 .2
found s a m p l e r e f f i c i e n c y
b e n e a r 100% w hen m e d ia n p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r w as 1/5 n o z z l e s i z e .
m eans
th e
s a m p le r u sed w as
d i a m e te r was
16
mm o r
le ss.
100% e f f i c i e n t
It
w as
to
T h is
when m e d ia n p a r t i c l e
p o s s ib le
to
check
e f f i c i e n c y on Squaw C re e k w i t h a h i g h d e g r e e o f c o n f i d e n c e .
sa m p le r
41
I n 1983 t h e a u t h o r w a s f o r t u n a t e e n o u g h t o w i t n e s s and r e c o r d a
c a t a s t r o p h i c b e d lo a d e v e n t.
D u r in g t h i s e v e n t t h e h a n d - h e l d H e l l e y -
S m it h s a m p l e r w a s u s e d t o s a m p l e t h e b e d l o a d a s new c h a n n e l b a r s w e r e
f o r m in g .
C u m u lativ e g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e c o m p u t e r p l o t t e d
f o r 42 i n - c h a n r i e l H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e s and 8 new c h a n n e l b a r s a m p le s .
The c u r v e s a s s u m e a v a r i e t y
p o r t e v e n t b e in g sam p led .
o f s h a p e s d e p e n d in g on t h e b e d l o a d t r a n s ­
F i g u r e 15 s h o w s t h r e e o f t h e c u r v e s .
T he
c u r v e s fro m t h e H e l l e y - S m i t h c h a n n e l s a m p l e s t a k e n w h i l e t h e b a r s w e r e
f o r m i n g an d t h o s e f r o m t h e n e w ly f o r m e d b a r s a r e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l ,
as
c a n b e s e e n o n t h e t w o c u r v e s t o t h e l e f t i n F i g u r e 15. T h i s c h a r ­
a c te ristic
shape of th e g r a in
siz e d is tr ib u tio n
cu rv es i s a " s ig ­
n a t u r e " i d e n t i f y i n g t h e tw o s a m p l e s a s h a v i n g b e e n i n t r a n s p o r t d u r i n g
t h e same b e d l o a d e v e n t .
The 18 A p r i l 1984 p l o t i s a s i e v e a n a l y s i s o f
a s a m p l e t a k e n f r o m a c h a n n e l b a r d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g t h e 28 May, 1983
b e d lo a d e v e n t.
T h e s h a p e o f t h e c u r v e s o r " s i g n a t u r e " o f t h e tw o
s a m p l e s , 1 8 : 2 8 , 28 May, 1983 a n d New b a r ( S a m p l e 3 , APPENDIX D) i s
u n m is t a k a b l e a s c o m p a red t o t h e o t h e r c u rv e r e p r e s e n t i n g a sam p le
tak e n e a r l i e r th e
sam e day p r i o r t o
th is
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t.
N o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e 1 8 : 2 8 , 28 May c u r v e h a s s l i g h t l y l e s s c o a r s e
m a t e r i a l an d s l i g h t l y m o re f i n e m a t e r i a l t h a n t h e c u r v e fro m New B a r
#3, w h i c h w a s b e i n g d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g t h i s e v e n t .
T h is i s e x a c t l y w h a t
one w o u ld e x p e c t i f t h e s a m p le r n o z z le w e re to o s m a ll.
p re ta tio n
is
T h is i n t e r ­
s u p p o r t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e tw o y e a r s o f s a m p l i n g
t h e n o z z l e w o u ld o f t e n b e c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d by a s i n g l e l a r g e c o b b le
w edged i n t o
th e o r if ic e .
A lte rn a tiv e ly
it
c o u ld be h e ld t h a t th e
b e d lo a d b e in g sam p led w as f i n e r th a n t h a t b e in g d e p o s ite d .
B ecause
42
100 „
= 70 .
Q
60 .
% 50.
> 4 0.
E 30.
ZSC.^
Phi s i z e
H e l l e y - S m i t h Sam ples
□
28 May 1 9 8 3 , 0 1 :4 1
( b e f o r e dam b u r s t )
A
28 May 1 9 8 3 , 1 8 :2 8
( a f t e r dam b u r s t )
F i g u r e 15 . C u m u l a t i v e
sa m p les.
g ra in
siz e
T ^
I^ ^
D e p o s i t Sample
O
New b a r sa m p le d
a f t e r dam b u r s t on
18 A p r i l 1984
d istrib u tio n
for
th re e
b e d lo a d
43
t h e H e l l e y - S m i t h h a s b e e n shown t o f u n c t i o n n e a r 100% e f f i c i e n c y when
sa m p le r
siz e
because
th e
is
c o rre c tly
n o z z le
w as
m atc h ed
o fte n
to b e d lo a d
b lo ck ed
by
a
(E m m e tt,
s in g le
1980)
c o b b le ,
arid
th e
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t t h e s a m p le r w as to o s m a l l and so d id n o t s a m p le
a l l th e m a te r ia l in tr a n s p o r t i s b e lie v e d c o rre c t.
The s a m p l e s t a k e n fro m t h e g r a v e l b a r a f t e r t h e e v e n t had an
a v e r a g e m e d ia n p a r t i c l e s i z e , o r d^Q o f 43 mm, much l a r g e r t h a n t h e 16
mm s i z e
n ecessary
fo r
a d d itio n a l s ie v e d a ta .
th e g e n e ra l s iz e
100% s a m p l e r e f f i c i e n c y .
A p p e n d ix D c o n t a i n s
T h e d a t a i n F i g u r e 15 a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f
and d i s t r i b u t i o n
of th e bed m a t e r i a l.
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a c t u a l b e d l o a d d^Q,
d e p o s ite d b a r g ra v e l a f t e r th e e v e n t,
as
o b tain ed
fro m
T h i s 30%
th e
fre sh ly
a n d s a m p l e d d^Q h a s a g r e a t
e f f e c t on b o t h t h e f o r m u l a ' s p r e d i c t i o n s and s a m p le d b e d l o a d .
sam p ler is i n e f f i c i e n t ,
sm a ll,
th en
th e
th e
th e n th e t o t a l m easured t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i l l be
s m a l le r th a n i t s h o u ld be.
to o
If
I f t h e d^Q o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s a m p l e r i s
S c h o k litsc h
fo rm u la
w ill
p re d ic t
to o
m uch
M
t r a n s p o r t a n d t h e M e y e r —P e t e r a n d M u l l e r f o r m u l a w i l l p r e d i c t t o o
little
tra n sp o rt.
T a b l e 4 show s how t h e s a m p l e r b i a s o f 30% i n c r e a s e s
t h e S c h o k l i t s c h f o r m u l a e r r o r a n d d e c r e a s e s t h e MPM e r r o r .
is
are
a lw a y s a n e g a t i v e b i a s ,
a lw a y s
30%
th a t is ,
s m a lle r
th a n
T h is b i a s
t h e 76.2 mm H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e s
a c tu a l
b e d lo a d
on
Squaw
C reek .
C o m p e n s a tin g f o r t h i s s a m p l e r e r r o r s h i f t s t h e p r e d i c t i o n s b y f o r m u l a s
w ith g ra in s iz e p aram eters.
fo r
th is
30% s a m p l e r b i a s ,
M e a s u re d b e d l o a d q u a n t i t y ,
in c re a se s.
The s a m p l e r b i a s
b e d l o a d m e a s u r e m e n t s and b e d l o a d p r e d i c t i o n s b y t h e
MPM f o r m u l a s .
w hen a d j u s t e d
a ffe c td d
S c h o k l it s c h and
44
E f f e c t o f M e a s u r e m e n t E r r o r on F o r m u l a P r e d i c t i o n s ,. When a p p l i e d
to b o th th e fo rm u la s
fo r
one o r d e r o f
an d s a m p l e d b e d l o a d ,
m ag n itu d e
th ese
c o rre c tio n s
account
in d is c r e p a n c y b e tw e en p r e d i c te d b e d lo a d
a n d m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d , a s c a n b e s e e n f ro m t h e new k - v a l u e s i n T a b l e 5.
Column t h r e e o f T a b l e 5 show s t h e r a n g e o f p o s s i b l e p r e d i c t e d b e d l p a d
t r a n s p o r t c a l c u l a t e d b y a d d i n g and s u b t r a c t i n g
th e w o rst p o s sib le p e r
c e n t e r r o r from T a b le 4 to o r fro m th e p r e d i c t e d b e d lo a d v a lu e s i n
T a b l e 2.
The f o u r t h c o lu m n o f T a b l e 5 sh o w s t h e i n c r e a s e i n m ass o f
m easured b e d lo a d
re su ltin g
f ro m
a 30% i n c r e a s e
T h is v a lu e w as e s t i m a t e d c o n s id e r in g
shape.
in p a r t i c l e
th e p a r t i c l e
d ia m e te r.
to be s p h e ric a l
in
A l t h o u g h d i a m e t e r i n c r e a s e d b y a f a c t o r o f 0.3 (30% ), v o l u m e
i n c r e a s e d b y a f a c t o r o f 3 (300%) b e c a u s e v o l u m e i s
ra is in g
th e ra d iu s
to th e th ir d
p r o d u c t o f v o lu m e and d e n s i t y .
pow er.
c a lc u la te d by
M ass i s c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e
S in ce a v e ra g e p a r t i c l e
d e n sity is
c o n s t a n t (2.94 g/cm ^ on t h e s t u d y r e a c h ) , m ass i n c r e a s e s b y t h e f a c t o r
o f 3 (300%) d u e t o t h e 3 0% i n c r e a s e i n p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r .
b e d lo a d v a lu e s
are
su b je c t
to a n a ly tic
M easured
e r r o r as w e l l as t h i s
sam p ler
b ias.
C o lu m n f i v e a d d s a 10% a n a l y s i s e r r o r t o t h e . 30% s a m p l e r b i a s .
A 10% a n a l y s i s e r r o r w a s c h o s e n t o r e p r e s e n t t h e w o r s t p o s s i b l e c a s e .
T h e s e v a l u e s r e p r e s e n t t h e maximum p r o b a b l e e r r o r i n m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d
o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e 7 6 .2 mm h a n d - h e l d H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e r u s e d i n
th e
s tu d y .
The new k - v a l u e s i n t h e s i x t h co lu m n o f T a b l e 5 a r e c a l c u l a t e d b y
d i v i d i n g t h e m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d v a l u e s a d j u s t e d t o m a x im u m p r o b a b l e
erro r
(c o lu m n f i v e ) b y t h e p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d f r o m t h e low end o f t h e
45
e r r o r r a n g e i n co lu m n t h r e e .
T h e s e v a l u e s , r e f l e c t i n g t h e m ax im u m
p r o b a b l e e r r o r du e t o m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r and s a m p l e r e r r o r , v a r y ’one
o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e f r o m t h e k - v a l u e s i n T a b l e 2.
T ab le 5 .
Range o f
erro rs.
p o ssib le
p re d ic te d
Range o f p o s s i b l e
p r e d i c t e d b edload
(m e tric to n s dry)
Stream
power
1983 b u
1984 b a)
S c h d k lits c h 1983 G1
1984 G1
MPM
MPM
1983 G^1
1984 G I
b e d lo a d
based
on
Bedload
Bedload
when
when
30% H-S
30% H-S b i a s + 10%
b ias i s
an a ly sis
accounted
e rro r is
for
accounted f o r
( m e tric
(m e tric to n s
to n s dry)
dry)
p ro b ab le
k -values
a d ju s te d
f o r 30%
H-S b i a s
and 10%
a n a ly sis
erro r
207,418 - 280,625
175,702 - 214,747
3323
2834.
3656
2622
1 .8 X IO- 2
1;5 X IO"2
57,376*- 215,843
32,403 - 200,817
3323
23 84
3656
2622
6 .4 X IO"2
3 .6 X IO"2
230,892 - 353,644
166,663 - 178,395
3323
23 84
3656
2622
1.6 X IO"2
1 .6 X 10"2
*More l i k e l y v a r i a t i o n .
H e lle y -S m ith
sam p les
t a k e n on t h e
C learw ater
R iv er
( Bagno l d ,
1977) i n 1974 w i t h a 1 5 2 . 4 mm s a m p l e r w e r e a l s o one o r d e r o f m a g n i tu d e
g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e t a k e n i n 1972 w i t h a 7 6 . 2 mm s a m p l e r .
M e asu re m e n t
erro r
m a g n i tu d e
of
m ag n itu d e
o v e rp re d ic tio n
and
sa m p le r e r r o r can e x p la i n one
th e fo rm u la s' o v e rp r e d ic tio n .
s id e r e d i n th e fo rm u la s.
order
of
The r e m a i n i n g o r d e r
of
m u st b e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o
fac to rs
not
con­
46
O v e r p r e d i c t i o n Due t o F o r m u la I n a d e q u a c i e s
S p a tia l V a ria tio n
The m odel i m p l i e d i n many b e d l o a d f o r m u l a s i s
a t r e s t on t h e s t r e a m b e d u n t i l
stre a m
th a t of p a r t i c l e s
p o w e r r e a c h e s a minimum v a l u e
( t h r e s h o l d ) n e c e s s a r y to e n t r a i n th em .
When s u c h a s t r e a m p o w e r i s
a tta in e d
siz e s
la rg e r,
th ey
u n til,
are
e n tra in e d ,
sm a lle r
a t som e s t r e a m p o w e r ,
k i n d o f "m o v in g c a r p e t "
(Duboys,
firs t,
p ro g re ssiv e ly
t h e e n t i r e b e d i s i n m o ti o n i n a
187 9;
S h ie ld s,
1936;
E in ste in ,
1950).
Such b e h a v i o r h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n f l u m e s w i t h e q u a l d i a m e t e r s p h e r e s
and s a n d s i z e p a r t i c l e s and may a l s o b e c o r r e c t f o r
Some w o r k e r s
a c k n o w le d g e t h a t
in stre a m
f lo w
sandbed s tr e a m s .
is
n o t ste a d y ,
but
f l u c t u a t e s and h a v e t r i e d t o d u p l i c a t e th e s e c o n d i t i o n s in f lu m e s .
G riffith s
and
S u th erlan d
(1977)
s u g g e s t s t e a d y f lo w b e d l o a d f o r m u l a s
c o u l d w o r k i f a d j u s t e d f o r t h e s e p e a k s and s e d i m e n t s u p p l y c o n d i t i o n s .
W orking w i t h p a r t i c l e s i z e s a s l a r g e a s 7 and 25 mm Y a l i n (1963) fo u n d
t h a t f l u c t u a t i o n s i n v e l o c i t y w e re r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e n t r a i n m e n t and
th a t " c r itic a l
tra c tiv e
f o r c e i s n o n - e x i s t e n t " (1 9 6 3 , p. 223).
I n Squaw C r e e k b e d l o a d w a s n o t o b s e r v e d t o b e s p a t i a l l y
tin u o u s.
