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Norm. Excess Pore Pressure,
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0.3
OCR
1
0.2
2
4
0.1
8
Start of Shear
Peak Shear Stress
0.0
OCR
0.3
1
0.2
2
0.1
4
0.0
8
5
10
15
Axial Strain, εa (%)
Typical normalized shear stress and excess pore pressure versus strain
for CKoUC tests on resedlmented BBC at reference strain rate (εa = 0.5%/h)
0.5
Normalized shear stress, q/σ'vm
0
0.4
OCR =1
0.3
0.2
0.1
OCR =2
Typical Ko
loading line
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Typical Ko
unloading line
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0.0
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Normalized effective stress, P'/σ'vm
Typical normalized effective stress paths for CKoUC tests on resedlmented
BBC at reference strain rate (εa = 0.5%/h)
Peak shear stress
Figures by MIT OCW.
Start of Shear
Slow
0.40
Std
Fast
V.Fast
Normalized Undrained Strength, Su/σ'vm.
(11.5)
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(6)
(7)
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(5.5)
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10
100
Axial Strain Rate, εa (%/hr)
Normalized sheer strength versus strain rate CKOUC tests, resedimented BBC
Figure by MIT OCW.
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B6 Clay
σ'vc = 72 to 75kPa
σ'vo = 40 kPa
5
120
100
σ1-σ3
CAUC Triaxial Tests
kPa = Depth
0.5
80
0.05
60
0.5
Test
40
CAUC1
CAUC2
CAUC3
CAUC4
20
0
0
Symbol
Strain Rate
(%/m)
07
08
06A
08
5.00
0.50
0.50
0.05
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
∆u
30
20
10
Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for B6 Clay
Figures by MIT OCW.
Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)
Symbol Strain Rate
(%/t)
Test
CAUCv-07
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08A
CAUCv-05
σ'vc(%)
5.00
0.5
0.5
0.05
σ'vc(%)
40
40
40
40
72.1
73
72.3
72.1
2
q (kPa) q' (σ'1 - σ'3)
70
5
60
0.5
0.05
50
40
Unique!
30
kouc 35
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
p' (σ'1 - σ'3)
2
70
80
Stress Paths for Structured B6 Clay
90
100
OLGA CLAY
12
σ'vc = 72 to 75kPa
σ'vo = 40 kPa
140
2.5
CAUC Triaxial Tests
120
0.5
σ1-σ3
100
80
0.1
60
Test
40
Strain Rate
(%/m)
φL-P 06
φL-P 08
φL-P 10
φL-P 11
20
0
Symbol
0
1
2
3
12.30
0.11
2.48
0.10
4
5
6
.
7
8
9
7
8
9
Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
∆u
30
20
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for OLGAClay
Figures by MIT OCW.
OLGA CLAY
Test
50
q' (σ'1 - σ'3)
2
40
2.5 12
30
Symbol
φL-P 06
φL-P 08
φL-P 10
φL-P 11
12.30
0.11
2.48
0.10
0.5
0.1
20
s'vc = 17.7 kPa
10
0
.
ε1 (%/m)
CPUC Traxial Tests
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
p' (σ'1 - σ'3)
2
70
80
90
100
110
260
240
220
σ1-σ3
200
180
160
140
120
Ps CLAY (cm/16.7m Depth)
100
80
CAUCv-04
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08
60
40
σ'vc(%)
Symbol Strain Rate
(%/t)
Test
σ'vc(%)
5.00
269
144
0.5
0.05
275
287
140
144
20
0
Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
200
180
160
140
∆u
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Stress-strain and pore pressure strain for normally consolidated B6 Clay
Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)
240
200
2
p' (σ'1+σ3')(%)
Symbol Strain Rate
(%/t)
Test
CAUCv-04
CAUCv-08
CAUCv-08
160
120
σ'vc(%)
5.00
269
144
0.80
0.08
275
287
140
144
5
0.5
80
CAU Triaxial Tests
0.05
40
0
0
σ'vc(%)
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
p' (σ'1+σ3')(%)
2
Stress paths for normally consolidated B6 clay
Figures by MIT OCW.