N a n s o n (197 4 ) , w o r k i n g i n a s m a l l ,
v ery s im i la r to
Squaw C r e e k ,
con­
s te e p m o u n ta in s tr e a m
fo u n d b e d l o a d c o n s i s t e n t l y
t h e l e f t b a n k and c e n t e r o f t h e s t r e a m . U sin g
g rea test
at
p ressu re se n sitiv e
d e v i c e s m o u n te d i n t h e s t r e a m b e d , B r a y s h a w , F r o s t i c k a n d
R eid (1983)
a l s o found b e d lo a d d id n o t o c c u r e v e n ly a c r o s s th e w id th of th e b ed .
B a g n o ld (1977) r e c o g n i z e d t h a t c h a n n e l s h a p e ,
channel cro ss s e c tio n ,
and d i v e r g i n g an d c o n v e r g i n g f l o w a r e n o t c o n s t a n t i n n a t u r a l r i v e r s ,
s o i d e a s b a s e d on f l u m e o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e " n o t n e c e s s a r i l y
a p p lic a b le
47
to
r i v e r s ” (1977,
wander a t
p. 305).
random l a t e r a l l y
He s u g g e s t e d
th a t
"strea m s
of s o li d s
o v e r t h e b e d " (1977, p. 3 0 7 ) .
At Squaw C re e k b e d l o a d , w as c o n s i s t e n t l y g r e a t e s t i n e a r l y 1983 i n
a z o n e 1.3 m w i d e and c e n t e r e d 5.8 m f ro m t h e l e f t b a n k . As an e x a m p le
of t h i s ,
i n one s a m p le t r a v e r s e e i g h t 3 0 -s e c o n d s a m p le s had f i l l e d
o n l y a b o u t 10 cm o f t h e H e l l e y - S m i t h s a m p l e b a g .
When t h e p o i n t 5.8 m
f r o m t h e l e f t b a n k w a s r e a c h e d t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e b a g and t h e e n t i r e
sa m p le r n o z z le c o m p le te ly f i l l e d
i n 30 s e c o n d s .
As t h e r i g h t c h a n n e l u p s t r e a m o f t h e b r i d g e b e g a n t o f i l l
about 5 June
1983, b e d lo a d s h i f t e d
in ,
t o w a r d s a p o i n t 3.7 m f r o m t h e
l e f t b a n k w h e re th e g r e a t e s t v o lu m e c o n ti n u e d t o flo w i n 1984 and
1985. C u s t e r and o t h e r s (1987) a l s o show t h a t b e d l o a d i s n o t l a t e r a l l y
c o n tin u o u s a c r o s s ' th e s tre a m ,
but is
co n fin ed l a r g e ly
to
th is p o in t.
I f th e n , b e d lo a d i s n o t l a t e r a l l y c o n tin u o u s a c ro s s th e t o t a l
s t r e a m w i d t h , b e d l o a d p r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d on m u l t i p l y i n g u n i t s t r e a m
pow er by t o t a l s tre a m w id th w i l l be in e r r o r .
They w i l l o v e r p r e d i c t
by th e r a t i o of t o t a l w id th to a c t u a l b e d lo a d zone.
A t Squaw C r e e k
o n l y a b o u t 83% o f t h e , e n t i r e s t r e a m w i d t h i s a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n
se d im e n t
tra n sp o rt
as
b e d lo a d .
T h is
v a lu e
w as
d e te rm in e d
by
o b s e r v a t i o n o f q u a n t i t y o f b e d l o a d o b t a i n e d a t m ark e d O J m i n t e r v a l s
on
th e
c a tw a lk
acro ss
th e
stre a m
w id th
d u rin g
1983
and
1984.
M u l t i p l y i n g p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s ppir] b y t o t a l w i d t h w i l l
o v e r p r e d i c t by a b o u t 17% on Squaw C re e k .
L e o p o ld a n d E m m ett a l s o u s e d
o n l y p a r t o f t h e s t r e a m w i d t h i n t h e i r E a s t F o r k R i v e r s t u d y (197 6)
re c o g n iz in g t h a t o n ly a p o r tio n of th e s tre a m w id th i s in v o lv e d in
b e d lo a d tra n s p o rt.
48
V a r i a t i o n s i n S e d im e n t S u p p ly and S t o r a g e
S e d im e n t
su p p ly
and
sto ra g e w i l l a lso
s e d i m e n t y i e l d b a s e d on t h e f o r m u l a s .
affect
p re d ic tio n s
of
I f r a t e o f se d im e n t su p p ly
or
r e l e a s e from s t o r a g e i s l e s s t h a n t r a n s p o r t r a t e , s a m p le d b e d l o a d w i l l
be
less
th an p r e d ic te d .
s tre a m s
such
as
S e d im e n t c a n b e s u p p l i e d t o h i g h
Squaw C re e k fro m
e x tra -c h a n n e l
m o u n ta in
so u rces
in c lu d in g
l a n d s l i d e s , d e b r i s f l o w s , a v a l a n c h e s and s tr e a m b a n k f a i l u r e .
can be s to r e d w i t h i n th e c h a n n el by bed arm or,
and b e d f o r m s .
S e d im e n t
p o o l s t o r a g e , l o g jam s
The e f f e c t o f e x t r a - c h a n n e l s e d i m e n t s u p p ly , on b e d l o a d
t r a n s p o r t p r e d i c t i o n s on Squaw C re e k w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f i r s t .
L a n d s l i d e s , D e b r i s F l o w s , A v a l a n c h e s , S tre a m b a n k F a i l u r e . W orkers
in . d rain ag e
se d im e n t
b a sin s
v ery
s i m i l a r t o Squaw
d e b ris
flo w s
and
a v a la n c h e s
(M c P h e rso n , 1970) and s t r e a m b a n k f a i l u r e
C arson,
1976).
an d
C hadw ick,
cut
by
The
n o ted
on
(G riffith s,
1980),
th a t
lan d ­
m udflows
( G r i f f i t h s , 1980; L a r o n n e and
g e o l o g i c map o f t h e Squaw C re e k b a s i n .(McMannis
1964) shows f i v e Q u a t e r n a r y l a n d s l i d e u n i t s w h i c h
Squaw C re e k o r i t s
t r i b u t a r y stre a m s.
Two
larg e
G a r n e t M o u n ta in t e r m i n a t e t h e i r r u n o u t z o n e s
Squaw C r e e k .
th e
have
p ro d u c tio n in th e s e b a s in s o ccu rs a t lim ite d s i t e s by
slid e s,
c h u te s
C re e k
are
a v a la n c h e
ab ru p tly
at
A f i e l d c h e c k o f t h e s e s e d i m e n t s u p p l y s i t e s shows t h a t
s t r e a m s h a v e d o n e m o st o f t h e i r w ork moving t h e new m a t e r i a l
a d j u s t i n g t h e i r c o u rs e s p r i o r t o t h e p e r i o d of t h i s s tu d y .
Load
and
fro m
e x t r a - c h a n n e l s o u r c e s w as i n t r o d u c e d i n t o Squaw C re e k d u r i n g t h e s t u d y
p rim a rily
a lo n g
channel
by
Squaw
bank f a i l u r e .
The r i p a r i a n z o n e i s
C re e k c o n t r i b u t i n g t o b a n k s t a b i l i t y .
se d im e n t
w e ll
Thus
s u p p l y r a t e i n t o Squaw C re e k may b e l e s s
e sta b lish e d
th e
th an
e x tra
th e
49
p o t e n t i a l t r a n s p o r t r a t e a c c o u n t i n g f o r som e o f t h e a p p a r e n t o v e r p r e d ic tio n of th e fo rm u la s.
I t sh o u ld be n o te d
d v e rp r e d i c te d by s i m i l a r am o u n ts,
T ab le 2,
t h a t th e fo rm u la s
a s c a n b e s e e n b y th e . k f a c t o r s
in
i n b o t h 1983 w hen t h e l o g ja m b u r s t and i n 1984 when no s u c h
e v e n t o c c u r r e d on t h e s t u d y r e a c h .
T h i s show s t h a t w h i l e t h e b u r s t i n g
o f th e lo g jam w as an im p o r ta n t e v e n t,
t h e am ount o f s e d i m e n t s t o r e d
b e h in d t h e jam w as n o t g r e a t en o u g h t o c o m p e n s a te f o r t h e la c k o f
s t e a d y e x t r a - c h a n n e l s e d i m e n t s u p p l y an d b r i n g m e a s u r e d t r a n s p o r t r a t e
up t o
th e p re d ic te d
le v e ls.
P erhaps th e g r e a t e r s ig n if ic a n c e of th e
l o g ja m b u r s t i s t h a t i t d e m o n s t r a t e s a m e c h a n ism b y w h i c h a s e d i m e n t
d e fic ie n t
stre a m
can
in itia te
t h e b r e a k up o f b e d
a rm o r and t h e
r e l e a s e of s e d im e n t s to r e d th e r e .
S i n c e t h e s u p p l y o f e x t r a - c h a n n e l s e d i m e n t l o a d t o Squaw C r e e k
a p p e a r s t o b e l i m i t e d , . t h e b e d l o a d w h i c h d o e s move m u s t b e s t o r e d f r o m
ev e n t to e v e n t w ith in th e stre a m c h a n n el.
A t Squaw C r e e k s e v e r a l
i n tr a - c h a n n e l s to r a g e a re a s can be i d e n t i f i e d : th e bed arm o r, p o o ls
and l o g j a m s ,
and b e d f o r m s .
Bed Ar m o r . O t h e r w o r k e r s i n g r a v e l b e d s t r e a m s h a v e n o t e d t h a t
bed arm o r h o ld s s e d im e n t beyond c a l c u l a t e d t h r e s h o ld v a lu e s of s tr e a m
pow er (Y a lin ,
197 2;
M il h o u s and K l i n g e m a n , 1973;
LaRonne and C a r s o n ,
1 976; P a r k e r and o t h e r s , 1982; B r id g e and J a r v i s , 1982;
1 980).
These r e s e a r c h e r s
G riffith s,
a r e i n a g r e e m e n t t h a t w hen t h e p a v e m e n t i s
i n p l a c e , b e d lo a d i s g o v e rn e d by s e d im e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y from o t h e r
so u rces.
P a r k e r and o t h e r s ,
(1982) h a v e fo u n d t h a t t h e c o a r s e s u r f a c e
p a v e m e n t h a s t y p i c a l l y 1.5 t o 3 t i m e s t h e m e a n p a r t i c l e s i z e o f t h e
50
s u b p a v e m e n t.
They h a v e fo u n d t h e s u b p a v e m e n t d^Q t o b e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
o f m ost o f t h e b e d l o a d t h e s t r e a m t r a n s p o r t s .
T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s s e e n a t Squaw C re e k w h e r e t h e be d a rm o r h a s a
d^Q v a l u e o f 9 4 mm,
2 .2 :1 .
Bed
le a st
one
K lin g e m a n ,
v e r s u s t h e s u b p a v e m e n t v a l u e o f 43 mm, a r a t i o o f
arm o rin g can a c c o u n t f o r p r e d i c t e d v a lu e s o f b e d lo a d
order
of
1973;
m a g n i tu d e a b o v e m e a s u re d
P arker
and
o th ers,
v a lu e s
1982).
at
(M ilh o u s
and
effect
was
T his
d e m o n s t r a t e d w hen p a i n t e d s t o n e s th ro w n i n t o a s t r e a m moved b e f o r e t h e
same
siz e
m a t e r i a l i n t h e b e d a rm o r i n a n
LaRonne and C a r s o n ( 1 9 7 6 ) .
d ifferen ce
hydrograph
e ffe c ts.
perform ed
M ilh o u s and K lin g e m a n (1973) a t t r i b u t e d
i n d i s c h a r g e on t h e r i s i n g and f a l l i n g l i m b s
n ecessary
by
Once t h e a rm o r l a y e r i s b r o k e n b e d l o a d i s
a g a in governed by h y d r a u l i c s .
th e
ex p erim en t
of
t o a t t a i n a g i v e n b e d l o a d t o t h e s e a rm o r
th e
la y e r
N anson (1974) d i s c o u n t e d t h i s a rm o r l a y e r e f f e c t b e c a u s e he
observ ed l e s s b e d lo a d d u rin g p o s t- p e a k d is c h a r g e s .
To
d e t e r m i n e i f s u c h a n a rm o r l a y e r e f f e c t w as p r e s e n t on Squaw
C re e k a n a n a l y s i s o f b e d s l o p e ,
v e r s u s m easured b e d lo a d ,
such
an
sh o u ld
bed
th e
sh o u ld
s t r e a m pow er and
If
p re d ic te d
u n til
much
th e
lo w er
When t h e a rm o r b r e a k s , t h e s e d i m e n t d e f i c i e n t
sh o u ld b e g in t o i n c i s e i t s c h a n n e l.
h e a d w a rd ,
u n d ertak en .
a t w h i c h t im e b e d l o a d s h o u l d o c c u r a t
v a lu e s o f s tre a m pow er.
The
o b s e r v a t i o n s w as
s t r e a m pow er ( w )
b e v e r y h i g h com pared t o m e a s u re d b e d l o a d
was b r o k e n ,
stre a m
and f i e l d
a rm o r l a y e r e f f e c t w as p r e s e n t ,
b e d lp a d
arm or
p r e d ic te d b e d lo a d ,
S in c e c h a n n e l e r o s i o n i s
e f f e c t on a r e a c h s c a l e w o u ld b e t o l o w e r
c h a n g e fro m a h a r d ,
c o h esiv e
pavem ent
bed
s lo p e .
c a p ab le
of
51
s u p p o r t i n g a p e rs o n s w e ig h t w h i l e w ad in g , t o a s o f t ,
lik e
n o n - c o h e s i v e mush
a f r e s h l y g r a v e le d d riv ew ay .
In m ak in g t h e
slo p e
m e a su re m e n ts,
F i e l d n o t e s show o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e
th e stre a m
w as tr a v e r s e d .
bed b e in g lo o s e tw ic e .
On 28 May
1983 a s o f t b o t t o m w a s n o t e d 6 .4 t o 7 .0 m f r o m t h e l e f t b a n k .
o b s e r v a t io n i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o se d im e n t f i l l i n g
a t t h a t l o c a t i o n i n 1982,
1983,
T h is
a s c o u r h o le t h a t was
an d 1984 - n o t t o t h e a r m o r b r e a k i n g .
T he s e c o n d o b s e r v a t i o n o c c u r r e d o n 5 J u n e 1983 w h e n t h e a u t h o r s a n k
in to
t h e b e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 cm w i t h e a c h s t e p a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e
c h a n n e l w i d t h . At t h i s tim e t h e a rm o r w as b r o k e n , t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n
b e i n g s u p p o r t e d by t h e b e d s l o p e d a t a .