OLGA CLAY
Test
p-18
p-14
p-13
p-12
120
σ' +σ'
p' ( 1 3 ) (kPa)
2
100
Strain Rate (%/t)
Symbol
σ'vc = 137 kPa
c/u Triaxial test
0.1
0.5
2.5
12.3
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
σ' +σ'
p' ( 1 3 ) (kPa)
2
Stress paths for Normally consolidated Olga Clay
140
120
σ1-σ3
100
80
60
Test
40
Symbol
Strain Rate
(%/m)
0.1
0.5
2.5
12.0
φ-18
φ-14
φ-13
φ-12
20
0
Figures by MIT OCW.
.
Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
180
160
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Stress-strain and pore pressure-strain curves for normally consolidated Olga clay
1.6
1.4
ρ
1.0
1.4
ILC
1.2
1.2
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∆u
80
.
Expermential Sound
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
Same Intact & Destructured
0.6
0.1
1.0
10.0
.
ε (%/hr)
100.0
1000.0
10000.0
CHANGE OF UNDRAINED STRENGTH RATIO, NORMALIZED TO UNDRAINED STRENGTH
.
RATIO AT ε1 = 1.0%/h, WITH STRAIN RATE FOR ALL INVESTIGATED CLAYS.
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Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
0.40
0.05
0.20
.
Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
Normalized Shear-Induced Pore
Pressure, ∆us/σvc
'
0.3
.
ε
0.2
εf
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0.001
0.01
0.6
1
0.1
10
Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.051
0.50
5.0
49
21
23
13
33
52
Corresponds to
_ 0.9SD
Avg. φ'min = 32.9o +
50
0.30
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
εf
0.0
0.0
.
ε
-0.2
-0.3
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Axial Strain, εa (%)
10
5
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.4
0.3
Symbol
Corresponds to
_ 0.4SD
Avg. φ'max = 32.9o +
0.2
0.20
0.6
0.5
50
Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
38
40
42
41
60
50
5
0.4
0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54
0.6
Peak Shear Stress
0.40
Test No.
5
Axial Strain, εa (%)
Symbol
.
εa(%/hr)
0.1
21
23
13
33
18
52
0.051
0.051
0.50
5.0
49
49
0.4
Normalized Shear-Induced Pore
Pressure, ∆us/σvc
'
∆us= ∆u-∆σat = ∆u- 1 ∆σa
3
Symbol
0.6
0.7
0.8
Test No.
0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54
38
40
42
41
60
Peak Shear Stress
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ
' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ
Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
Figures by MIT OCW.
Adapted from:
.
εa(%/hr)
0.6
50
0.5
5
0.05 | 5
0.4
Symbol
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.50
5.1
5.0
52
35
29
39
49
27
0.3
0.2
Normalized Shear-Induced Pore
Pressure, ∆us/σvc
'
0.1
0.0
b
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.5
5
0
2
6
0.6
8
10
0.05 | 5
Symbol
0.4
0.2
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.50
5.1
5.0
52
35
29
39
49
27
Peak Shear Stress
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ
50
4
0.8
50
5
Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,
OCR = 4 & 5
' = 0.038
C'/σmin
φ' = 26.1o
0.0
0.6
εf 0.05 | 0.5
-0.4
-0.6
1.0
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
a
Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
12
14
16
Axial Strain, εa (%)
Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
50
1.5
0.05,0.5 | 5
1.0
Symbol
0.5
0.0
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50
44
47
46
43
45
0.0
b
-0.4
-0.8
εf
1.5
1.0
50
Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,
OCR = 4 & 5
' = 0.038
C'/σmin
0.05,0.5 | 5
φ' = 25.1o
Symbol
0.5
0.0
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50
44
47
46
43
45
Peak Shear Stress
0.05,0.5 | 5
-0.5
0.5
-1.2
-1.6
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
Normalized Shear-Induced Pore
Pressure, ∆us/σvc
'
'
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
a
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
' vc
'
Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ
50
0
2
4
6
8
10 12
Axial Strain, εa (%)
14
16
18
Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests,
Resedimented BBC
Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
Figures by MIT OCW.
Adapted from:
Symbol
Applied Stress Level, ∆q/∆qmax
1.2
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.051
0.50
0.50
5.0
50
49
49
21
23
11
13
33
17
18
52
OCR = 1
1.0
0.05
0.8
0.5
50
Symbol
5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.2
Applied Stress Level, ∆q/∆qmax
OCR = 2
2.0
0
1
2
3
OCR = 4
Symbol
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
4
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.051
0.50
0.50
5.1
5.0
52
26
35
15
29
39
49
27
6
8
0.051
0.50
5.0
51
54
38
40
42
41
80
4
Symbol
10
Test No.
5
OCR = 8
1.0
0.8
.
εa(%/hr)
0
2
Axial Strain, εa (%)
4
6
.
εa(%/hr)
Test No.
0.051
0.51
5.1
51
50
44
47
46
43
45
8
10
Axial Strain, εa (%)
.
Friction Angle at peak, φ'a ( )
Norm. shear-induced pore press, at peak, ∆u3/σ'vc
Axial Shear Stress Level vs. Strain, CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
0.05
OCR = 1
0.00
-0.05
OCR = 2
-0.10
OCR = 4
-0.15
OCR = 8
-0.20
30
28 OCR = 2
26
24
22
OCR = 1
0.01
0.1
1
10
Axial Strain Rate, εa (%/hr)
100
Summary plots of Mechanisms: (a) Normalized Shear-induced pore pressure and
(b) Friction angle at peak versue strain rate, CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC
Figures by MIT OCW.
Adapted from:
0.508
0.500
0.526
0.564
Rupture
0.492
10-2
12
0.550
Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute
q = 0.594
10-1
10
Axial Strain, Percent ε
10-3
10-4
CKoUC Em = 0.3%
10-5
100
101
103
102
Elapsed Time, l, Minutes
104
105
10-2
CIUC
6
4
0
10-3
Primary 8Secondary
0
30
60
90
120
150
Figure by MIT OCW.
100
10-1
101
103
102
104
Elapsed Time, l, Minutes Log t (min)
105
0.562
0.574
0.598
0.588
0.621
0.630
(B) Isotropically consolidated Triaxial
q = 0.662
100
Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute
Rupture
Elapsed Time, t. Minutes
10-5
10-2
10-3
10-4
100
CKoUPSC
101
102
103
Elapsed Time, l, Minutes
104
105
(C) Ko consolidated Plane Strain
Creep rate behavior of normally consolidated undisturbed Haney clay.
Figure by MIT OCW.
6
.
% Axial Strain Until εmin
Tertiary
Plane Strain
q = 0.596
CKoUPSC
10-4
4
Isotropic Triaxial
2
Ko Plane Strain
Ko Triaxial
0
0.48
ε vs. t
Conventional Isotropic Triaxial
q = 0.566
2
0.525
0.515
0.542
0.566
0.592
CIUC εm = 2.8%
0.570
q = 0.630
Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute
.
Log ε (% / min)
10-1
0.619
(a) Consolidated Triaxial
q = (σ1-σ2)/σ'3
8
0.52
0.56
0.60
q = (σ1 - σ3)/σ'vc
0.64
0.68
D
Axial strain until minimum strain rate as a function of creep stress.
Figure by MIT OCW.
0.72
CKoUC
Triaxial
ko q = 0.550
180
210
240
10-3
1
10
-4
6
2
ε
.
Minimum Strain rate εm (S-1)
3
Frozen MFS
4
.
10
-5
7
CIUC HANCY CLAY
.
ICE
5
10-6
CKoUC HANCY CLAY
10-7
Note:
10-8
100
No.
1
.
εm = Βtmγ
101
Material
Testing
3
20% S MFS
i
40% S MFS
i
100% S MFS
i
4
Ice
5
Ice
6
Unfrozen
Haney Clay
2
7
Time (min)
Reference
Uniaxial Martin
Uniaxial Ting & Load
(1981)
Uniaxial
Uniaxial kuo (1972)
102
103
No.