T h e a n a l y s i s o f b e d s l o p e d a t a f o r t h i s p e r i o d , 2 8 May - 5 J u n e
1983 i s show n i n T a b l e 6.
p ro file s,
The d a t a i s f o r tw o l o n g i t u d i n a l b e d s l o p e
5 - 3 a n d 4 - 2 ( s e e A p p e n d i x C).
N o te t h e d i s t i n c t b r e a k i n
b e d s l o p e v a l u e s b e t w e e n 5 J u n e a n d 11 J u n e
1983.
p ro b a b le e x p la n a tio n s f o r t h e change i n slo p e .
w as b ro k en a t ab o u t 5 June.
t h i s e v e n t.
T h e r e a r e tw o
One i s
t h a t th e arm or
1983 an d t h e s l o p e c h a n g e d i n r e s p o n s e t o
A s e c o n d h a s t o do w i t h t h e e r o s i o n an d r e s e t t i n g o f t h e
u p s t r e a m s l o p e d a tu m l i n e s t a k e .
As
m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r ,
an u p s tre a m
datum l i n e
s ta k e was w ashed
i n t o t h e s t r e a m t w i c e a n d on e a c h o c c a s i o n t h e l i n e w as r e s u r v e y e d
lev e l.
The p o s s i b i l i t y e x i s t s t h a t e r r o r i n r e l e v e l i n g t h e datum l i n e
c o u ld a c co u n t f o r th e b re a k in bed s lo p e v a lu e s .
o f t h e l i n e w a s o n 31 May 1983 an d t h e
1983.
le v e l.
The f i r s t
re se ttin g
second i n t h e p e r io d 5-11 Ju n e
Each t im e t h e l i n e w as r e s e t i t w as checked s e v e r a l t im e s f o r
A lth o u g h ,
as
m e n tio n e d
e a rlie r
in
th e
erro r
d isc u ssio n .
5.2
T ab le 6 .
Bed s l o p e v a l u e s f o r s t r e a m w i s e p r o f i l e s 5—3 and 4 - 2 .
N o te
d e c re a se in slo p e a t about 5 June
1983 when s t r e a m i n c i s e d
and b r o k e b e d a r m o r .
D ate
28 May
29 May
30 May
30 May
31 May
5 June
S lo p e P r o f i l e
5 -3
(%)
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
2 .9 1
2 .8 6
2 .7 0
2 .5 5
2 .6 3
2 .8 7
11 J u n e 1983
12
18
19
19
25
June
June
June
June
June
slo p e
ct5_3 = 0 .1 5
Range 2 °5_3
= 2 .4 5 -3 .0 5
Not w a d a b l e
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
re se ttin g
S lo p e P r o f i l
4-2
(%)
th e
d a ta ,
v a l u e s fro m 30 May,
s ig n ific a n t s t a t i s t i c a l v a ria tio n
0 .1 3
4-2
Range
2
.= 2 . 4 8 - 3 . 0 0
31 May and 5
June
1983
show
( s e e T ab le 6 ) .
th e
c h a n n e l a rm o r and i n c i s i n g an d n o t d u e t o e r r o r i n
d a tu m
l i n e c a n b e fo u n d i n T a b l e 6 .
N o te
th a t
th e
v a r i a t i o n i n s l o p e p r o f i l e 4 - 2 i s -0 .4 5 % from 5 J u n e t o 12 J u n e .
12
no
c o n f i r m a t i o n t h a t t h i s c h a n g e i n b e d s l o p e i s du e t o t h e
stre a m b re a k in g i t s
re se ttin g
2 .9 4
2 .7 9
2 .7 0
2 .6 5
2 .6 2
d a tu m l i n e s c o n t r i b u t e d t o l e s s c e r t a i n t y i n t h e
slo p e
F u rth e r
"4-2= 0 .4 5
Range 2
= 2 .9 0 -4 .7 0
3 .2 0
— 0 .0 6
Range 2 O5^
= 0 .7 0 -0 .9 4
0 .7 5
0 .8 9
0 .8 3
0 .7 6
0 .8 6
4 .5 2
4 .1 0
3 .9 8
3 .8 1
3 .57
3 .3 9
J u n e t o th e end of th e s tu d y se aso n p o in t 4 ,
th e
u p stre a m
From
da tu m
p o i n t , w as on a d r y b a r and m e a s u re d t h e same e l e v a t i o n e a c h d a y .
The
d e c r e a s e in s lo p e a lo n g p r o f i l e 4-2 i s due t o a g g r a d a ti o n a t p o i n t
2.
D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 5 J u n e t o 12 J u n e t h e v a r i a t i o n i n s l o p e p r o f i l e 5-3
is
- 2 .1 2 % ,
d iffe re n c e
or
n e a r l y f i v e tim es a s g r e a t as a t p r o f i l e
occurred
w hen
p o i n t 4 m e a s u r e m e n ts c o u l d b e
4-2.
used
T h is
as
a
53
c o n t r o l and p r o v e d c o n s t a n t .
C le a rly th e d a ta su p p o rts
o f b e d s l o p e o c c u r r e d a l o n g p r o f i l e 5 - 3 a ro u n d 5 June.
P r io r to 5 June
b e d lo a d ,
t h a t lo w e rin g
1983.
1983 t h e r i g h t c h a n n e l c o m p l e t e l y f i l l e d w i t h
m u ch o f w h i c h h a d b e e n s t o r e d b e h i n d
r e f e r r i n g t o b a n k and c h a n n e l ,
(When
t h e t e r m s r i g h t and l e f t a r e u s e d h e r e ,
in acco rd an ce w ith h y d ro lo g ic co n v e n tio n ,
o b s e r v e r f a c i n g d o w n s tr e a m .)
a lo g jam .
t o mean r i g h t and l e f t t o an
The c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l o f t h i s
log
j a m , w h i c h w a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r and w h i c h t r i g g e r e d a m a j o r b e d l o a d
e v e n t,
w i l l b e d e s c r i b e d i n m ore d e t a i l i n a s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n .
When
t h e s e d i m e n t s t o r e d b y t h e l o g j a m w a s m oved a n d d e p o s i t e d i n t h e
r i g h t c h a n n e l . Squaw C re e k w a s a g a i n d e f i c i e n t i n s e d i m e n t .
now
sh ifte d
e n tire ly
stra ig h te n e d i t s
to
th e
le ft
ch a n n el,
th a t
is,
D isch arg e
th e
s tre a m
c o u r s e an d b e g a n t o i n c i s e and e n t r a i n b e d l o a d .
The
p r o c e s s j u s t d e s c r i b e d was a ls o re c o rd e d in a s e r i e s of tim e la p s e
p h o t o g r a p h s ( s e e F i g u r e s 1 6 - 2 1 ). F i g u r e s 1 6 -1 8 p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y r e c o r d
th e p r o c e s s w h ic h w as r e p r e s e n te d
F i g u r e s 8 an d 9.
e a r l i e r as p la n e ta b le
F i g u r e s 19-21 r e c o r d th e p r o c e s s r e s u l t i n g i n th e
c h a n n e l c o n f i g u r a t i o n m apped i n F i g u r e 10.
T he p r o c e s s c a n b e m o r e
c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d b y c o m p a r in g t h e p h o t o g r a p h s w i t h
m aps.
N o te
th a t
m aps i n
th e
m ain p r o c e s s
a g g r a d a tio n o f m a t e r i a l a lo n g
th e
o c c u rrin g
rig h t
c h an n el.
th e p lan e ta b le
in F ig u re s
T his
16-18 i s
m a t e r i a l w as
i n i t i a l l y d e r i v e d f r o m s t o r a g e b e h i n d t h e l o g ja m and w a s s u p p le m e n te d
b y m a t e r i a l f r o m a z o n e o f b a n k c o l l a p s e and f ro m u p s t r e a m .
1 9 -2 1 show
in c isin g
b rea k in g
th e e n t i r e
flo w f o r c e d to th e l e f t b an k and th e s tr e a m
in to th e arm o r a f t e r th e r ig h t ch an n el has f i l l e d .
of
th e
F ig u re s
arm o r,
trig g e re d
by
th e
lo g
jam
e v e n t,
T h is
caused
54
F i g u r e 1 6 . 1 3 :3 5 . 29 May, 1983. B a r a g g r a d a t i o n b e g i n n i n g .
View fro m
r i g h t b a n k t o w a r d l o g ja m l o c a t i o n .
View p o i n t f o r p h o t o s
i n F i g u r e s 16-21 i s i d e n t i c a l .
See F i g u r e 8 f o r v ie w p o i n t
lo c a tio n .
F ig u re 17. I n d e f i n it e
t i m e b e t w e e n 1 8 :4 0 . 29 May and 1 1 :2 6 , 30 May,
1983.
Bar a g g r a d a ti o n c o n tin u e s w i t h r i s i n g d is c h a r g e .
55
F i g u r e 1 8 . 1 1 :2 6 , 30 May, 1983.
D isch arg e i s
t i o n i s f i l l i n g r i g h t ch an n el.
s till
risin g .
F i g u r e 1 9 . 1 1 :0 0 , 11 J u n e , 1983.
R ig h t c h a n n e l f i l l e d .
w a n in g and i n c i s i o n h a s b e g u n .
A g grada­
D isch arg e is
56
F i g u r e 2 0 . 1 3 :2 9 , 12 J u n e , 1983. Flow c o n f i n e d t o l e f t b a n k .
Compare
l o w e r l e v e l o f w e t t e d g r a v e l a t s t r e a m ' s edge w i t h h i g h e r
l e v e l o f new b a r . New b a r m a t e r i a l i s d r y i n g a n d a p p e a r s
l i g h t e r in c o lo r.
F ig u re 21. 1 4 :1 5 ,
19 J u n e ,
1983.
B e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t h a s ended.
57
s i g n i f i c a n t , b e d l o a d t o b e r e l e a s e d f ro m i n s t r e a m s t o r a g e fro m 5 J u n e 19 J u n e
1983.
T his r e a c t i o n o f a s tre a m t o n o n - e q u ilib r iu m t r a n s p o r t
c o n d i t i o n s w a s o b s e r v e d by G r i f f i t h s a n d S u t h e r l a n d (1977) w o r k in g i n
a f l u m e w i t h d^g = 4 mm p a r t i c l e s .
I f th is in te r p r e ta tio n is c o rre c t,
a g rap h o f s tre a m power v e r s u s
m e a s u r e d b e d l o a d s h o u l d show h i g h s t r e a m
b e d lo a d
u n til
th e arm o r i s
b roken,
power r e l a t i v e
to
m easured
a t w h ich tim e b e d lo a d
sh o u ld
i n c r e a s e r e l a t i v e t o s t r e a m p o w e r. , C o m p a ris o n o f a g r a p h o f p r e d i c t e d
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e v e r s u s tim e and a g rap h of m easu red b e d lo a d
t r a n s p o r t r a t e v e r s u s t i m e c o n f i r m s t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ( F i g u r e 4 ).
In itia lly ,
fro m 28 May - 29 May 1983,
b e d lo a d fo llo w s .
T h is i s
due t o
a s s tre a m power r is e s ,m e a s u r e d
th e in sta n ta n e o u s r e le a s e
s e d i m e n t fro m t h e l o g ja m . As m a t e r i a l f i l l s
of s t o r e d
th e r i g h t ch an n el,
fro m
29 May - 5 J u n e 1 9 8 3 , s t r e a m p o w e r v a l u e s r e m a i n h i g h , b u t m e a s u r e d
b e d l o a d , d r o p s a s t h e a r m o r r e m a i n s i n t a c t and l i t t l e
s u p p lie d .
b e d lo a d
T hen on 5 J u n e ,
in c re a se s
w h ile
new s e d i m e n t i s
as th e arm o r b e g in s to b re a k ,
stre a m
pow er
d ecreases,
m easured
g iv in g
less
d is c r e p a n c y b e tw e e n s tre a m pow er and m easu red b e d lo a d a s e x p e c te d .
A lte rn a tiv e ly ,
t h e d iv e rg e n c e o f s tre a m pow er fro m m easured bed­
l o a d c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d i n t e r m s o f a new w a v e o f s e d i m e n t s u p p l y
a rriv in g
from
u p stre a m .
re p o rted ;
l e s s b e d lo a d a f t e r peak stre a m
p o w e r,
but th is
h y p o th esis
does n o t
e x p la in
sh ift,
m easured
in c isio n ,
th e
F ig u re
o b serv ed
4 does
channel
show
w hat
N anson
(1 9 7 4 )
m easu red bed s lo p e change and s u b j e c t i v e ju d g m en t t h a t t h e arm or had
be c o m e n o n - c o h e s i v e .
F ig u re 5,
f o r t h e 1984 r u n o f f ,
a l s o show s l e s s
b e d lo a d a f t e r peak s tr e a m pow er, b u t h e r e m ea su red b e d lo a d f o ll o w s
58
s tre a m pow er th ro u g h th e e n t i r e
ru n o ff.
The a r m o r w a s n o t b r o k e n i n
t h e s t u d y r e a c h i n 1984 and b e d l o a d b e h a v e d a s N anson o b s e r v e d ,
p er­
haps o f f e r in g an e x p la n a tio n f o r h i s o b s e rv a tio n .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a r m o r , p o o l s and l o g j a m s a r e a s e c o n d c a t e g o r y o f
in stre a m
se d im e n t s to r a g e .
T he d i s t i n c t i o n
i s m ade b e tw e e n th e m
b e c a u s e , a l t h o u g h l o g j a m s f o r m p o o l s and r e t a i n s e d i m e n t ,
f i l l and em p ty b y h y d r a u l i c c o n t r o l a lo n e .
s t o r e d b y a l o g ja m i s a l s o
t h e y do n o t
The r e l e a s e o f s e d i m e n t
c o n tr o lle d by th e s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y of
t h e l o g ja m .
Pool
S to ra g e .
m o u n ta in s tr e a m
The p o o l - r i f f l e
i s w e l l known.
sequence of a c o a r s e - p a r tic Ie
T h e r e a r e 5 -7 c h a n n e l w i d t h s b e t w e e n
su c c e ssiv e r i f f l e s ,
w a te r s u rfa c e slo p e d e c re a se s w ith in c re a s in g
d isc h a rg e
riffle s
over
th e
co arser m ate ria l
th an
and
th e
riffle s
t h a t w h ich f i l l s
g e n e ra lly
th e po o ls
c o n sist
of
(Dunne and L e o p o ld ,
197 8 ) .
The s t u d y r e a c h a t
riffle
to r i f f l e .
Squaw C re e k m e a s u r e d
5.2 c h a n n e l w i d t h s f ro m
P lo ts of w a te r s u r f a c e slo p e v e rs u s d isc h a rg e over
t h e s t u d y r e a c h f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d s o f 1983 and 1984 show a d e c r e a s e
in slo p e w ith in c r e a s in g d is c h a rg e ,
c o n s is te n t w ith r i f f l e
sequence
h y d ra u lic s.
P o o ls te n d to be sc o u re d of t h e i r f in e m a t e r i a l d u rin g r i s i n g
s t a g e ( B a g n o ld ,
b e d lo a d
1980).
1977).
drops
A f t e r t h i s s e d i m e n t h a s moved t h r o u g h a r e a c h ,
m a rk e d ly u n t i l
T h is i s
a n o th e r
se d im e n t in p u t
t h e b e h a v i o r o b s e r v e d on Squaw C re e k .
d a t a i n A p p e n d i c e s A a n d D f o r t h e p e r i o d s 22 - 3 0 May
May - 2 J u n e
1984
sh o w s t h i s
b e h a v io r.
(G riffith s,
C o m p a ris o n o f
1983 a n d 28
D u rin g th e r i s i n g lim b s o f
59
each
m ajo r
flo o d , ev en t th e p r o p o rtio n o f f in e s
in creased .
A fter
and
b e d lo a d a ls o dropped,
to ta l
re la tiv e
to
1 - 2 d a y s t h i s f i n e m a t e r i a l was much l e s s
h i g h ( s e e F i g u r e s 4 and 5 ) ,
even though s tr e a m
power
co arse
e v id e n t
r e m a in e d
i n d i c a t i n g l i t t l e new s e d i m e n t i n p u t
and
re m o v a l o f s e d i m e n t s t o r e d i n p o o l s w i t h i n t h e c h a n n e l .
Log J a m s .
lo ca l
base
A l o g ja m b o t h s t o r e s s e d i m e n t and a c t s a s a t e m p o r a r y
l e v e l t o w h ich th e s tre a m g r a d e s .
A l t h o u g h l o g jam s
are
s i m i l a r t o p o o ls in t h a t th e y b o t h s t o r e s e d im e n t, th e y sh o u ld p e rh a p s
m ore
p ro p erly
a b ility
be c o n sid e red s e p a r a te ly .
to e ff e c t in sta n ta n e o u s,
v a ria b le s
an d
se d im e n t
su p p ly .
T h is i s b e c a u s e
of
th e ir ■
c a t a s t r o p h i c ch an g es i n stre a m power
That
lo c a l
channel
g rad ie n t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t s p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y i n g r a v e l b e d s t r e a m s was a l s o
reco g n ized
jam
b y L a r o n n e an d C a r s o n ( 1 9 7 6 ) .
c a u se d an i n s t a n t a n e o u s change i n l o c a l b a s e l e v e l
b r e a k in g of th e arm o r,
was
re su ltin g
i n c i s i o n an d r e l e a s e o f i n t r a - c h a n n e l
in
sto ra g e
d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r i n t h e s e c t i o n on i n t r a - c h a n n e l s t o r a g e i n
arm or.
was
How t h e d i s p e r s a l o f a l o g
bed
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e l o g jam r e l e a s e d t h e s e d im e n t t h a t ,
s t o r e d i n i t s p o o l and w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e d t o b l o c k a g e o f t h e r i g h t
c h a n n e l se v en days p r i o r t o th e b r e a k in g of th e arm o r.
th u s
produce
produced
C re e k
a u th o r
c o m bined
e f f e c t s on b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t
by pool s to ra g e .
th e
w as
im m ed ia te ly
e x c e lle n t
la rg e st,
w h ic h
u p stre a m
of
by th e c a ta s tr o p h ic d is p e r s a l
of th e
stu d y re a c h .
th e
s ig n ific a n c e of
v a r i a t i o n s i n s e d i m e n t s u p p l y and s t o r a g e .
are
not
of
a
by
th e
lo g
jam
T h is e v e n t p r o v i d e s
log
can
r e s e a r c h a t Squaw
m o st s i g n i f i c a n t b e d l o a d e v e n t o b s e r v e d
trig g e re d
e x a m p le
In th r e e y e a rs of f i e l d
Log jam s
ja m s
in
an
e ffe c tin g
60
The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e l o g ja m c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d b y
■t h e
by
21)
in
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e changes
its d isp e rs a l.■
trig g ered
The s e r i e s o f t i m e - l a p s e p h o t o g r a p h s ( F i g u r e s 1 6 -
was b e g u n a t t h e t i m e o f l o g jam d i s p e r s a l t o r e c o r d t h e
channel
m o rp h o lo g y .
a c c u ra te ly
and
c a lc u la tin g
p h o to g rap h s.
area
m e th o d .
stra tig ra p h ic
by
channel
of
th e
fresh
b e tw e e n
(F ig u re s
sed im en t
New
cut
was
d e te rm in e d
old
m ate ria l
by
H e l l e y - S m ith
and
th e
w eig h
by
bar
was
easily ,
fre sh ly
se d im e n t
and
w a sh e d
p a rtic le
surfaces,
sa m p les.
H aving d e t e r m i n e d t h i c k n e s s and a r e a o f t h e new b a r m a t e r i a l
it
of th e
a e ria l
th e
l a c k o f f i n e g r a i n e d m a t r i x and
ty p ic a l
been
d e te rm in e
new m a t e r i a l an d
2 2 -2 3 ).
had
and r e c o r d e d on
T h e se r e c o r d s w e r e u s e d t o
re la tio n sh ip s
m ate ria l
id e n tifia b le
(F ig u re 6 ),
o f . f r e s h l y d e p o s i t e d s e d im e n t b y
T h ick n ess
channel
to th e event th e
mapped b y p l a n e t a b l e
ground
su rface
P rio r
changes
tra n sp o rt
was a s i m p l e m a t t e r t o c a l c u l a t e t o t a l volum e o f b e d l o a d d e p o s i t e d
d u rin g
th is
e v e n t,
an d
fro m t h i s and t h e a v e r a g e
d e n sity
of
th e
22 shows b a r m a t e r i a l a g g r a d i n g i n a n
arc
s e d i m e n t t o d e t e r m i n e m ass o f b e d l o a d .
For
e x a m p le .
F ig u re
fro m t h e b u s h a t t h e u p p e r l e f t t o t h e l o w e r r i g h t .
23
is
s ta n d in g n e a r th e r i g h t bank a t about th e p o in t o f
r i g h t c o rn e r of F ig u re 22,
F ig u re
20.
d o g 's
d e p o site d
th e
low er
w h i c h was v ie w e d fro m a d i f f e r e n t a n g l e i n
A l l t h e b a r m a t e r i a l b e h i n d t h e dog w as d e p o s i t e d i n
e l e v e n d a y p e r i o d f ro m 30 May
th e
The dog i n F i g u r e
1983 t o I l J u n e
1983.
I n F i g u r e 23
f r o n t paws' a r e a b o u t h a l f way down t h e t h i c k n e s s o f
m a te ria l.
an
The t h i c k n e s s o f t h i s n e w ly d e p o s i t e d
n e w ly
m ate ria l
was m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e mapped s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e new b a r t o o b t a i n t h e
61
F ig u re 22. A g g r a d a ti o n o f b a r a lo n g r i g h t b an k d u r i n g
e v e n t.
F ig u re 23.
1983 b e d l o a d
B a r m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g 1983 e v e n t o v e r
channel m a te ria l.
View u p s t r e a m a l o n g r i g h t b a n k .
o ld e r
62
v o lu m e o f n e w ly d e p o s i t e d s e d i m e n t .
to
o b ta in
an e s t i m a t e
of i t s
New b a r m a t e r i a l w a s t h e n s a m p le d
b u lk d e n s ity .
The b a r m a t e r i a l w a s
s o l i d l y p a c k e d i n a n a r m o r an d h a d a n a v e r a g e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f 2.94
due to th e p r e p o n d e ra n c e of m a g n e t it e b e a r i n g a n d e s i t e p e b b le s and
c o b b le s.
A b u lk
d e n s ity
of
2 .1
w as
assum ed
c o n s i d e r i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m a t e r i a l and d e p o s i t .
to
be
re a lis tic
T h is b u lk d e n s ity
v a l u e w as m u l t i p l i e d by th e b a r v o lu m e t o y i e l d t h e w e ig h t of n e w ly
d e p o s ite d se d im e n t in t h i s b ar.
T h is
m ass o f
fre sh ly
d e p o site d m a te ria l
l i m i t t o b e d l o a d f o r t h e 1983 s e a s o n .
May t o 5 J u n e 1983,
th e stu d y re a c h ,
to ta l
p r o v i d e s a known l o w e r
D u r in g t h e 7- d a y p e r i o d fro m 28
50 m e t r i c t o n s o f c o a r s e b e d l o a d w a s d e p o s i t e d i n
b y 19 J u n e ,
a n a d d i t i o n a l 23 m e t r i c t o n s a d d e d f o r a
o f 73 m e t r i c t o n s d u r i n g t h i s 2 2 - d a y p e r i o d .
An e x a m i n a t i o n o f F i g u r e s 4 a n d 5 s h o w s t h e h i g h e s t m e a s u r e d
t r a n s p o r t , r a t e d u r i n g t h e 1983 an d 1984 s e a s o n s o c c u r r e d
jam b u r s t .
power
w hen t h e l o g
Peak b e d lo a d w as m e a s u re d th e n even th o u g h t h e s tr e a m
a t burst
(o)=13 k g / m - s ) ,
w a s e x c e e d e d f o r m o st o f t h e r e m a i n i n g
21 d a y s o f . b e d l o a d e v e n t i n 1983 a n d e x c e e d e d o r e q u a l e d f o r 2 1 / 2
d a y s i n 1984. M u l t i p l y i n g t h e g r a p h i c d a i l y mean t r a n s p o r t r a t e v a l u e s
f r o m F i g u r e 4 by t h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d s i n t h e day and t h e s t r e a m w i d t h
y i e l d s th e d a ily m easu red b e d lo a d .
t h r e e days of b e d lo a d ,
28 - 30 May 1983,
th e b u r s t of th e lo g jam ,
m e tric
to n s
b e d lo a d .
b e d lo a d
of b e d lo a d .
G re a te r
stre a m
was m easu red
A ssu m in g t h a t o n ly t h e i n i t i a l
in
are d ire c tly a ttr ib u ta b le to
we c a n s a y t h a t t h i s e v e n t a c c o u n t e d f o r 221
T h is
is
30% o f
pow er th a n
1983
and
m easured
1983
t h a t w h ich t r a n s p o r t e d
th is
1984,
th e
to ta l
but w ith o u t
th e
lo g
jam
63
d isp e rsal
b e d lo a d
tran sp o rt
was f a r l e s s .
T he l o g
ja m
was
very-
s i g n i f i c a n t i n e f f e c t i n g v a r i a t i o n i n s e d i m e n t s u p p l y and s t o r a g e .
The ways t h a t . t h e l o g ja m e f f e c t e d v a r i a t i o n s i n s e d im e n t
and s t o r a g e may b e su m m a riz ed a s f o l l o w s .
of
th e
th e
channel
a d ju stm e n t
broken
to
g rad ien t
of
5 June
stu d y
1983 a g a i n i n c r e a s i n g
reach.
The
sed im e n t
ha d m ore e f f e c t on b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t and
an y o t h e r f a c t o r s t u d i e d .
c o n sid e r
fac to r
th e
changed
subsequent
o f b e d s l o p e t o t h e new b a s e l e v e l c a u s e d t h e a rm o r t o
about
changes
th an
The c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l
l o g ja m s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n c r e a s e d s e d i m e n t s u p p l y and
lo c a l
su p p ly
in
th e
channel
T h e se
m o rp h o lo g y
F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s i t may b e p r u d e n t
p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f l o g ja m s
b e d lo a d
lo a d .
be
p r e d i c t i v e fo rm u la s
for
as
a
sig n ific a n t
h ig h -g ra d ie n t
m o u n ta in
stre a m s.
B e d f o r m s . B edform s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a s a n o t h e r s o u r c e o f v a r i a t i o n
in
se d im e n t
su p p ly
a n d s t o r a g e i n Squaw C r e e k .
The
e x iste n ce
bed fo rm s
i n c o a r s e - s e d im e n t a l l u v i a l c h a n n e l s h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y
d e n ie d .
As l a t e a s 1982 P a r k e r ,
th e
re la tiv e
low
bedform s
a n tid u n e s
seen
in
been
K lin g e m a n and M cClean a s s e r t e d t h a t
s h e a r s t r e s s e s in g r a v e l bed
c o u ld n o t b e c r e a te d .
of
stre a m s
m eant
th at
Few w i l l a r g u e t h a t t h e r i p p l e s
fin e -s e d im e n t a l l u v i a l ch an n els
are
present
and
in
c o a rs e r g rain ed c h an n els.
A
g r o w in g
c h a ra c te ristic
sig n ific a n t
num ber o f w o r k e r s a r e i d e n t i f y i n g d i f f e r e n t
of
im pact
c o a rs e -s e d im e n t a l l u v i a l c h a n n e ls w h ich
on
b e d l o a d and p r e d i c t i v e
b e d lo a d
c a u s i n g v a r i a t i o n s i n s e d i m e n t s u p p l y an d s t o r a g e .
w ith
b edform s
may
have
fo rm u la s
by
W orking i n a f lu m e
g r a v e l s i z e s e d i m e n t Cd^Q=A mm) G r i f f i t h s and S u t h e r l a n d
(1977)
64
saw t h e f o r m a t i o n o f d u n e s up t o 0 . 2 m i n h e i g h t and 1 .2 5 m l o n g .
d iffe re n t
S ix
b e d s t r u c t u r e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y L a r o n n e a n d C a rs o n (1976)
i n a s t r e a m w i t h 90—150 mm mean p a r t i c l e s i z e b a r m a t e r i a l and
v a ry in g
lo c a lly
C reek.
C l u s t e r , b e d f o r m s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y B ra y s h a w ,
R e id ( 1 9 8 3 ) .
fro m
0 .0 2 1 -0 .0 8 6 - a stre a m v e ry s i m i l a r
slo p e s
to
Squaw
F ro stic k
A re' t h e s e b e d f o r m s p r e s e n t i n Squaw C r e e k a n d ,
and
if
so,
how do t h e y a f f e c t b e d l o a d t h e r e ?
On
Squaw C re e k t h e
p r e v io u s ly d e s c rib e d bed s lo p e
m e a s u re m e n ts
r e c o r d e d t h e p a s s a g e o f a " d u n e " t y p e f o rm o r s l u g o f b e d l o a d
t h e s tu d y r e a c h f o llo w in g t h e d i s p e r s a l o f t h e lo g jam .
m ig h t
The t e r m s l u g
b e p r e f e r r e d b y some a s t h e c o a r s e p a r t i c l e s i z e and
t h e b edform re d u c e t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e b edform
co n fu sio n
th ro u g h
sc ale
and may t h u s l e a d t o
t o t h o s e a c c u s to m e d t o v i s u a l i z i n g s a n d s i z e p a r t i c l e
bed fo rm s.
The
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c c o b b l e d e t e c t o r s a t Squaw C reek
recorded th e passage o f lo n g -d u ra tio n ,
c o n tin u o u s b e d lo a d
o th ers,
q u o ta tio n s s h a ll
1987).
d istin g u ish
The
term
"dune"
in
of
du n e
a lso
(C u s te r and
be
used
to
i t s a p p l i c a t i o n h e r e t o a c o a r s e b e d l o a d s t r e a m fro m
th e
m ore f a m i l i a r u s a g e i n s a n d - b e d s t r e a m s .
The
passage
of
"dunes"
of
b e d lo a d
m e a s u r e m e n ts and q u a n t i t a t i v e s a m p l i n g .
a ffe c ts
b o th
.p re d ic tiv e
M e a s u re m e n ts o f b e d h e i g h t o r
w a t e r d e p t h t a k e n on t h e c r e s t o f a " d u n e " w i l l b e a n o m a l o u s ,
w ater
su rface
w a te r
d e p t h d o e s n o t g r e a t l y e x c e e d " d u n e " h e i g h t (Dunne and L e o p o l d ,
1978).
v ery
s l o p e m e a s u r e m e n ts t a k e n n e a r a
p assin g
as w ill
"dune"
when
B e d lo a d s a m p l e s t a k e n d u r i n g t h e p a s s a g e o f a " d u n e " w i l l
h i g h a s co m p a red t o t h o s e t a k e n i n a t r o u g h .
The p a s s a g e o f
be
a
65
"dune"
may w e l l e x p l a i n t h e . l o n g d u r a t i o n ,
c o n tin u o u s b e d lo a d e v e n ts
re c o rd e d by t h e m ag n e tic c o b b le d e t e c t o r .
As
m en tio n ed e a r l i e r ,
id e n tifie d
in
id e n tifie d
b y L a r o n n e and C a r s o n (1976) and
R e id
(1983)
b e d lo a d s tre a m s .
B edform s
w e r e o b s e r v e d i n Squaw C r e e k ,
c la ssifie d .
C arson
co arse
s e v e r a l o t h e r ty p e s o f b edform s have b een
Some
(1976),
of
sim ila r
B ra y s h a w ,
to
th o se
F ro stic k
a lth o u g h th e s e
th e bed s tr u c tu r e s i d e n t i f i e d by
and
w ere
not
L a ro n n e
and
s u c h a s " t i g h t s t r u c t u r e s " and " i m b r i c a t e s t r u c t u r e s "
f u n c t i o n t o p a c k b e d p a r t i c l e s m ore t i g h t l y t o g e t h e r an d t h u s i n c r e a s e
a rm o r l a y e r e f f e c t s , c a u s i n g o v e r - p r e d i c t i o n b y b e d l o a d f o r m u l a s b a s e d
on l o o s e s e d i m e n t .
and
R e id
(1983)
stru c tu re s,
sto ra g e
The c l u s t e r fo rm s s t u d i e d b y
B ra y s h a w ,
and t h e r e m a i n d e r o f L a r o n n e and
are v ery s im ila r.
F ro stic k
C a r s o n 's
These c l u s t e r ty p e s t r u c t u r e s
(1976)
have
f u n c t i o n s i m i l a r t o . a r m o r i n g i n t h a t t h e y r e t a i n s e d im e n t
stre a m
p o w e rs
m ovem ent.
g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e a t w h ic h b e d l o a d
R e id
and
fo rm u la s
" ...
t h e m o st s i g n i f i c a n t c a u s e s
b e d lo a d ,
c o n c lu d e d
m is m a tc h
b e t w e e n b e d l o a d and w a t e r d i s c h a r g e s i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s
p e b b l e c l u s t e r s a n d o t h e r b e d m ic r o f o r m s on e n t r a i n m e n t . . . "
15).
L aronne
in itia tio n
movement
d e fin ite ly
larg e r
fo rm u la e .
They
larg e st
and
th an
a lso
fin e st
of
p a rtic le s
t h o s e commonly
in
c lo se d
(1 9 8 7 ,
assum ed
in
s tru c tu re s
m o st
r e p o r t t h a t c l u s t e r fo rm s t e n d t o
g r a in s iz e s im p a rtin g th e g r e a t e s t
m e d i u m - s iz e d p a r t i c l e s .
as
of
a n d C a r s o n (1976) s t a t e t h a t t h r e s h o l d f o r c e s f o r
of
at
p red ic t
F r o s t i c k w o r k i n g a t T u rk e y Brook w i t h D^ q= H
th at
a
mm
th is
of
p,
th e
are
h y d rau lic
re ta in
m o b ility
th e
to
B e d lo a d f o r m u l a s u s i n g a g r a i n s i z e p a r a m e t e r
t y p i c a l of se d im e n t in t r a n s p o r t w i l l t h e r e f o r e
o b tain
d iffe re n t
66
v a l u e s u s i n g i d e n t i c a l h y d r a u l i c p a r a m e t e r s d e p e n d in g on t h e p r e s e n c e
o r a b sen ce of c l u s t e r form s.
R ecent w o rk ers a re in ag reem en t th a t v a r i a ti o n
in in -c h a n n e l
s e d i m e n t s u p p l y and s t o r a g e h a s a v a r i e t y o f e f f e c t s on b e d l o a d w h i c h
can cause
erro rs
g re a te r
th an
one
o r d e r of m ag n itu d e
in b e d lo a d
p r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d on t h e s t u d y f o r m u l a s (M ilh o u s and K li n g e m a n , 1 9 7 3 ),
( P a r k e r and o t h e r s ,
1982)
and o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g
t h a t many o f t h e s e e f f e c t s o p e r a t e on b e d l o a d
th is
stu d y su g g e st
i n Squaw C reek.
T e m p o ra l V a r i a t i o n
A n o th e r
so u rce
te m p o ra l v a r i a ti o n .
of
o v e rp re d ic tio n
by p r e d i c ti v e
fo rm u la s
is
F o rm u las i n c o r p o r a t i n g e x p o n e n tia l v a lu e s d e riv e d
from p l o t s of f i e l d d a t a s y n t h e s i z e a v a r i e t y of s tr e a m e f f e c t s t o
p ro d u ce an a v e ra g e d v a lu e , b u t t h i s a v erag ed v a lu e w i l l by i t s v e ry
n a t u r e c a u s e o v e r p r e d i c t i o n on s o m e s t r e a m s a n d u n d e r p f e d i c t i o n on
o th ers.
The f o r m u l a s m ake no p r o v i s i o n f o r a d j u s t m e n t i n s t r e a m t o
s t r e a m v a r i a t i o n i n t i m i n g and d u r a t i o n o f b e d l o a d e v e n t s .
and i n c o n s i s t e n t v a r i a b i l i t y
C a r s o n (1976,
p. 7 1 ) ,
of
The " l a r g e
i n t i m e and s p a c e " n o t e d b y (L a ro n n e and
h y d rau lic
p aram eters
d o e s h a v e some i d e n ­
tifia b le fe a tu re s.
In c o a r s e s e d im e n t lo a d h ig h m o u n tain s tre a m s b e d io a d i s c o n fin e d
to a v e ry s h o r t p e rio d in th e w a te r y e a r c o in c id e n t w ith th e peak
flo o d .
M c P h e r s o n ' s (197 0) m e a s u r e m e n t s i n Two O1C l o c k C r e e k i n t h e
Rocky M o u n ta i n s o f C anada show t h a t 65% o f t h e b e d l o a d o c c u r r e d i n
s e v e n d a y p e r i o d a n d 7 9% i n t h i r t e e n d a y s .
a
On Squaw C r e e k m o s t b e d ­
l o a d o c c u r r e d i n 23 d a y s i n 1983 a n d 19 d a y s i n 1 9 8 4 .
I f sa m p lin g to
67
d ete rm in e
f o r m u l a p a r a m e t e r s i s do n e o u t s i d e t h i s s m a l l and
v a ria b le
p e r i o d ,, b e d l o a d p r e d i c t i o n s w i l l b e i n e r r o r .
B e d lo a d e v e n t s a l s o v a r y t e m p o r a l l y i n much s m a l l e r u n i t s o f t i m e
th an
days.
The
e le c tro m a g n e tic
d e te c to rs
on
Squaw
C reek
a lso
d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t b e d l o a d d o e s n o t o c c u r a s a c o n t i n u o u s moving c a r p e t
o v e r t h e w h o le w i d t h o f t h e s t r e a m , b u t r a t h e r a s d i s c o n t i n u o u s b u r s t s
o f s h o r t and lo n g d u r a t i o n .
R e id
and F r o s t i c k
co arse
b e d lo a d
P u ls e s o f b e d lo a d w ere a l s o o b served
(1987) who s u g g e s t e d t h i s d i s c o n t i n u o u s
t r a n s p o r t may b e a m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e
by
n a tu re ' of
b e tw e e n
b e d lo a d
t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s i n s a n d - b e d an d g r a v e l - b e d s t r e a m s .
T h e r e i s some c o n t r o v e r s y a s t o w h e t h e r b e d l o a d i s g r e a t e r on t h e
r i s i n g o r f a l l i n g lim b o f t h e h y d r o g r a p h .
c o n sid e re d
I t i s im p o rta n t t h a t
when s a m p l in g b e d l o a d s o
th at
th is
p r o b le m
be
re fle c t
th e
graph.
M ilh o u s a n d K lin g e m a n (1973) f o u n d b e d l o a d on Oak C reek t o b e
t r u e c h a r a c t e r o f b e d lo a d th ro u g h o u t a
g r e a t e r on t h e f a l l i n g l i m b .
s a m p le s
s tr e a m 's
w ill
hydro-
N anson (1974) fo u n d l e s s b e d l o a d on t h e
f a l l i n g lim b , a c o n d it io n he a t t r i b u t e d t o lo w er se d im e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y
la te r
in th e season.
(1977)
W orking i n a f lu m e ,
G r i f f i t h s and
S u th erlan d
fo u n d no d i f f e r e n c e i n b e d l o a d on t h e r i s i n g a n d f a l l i n g l i m b s
and t h a t b e d l o a d w as d i s t r i b u t e d s y m m e t r i c a l l y a b o u t t h e p e a k .
lik e ly
I t is
t h a t r e a l d i f f e r e n c e s w it h in t h e re a c h e s s tu d i e d gave r i s e
to
th e se d if f e r e n t o b se rv a tio n s.
The f lu m e w ork b y G r i f f i t h s and S u t h e r l a n d ( 1 9 7 7 ) ,
an u n c o n s o li d a te d b e d .
has
been
sto ra g e
was b a s e d
on
B e d lo a d r e s p o n d e d d i r e c t l y t o h y d r a u l i c s .
It
shown i n t h e s e c t i o n on v a r i a t i o n s i n s e d i m e n t
su p p ly
and
t h a t t h e r e l e a s e o f s e d im e n t s t o r e d i n a n a rm o r e d b e d i s
not
68
governed
by
sim p le
h y d rau lics.
I t i s im p o rta n t
b e c a u s e an a rm o r l a y e r c a n c a u s e t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s ,
th e
tim in g o f b e d lo a d e v e n ts .
to
re a liz e
i t can a lso a f f e c t
Beyond t h e m ere p r e s e n c e o f an a rm o r
l a y e r one m ust a l s o c o n s i d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h i s l a y e r .
and
m ore
in fr e q u e n t a flo o d ev en t i s ,
r e s u l t a n t bed s u r f a c e
a rm o r
th a t
The l a r g e r
t h e m ore s t a b l e w i l l
(L a r o n n e and C a r s o n ,
1976).
be
th e
T h is e f f e c t o f th e
e x p l a i n s t h e common o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t a n o m a l o u s l y
h ig h
stre a m
po w e rs a r e o f t e n n e c e s s a r y t o p r o d u c e th e . f i r s t m a j o r b e d l o a d e v e n t o f
a
flo o d
s a m p l in g
h y drograph.
sh o u ld
c o n so lid a te d ,
and
be
In
done
i f so,
order to
o b tain
c o n sid e rin g
re p re se n ta tiv e
w h eth er o r
not
sam p les,
th e
bed
th e p e r io d o f tim e e la p s e d s in c e th e
is
la st
e v e n t.
C l u s t e r b e d f o r m s a l s o may a f f e c t t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n i n b e d l o a d a s
a
r e s u l t o f t h e i r se d im e n t s t o r a g e f u n c t i o n .
lift
fo rces
These bedform s
b e t w e e n th em a s w a t e r f l o w s o v e r them
e n t r a i n m e n t a t some d i s c h a r g e .
c a u sin g
c re a te
p a rtic le
The l i f t e x e r t e d on b e d p a r t i c l e s i n a
c o a r s e a l l u v i a l c h a n n e l was fo u n d t o v a r y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s p a c i n g
of
th e c o a r s e s t n e ig h b o rin g p a r t i c l e s
1983).
th e
F r o s t i c k and
R eid ,
As p a r t i c l e s a r e rem oved t h e p a c k i n g a r o u n d t h e c e n t r a l , l a r g e
p a rtic le
When
(B ray sh a w ,
of
t h e c l u s t e r i s rem oved a n d i t . a l s o
bec o m e s
e n tra in e d .
t h i s . c l u s t e r h a s b e e n rem oved t h e s p a c i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p
a d ja c e n t c l u s t e r s i s changed,
c a u sin g c l u s t e r s t o e n tr a in
s p o r a d i c m a n n e r, r a t h e r t h a n a " dom ino" t y p e s e q u e n c e .
b e d lo a d
in
th is
d isc o n tin u o u s
o th ers,
1987).
m an n e r
e v e n ts
m ig h t e x p l a i n some o f
th e
in
a
E ntrainm ent of
sh o rt
r e c o r d e d b y t h e m a g n e t ic d e t e c t o r
R e id a n d F r o s t i c k
b e tw e e n
d u ratio n
(C u ste r
(1987) a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t
and
p a rticle
69
r e l e a s e i s a f u n c t i o n o f p a r t i c l e p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e b e d fo rm and
c o n t r i b u t e s t o te m p o ra l v a r i a t i o n i n b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t .
T e m p o ra l v a r i a t i o n s a l s o a f f e c t b e d l o a d s a m p l i n g .
S a m p le s t a k e n
d u r i n g t h e p a s s a g e o f a dune c r e s t w i l l b e a n o m a l o u s l y h i g h i n b e d l o a d
a s c o m p a re d t o t h o s e t a k e n l a t e r i n t h e t r o u g h b e t w e e n d u n e s.
S a m p le s
t a k e n a f t e r t h e d i s p e r s a l o f a l o g j a m o r i n j e c t i o n o f new s e d i m e n t by
bank c o lla p s e ,
d e b ris
q u a n t i t y and s o r t i n g .
flo w ,
a v a la n c h e ,
w ill
a ls o be an o m alo u s in
B a g n o ld (1977) h a s f o u n d b e d l o a d t o v a r y o v e r 4
o r 5 m a g n i t u d e s a n d s t r e a m p o w e r " o v e r a 100 f o l d r a n g e " ( 1 9 7 7 ,
304).
I f an o m alo u s p a r t i c l e
tem p o ral v a r i a t i o n s ,
p.
s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e s u l t fro m t h e s e
th e n p ro b le m s w i l l r e s u l t
in fo rm u la s r e q u ir in g
d a t a on a s p e c i f i c p a r t i c l e s i z e .
W orkers
v a ria tio n
N ebraska,
on o t h e r
in
g ra in
stre a m s
siz e
have
d istrib u tio n .
E s c h n e r an d K i r c h e r
(1984)
s iz e d i s t r i b u t i o n w ith d isch arg e.
B rid g e and J a r v i s
stre ss
by
re p o rte d
d eg rees
On t h e
found l i t t l e
of tem p o ral
P la tte
R iv e r
v a ria tio n
in
in g ra in
C o n tra s tin g t h i s i s th e fin d in g s of
(1982) t h a t s t r e a m s a d j u s t t o v a r i a t i o n i n s h e a r
c h a n g in g
g ra in
siz e
and
not
s e d im e n t
tra n sp o rt
ra te .
M ilh o u s a n d K lin g e m a n (1973) fo u n d t h a t f i n e s a r e r e l e a s e d fro m t h e
arm o r a t
e x tre m e ly
h ig h flo w s,
q u ite
in
c o n tra st
to
th e
id ea
of
p a rtic le
s i z e e n t r a i n m e n t b e in g d i r e c t l y p ro p o rtio n a l to d isch arg e.
M ilh o u s a n d K lin g e m a n (1973) a l s o n o t e d t h a t w h e n s i g n i f i c a n t . s h e a r
s tre ss is
i n m o ti o n .
th is
of
rea c h e d f o r se d im e n t e n tr a in m e n t,
P arker,
K l in g e m a n ,
on ly 1 /3 o f t h e s i z e s a r e
a n d M cClean (1982)
seem t o
c o n tra d ic t
i d e a w hen t h e y s t a t e t h a t once t h e a r m o r i s b r o k e n a l l s i z e s a r e
equal
tra n sp o rta b ility .
T he
d iffe re n c e s
in
re su lts
m ay
be
70
a ttrib u te d
It
does
t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s tre a m bed b e in g
seem
d isc u sse d .
t h a t on m o st s t r e a m s w o r k e r s do f i n d t h a t
v a r i e s w ith tim e.
g rain
siz e
T h i s t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i z e was
a lso
o b s e r v e d a t Squaw C r e e k .
At
th e
Squaw C re e k t h e m o st d r a m a t i c ex a m p le o f t h i s phenomena was i n
hours
p rec e d in g
p rec e d in g
th e b u r s t,
0 1 : 4 1 28 May,
1983,
th e b u r s t o f th e lo g
ja m .
In
mean p a r t i c l e s i z e was 2 - 4
mm.
th e
two
days
A b ru p tly ,
p a r t i c l e s i z e d r o p p e d t o 0 . 5 8 mm.
at
One and o n e -
h a lf
h o u r s l a t e r mean p a r t i c l e s i z e was up t o 5mm and 16 h o u r s
a fte r
th a t,
j u s t two h o u r s p r i o r t o t h e b u r s t , d^Q was up t o 17 mm.
In th e
space
of
v a rie s
s a m p l in g
1 6 .5 h o u r s d^g had i n c r e a s e d 34 t i m e s I
w ith
tim e
in
some s t r e a m s a n d
th ere fo re
G ra in
req u ires
i f d a t a i s t o be u sed i n a p r e d i c t i v e fo rm u la
some g r a i n s i z e p a r a m e t e r s .
siz e
a lso
carefu l
in co rp o ratin g
71
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
The f o r m u l a s t e s t e d a l l
C re e k .
o v e r p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t on Squaw
The S c h o k l i t s c h (193 4) f o r m u l a y i e l d e d p r e d i c t i o n s c l o s e s t t o
m e a s u r e d v a l u e s i n 1983 and 1984,
tw o o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e .
but s t i l l
o v e r p r e d ic t e d b e d lo a d b y
The s t r e a m p o w e r and M e y e r - P e t e r and M u l l e r
(1948) f o r m u l a s y i e l d e d v e r y s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r b o t h y e a r s a v e r a g i n g
196% h i g h e r t h a n t h e S c h o k l i t s c h p r e d i c t i o n i n 1 983 a n d 280% h i g h e r
th an
th e
S c h o k litsc h
p re d ic tio n
in
1984.
E rro r
in
p a ra m e te r
m e a s u r e m e n t and s a m p l e r b i a s c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r one o r d e r o f m a g n i tu d e
of th e o v e r- p r e d ic tio n .
T h is s t i l l
l e a v e s one o r d e r o f m a g n itu d e
o v e r p r e d ic t io n by th e fo rm u la s t e s t e d .
The r e m a i n i n g d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d and m e a s u r e d
b e d l o a d may b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y i n a b i l i t y
f o r v a r ia n c e in se d im e n t su p p ly ,
of th e fo rm u la s to account
s e d im e n t s t o r a g e and s p a t i a l and
t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n b e d i o a d t r a n s p o r t w h i c h o c c u r r e d a t Squaw C re e k
and w h ic h
m ay b e
c h a ra c te ris tic
of c o a rse -b e d lo a d
h ig h -g ra d ie n t
stre a m s.
Squaw C re e k w a s d e f i c i e n t
in e x tr a - c h a n n e l s e d im e n t lo ad d u r in g
t h e p e r i o d o f t h e s t u d y and t h u s p r o d u c e d ' l e s s b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t t h a n
th e fo rm u la s w h ic h assum e su p p ly i s n o t a l i m i t i n g
fac to r.
S e d im e n t
s t o r e d u n d e r bed a rm o r c o u ld n o t be r e l e a s e d d u r in g m ost s tr e a m f lo w s
in th e stu d y p e rio d .
S e d im e n t s t o r e d i n p o o l s , l o g j a m s , and b e d f o r m s
72
w a s n o t r e l e a s e d i n a u n i f o r m , c o n t i n u o u s m a n n e r, b u t s p o r a d i c a l l y and
not in d ir e c t
resp o n se to d isc h a rg e .
B e d lo a d o c c u r r e d o v e r o n l y 83% o f t h e s t r e a m w i d t h a c c o u n t i n g f o r
17% o v e r p r e d i c t i o n
by
fo rm u la s
in
w h ich
u n it
stre a m
pow er
is
m u l t i p l i e d by t o t a l bed w id th to y i e l d t o t a l b e d lo a d .
B e d lo a d w as n o t
o c c u rre d d u rin g
te m p o ra lly
c o n s ta n t once i n i t i a t e d .
a v ery s h o rt p e rio d
B ed lo ad
of th e w a te r y e a r - 3 w eeks.
S a m p lin g t o d e t e r m i n e f o r m u l a p a r a m e t e r s m u st b e d o n e t h r o u g h o u t t h i s
sh o rt
and
v a ria b le
p e rio d
to
y ie ld
a c c u ra te
p re d ic tio n s.
T h is
te m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n c r e a te d a p ro b le m i n th e u s e o f g r a i n s i z e d a t a i n
p re d ic tiv e
fin e s
fo rm u la s.
from
se d im e n t,
a pool
A b e d lo a d
or
lo g
sam p le
jam ,
th e
may r e p r e s e n t
passage
th e d i s p e r s a l of a c l u s t e r bedform ,
of
th e re le a s e
a co arse
w ave
of
of
o r a p e rio d of la p s e in
b e d l o a d , e a c h o f w h ic h , w i l l y i e l d d i f f e r e n t p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n
d a ta ,
a l t e r i n g p r e d i c t i o n s of fo rm u la s in c o r p o r a tin g su c h d a ta .
T he c a t a s t r o p h i c d i s p e r s a l o f a l o g j a m h a d g r e a t e r e f f e c t on
b e d lo a d
t h a n an y o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s u s e d i n t h e f o r m u l a s .
d is p e r s a l fu n ctio n ed
as a t r i g g e r w h ich caused
i n th e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t .
30%
of
th e
1983
b e d lo a d .
Even
d u rin g
The l o g ja m
in sta n ta n e o u s
changes
T h is e v e n t a c c o u n t e d f o r
th is
event
th e
fo rm u la s
o v e r p r e d i c t e d b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t on Squaw C r e e k .
The c o m p le x m a t h e m a t i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s
o f t h e M e y e r - P e te r and
M u lle r fo rm u la in te n d e d to in c r e a s e p r e d i c t i v e a c c u ra c y by a c co u n tin g
f o r form r e s i s t a n c e ,
tra c tiv e
fo rce
th e o re tic a l
d id
g rain
not
bed ro u g h n e ss,
and c r i t i c a l
i m p r o v e a c c u r a c y a s c o m p a red t o
th e s im p le s t
e x p re ssio n ,
siz e
th e
e ffe c ts ,
stre a m
pow er
e x p re ssio n .
B ed lo ad
73
p r e d i c t i v e f o r m u l a s o f t h e f o r m u) = a b c q S , w h e r e a , b , and c r e p r e s e n t
e m p iric a lly
q u a n tifie d
c o e ffic ie n ts
fo r fa c to rs
s u p p ly and p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f an a rm o r l a y e r ,
su c h as se d im e n t
lo g ja m s,
o r bed
f o r m s , may y i e l d b e t t e r r e s u l t s f o r c o a r s e b e d l o a d , h i g h - g r a d i e n t
m o u n ta in s tr e a m s .
74
BIBLIOGRAPHY
75
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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p o rta tio n
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T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 1 0 2 6 ,
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Em m ett, W.W., 1 9 8 0 , A f i e l d c a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t t r a p p i n g
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e H e l l e y - S m i t h b e d l o a d s a m p l e r : W a s h in g to n ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s G overnm ent P r i n t i n g . O f f i c e , 44 p p .
E rgenzin g e r ,
P .J .,
and C u s t e r ,
S.G. , 1 9 8 3 , D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b e d l o a d
t r a n s p o r t u s in g n a t u r a l l y m ag n e tic t r a c e r s : f i r s t e x p e rie n c e s a t
Squaw C r e e k ,
G a l l a t i n C o u n ty , M o ntana: W a te r R e s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h ,
v . 19, n o . I , p . 187-193.
E sch n er,
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d istrib u tio n s
fro m m e a s u r e d s e d i m e n t d a t a ,
P la tte
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G riffith s,
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5 , p . 931-937.
G riffith s,
G .,
and S u t h e r l a n d , A .J . ,
1 9 7 7 , B e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t b y
t r a n s l a t i o n w a v e s : J o u r n a l o f t h e H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , A m erican
S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , v . 1 0 3 , n o . HY 2 , p . 1 2 7 9 - 1 2 9 1 .
H a y a sh i,
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and S a c h i o , 0 . , 1 9 8 0 , On t h e s a l t a t i o n h e i g h t s and s t e p
len g th s
o f se d im e n t p a r t i c l e s in
th e b ed -lo ad
lay e r:
In te r­
n a tio n a l
Symposium on R i v e r S e d i m e n t a t i o n ,
B e ijin g ,
C h in a , p .
206-213.
Hey, R .D ., B a t h u r s t ,
J .C .,
and T h o m e ,
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H o llin g s h e a d , A .B ., 1971,
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r i v e r s : J o u rn a l of th e H y d ra u lic s D iv is io n ,
A m e ric a n S o c i e t y o f
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H u b b e l l , D .W ., 1 9 6 4 , A p p a r a t u s and t e c h n i q u e f o r m e a s u r i n g b e d - l o a d .
U n ited
S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u rv e y W a te r S u p p ly P a p e r 1 7 4 8 , U n i t e d
S t a t e s G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n , D . C . , 74 p p .
77
I b b e k e n , H .,
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R .,
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a m ethod f o r
g rain -siz e
a n a l y s i s o f c o a r s e - g r a i n e d , u n c o n s o lid a te d b ed d in g
s u r f a c e s : E a r t h S u r f a c e P r o c e s s e s and L a n d f o r m s , v . 1 1 , p . 1 - 1 9 .
L a r o n n e , J . B . , and C a r s o n , M .A ., 1 9 7 6 , I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n b e d
m o rp h o lo g y and b e d m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t f o r a s m a l l ,
g r a v e l bed
c h a n n e l : S ed im en to lo g y , v . 23, p . 6 7 -8 5 .
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Wyoming: P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e ,
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M cMannis, W .J. and C hadw ick, R .A . , 1 9 6 4 , G eology o f t h e G a r n e t
M o u n ta in q u a d r a n g l e , G a l l a t i n C o u n ty , M on ta n a , B u l l e t i n 43, S t a t e
o f M o n ta n a , B u re a u o f M ines and G e o lo g y , 47 p p .
M c P h e rs o n , H .J . , 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 1 , D i s s o l v e d , s u s p e n d e d and b e d l o a d movement
p a t t e r n s i n Two O 'C lo c k C r e e k ,
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M e y e r - P e t e r , E. and M u l l e r , P . , 1 9 4 8 , F o r m u la s f o r b e d - l o a d t r a n s p o r t .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n f o r H y d ra u lic R e se a rc h ,
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c
M ilh o u s,
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S e d im e n t t r a n s p o r t i n a
g r a v e l - b o t t o m e d s t r e a m : A m e ric a n S o c i e t y o f C i v i l ' E n g i n e e r s ,
H y d r a u l i c E n g i n e e r i n g and t h e E n v i r o n m e n t;
P ro ceed in g s of th e
2 1 s t A n n u a l H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n S p e c i a l t y C o n f e r e n c e , Bozeman,
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v.
274, p .
471-486.
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1957,
B e d - l o a d m e t e r s - d e v e lo p m e n t o f a new t y p e and
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h , S e v e n th G e n e r a l
M e e t i n g , L i s b o n , P o r t u g a l , 28 p p .
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c h a r g e s fro m s m a l l d r a i n a g e a r e a s i n M ontana f o r s t a t i o n s d i s c o n ­
t i n u e d b e f o r e 1 9 7 8 , U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u rv e y O p e n - f i l e
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P .C .,
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d istrib u tio n
in paved g r a v e l-b e d
stre a m s:
J o u rn a l of
th e
H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , A m e ric an S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , v . 1 0 8 ,
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g ra v e l-b e d stre a m s a t b a n k fu l s ta g e :
G e o lo g ic a l S o ciety of
A m e ric a B u l l e t i n , v . 9 4 , p . 6 7 3 - 6 7 8 .
78
R eid , I . ,
F r o s t i c k , . L ,.E ., and Layman, J . T . , 1985, The i n c i d e n c e and
n a t u r e of b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t d u rin g f lo o d flo w s in c o a r s e - g r a in e d
a l l u v i a l c h a n n e l s : E a r t h S u r f a c e P r o c e s s e s and L a n d f o r m s , v . 1 0 ,
p. 33-44.
R eid, I .
and F r o s t i c k ,
L . E . , 1 9 8 7 , Toward a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
b e d lo a d
tra n sp o rt,
in
recent
d e v e lo p m e n t s
in
flu v ia l
s e d im e n to lo g y ,
S o c iety
of
Economic
P a le o n to lo g ists
and
M in e r a lo g is ts , S p e c ia l P u b lic a tio n , n o . 39, p . 13-19.
R o b e r s o n , . J . A . , and W r i g h t , S . J . , 1 9 7 3 , A n a l y s i s o f f lo w i n c h a n n e l s
w ith , g rav el beds:
H y d r a u l i c E n g i n e e r i n g and t h e E n v i r o n m e n t ,
A m e ric an S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s ,
C o nference P ro c e e d in g s , p .
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W a s s e r k r a f t an d W a s s e r w i r t s s c h a f t ;
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S h ie ld s,
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t u r b u l e n z f o r s h u n g a u f d i e g e s c h i e b ebew egung, M i t t e i l u n g e n d e r
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L a b o ra to ry B u l l e t i n , P e n n sy lv a n ia
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S ta ll,
J .B .,
R upani,
N . L . , and Kandaswamy, P . K . , 1 9 5 8 ,
S edim ent
t r a n s p o r t i n Money C r e e k : P r o c e e d i n g s A m e ric an S o c i e t y o f C i v i l
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1 9 8 2 , N a t i o n a l handbook o f
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U nited S ta te s
G e o lo g ic a l Survey.
V irm an i, J . K . , P e te r s o n , D .F .,
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and t h e E n v i r o n m e n t ,
A m e ric an S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s ,
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G r a in s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n
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P ro ceed in g s
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of C i v i l
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1982 Symposium on S u r f a c e
M in in g H y d r o l o g y ,
S e d im e n to lo g y and R e c l a m a t i o n ,
p . 315-323.
80
APPENDICES
81
APPENDIX A .
DISCHARGE DATA
82
T ab le 7 .
Squaw C re e k d i s c h a r g e a n d s t a g e d a t a f o r 1983 and
1984 b e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n t s .
D a te
Time
(hours)
S tage
(ft)
D isch arg e, Q
( f t /s)
(n r/s)
22
May 1983
1 6 :0 0
0 .6 8
.71
2 .0
23
May 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
0 .6 8
0 .6 7
0 .7 5
71
68
86
2 .0
1 .9
2 .4
24
May 1983
0 0 :0 0
08:00
1 6 :0 0
0 .6 6
0 .6 6
0 .7 3
66
66
81
1 .9
1 .9
2 .3
25 . May 1983
0 0 :0 0
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 7
1 .1 8
154
177
216
4 .4
5 .0
• 6 .1
26
May 1983
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
0 .9 9
0 .9 6
0 .9 6
151
142
142
4 .3
4 .0
4 .0
27
May 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 1
0 .9 1
1 .0 6
191
127
174
5 .3
3 .6
4 .9
28
May 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 7
0 .9 1
0 .9 5
212
127
139
5 .9
3 .6
3 .9
29
May 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .0 6
1 .2 0
1 .1 2
174
223
194
4 .9
6 .2
5 .4
00:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0 .
1 .1 0
1 .2 3
1 .3 2
187
235
271
5 .2
6 .6
7 .6
May 1983
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 9
1 .2 7
1 .2 5
258
250
242
7 .2
7 .0
6 .8
01 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 0
1 .1 5
1 .1 3
263
205
198
7 .4
5 .7
5 .5
-■
30
31
May 1983
.
83
T ab le 7 .
C o n tin u e d .
D a te
Time
(hours)
S tag e
(ft)
■
D isch arg e, Q
(ft^ /s)
(n r/s)
02 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 8
1 .2 6
1 .2 4 .
254
.. 246
240
7 .1
6 .9
6 .7
03 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 0
1 .2 9 '
1 .2 7
223
258
250
6 .2
7 .2
7 .0
04 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 9
1 .2 8
1 .2 4
258
254
240
7 .2
7 .1
6 .7
05 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 4
1 .1 3
1 .1 1
201
198
191
5 .6
5 .5
5 .3
06 J u n e . 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .0 9
1 .0 8
1 .0 8
184
180
180
5 .1
5 .0
5 .0
07 J u n e 1983
00:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 6
1 .1 5
1 .1 1
208
205
191
5 .8
5 .7
5 .3
08 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 4
1 .1 3
1 .1 3
201
198
198
5 .6
5 .5
5 .5
09 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .0 9
0 .9 4
1 .0 6
184
136
174
5 .1 .
3 .8
4 .9
.1 0 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .0 9
1 .1 3
1 .0 9
184
198
184
5 .1
5 .5
5 .1
11 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 3
1 .1 7
1 .1 5 E
198
212
205
5 .5
. 5 .9
5 .7
12 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
. 1 .1 5 E
1 .2 4 E
1 .2 7
175
175
190
4 .9
4 .9
5 .3
E = E stim ate d v a lu e
84
T ab le 7.
C o n tin u e d .
D a te
. Time
(h ours) ,
S tag e
(ft)
D isch arg e, Q
(ft /s)
(n r/s)
13 J u n e 1983
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 0
200
205
200
5 .6
5 .7
5 .6
14 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6:00
1 .3 0
1 .2 7
1 .2 8
200
191
194
5 .6
5 .3
5 .4
15 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 7
1 .2 6
1 .2 6
190
188
188
5 .3
5 .3
5 .3
16 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 5
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
215
205
205
6 .0
5 .7
5 .7
17 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
200
200
205
5 .6
5 .6
5 .7
18 J u n e 1983
00:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 0
1 .2 9
1 .3 0
200
195
200
5 .7
5 .5
5 .7
19 J u n e 1983
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .2 8
200
200
192
5 .7
5 .7
5 .4
16
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 2
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
228
241
237
May 1984
.
.
17
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 8
1 .2 3
1 .1 9
212
193
178
18
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 9
1 .1 6
1 .1 2
178
168
154
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 5
1 .1 2
1 .1 0
164
154
148
19
May 1984
.
6 .4
6 .7
6 .6
5 .9
5 .4
5 .0
•
5 .0
4 .7
4 .3
4 .6
4 .3
■ 4 .1
85
T ab le 7 .
C o n tin u e d .
D a te
Time
• (ho u rs)
S tag e
(ft)
D isch arg e, Q
( f t 3 / s)
(n r/s)
20
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 2
1 .2 1
1 .2 3
189
186
193
5 .3
5 .2
5 .4
21
May 1984
00:00
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 0
1 .2 1
1 .1 9
182
186
178
5 .1
5 .2
5 .0
22
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
.1 6 :0 0
1 .2 0
1 .1 9
1 .1 6
182
178
168
5 .1
5 .0
4 .7
23
May 1984
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 2
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
189
186
186
5 .3
5 .2
5 .2
24
May 1984
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1 .2 4
201
201
197
5 .6
5 .6
5 .5
25
May 1984
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 3
1 .2 1
1 .1 9
193
186
178
5 .4
5 .2
5 .0
26
May 1984
00:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 9
1 .1 7
1 .1 5
178
171
164
5 .0
4 .8
4 .6
27
May 1984
0 0:00
0 8:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 4
1 .1 5
1 .1 3
161
164
. 158
4 .5
4 .6
4 .4
28
May 1984
0 0:00
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 4
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
161
154
154
4 .5
4 .3
4 .3
.
29
May 1984
0 0:00
08:00
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 0
1 .1 7
1 .1 6
182
171
168
5 .1
4 .8
4 .7
30
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 4
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
237
228
233
6 .6
6 .4
6 .3
86
T a b le 7 .
C o n c lu d e d .
D a te
Time
(h o u rs)
S ta g e
(ft)
May 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 9
1 .3 5
1 .4 0
258
241
263
7 .2
6 .8
7 .6
01 J u n e 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 6
1 .3 6
. 1 .3 4
245
245
234
6 .9
6 .9
6 .6
02 J u n e 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .3 3
1 .2 9
1 .2 8
233
216
212
6 .5
6 .1
5 .9
03 J u n e 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 8
1 .2 5
1 .2 3
212
201
193
5 .9
5 .6
5 .4
04 J u n e 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .2 5
1 .2 3
1 .2 1
201
193
186
5 .6
5 .4
5 .2
05 J u n e 1984
0 0 :0 0
0 8 :0 0
1 6 :0 0
1 .1 9
. 1 .2 0
1 .1 9
178
182
178
5 .0
5 .1
5 .0
31
D is c h a rg e . Q
(ft^ /s )
(n r/s )
87
APPENDIX B
w ater ' d e n s it y
Da ta
88
T a b le 8 . T o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s a n d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a
f o r 1983 an d 1984 b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t e v e n ts .
D a te
Time
(h o u rs)
r
T o t a l S u sp en d ed
S o lid s
(m g/1)
W a te r
T e m p e ra tu re
( 0 C)
22
May 1983
1 6 :3 8
1 0 .3 7
1 0 .8
27
May 1983
1 2 :0 0
1 1 5 .6 9
5 .0
28
May 1983
0 1 :2 0
2 6 0 .0 0
4 .8
28
May 1983
1 5 :0 0
2 8 6 .0 4
4 .6
28
May 1983
1 8 :4 0
1 1 3 .2 8
4 .4
28
May 1983
2 2 :0 0
6 8 0 .2 4
4 .5
29
May 1983
1 2 :3 4
4 0 5 .8 6
7 .7
29
May 1983
2 1 :4 0
6 9 9 .8 6
6 .0
30
May 1983
1 1 :5 6
5 0 8 .1 4
31
May 1983
2 1 :5 8
1 6 7 .1 5
5 .8
05 J u n e 1983
1 8 :0 0
1 6 .3 1
7 .6
11 J u n e 1983
1 1 :1 7
1 0 5 .6 2 .
6 .0
12 J u n e 1983
1 3 :4 5
6 2 .9 3
5 .1
18 J u n e 1983
2 0 :5 7
. 2 2 .5 2
7 .3
19 J u n e 1983
1 4 :5 0
2 2 .8 4
7 .5
19 J u n e 1983
1 6 :4 4
1 0 .8 7
7 .5
25 J u n e 1983
1 8 :5 0
3 .6 5
1 2 .0
30 J u n e 1983
1 8 :0 7
3 3 8 .6 5
■
5 .6
—
™
89
T a b le 8 .
C o n c lu d e d .
D a te
Time
(h o u rs)
T o t a l S u sp en d ed
•S o lid s
(m g/1)
W a te r
T e m p e ra tu re
( 0C)
May 1984
1 7 :1 5
. 2 4 5 .7 9
4 .3
17
May 1984
2 0 :0 0
8 7 .3 0
5 .5
19
May 1984
1 1 :1 5
1 0 .9 4
5 .4
20
May 1984
1 0 :3 0
5 3 .4 2
5 .0
22
May 1984
. 1 2 :0 0
1 1 .6 7
6 .0
23
May 1984
1 5 :0 0
1 2 .5 7
6 .5
27
May 1984
1 3 :3 0
1 6 .9 5
7 .0
28
May 1984
1 1 :5 0
1 9 .3 7
7 .0
29
May 1984
1 1 :4 0
1 0 .9 6
7 .5
29
May
2 3 :0 0
2 0 5 .9 0
6 .0
30
May 1984
2 1 :1 0
1 6 3 .3 1
6 .5
31
May 1984
2 3 :3 4
2 6 5 .9 6
5 .0
01 J u n e 1984
1 3 :0 0
1 7 4 .5 9
6 .5
02 J u n e 1984
1 2 :0 0
1 0 0 .5 9
6 .0
02 J u n e 1984
2 4 :0 0
1 1 2 .3 9
5 .0
03 J u n e 1984
2 1 :4 0
4 2 .6 0
6 .0
I-*
kO
00
4>
16
90
APPENDIX C
SLOPE DATA
91
T a b le 9 . B e d s l o p e a n d w a t e r s u r f a c e s l o p e d a t a f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l
p r o f i l e s t h r o u g h s tu d y r e a c h f o r 1983 and 1984.
D i s t a n c e s B e tw e e n S lo p e Datum L in e s
P ro file
1-1
2 -1
3 -1
4 -2
K-3
5 -3
(ft)
1 2 9 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .1
. 1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .0
D iffe re n c e
Date
(tim e)
P ro file
slo p e
(72-71^
i n bed e le v a tio n
(ft)
D iffe re n c e (y2- 7 i)
w a te r s u rfa c e
e le v a tio n
(ft)
Bed
slo p e
(%)
W ater
s u rfa c e
slo p e
(%)
28
May 1983
(22:00)
4-2
5-3
5.5 6
3.55
2.1 8
1.8 4
4.5 2
2.91
1.77
1.51
29
May 1983
(13:50)
4-2
5-3
5 .0 5
3 .4 9
2.57
2.70
4 .1 0
2.86
2 .0 9
2.21
30
May 1983
(11:30)
4-2
5-3
4 .9 0
3 .3 0
2.16
2.55
3 .9 8
2.70
1.75
2.0 9
(17:39)
4-2
5-3
4.6 9
3 .1 1
1.97
1.56
3,81
2.55
1 .6 0
1.28
May 1983
(20:30)
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
4.35
3.83
3.27
4.4 0
3,21
4.07
3 .6 0
3 .6 1
2.41
2 .5 8
3 .3 6
3.07
2.66
3 .5 7
2.63
3 .1 5
2 .8 8
2 .9 4
1.96
2.11
05 Ju n e 1983
(17:52)
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
3 .4 8
4 .2 9
4.43
4.17
3 .5 0
2.20
2.31
3.41
3.37
3 .4 4
2.68
3 .4 4
3.61
3 .3 9
2.87
1.70
1.85
2.78
2 ,7 4
2.82.
11 Ju n e 1983
(11:00)
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
3 .4 2
3 .5 6
3 .0 0
3 .9 4 ■
Not A v a ila b le
1.76
2.0 8
1.38
2.28
2 .6 4
2.85
2 .4 4
3 .2 0
1.36
1.67
1 .1 2
1.85
1.85E
31
E = E s t im a t e d v a l u e
92
T a b le 9 .
C o n t in u e d .
P ro file
slo p e
D iffe re n c e
(y2- y i )
i n bed e le v a tio n
(ft)
12 June 1983
(13:30)
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
3 .4 0
3 .1 1
2 .6 8
3 .6 2
0.92
18 Ju n e 1983
(21:00)
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
' 3 .2 1
2.9 2
2.6 8
3.43
1.08
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
3 .3 2
2.81
2.75
3 .3 2
1.01
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
. 5-3
3.4 1
2.75
2.67
3 .2 6
0.93
1-1
1-2
1-3
4-2
5-3
Date
(tim e)
19 June 1983
(14:05)
(16:40)
25 Ju n e 1983
(17:55)
•
D iffe re n c e (yg-y^)
w a te r s u rfa c e
e le v a tio n
(ft)
Bed
slo p e
(%)
W ater
s u rfa c e
slo p e
(%)
1 .5 4
1.57
1 .2 4
2 .0 4
1 .6 0
2.63
2.4 9
2.1 8
2.9 4
0.75
1.97
2.48
2.37
2.18
2 .7 9 .
0.89
1.61
1.7 9
2.57
2.25
2 .2 4
2.7 0
0.83
1.47
1.79
2 .6 4
2.20
2.17
2.65
0.7 6
1.47
3 .3 9
2.71
2.6 9
3 .2 2
1.05
1.86
2 .6 2
2.17
2.19
2 .6 2
0.86
1.52
1.19
1.26
.1.01
1.66
1.31
27
May 1984
(13:30)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
5-3
3 .1 4
4 .4 0
3 .9 0
3 .0 4
2.0 0
1.19
2.41
1.91
1 .9 4 .
2.00
2.43
3.53
3 .1 8
2.47
1.64
0 .9 2
1.93
1.5 6
1 .5 8
1 .6 4
28
May 1984
(12:00)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
5-3
3.07
4 .3 2
3 .7 6
2 .8 9
1.93
1 .2 4
2.46
1.90
1.95
1.95
2.37
3.4 6
3 .0 6
2.35
1.5 8
0 .9 6
1.97
1.55
1.5 8
1.6 0
93
T a b le 9 .
C o n t in u e d .
D iffe re n c e
W ater
s u rfa c e
s lo p e
(%)
Bed
slo p e
(%)
P ro file
slo p e
^ 2 _y i )
i n bed e le v a tio n
(ft)
May 1984
(12:00)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
2.80
4.17
3 .6 8
3 .0 8
1.28
2.47
1 .9 8
1.97
2.16
3 .3 4
3 .0 0
2.50
0.99
1.98
1.61
1.60
(23:45)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2 .
5-3
2.7 1
4.01
3 .4 8
3 .0 0
0.61
0.41
1.53
1.27
1.92
2.20
2 .0 9
3.21
2.83
2 .4 4
0.50
0 .3 2
1.23
1.03
1.56
1.80
Date
(tim e)
29
D iffe re n c e (yg-y^)
w a te r s u rfa c e
e le v a tio n
(ft)
:
May 1984
(00:00)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
2 .9 2
4 .2 0
3 .7 0
2 .9 4
2 .3 4
0.42
1 .6 0
1.41
1.4 8
1.18
2.26
3.3 7
3.01
2 .3 9
1.89
0 .3 2
1 .2 8
1.15
1.2 0
1.53
01 June 1984
(13:00)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
2.91
4 .0 2
3 .6 4
3.13
0.63
1.66
1.70
2.05
2.25
3 .2 2
2.96
2 .5 4
0.4 9
1.33
1.3 8
1.67
02 June 1984
(12:15)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
2 .9 4
4 .0 4
3 .6 8
2.61
2 .3 2
0.90
1 .9 4
1.87
0.83
2.06
2.27
3 .2 4
3 .0 0
2.12
1.87
0 .7 0
1.55
1.52
0.67
1.66
03 Ju n e 1984
(00:15)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
2.86
3.96
4 .3 4
2.89
2.66
0 .7 8
1 .7 4
1.76
1.93
2.18
' 2.21
3.17
3.53
2.35
2.15
0 .6 0
1.3 9
1.43
1.57
1.76
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
2.9 2
4.02
3 .7 8
2 .8 8 .
2.53
0.99
1.96
1.91
2.08
2.17
2.26
3 .2 2
3 .0 8
2 .3 4
2 .0 4
0.77
1.57
1.56
1.6 9
1.75
31
(17:00)
.
.
94
T a b le 9 .
C o n c lu d e d .
D iffe re n c e
Date
(tim e)
P ro file
slo p e
(y2™yi)
i n bed e le v a tio n
(ft)
D iffe re n c e ( ^ - Y i)
w a te r s u rfa c e
e le v a tio n
(ft)
Bed
slo p e
(%)
W ater
s u rfa c e
s lo p e
(%)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
5-3
2.23
3.2 8
3.03
2.43
2.00
2.02
0 .6 9
1.5 8
1.48
1.67
1.76
1.77
05 June 1984
(14:30)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
2.26
3.23
3.01
2.40
1.91
0 .7 4
1 .5 9
1 .4 9
1.62
1.7 9
#12 Ju n e 1984
(20:05)
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-2
K-3
5-3
2.29
3.33
3 .0 4
2.48
2.55
2.22
1 .1 7
2.07
1 .7 8
1.86
2.25
1.7 8
*03 June 1984
(2150)
4W ater s u rfa c e s lo p e a t 3-1 and 4-2 m easured 3.42% by w a te r l e v e l method.
^W ater s u rf a c e s lo p e a t 3-1 and 4-2 m easured 2.66% by w a te r l e v e l method.
.
95
APPENDIX D
PARTICLE SIZE DATA
96
T a b le 1 0 . S i e v e a n a l y s e s ( F o l k , 1 9 8 0 ) o f i n s t a n t a n e o u s H e l l e y - S m i t h
b e d lo a d t r a n s p o r t s a m p le s and b a r and c h a n n e l m a t e r i a l
s a m p le s .
E .C . = Sam ple i n t e g r a t e d a c r o s s e n t i r e c h a n n e l w id th .
AS.8 = P o i n t sa m p le t a k e n 5 . 8 m e te r s from l e f t b a n k .
Date
Time
^type o f
Sample
Cum ulative w e ig h t p e rc e n t c o a r s e r th a n (Phi)
95
84
75
50
25
16
5
18 'Mayxl9_83/17700x Jjh-Gr""— 0 7 2 5 ' - 1 7 6 5 - - 3 . 7 5 - 5 . 2 0
—5 ."50——5.7-5— —5e.90
22
May 1983 16:25
20:00
E.C.
E. C.
0.95
0.85
0 .3 0
-0 .5 0
-0 .6 5
-1 .9 5
-2 .3 0
-4 .0 0
-3 .9 5
- 5 .3 0
- 4 .3 0
-5 .5 0
- 4 .7 5 - ^
- 5 .9 0 /
24
May 1983 22:00
E.C.
1.80
1 .6 0
1.0 5
-0 .4 5
- 3 .1 5
- 3 .7 0
-4 .2 5 Z
25
May 1983 20:34
E.C.
1.70
1.40
0 .9 0
- 2 .6 0
-4 .6 0
-5 .1 0
-5 .7 5
27
May 1983 11:30
E.C.
1.70
1.45
1.05 . -0 .4 5
-4 .2 5
- 4 .6 0
-5 .2 5
28
May 1983 .01:41
02:54
18:28
22:25
E. C.
E.C.
E. C.
AS .8
2.55
1.85
0.05
1.35
1 .7 0
1.35
-2 .9 5
- 0 .2 0
1 .5 0
0.85
-3 .4 5
-1 .9 5
0.90
-3 .2 5
-4 .2 0
-3 .6 5
0.2 0
-4 .9 0
-4 .9 5
-4 .7 5
-0 .3 5
-5 .2 5
- 5 .2 0
-5 .2 5
-2 .6 5
-5 .7 5
-5 .5 0 Z
- 6 .1 0 -
29
May 1983 14:13
14:02
E.C.
AS.8
0 .8 0
1.00
- 1 .60
- 0 .6 0
-3 .2 0
- 2 .2 0
-4 .6 0
-3 .5 0
- 5 .3 0
- 4 .4 0
-5 .5 0
- 4 .7 0
-5 .8 5 ^
- 5 .3 0 ,
30
May 1983 12:15
12:10
18:23
E. C.
AS .8
E.C.
1.30
0 .7 0
1.75
0.25
-0 .5 5
1.35
-1 .1 5
-1 .9 5
0.85
-3 .2 5
-3 .4 5
-2 .9 0
-4 .7 5
- 4 .5 0
-4 .5 5
-5 .0 0
—4.80
-4 .8 5
-5 .6 5 - Z
—6.00
-5 .2 5 Z
05 June 1983 18:35
18:35
E.C.
AS .8
1.50
1.45
0.9 0
0.45
- 0 .1 5
- 0 .5 0
-1 .8 5
-2 .1 5
- 3 .1 0
- 4 .6 0
-3 .4 5 * -3 .9 0 Z
-5 .1 0 -5 .7 0 ^
11 June 1983 11:40
11:35
E.C.
A6.1
1.50
1.00
0.75
0.35
- 0 .4 0 . -2 .8 5
- 0 .8 0 -3 .5 5
- 4 .3 0
-4 .5 5
-5 .0 0
-4 .8 0
-6 .0 0
-5 .7 5 i / -
12 June 1983 15:00
E.C.
1.35
■0.15
- 1 .3 0
-3 .7 0
-5 .8 0
- 6 .0 0
- 6 .3 0 Z "
18 Ju n e 1983 21:50
21:41
E.C.
AS.8
1.05
-0 .5 5
0.25
- 2 .1 0
-0 .5 5
-2 .7 5
-2 .0 0
-3 .7 5
-3 .3 0
-4 .5 5
-3 .6 5
- 5 .0 0
-4 .1 0
-5 .6 5
19 Ju n e 1983 15:00
15:00
E. C.
AS.8
1.15
1.15
0.35
0.85
- 0 .5 0
0 .2 0
-2 .1 0
-1 .4 0
-3 .5 5
-3 .2 0
-4 .2 5
-3 .7 5
-5 .3 5 %
-4 .5 0 Z
97
T a b le 1 0 .
D ate
C o n c lu d e d .
Time
Type o f
Sample
Cum ulative w eig h t p e rc e n t c o a rs e r th a n (Phi)
95
84
75
50
25
16
5
14
May 1984 20:23
E.C.
2.15
1.85
1.45
0 .3 0
-1 .9 5
-3 .0 5
-4 .5 0
16
May 1984 17:40
E.C.
1.05
-2 .4 5
-3 .4 5
-4 .4 0
- 5 .1 0
-5 .5 0
-5 .9 0
17
May 1984 17:40
E. C.
1.85
0.9 0
0 .3 0
-1 .5 0
- 3 .1 0
-3 .9 5
-5 .0 0
27
May 1984 14:00
14:10
E.C.
AS.8
1.20
1.60
0 .0 0
1.05
-1 .7 0
0 .5 0
-4 .0 0
-1 .5 5
-4 .8 0
- 4 .1 0
-5 .1 5
-4 .4 0
-5 .7 0
-9 .8 5
28
May 1984 12:00
12:15
E.C .
AS.8
-3 .5 0
1.90
-4 .9 5
1.50
- 5 .1 0
1.20
-5 .3 5
0 .7 0
-5 .6 5
0 .0 0
-5 .7 5
-0 .5 5
-6 .0 0
-2 .3 0
29
May 1984 23:15
23:25
E.C.
AS .8
1 .8 0
1.80
1.35
1.35
0 .9 0
0 .9 0
-1 .3 0
- 3 .1 0
-4 .1 5
-5 .4 5
-4 .8 0
-5 .6 5
-5 .6 0
-5 .9 0
30
May 1984 21:05
.21:05
E.C.
AS.2
1.50
1.80
0.85
1.45
-0 .2 5
1.1 0
-1 .8 5
0.50
-3 .2 0
- 1 .6 0
-3 .7 0
- 2 .3 0
—4.80
-3 .4 5
31
May 1984 23:45
23:45
E.C.
AS.8
1.75
1.80
1 .2 0
1 .6 0
0.7 0
1.20
-1 .1 5
0.5 0
- 3 .5 0
- 0 .9 0
- 5 .0 0
- 1 .9 0
-5 .7 0
-4 .1 0
02 Ju n e 1984 01:00
02:00
E. C.
AS .2
1.50
1.50
0.40
0.25
- 1 .3 0
- 3 .2 0
-3 .9 0
-5 .1 0
-4 .5 5
- 5 .7 0
-5 .3 5
-5 .9 5
-5 .9 0
-6 .3 5
03 June 1984 21:15
21:20
E. C.
AS .2
1.60
1.85
1.10
1.45
0 .3 0
0.9 0
-1 .5 0
-0 .8 0
- 3 .3 0
- 3 .0 0
-3 .8 5
-3 .2 5
-4 .7 5
-3 .8 0
98
T a b le 11.
S ie v e a n a ly s e s o f s a m p le s ta k e n f r o m d e p o s i t s f o r m e d by
Squaw C reek.
P o st 19 Ju n e 1983
Sample
#
L o c a tio n
I
R ight bank channel
lo w e r ' end o f main
b a r above b rid g e
2
Upstream end of
m ain b a r above
b rid g e
3
Cum ulative w eig h t p e rc e n t c o a rs e r th a n (Phi)
95
84
75
50
25
16
5
0.90
- 1 .7 0
- 4 .2 0
- 7 .0 0
-7 .5 0
- 7 .7 0
-7 .9 5
- 2 .6 0
- 4 .6 0
- 6 .2 0
-6 .8 0
- 7 .2 0
- 7 .3 0
-7 .5 0
R ight bank channel
a t head o f m ain '
b a r above b rid g e
0.25
- 3 .6 0
- 4 .2 0
-4 .7 5
-5 .4 0
- 5 .7 0
-6 .2 0
4
Upstream end of
b a r below b rid g e
a t r i g h t bank
1.60
-1 .9 5
-3 .3 5
-4 .5 5
- 5 .3 0
-5 .6 5
-6 .3 0
5
Channel a lo n g r i g h t
bank a t lo w e r end
o f Sample #4 b a r
1 .7 0
- 0 .7 0
- 3 .3 0
- 4 .6 0
-5 .3 5
- 5 .7 0
- 6 .3 0
6
Upstream end of
b a r below o ld lo g
jam
-2 .8 0
- 5 .2 0
-5 .9 5
-7 .0 0
- 7 .5 0
-7 .6 5
-7 .9 5
7
Dcwnstream end of
b a r belcw o ld lo g
jam
- 4 .6 0
- 5 .0 0
-5 .3 5
-5 .9 0
-6 .4 5
- 6 .7 0
-7 .0 0
8
U pstream end of
b a r a t mouth of
Squaw Creek
0.75
-1 .9 5
-3 .4 5
-4 .8 0
—5 .9 0
-6 .2 0
-6 .7 0
9
Bed armour
(Leopold)
-6 .5 0
-7 .2 5
-7 .5 5
- 8 .1 0
-8 .5 0
-8 .6 5
-8 .9 0
'
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