Tests
εm (%)
0.987
7
2.1
0.993
40
2.7
-1.2
0.991
28
4.6
-0.8
0.987
7
0.996
8
0.997
8
2.8
0.987
7
0.3
o
r2
2.8 x 10
-1.2
4.2 x 10
-1.2
8.1 x 10
Bo
γ
-4
-4
-4
-5
7.9 x 10
Jacka, in
-5
-1.0
6.5 x 10
Uniaxial Lue (1979)
-4
-0.9
CIUC
Campanella & 1.3 x 10
-5
CKoUC Void (1974)
1.5 x 10
-0.8
~
~1
6.55
10-4
Summary of minimum creep rate: Correlations of time to minimum for
various materials
7.08
Frozen Hanchester Fine Sand
Si = 40%
Dr= 55%
6.50
5.91
6.24
σ =5.57 MPa
-5
.
εm-tm
5.26
5.17
4.92
.
Strain rate ε (S-1)
1
10
4.87
10
-6
10
-7
.
εm ~
~ 2.7 + 0.5%
100
102
Time (min)
103
Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of 40% saturated,
55% relative density Manchester fine sand at - 18.8oC
(data from Martin et al. 1981)
Strain rate (a-1)
Figures by MIT OCW.
101
3.98
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
o
-10 , 1.0 -10o, 1.2
Polycrystalline ICE
.
εm ~
~ 1%
o
-10 , 0.6
o
tm-5 C σ =0.5 MPa
1 o
-10 , 0.6
o
10
-5 , 0.2
o
-10 , 0.5
.
εm-tm
o
-10 , 0.1
-10
10
2
10
3
4
5
6
10
10
10
Time (min)
Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of polycrystalline ice.
(data by Jacka, see Lile 1979).
Figures by MIT OCW.
φ = 1.1 x 100 % / min
0.64
Adapted from:
1.8 x 10-1
0.56
1.4 x 10-2
"q" = (σ'1 - σ'3) /σ'c
0.48
2.0 x 10-3
8.4 x 10-4
0.40
0.32
0.24
0.16
0.08
0
0
2
4
6
Axial Strain, %
8
10
12
Influence of rate strain on undrained stress-strain behavior in constant rate of strain shear.
σ'm = (σ'1 - σ'3)max /σ'c
0.80
Upper yield
0.60
0.40
Const. rate at strain shear
Const. stress rate at 5 min
~ 2.5%
0.20
-0.1 cm/day for 7 cm high sample
0
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
Rate at strain, % / min.
0.516
0.530
0.552
0.638
0.586
0.572
0.600
101
0.618
Strain rate dependence of undrained strength in constant rate of strain Shear and constant stress creep
Axial strain rate, percent/min
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
0.500
0.374
100
101
102
103
Elapsed time, t - min.
0.446
104
105
Variation of creep rate with time in constant stress creep
Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vc
0.40
0.30
0.20
Loading (e,%/hr)
(50)
(0.05)
(50)
(0.05)
CTX25
28
52
23
0.10
0.001
0.01
Relaxation
0.1
Axial Strain, εa (%)
1
10
Stress-strain curves, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC: OCR =1
CTX-
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vc
0.4
Loading (e,%/hr)
28
(0.05)
23
(0.05)
Relaxation
0.3
0.2
0.1
(1%)
(10.12.6%)
(0.1%)
( ) = Relaxation Strain Level
End -of-Relaxation State
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vc
0.8
Effective stress paths, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC.OCR = 1,0.05%/h
Figures by MIT OCW.
Adapted from:
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vc
0.40
.
ε (%/hr)
CTX-
0.35
Relaxation Strain, %
25
50
0.1
1
10
15
28
0.05
0.1
1
10
12.5
0.30
0.25
q/σ'vc AT t = 0
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Relaxation Increment Time, t(min)
10000
Shear stress decay with time, CKoUC relaxation tests on resedimented BBC: OCR =1
CTX-
0.6
Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vm
0.5
0.4
OCR
.
ε (%/hr)
25
1
50
28
30
32
1
4
1
0.05
0.05
Varies
Solid Symbols: εa < 1.5%
AVG. φ' = 25.3
k = 0.40
Open Symbols: εa < 2.5%
0.3
o
0.2
AVG. φ' = 19.3
k = 0.50
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
o
0.7
0.8
Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vm
Stabilized stress states at the end of relaxation phases, CKOUC relaxatin tests on resedimented BBC.
Figures by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: