Influence of ruminal minerals on fiber utilization and supplementation on intake and nutrient balance
of ewes
by Katherine Barnes Harris
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Animal Science
Montana State University
© Copyright by Katherine Barnes Harris (1987)
Abstract:
Four consecutive in vitro studies were conducted four weeks apart using two whiteface ewes as inocula
donors to evaluate the effect of mineral concentration and inocula source on neutral detergent fiber
(NDF) digestion. Diets consisted of grass-legume hay (trial 1), wheat straw (WS; trials 2 and 3) and
anhydrous ammonia treated WS (WS + NH4; trial 4). Calcium, Mg, K or P were withheld from the
buffer solution to reduce the absolute level of each mineral in the in vitro system. Inocula source
affected (P<.05) rate and extent of NDF digestion. Inocula from trial 1 resulted in an increased (P<.05)
rate for NDF digestion and greater (P<.05) potentially degraded NDF verses other inocula sources.
Inocula from WS + NH4 resulted in a slower (PC.05) rate for NDF digestion but more (P<.05)
potentially degraded NDF than WS. Potassium removal reduced (P<.05) the rate of digestion in trial 1 ,
but resulted in the highest (P,.05) rate in trial 2. In trial 4 removal of Mg and P reduced (P,.05) rate of
NDF digestion. Potentially degraded NDF was lower (P<.05) with K removal in trials 2 and 3. These
studies demonstrate that in vitro rate and extent of NDF digestion can be influenced by the mineral
content of the rumen inocula. Magnesium, K and P appeared to influence NDF digestion more than Ca.
A supplementation trial evaluated the effects of supplementation on forage dry matter intake (DMI) and
nutrient balance of gestating ewes grazing winter range. Sixteen ewes were randomly allotted to 1 of 2
daily treatments: control (no supplemental feed; C) and a pelleted supplement (.15 kg.hd-1.d-1; PS).
Forage DMI was estimated as 1.8% of body weight with no difference (P> .05) between treatment
groups. Supplemented ewes retained more (P<.05) N and gross energy daily than C ewes.
Supplemented ewes were in positive N balance while C ewes were in negative balance. Mineral
balances were similar (P> .05) between treatment groups with the exception of Mn which was greater
(P<.05) in C ewes. Mineral balances were positive with the exception of Mg which was negative for
both treatment groups (-.34 g/d; P>.05). INFLUENCE OF RUMINAL MINERALS ON FIBER UTILIZATION
AND SUPPLEMENTATION ON INTAKE AND NUTRIENT
BALANCE OF EWES
by
K ath erin e B arnes H a rris
A t h e s i s su b m itte d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e degree
of
M aster o f S cien ce
in
Animal S c i e n c e
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana
Novem ber, 1987
ii
APPROVAL
o f a t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d by
K ath erin e B arnes H a rris
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h member o f t h e t h e s i s c o m m itte e
an d h a s b e e n fo u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y r e g a r d i n g c o n t e n t , E n g l i s h u s a g e ,
f o r m a t , c i t a t i o n s , b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e , an d c o n s i s t e n c y , an d i s r e a d y
f o r su b m issio n t o th e C o lleg e o f G rad u ate S t u d i e s .
/ / / a v Jsi
lL ( m
C h a i r p e r s o n , G r a d u a te C om m ittee
Date
Approved f o r t h e M ajor D e p a rtm e n t
Head, M ajor D e p a rtm e n t
D ate
Approved f o r t h e C o l l e g e o f G r a d u a te S t u d i e s
/ z Date
""7
Graduate Dean
ill
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In
p re se n tin g
th is
th e sis
in
p a rtia l
fu lfillm e n t
of
th e
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e a t Montana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , I a g r e e
th a t
th e L ib ra ry
th e
L ib rary .
sh a ll
B rief
make i t
q u o ta tio n s
a v a ila b le
from
th e
to
borrow ers
th e sis are
under r u le s
of
a llo w a b le w ith o u t
s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t a c c u r a t e ac k n o w led g m e n t o f s o u r c e i s
m ade.
P erm issio n
for
e x te n siv e
q u o ta tio n
from
t h e s i s may be g r a n t e d by my m a jo r p r o f e s s o r ,
Dean o f L i b r a r i e s w hen,
th e
m ate ria l
is
for
or
purposes.
th is
o r i n h i s a b s e n c e , by t h e
in th e o p in io n o f e i t h e r ,
sc h o la rly
re p ro d u c tio n o f
Any
th e proposed use o f
c o p y in g
or
use
of
th e
m a t e r i a l i n t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t
my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
S i g n a t u r e _________________
D a te
<£23 A J o f j
/9 9 ^
iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I w ould l i k e
of
th e
t o e x p r e s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n t o
D e p a rtm e n t
of
A n im a l
and
fla n g e
th e
f a c u l t y and s t a f f
S cien ces,
and
th e
Montana
A g r i c u l t u r e E x p e r im e n t S t a t i o n , Red B l u f f R e s e a r c h Ranch a n d e s p e c i a l l y
th e fo llo w in g p e o p le :
V erl
T hom as
fo r
h is
g u id an c e ,
a ssista n c e ,
support
an d
d riv e
t h r o u g h o u t my g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m ;
M ark
P e te rse n ,
R odney
K o tt
and
Mike
M cInerny
for
se rv in g
as
members o f my g r a d u a t e c o m m i t t e e ;
Pat
Jo rd an
and
B u tc h
A n d e rso n
for
th e ir
s u p p o rt and
frie n d sh ip
d u rin g th e w in te r c o l l e c t i o n s ;
N ancy
R o th
and
C o n n ie
C lark
fo r
a s sista n c e
w ith
lab o ra to ry
a n a ly se s;
K athy
H a n fo rd a n d S t e v e Kachman f o r
s h a r i n g t h e i r v a s t know ledge
o f s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s and co m p u ters; and
I w ould e s p e c i a l l y
lik e
t o t h a n k ray p a r e n t s a n d f a m i l y f o r t h e i r
c o n s i d e r a b l e s u p p o r t a n d f a i t h i n me.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF T A B L E S ...............................................
v ii
A B S T R A C T ..............................................................
ix
INTRODUCTION............................. ..........................................................................................
.
\
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................
?
o f M i n e r a l s o n Rumen M i c r o b i a l F i b e r U t i l i z a t i o n
.
.
.
I m p o r ta n c e o f M i n e r a l s
.............................
S a liv a
Rumen F l u i d ....................
C a lc iu m .............................
Phosphorus
........................................... ..................................................................
M a g n e s i u m ............................
P o t a s s i u m ............................................................................
M a n g a n e s e ...............................................
Copper .......................................................................
Z in c
........................................................................
A f f e c t o f S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n on R a te o f P a s s a g e , D i g e s t i b i l i t y ,
I n t a k e , and P e r fo r m a n c e o f Sheep Fed F o r a g e D i e t s ...................
P a s s a g e R a te a n d D i g e s t i b i l i t y
. . . . . . . . .
......................
In ta k e
.............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d P e r f o r m a n c e ..............................................................
C old S t r e s s .................................
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE..............................................................
I n V i t r o T r i a l s ......................................
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y
...........................................
. . . . . .
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
18
21
23
25
....................
32
34
I n V i t r o T r i a l s ..............................................................
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y . ... . .....................................
...............................................
In V itro T r ia l s
. .................................
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y
........................ .... ...............................................
25
28
32
RESULTS.........................................................
DISCUSSION
cn on .=r vo co
In flu e n c e
41
.
41
46
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS c o n t i n u e d
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................
REFERENCES CITED
...
........................... .
.
.
.
.
A P P E N D I X ........................... .............................................................................. .....
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
.
55
6H
v ii
L IS T OF TABLES
T a b le
Page
1 . Rumen M i c r o b i a l R e q u i r e m e n t s o f M a jo r M i n e r a l s f o r
C e llu lo ly tic A c tiv ity
5
2 . M ajor M in e r a l C o n t e n t o f Rumen M ic r o o r g a n i s m s .
.............................
5
3 . T r a c e M in e r a l C o n t e n t o f Rumen M ic r o o r g a n i s m s a n d o f
R e s p e c t i v e D i e t s o f Sheep .......................................................................................
6
4 . I n f l u e n c e o f D i e t a r y M in e r a l L e v e l a n d Type o f D i e t on M ajor
M in e r a l C o n t e n t o f Sheep Rumen F l u i d (RF) .................................. . . .
8
5 . I n V i t r o S t i m u l a t o r y E f f e c t o f T r a c e E le m e ts (m g /1 ) on
D i f f e r e n t F u n c t i o n s o f Rumen M ic r o o r g a n i s m s .......................................
9
.
6 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f T r a c e E le m e n ts i n S he e p Rumen F l u i d (RF)
A c c o r d in g t o D i e t a r y L e v e l s a n d Type o f D i e t .............................................10
7 . S u g g e s t e d T r a c e E le m e n t C o n te n t o f Rumen F l u i d a n d t h e D i e t .
8. D e s c rip tio n o f In V itro T r ia l s
.
11
..............................................................................26
9 . N u t r i e n t C o m p o s itio n o f E x t r u s a a n d F o r a g e Fed I n o c u l a D o nors
.
26
10. M in e r a l C o m p o s itio n o f F o r a g e s Fed a n d Rumen E x t r u s a
(% Dry P k t t e r )
......................................................... . . .......................................26
11 . C h em ical S u b s t i t u t i o n s i n B u f f e r S o l u t i o n ................................................
26
12 . M in e r a l C o m p o s itio n o f Rumen F l u i d
27
13•
. . . .
............................................
I n g r e d i e n t a n d C h e m ic a l C o m p o s itio n o f Feed S u p p le m e n t . . . .
31
14. E f f e c t o f Rumen I n o c u l a S o u rc e on Rumen Ammonia L e v e l a n d R a te
an d E x t e n t o f I n V i t r o N e u t r a l D e t e r g e n t F i b e r D i g e s t i o n
. . .
33
15. The E f f e c t o f Rumen I n o c u l a S o u r c e a n d M i n e r a l s on R a t e an d
E x ten t o f In V itro N e u tra l D eterg en t F ib e r D ig e s tio n
...................
33
16.
C hem ical C o m p o s itio n a n d D i g e s t i b i l i t y o f Rumen E x t r u s a
C o l l e c t e d From E w e s ..................................................................................................... 35
17• E f f e c t o f S u p p le m e n t a n d P e r i o d on F o r a g e Dry M a t t e r I n t a k e
(DMI) a n d O r g a n i c M a t t e r I n t a k e ( O M I ) .......................................................... 35
18.
D a i l y N i t r o g e n ( N ) , M e t a b o l i z a b l e E n e r g y (ME) a n d M i n e r a l
I n t a k e o f Ewes G r a z i n g W i n t e r Range a n d NRC R e q u ire m e n t . . . .
36
v iii
LIST OF TABLES c o n t i n u e d
T a b le
Page
1 9 . E f f e c t o f S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d P e r i o d on N i t r o g e n (N) I n t a k e ,
O u t p u t , a n d B a l a n c e o f G e s t a t i n g Ewes G r a z i n g W i n t e r Range . .
37
2 0 . E f f e c t o f S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d P e r i o d on E n e rg y I n t a k e , O u t p u t ,
B a la n c e a n d E f f i c i e n c y o f G e s t a t i n g Ewes G r a z i n g W i n t e r Range .
38
2 1 . M in e r a l I n t a k e , O u t p u t a n d B a l a n c e o f G e s t a t i n g Ewes G r a z in g
W in t e r R a n g e ..................................... ..............................................................................39
2 2 . E f f e c t o f P e r i o d on M in e r a l I n t a k e , O u t p u t , B a l a n c e a n d
E f f i c i e n c y o f G e s t a t i n g Ewes G r a z i n g W i n t e r Range ....................................
40
2 3 . W e a th e r D a ta From A p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 M il e s E a s t o f S tu d y S i t e
. .
47
.
50
2 4 . Ewe W e ig h t Change a n d Body C o n d i t i o n S c o r e s f o r W i n t e r T r i a l
2 5 . E f f e c t o f S u p p le m e n t a n d P e r i o d on M in e r a l I n t a k e , O u t p u t ,
B a la n c e a n d E f f i c i e n c y o f I f e c r o m i n e r a l s . . . .......................................65
2 6 . E f f e c t o f S u p p le m e n t an d P e r i o d on M in e r a l I n t a k e , O u t p u t ,
B a la n c e a n d E f f i c i e n c y o f T ra c e M i n e r a l s
. . .. ............................................66
2 7 . A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e Sums o f S q u a r e s f o r F o r a g e Dry M a t t e r
In ta k e
...................................................................
67
2 8 . A n aly ses o f
V aria n c e
Sums o f
S q u a r e s f o r N i t r o g e n D a ta . . . .
67
29. A n aly ses o f
V aria n c e
Sums o f
S q u a r e s f o r E nergy D a t a ...........................67
3 0 . A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e Sums o f S q u a r e s f o r C a lc iu m a n d
P h o s p h o r u s D a ta .......................................................................
68
3 1 . A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e Sums o f S q u a r e s f o r Magnesium a n d
P o t a s s i u m D ata
.....................................................................................
68
3 2 . A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e Sums o f S q u a r e s f o r M anganese a n d
C opper D a t a .........................................................................................................
69
33 • A n a l y s e s o f
34.
V aria n c e
Sums o f
S q u a r e s f o r Z in c D a t a ............................... 70
A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e Sums o f S q u a r e s f o r R a te a n d P o t e n t i a l
E x t e n t o f N e u t r a l D e t e r g e n t F i b e r D i g e s t i o n ............................. . . .
70
ix
ABSTRACT
F o u r c o n s e c u t i v e i n v i t r o s t u d i e s w e re c o n d u c te d f o u r w eeks a p a r t
u s i n g two w h i t e f a c e ew es a s i h o c u l a d o n o r s t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f
m i n e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d i n o c u l a s o u r c e on n e u t r a l d e t e r g e n t f i b e r
(NDF) d i g e s t i o n . D i e t s c o n s i s t e d o f g r a s s - l e g u m e hay ( t r i a l I ) , w h e a t
s t r a w (WS; t r i a l s 2 an d 3) a n d a n h y d r o u s ammonia t r e a t e d WS (NS + NHll
t r i a l 4 ) . C a lc iu m , Mg, K o r P w e re w i t h h e l d from t h e b u f f e r s o l u t i o n t o
r e d u c e t h e a b s o l u t e l e v e l o f e a c h m i n e r a l i n t h e i n v i t r o s y s te m .
I n o c u l a s o u r c e a f f e c t e d ( P < .0 5 ) r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n .
I n o c u l a fro m t r i a l I r e s u l t e d i n a n i n c r e a s e d ( P < .0 5 ) r a t e f o r NDF
d i g e s t i o n a n d g r e a t e r ( P C .0 5 ) p o t e n t i a l l y d e g r a d e d NDF v e r s e s o t h e r
i n o c u l a s o u r c e s . I n o c u l a from WS + NHlt r e s u l t e d i n a s l o w e r ( P C .05)
r a t e f o r NDF d i g e s t i o n b u t more ( P C .0 5 ) p o t e n t i a l l y d e g r a d e d NDF t h a n
WS. P o t a s s i u m rem o v a l r e d u c e d ( P C .05) t h e r a t e o f d i g e s t i o n i n t r i a l I ,
b u t r e s u l t e d i n t h e h i g h e s t ( P C .05) r a t e i n t r i a l 2 . I n t r i a l 4 rem oval
o f Mg a n d P r e d u c e d ( P C .05 ) r a t e o f NDF d i g e s t i o n . P o t e n t i a l l y d e g r a d e d
NDF was l o w e r (P C .0 5 ) w i t h K rem o v a l i n t r i a l s 2 a n d 3 . T h e se s t u d i e s
d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i n v i t r o r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n c a n b e
i n f l u e n c e d by t h e m i n e r a l c o n t e n t o f t h e rumen i n o c u l a . M agnesium, K
a n d P a p p e a r e d t o i n f l u e n c e NDF d i g e s t i o n more t h a n Ca.
A su p p le m e n ta tio n t r i a l e v a lu a te d th e e f f e c t s o f su p p le m e n ta tio n
on f o r a g e d r y m a t t e r i n t a k e (DMI) a n d n u t r i e n t b a l a n c e o f g e s t a t i n g
ew es g r a z i n g w i n t e r r a n g e . S i x t e e n ew es w e re r a n d o m ly a l l o t t e d t o 1 o f
2 d a i l y t r e a t m e n t s : c o n t r o l (no s u p p l e m e n t a l f e e d ; C) a n d a p e l l e t e d
s u p p le m e n t ( . 1 5 k g * h d - ^ ' d “ ^; P S ) .
F o r a g e DMI was e s t i m a t e d a s . 1 . 8 % o f
body w e i g h t w i t h no d i f f e r e n c e (P> . 0 5 ) b e t w e e n t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s .
S u p p le m e n te d ew es r e t a i n e d more (P C .05) N a n d g r o s s e n e r g y d a i l y t h a n C
e w e s. S u p p le m e n te d ewes w e re i n p o s i t i v e N b a l a n c e w h i l e C ewes w e re i n
n e g a t i v e b a l a n c e . M i n e r a l b a l a n c e s w e r e s i m i l a r (P > .0 5 ) b e tw e e n
t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Mn w h ic h was g r e a t e r ( P C .05) i n
C e w e s . M in e r a l b a l a n c e s w e re p o s i t i v e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Mg w h ic h
was n e g a t i v e f o r b o t h t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s ( - . 3 4 g / d ; P > . 0 5 ) .
I
INTRODUCTION
T h r o u g h o u t Montana n a t i v e r a n g e
fo r
sheep
p ro d u ctio n .
range
fo rag e
1985)
re q u ire m e n ts.
rep o rted
an
is
in
of
crude
forage
range
to
p ro te in
th e
Van Dyne e t a l .
Montana w i n t e r r a n g e .
adequacy
w in ter
low r e l a t i v e
av erag e
re sp e c tiv e ly ,
In
p r o v i d e s much o f t h e
p ro te in
c o lle c te d
(1 9 6 4 )
(CP)
from
because
energy
N a tio n a l
These r e s e a r c h e r s
forage
and
R e s e a rc h , C o u n c il
a n d Thomas e t a l .
c o n te n t
of
7.2%
rumen f i s t u l a t e d
d id not
in ta k e
was
T h erefore,
c o n ta in in g
16
to
.15 t o
(1 9 8 6 )
and
8 .4 % ,
n u tritio n a l
m easured.
.23 k g o f a g r a i n
18 % p r o t e i n
to
d e f i c i e n c i e s o f t h e f o r a g e (Van Dyne e t a l . ,
R e co m m en d atio n s
(NRC,
The
NRC
1.5 w eeks o f
p r e g n a n t ew es g r a z i n g i n t h e i n t e r m o u n t a i n w e s t
a r e commonly s u p p le m e n te d w i t h
m ent
of
ew es g r a z i n g
d e te rm in e
not
base
c o n c e n tra tio n
(1 9 8 5 ) recom mends 9.3% CP f o r a 60 k g ewe d u r i n g t h e f i r s t
g e sta tio n .
fo rag e
for
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
o ffset
th e
based s u p p le ­
n u tritio n a l
1964).
p ro g ra m s a r e
d e te rm in e d
by
i n ta k e a n d ( o r ) n u t r i e n t c o n te n t o f ra n g e fo ra g e and perform ance d a ta o f
ew es.
M e a s u r in g n u t r i e n t
b a la n c e
w ould a s s i s t
i n t h e d i e t a n d a l l o w f o r more p r e c i s e
in e v a lu a tin g n u trie n ts
f o rm u la tio n o f su p p le m e n ts f o r
ewes g r a z i n g w i n t e r r a n g e .
The m i c r o b i a l
p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e rumen a l s o
has s p e c ific n u trie n t
r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s m ust be m et i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n optimum
rumen f e r m e n t a t i o n o f w i n t e r r a n g e f o r a g e .
rep o rted
t h a t , m i c r o b i a l g ro w th a n d
Durand a n d Kawashima (1 9 8 0 )
th e v a rio u s
fe rm e n ta tio n
processes
i n t h e rumen can be d e p r e s s e d due t o a n i n a d e q u a t e . s u p p l y o f m i n e r a l s .
2
The r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d h e r e i n c o n s i s t e d o f two p h a s e s . A s e r i e s ' o f
i n v i t r o t r i a l s w h ic h i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e a f f e c t o f m i n e r a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(C a , Mg, K, a n d P) i n a n i n v i t r o b u f f e r s o l u t i o n a n d i n o c u l a s o u r c e on
rate
and
c o n sisted
e x te n t
of
a
of
fib e r
w in ter
d ig estio n
fee d in g
tria l
of
to
w in te r range
d e te rm in e
fo rag e.
th e
P h ase
in flu e n c e
II
of
s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n on f o r a g e i n t a k e a n d n u t r i e n t b a l a n c e o f g e s t a t i n g ewes
g razin g w in te r range.
3
LITERATURE REVIEW .
T h is rev iew
s u m m a riz e s l i t e r a t u r e
m i n e r a l s on r u m i n a l m i c r o b i a l
fib e r
c o n c e rn in g :
I) th e in flu e n c e of
u t i l i z a t i o n and
2 ) th e e f f e c t
s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n on r u m i n a l
ra te of passage,
to ta l tra c t
in ta k e ,
re p ro d u c tio n
sheep
w e ig h t
change and
d i s c u s s io n o f m ic ro b ia l m in e ral
th e
fo llo w in g
M in eral
re q u ire m e n ts
d isc u ssio n
w e ll
as
m in e rals:
Ca,
are
and
su p p le m e n ta tio n
and
e x te n t
Mg,
K,
re la te d
to
ty p e
it
of
of
fed
d ig e stib ility ,
fo rag e
d ie ts.
A
re q u ire m e n ts and m in e ra l f u n c tio n s f o r
P,
d e scrib es f ib e r a s
ra te
of
of
Mn,
re la te s
d ig e stio n .
s u p p le m e n t
Cu a n d
fib e r
to
p resen ted .
d ig e stio n .
A second
rumen volum e o r f i l l ,
In
on
Zn i s
a d d itio n ,
th e
d ig e stib ility ,
as
effect
in ta k e
of
and
p e r f o r m a n c e , a s w e l l a s a b r i e f o v e r v ie w o f t h e e f f e c t o f c o l d w e a t h e r
on i n ta k e i s rev ie w e d .
I n f l u e n c e o f M i n e r a l s on Rumen M i c r o b i a l F i b e r U t i l i z a t i o n
I m p o r ta n c e o f M i n e r a l s
R u m in an t
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
d e g ra d a tio n
b a la n c e
of
a n im a ls
for
is
a ll
to
on
roughage
u tiliz a tio n
be a t t a i n e d
n u trie n ts
of
c e llu lo se .
th e
req u ired
d ie ts
are
If
dependent
o p tim u m
rumen e n v ir o n m e n t
for
o p tim a l
m ust
m ic ro b ia l
upon
c e llu lo se
s u p p ly
a
a c tiv ity
(M a rtin e z and C hurch, 1 9 7 0 ). N u t r ie n t s , a r e p ro v id e d i n ru m in an t r a t i o n s
to
m eet
p e rm its
p erform ance
them
to
m eet
e x p e c ta tio n s and
m ic ro b ia l
th e ir
presence
req u irem e n ts a s
w e ll.
in
th e
ru m e n
T here a r e
two
4
c la ssific a tio n s
of
in o rg an ic
m ac ro m in e ra ls and
p o tassiu m ,
tra c e
c a lc iu m ,
m in e ra ls
m anganese,
( Hungat e ,
tra c e
m agnesium ,
co p p er,
and c o b a lt a r e
m in e rals.
im p o rta n t
1966).
req u irem e n ts
to
rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s :
The m a c r o m i n e r a l s
phosphorus,
rum en
m o ly b d e n u m ,
M in e ra ls
fo r
s u lfu r,
in clu d e
and
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
z in c ,
c o b a lt,
such a s z i n c ,
c h lo rid e .
in c lu d e
se le n iu m
copper,
s o d iu m ,
and
The
iro n ,
io d in e
m agnesium , molybdenum
c o m p o n e n ts o f on e o r more e n z y m e s.
These m in e r a ls a r e
c o n c e n t r a t e d by b a c t e r i a a n d t h e i r s c a r c i t y may l i m i t m i c r o b i a l g ro w th
(Fenchel
and
B lack b u rn ,
1979).
B a c teria l
b io s y n t h e s e s
of
secondary
m e t a b o l i t e s s u c h a s p r o t e a s e a n d r i b o f l a v i n a r e a f f e c t e d by one o r m ore
m etal
io n s
w h ic h
may be
p a r t i c u l a r m ic ro b ia l
e ith e r
p ro d u ct.
co p p er, c o b a lt and z in c
req u ired
or an
in h ib ito r
of
T h e se m i n e r a l s i n c l u d e
m anganese,
iro n ,
( W e in b e r g ,
for
a
1 9 8 3 ) . Rumen m i c r o b i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r m a j o r m i n e r a l s a s shown by i n v i t r o e x p e r i m e n t s a r e shown i n T a b l e
I . M a jo r m i n e r a l
and
tra c e
c o n te n t
m in e ra l
o f rumen m ic r o o r g a n i s m s i s
c o n te n t
of
shown i n
rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s a n d
of
T ab le 2
re sp e c tiv e
d i e t a r e shown i n T a b l e 3 .
S a liv a
S a liv a
a ll
i s a l u b r i c a n t t h a t a s s i s t s m a s tic a tio n and d e g lu t it i o n in
d o m estic
a n im a ls.
re g u rg ita tio n ,
stom ach t o
th e
In
ru m in a n ts,
re m a stic a tio n
sm all
in te stin e .
and
sa liv a
is
tra n sp o rt
In a d d it io n ,
a ls o
of
im p o rta n t
in g esta
s a liv a
form s a
medium i n w h ic h t h e m i c r o o r g a n i s m s o f t h e rumen c a n f l o r i s h
1948).
Im p o rta n t n u t r i e n t s
Mg, P a n d C l .
c o n ta in ed
in
s a liv a
th ro u g h
in c lu d e
fo r
th e
b u ffered
( M c D o u g a ll,
N, Na, K,
Ca,
5
TABLE I .
RUMEN MICROBIAL REQUIREMENTS OF MAJOR MINERALS. FOR
CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITYa
P
Mg
K
Ca
(m g/ 1 )
(m g/ 1 )
(m g/ 1 )
(g /1)
IlO1
50-300®
. 5- 2 . 0 ®
20-46 Or
40-90®
wcss
IO-IOOf
5 - 10 ®
10 - 100 ®
. 2- 2 . I f
100-500®
SRFd
283-1033®
20-40®
25®
.0 5 - .2 6 f
a a d a p t e d fro m Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 .
^WCS = washed c e l l s u s p e n s i o n from rumen c o n t e n t s .
SRF = s t r a i n e d rumen f l u i d .
cWCS p r e v i o u s l y f e r m e n t e d i n a P - d e f i c i e n t medium.
dM a r t i n e z , 1 972.
e S l ig h t resp o n se to m in e ra l a d d i t i o n ,
f s i g n i f i c a n t resp o n se to m in e ral a d d i t i o n .
^ U esaka e t a l . , 1 9 6 7 .
S am pleb
WCSca
TABLE 2 .
Na
(g /1) '
No e f f e c t
. 2-1 . 6 f .
. 0 4 - .2 f
MAJOR MINERAL CONTENT OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS ( g / k g
DRY MATTER) OBTAINED FROM SHEEPa
D iet
S e m i-p u rifie d
(p o st-fe e d in g )®
H a y + c o n c e n tra t e
(p re fee d in g )d
N atu re
o f Sam pleb
WBS .
AWBS
WMS
AWMS
WBS
AWMS
P
1 4 .0
. 10.0
2 5 .4
11 .5
Mg
.90
.13
I .1
.4
1 4 .2
7-2
WMS
Mean o f hay+
16 .7
SB
c o n c e n t r a t e and
1 7 .7
LB
1 2 .4
hay a l o n e (mean
P
o f p re and p o s t
1 2 .5
feeding)®
a a d a p t e d from Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 19 8 0 .
dWBS = washed b a c t e r i a l s e d i m e n t .
WMS = washed m i c r o b i a l s e d im e n t o b t a i n e d a f t e r d i r e c t
c e n t r i f u g a t i o n o f s t r a i n e d rumen f l u i d .
AWBS = a c i d - w a s h e d b a c t e r i a l s e d im e n t (pH 2 . 8 ) .
AWMS = a c i d - w a s h e d m i c r o b i a l s e d im e n t (pH 2 . 8 ) .
SB = s m a l l b a c t e r i a .
LB = l a r g e b a c t e r i a .
P = p ro to z a .
c Durand e t a l . , u n p u b l i s h e d .
dVan Newel a n d D em eyer, 1 977.
e Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 19 8 0 .
Ca
6 .3
2 .0
3 5 .1
3 -2
6
TABLE 3 .
TRACE MINERAL CONTENT OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS AND OF
RESPECTIVE DIETS OF SHEEPa
Fe
D iet
Hayc
S a m p le s *3
d ie t
MF
se m i-p u rified ^
sem i-p u rI f ie d ^
Mn
w o rk ers
6 .3
3 9 -7 2
d ie t
WBS
128
445
137
133
60
242
d ie t
WBS
AWBS
128
137
90
40
1000
12
850
640
3040
2140
70
Mayland a n d L e s p e r a n c e
T hese
35
136-220
150
2 4 2 -3 9 3
d iet
128
137
WMS
823
459
AWMS
406
36
a B d a p te d from Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 .
^MF = m i c r o b i a l f r a c t i o n .
WBS = washed b a c t e r i a l s e d i m e n t .
AWBS = a c i d - w a s h e d b a c t e r i a l s e d im e n t (pH 2 . 8 ) .
WMS = w ashed m i c r o b i a l s e d i m e n t .
AWMS = a c i d - w a s h e d m i c r o b i a l s e d im e n t (pH 2 . 8 ) .
cW e tz e l an d M enke, 19 7 8 .
dDurand e t a l . , u n p u b l i s h e d .
o b tain e d
Cu
209
535-992
sem i-p u rified ^
s a m p le s
Zn
m g/ke
from
60
12
115
538
155
53
52
(1977) com pared t h e m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f
rumen
d e te rm in e d
12
35
fistu la te d
th a t
fistu la
c a ttle
to
s a m p le s
th a t
had
of
the
re la tiv e ly
larg e r
c o n c e n tra tio n s of a sh , S i,
Na, P , Zn, a n d Co t h a n . d i d
to
S m all d e c r e a s e s w e re fo u n d i n t h e Mg a n d Ca
s a liv a r y c o n ta m in a tio n .
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d s m a ll i n c r e a s e s w e re fo u n d i n
v a lu e s ,
but
c o n c e n tra tio n s.
th e se
w ere
not
g e n e ra lly
d iet
d iet.
s a m p le s due
N, K, Mn, F e , a n d Mo
d iffe re n t
T h e re fo re , d ie ta r y m in e rals, in flu e n c e
fro m
d ie t
s a l i v a r y m in e ra l
c o n c e n tra tio n .
Rumen F l u i d
The m i c r o b i a l
fac to rs
p o p u l a t i o n o f rumen f l u i d
is
in flu e n ce d
by d i e t a r y
( G i e s e c k e , 1 9 7 0 ) . E le m e n ts m ust be r e l e a s e d fro m f o o d r e s i d u e s
7
in
a l.,
th e
rumen i n
o rd er to
be
1 9 7 8 ) . F o r e x a m p le ,
a v a ila b le
to
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
fee d in g a poor q u a lity
( P la y n e
et
d i e t r e s u l t s , i n rumen
f l u i d w i t h a low m i c r o b i a l c o u n t ( G i e s e c k e , 1 9 7 0 ) . D i e t . q u a l i t y a f f e c t s
b o t h m i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d m i n e r a l c o n t e n t o f rumen f l u i d
( T a b le 4 ) .
M ic ro b ia l
th e
can
be
g r o w th a n d
d ep ressed
th e v a rio u s fe rm e n ta tio n
due
to
an
in ad e q u a te
processes
m in e ral
in
su p p ly
rumen
(D urand a n d
K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) . H ow ever, some e l e m e n t s a n d i n s o l u b l e c o m p le x e s may be
re le a se d
by
m ic ro b ia l
enzym es
such
as
P re le a se
from
p h y tate s
( W e in b e r g , 1 9 7 7 ) . D i e t a r y s u p p l i e s o f t r a c e m i n e r a l s h a v e b e e n shown t o
in flu e n c e
th e
e ffic ie n c y
of
m ic ro b ia l
ferm en ta tio n
(D urand a n d Kawashima 1 9 8 0 ) . T a b l e 5 shows i n v i t r o
and
d ig estio n
stim u la to ry e ff e c t
o f t r a c e e l e m e n t s o n d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s o f rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s .
Low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
su p e rn a te
fra c tio n
of
of
so lu b le
ru m e n
tra c e
flu id .
e le m e n ts a r e
T h is
is
due
to
fo u n d
in
fo rm a tio n
th e
of
i n s o l u b l e c o m p le x e s a n d t o u p t a k e a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s by
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
b a c te ria l
( W e in b e rg ,
c e ll
w a lls
1977).
may a l s o
T race
be
e l e m e n t s w h ic h a r e
p a rtia lly
a v a ila b le
for
bound t o
b a c te ria l
m e t a b o l i s m . I n a d d i t i o n , p r o t o z o a m i n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s c a n be p a r t i a l l y
met by e n g u l f e d b a c t e r i a . T h e r e f o r e , i t
seem s l i k e l y t h a t t r a c e m i n e r a l
re q u ire m e n t o f a m icro o rg an ism
n e c e ssa rily
is
not
m et by t h e
so lu b le
form o f t h a t e le m e n t (D urand an d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) . The a d d i t i o n o f some
e le m e n ts
can
affect
th e
s o lu b ility
of
so lu b ility
o f Zn a n d Mn can be i n c r e a s e d
so lu b ility
c a n be
c o n c e n tra tio n
of
in creased
tra c e
by Zn
e le m en ts in
o th e rs.
by a d d i t i o n
For
of
ex am p le,
Cu, w h i l e
(D urand a n d K aw ashim a,
1980).
th e
Mn
The
rumen f l u i d by d i e t a r y l e v e l a n d
8
TABLE 4 . INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MINERAL LEVEL AND TYPE OF DIET ON
MAJOR MINERAL CONTENT OF SHEEP RUMEN FLUID (RF)*
P
D iet
U r e a - m a iz e
c o n c e n t r a t e ^0
L u c e rn e h a y 0
Mg
RF
mg/1
d iet
g/k g
RF
mg/1
3 .6
2 .8
1300
370
1 .5
2.1
80
110
sem i-p u rified ^ d
L u c e rn e +
oat h u llsf
high in
b e e t p u lp 6
.07
3 .4
460
781
1 .7
9 .4
300
950
1 .3
690
930
1170
1.6
3 .2
d iet
g /kg
9 .2
12.8
RF
mg/1
450
. 5 .7
2 3 .9
180
.87
2 .5 3
1 1.4
< .17
se m i-p u rified ®
K
RF
d iet
g / k g mg/1
;
'
Ca
d iet
g /k g
.7
7 .3
27
82
80
O
760
7 .0
a a d a p t e d fro m Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 .
b s t r a i n e d rumen f l u i d .
a Durand e t a l . , 1 9 7 5 .
a Tomas a n d P o t t e r , 1 9 7 6 .
e Nel a n d M o i r , 1 9 7 4 .
f N e l, 1 974.
® F a rrie s and K ra sn o d eb sk a, 1972.
s e m i - p u r i f i e d * 3^
ty p e o f d i e t a r e
shown i n T a b l e 6 . S u g g e s te d t r a c e e l e m e n t c o n t e n t o f
rumen f l u i d a n d t h e d i e t a r e shown i n T a b l e 7 .
C alcium
C a lc iu m r e q u i r e m e n t s v a r y among rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s . F o r e x a m p le ,
p ro to z o a a p p e a r t o have h ig h e r c a lc iu m r e q u ir e m e n ts th a n b a c t e r i a , and
g ra m -p o sitiv e
b a c te ria
b a c te ria
(D urand a n d
c o n c e n tra tio n
of
have h ig h e r re q u ire m e n ts th a n
K aw ashim a,
c a lc iu m
is
1980).
low
in
do g r a m - n e g a t i v e
W ith in m ic r o b ia l
c o m p a riso n
to
c e lls,
th e
th e
e x te rn a l
c o n c e n t r a t i o n . I n t e r n a l enzym es r e q u i r i n g d i v a l e n t c a t i o n s can u s e Mg2+
9
TABLE 5 . IN VITRO STIMULATORY EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS (m g /1 ) ON
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS3
F u n c tio n
C e llu lo ly sis
N atu re o f
i n o c u l u m *1
WCS1
. WCS + C helS
SRFS
Fe
3-5°
.5 -1 2 .5 d
IOd
Mn
5-30°
7 .5 °
Zn
5-7°
7 .5 °
Co
3°
e
Mo
10- 100°
■10-1OOOd
wcss
O
O
5-40c
e
SRFS
SRF + C h e l h
I - 2a
SRFi
a a d a p t e d fro m Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 19 8 0 .
^WCS = washed c e l l s u s p e n s i o n .
SRF = s t r a i n e d rumen f l u i d .
Chel = a d d i t i o n o f a c h e l a t i n g a g e n t t o t h e medium.
cS lig h t resp o n se to m in e ral a d d itio n .
^ s i g n i f i c a n t re sp o n se t o m in e ral a d d i t i o n .
e no r e s p o n s e t o m i n e r a l a d d i t i o n .
f C h u r c h , 1 976.
^ M a rtin e z , 1972.
^1McNaught e t a l . , 1 9 5 0 .
f Sonawane a n d A r o r a , 1 976.
I
O
OO
P ro te in
S y n th esis
O
I
O
CO
CXJ
O
o r Mn^+ i n p l a c e o f Ca^+ , t h e r e f o r e i t h a s b e e n c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e i s
no
ap p aren t
in tra c e llu la r
ro le
E x t r a c e l l u l a r , enzym es r e q u i r i n g
lip a se s,
can
k in ases
ca lc iu m
in
p lace
such a s n u c le o tid e
k in a s e s cannot u t i l i z e
c a lc iu m
c a lc iu m
a -am y lase s and c e l l u l a s e s .
u tiliz e
fo r
of
in clu d e
p ro te a se s,
In in v i t r o
Mg2+ a s
(S ilv e r,
th e
n u c le a ses,
s y s t e m s , many enzym es
su b stra te
for
k in a s e s and su g a r k in a s e s .
Ca2 + b e c a u s e
19 7 7 ).
num erous ATPHow ever,
o th er
Ca2 + ATP com plex d o e s n o t f i t
i n t o t h e a c t i v e s i t e o f t h e enzyme ( S i l v e r , 1 9 7 7 ).
W h ile c a l c i u m i s . n e c e s s a r y
f o r n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n by many b a c t e r i a
such a s A z o to b a c te r v i n e l a n d i i ,
have
a
how ever,
re q u irin g
c a lc iu m
can
req u irem en t
cause
a c a lc iu m
g r o w th
for
it
is
n o t known w h e t h e r a l l
gro w th .
d e f e c ts and
D e fic ien c y
may a l t e r
a c t i v a t e d enzyme s u c h a s
of
th is
m e ta b o lic
“ -am y lase.
b a c te ria
m in e ral
processes
I t has not
TABLE 6 . CONCENTRATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SHEEP RUMEN FLUID (RF) ACCORDING TO
DIETARY LEVELS AND TYPE OF DIETa
D iet
Fe
d i e t ' RF
Mn
d ie t
RF
Zn
d i e t ' ■ RF
--------- mg/kg -----40
.25
Cu
d ie t
Mo
RF
d ie t
d r i e d g r a s s bb
60
6
.12
.39
s e m i - p u r i f i e d be 128
2 .1 4
5 .0
60
2 .0
12 ■ .38
137
s e m i - p u r i f i e d ce
128 1 4 .3
60
12
' 137 14.5
1 2 .3
I -3
s e m i - p u r i f i e d be 128
4 . 0.
1000
12
137 11.0
• 32
5.1
S e m i - P u r i f i e d b^
.5 3
s e m i - p u r i f i e d b^
.4 8 .
a a d a p t e d from Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 1980.
b S u p e r n a t e f r a c t i o n a f t e r c e n t r i f u g a t i o n a t 2 0 ,0 0 0 - 3 6 ,000 g t o e l i m i n a t e b a c t e r i a .
c S t r a i n e d rumen f l u i d .
.
bW e tz e l and M e n k e I 97 8 .
e Durand e t a l . , u n p u b l i s h e d .
^G race a n d S u b t l e , 1 9 7 9 .
RF
.02
.046
11
been e s ta b l is h e d
v iv o ,
w h eth er a
ca lc iu m
d e fic ie n c y
can a c t u a l l y
occur
in
(D urand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) . Rumen m i c r o b i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Ga
a p p e a r t o b e m et a t l e v e l s o f 10-40 mg/1 ( T a b l e I ) .
TABLE 7 .
SUGGESTED TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF RUMEN FLUID AND DIETa
I n rumen f l u i d
Fe
1-10
(m g/1)
Mn
1-10
Zn
. «2—1
Co
• Ir* «5
Cu
. O l - .2 5
120
50
.5 -1
5 -1 0 ?
120
I n d i e t (m g/kg)
®Durand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 980.
Mo
1-10
?
Phosphorus
Phosphorus
c o n stitu e n t
coenzym es
of
in
c e ll
fla v in
E ig h ty
n u c le ic
K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) .
O rg a n ic
n ecessary
p r im a r y
such a s
p y ro p h o sp h ate.
found
is
for
m e ta b o lite s
p h o sp h a te ,
percent
a c id s
c a rb o h y d ra te
of
w h ile
such
p y rid o x a l
the
may
be
10% i s
tak e n
as
in
up
and
n u c le o tid e s
is
and
a
of
p h o sp h a te and th ia m in e
phosphorus i n
Phosphorus o c c u rs n e a r ly
p h o sp h a te s
fe rm e n ta tio n
rumen b a c t e r i a
is
p h o sp h o lip id s
(Durand a n d
e x c lu siv e ly a s
p h o sp h a te s.
d ire c tly
or
th ey
are
firs t
h y d r o l y z e d by e x t r a c e l l u l a r a l k a l i n e p h o s p h a t a s e s , b u t o r g a n i c P may be
v ery
re s is ta n t
m ic ro o rg a n ism s.
ATP.
to
In th e
P h o sp h a te
is
h y d ro ly sis
c e ll,
and
not
re a d ily
o rth o p h o sp h a te i s
e sse n tia l
fo r
th e
a v a ila b le
c o u p le d t o ADP t o
tra n sfe r
of
to
fo rm
en erg y
and
p h o s p h o ry la tio n s , and f o r the s y n th e s is o f n u c le ic a c i d s i n a l l l i v i n g
c e lls.
may
B a c t e r i a may s t o r e p h o s p h o r u s i n v o l u t i n g r a n u l e s a n d t h i s p o o l
tak e
up a
c o n sid e ra b le
fra c tio n
of
th e
to ta l
c e ll
p h o sp h o ru s
( F e n c h e l a n d B l a c k b u r n , 1979) •
M ilto n and T e rn o u th
(1 9 8 4 )
dem o n strated an 8 to
40% i n c r e a s e
in
NDF d i g e s t i o n w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f P t o b u f f e r e d r u m i n a l o r c a e c o - c o l i c
12
d ig ests
u s i n g rumen f l u i d
p h o sp h o ru s
d ie t,
th u s
o b tain ed
from
sheep fed a h igh
c o n c lu d in g
th at
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
c a lc iu m -lo w
in
th e
larg e
i n t e s t i n e h a v e a P r e q u i r e m e n t s i m i l a r t o rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s f o r t h e
d i g e s t i o n o f NDF. A mean l e v e l o f a b o u t 100 mg/1 o f a v a i l a b l e P i n t h e
rumen
is
ad eq u ate
for
c e llu lo ly tic
a c tiv ity
(D urand
and
K aw ash im a,
1980; T a b l e I ) .
Magnesium
Magnesium i s
n ecessary
f o r many b a c t e r i a l
c e ll
p r o c e s s e s such a s
c e l l g r o w th a n d n o rm a l c e l l d i v i s i o n a n d t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t i s h i g h e r f o r
c e ll
d iv is io n th an
c e lls
grow w i t h o u t
p rese n t,
S ilv e r,
re su ltin g
for
c e ll
g ro w th . T h is has been d e term in ed
d iv id in g
in
th e
w hen
th e re
fo rm a tio n o f
is
in su ffic ie n t
fila m e n to u s
c e lls
m agnesium
( J a s p e r an d
19 7 7 ) . W h ile m agnesium r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r g r o w th a r e
a b so lu te ,
in
some
a d d itio n
of
b a c te ria
have
b a c te ria
m anganese
been
m agnesium
(Jasp er
found
to
and
have
req u irem e n ts
S ilv e r,
can
1 9 77).
h i g h e r m agnesium
be
because
c o n sid e re d
reduced
by
G ra m -p o sitiv e
re q u ire m e n ts th a n
g r a m - n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a , w h ic h h a s . b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n
in tra c e llu la r
In tra c e llu la r
p e rm e a b ility
m agnesium
is
fo r
m ag n esiu m
a sso c ia te d
w ith
(L ic h ste in ,
th e
rib o so m e s
1983).
and
th e
s y n t h e s i s o f n u c l e i c a c i d s . Ribosom es a r e s e n s i t i v e t o Mg2+ d e p r i v a t i o n
and
p ro te o sy n th e sis
M a g n e s iu m
is
a lso
is
d istu rb ed
in v o lv e d
in
in
many b a c t e r i a
p re se rv in g
th e
lac k in g
m agnesium .
in tre g ity
of
c e ll
m em branes a n d a d e f i c i e n c y o f t e n i n d u c e s m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s t h a t may
affect
c e ll
fu n c tio n
(D u ran d a n d
K aw ashim a,
1980).
Many b a c t e r i a l
enzym es s u c h a s p h p s p h o h y d r o l a s e s a n d p h o s p h o t r a n s f e r a s e s a r e a c t i v a t e d
by
m agnesium .
Rumen m i c r o b e s may become magnesium d e f i c i e n t when t h e
13
a n im a l i s
f e d p o o r q u a l i t y g r a s s h a y w i t h a low m agnesium c o n t e n t
or
when f e d a d i e t o f young g r a s s e s w i t h a h i g h s o l u b l e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t
w h ich
can
re su lt
in
h igh
NH^ c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d
th e
fo rm a tio n
of
i n s o l u b l e m agnesium ammonium p h o s p h a t e .
Durand a n d
Kawashima
(1980)
a d d i t i o n o f m agnesium t o i n v i t r o
w h ile
in
re su lte d
o th e r
in
stu d ie s,
th e
severe re d u c tio n
rep o rted
th at
in
some
stu d ie s,
s y s t e m s im p ro v e d c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n ,
o m issio n
of
m agnesium
of c e llu lo ly s is ,
m agnesium a l o n e had no e f f e c t . O t h e r s t u d i e s
though
and
th e
w ith
s u p p le m e n te d
m anganese
o m issio n
of
( t f e r t i n e t a l . , 1964 an d
Ammerman e t a l . , 1 9 7 1 ) , r e p o r t e d h o im p ro v e m e n t i n i n v i t r o
d ig e stio n
th e
m agnesium when rumen i n o c u l a
c e llu lo se
d o n o r s w e re
f e d d i e t s a d e q u a t e i n m a g n e s i u m ,. u n l e s s e x c e s s a b s o r b e d m agnesium was
rem oved t h r o u g h d i l u t i o n s a n d f e r m e n t a t i o n s i n a m a g n e s i u m - f r e e medium.
How ever,
when
m ag n esiu m ,
d ig e stio n
re su lts
sheep
and
re su lts
and
c a ttle
show ed
changes
in
w e re
red u ced
v o la tile
fed
in
fa tty
p u rifie d
v itro
a c id
and
d ie ts
in
v iv o
d e v o id
of
c e llu lo se
c o n c e n tra tio n s.
T hese
s u p p o r t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a d e q u a t e magnesium i n t h e r u m i n a n t ' s
d i e t f o r m i c r o b i a l g r o w th a n d f u n c t i o n .
i n rumen f l u i d a p p e a r t o be a d e q u a t e
Magnesium l e v e l s o f 5-25 mg/1
(T ab le I ) .
P o tassiu m
P o t a s s i u m i s r e q u i r e d by m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , t h o u g h i t c a n be r e p l a c e d
p a rtia lly
or t o ta ll y
whose a c t i v i t y
sy n th e sis
as
by r u b i d i u m .
Most rumen b a c t e r i a
c o n t a i n enzymes
r e q u i r e s p o ta ssiu m . P o tassiu m i s e s s e n t i a l f o r p r o t e i n
w e ll
as
fo r
g ly c o ly sis.
r ib o s o m e s i n A e r o b a c t e r a e r o g e n e s a n d i s
c e l l w a lls in B a c illu s s u b t i l i s
It
is
a sso c ia te d
w ith
th e
bound t o a n i o n i c p o l y m e r s o f
(C a ld w e ll e t a l . , 1 9 7 3 ).
14
P o t a s s i u m a n d sodium a r e r e q u i r e d f o r optim um f e r m e n t a t i o n i n t h e
rum en,
but
th e
req u ired
le v e ls
for
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
have
not
been
e s t a b l i s h e d . High l e v e l s o f p o t a s s i u m a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r B a c t e r o i d e s f o r
maximum g r o w th when l e v e l s o f sodium a r e lo w . W hile p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t
in
rum en
flu id
of
800
mg / 1
may
s a tisfy
m ic ro b ia l
re q u ire m e n ts,
a d e q u a t e b u f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y w i l l de p e n d on t h e s u p p l y o f o t h e r c a t i o n s
(D urand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) .
Manganese
M anganese
c e lls,
is
a
is
req u ired
c o fa c to r
for
a
in
tra c e
number
q u a n titie s
of
for
en zy m atic
g r o w th
re a c tio n s
of
m ost
( H u n g a te ,
1966 ) a n d i s r e q u i r e d f o r s y n t h e s i s o f many s e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s s u c h
a s a n t i b o d i e s . Enzymes may h a v e a s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t f o r m anganese i n
one m i c r o b i a l s t r a i n ,
by
Mg2+ o r
1977 ) .
a n o th e r
Phnganese
w h i l e i n a n o t h e r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t may be r e p l a c e d
d iv ale n t
o p e ra tes
c a tio n
d u rin g
in
th e
p ro d u c tio n
Zn2+ o r
g ly c o ly sis
r e a c tio n s o f th e c i t r i c a c id c y c le
fix a tio n
such a s
of
in
th e
Co2 + (W e in b e r g ,
d e c a rb o x y la tio n
1977) a n d s t i m u l a t e s CO2
( W e in b e r g ,
su c c in ic
a c id
by
R u m in o co ccu s
fla v e fa ire n s
(D urand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) . Manganese c a n a l s o
an a lt e r n a t e
c o fa c to r
and
C h u rch ( 1 9 7 0 ) ,
r e p o r t e d up t o
to
Mg2+ i n a l a r g e
number o f e n z y m e s . M a r t i n e z
u s i n g w ashed s u s p e n s i o n s
19% i n c r e a s e d c e l l u l o s e
serv e a s
of
rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s ,
d ig e s tio n w ith th e a d d itio n o f
5-30 ppm m an g a n e se a n d 24% d e p r e s s i o n o f c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n w i t h t h e
a d d itio n
of
100 ppm m a n g a n e s e . A Ph l e v e l
f lu i d i s su g g ested
(T ab le 7 ) .
of
1-10 mg/ 1
in
t h e rumen
15
Copper
A s m a l l am ount o f c o p p e r may s t i m u l a t e m i c r o b i a l p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s
(D urand a n d
se c re te d
K aw ashim a,
in to
th e
1980).
sto m a c h
Copper
(P u rser
can
be
et a l .,
e ith e r
1984).
absorbed
S axena
from
and
or
R a n jh a n
(1 9 7 8 ) fo u n d i n c r e a s e d c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n by 17% w i t h s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n
of
c o b a lt and
copper
( 1970 ) r e p o r t e d
to
c a lv e s
fed
33 % d e p r e s s i o n
a
stra w
in
d iets.
c e llu lo se
M a r t i n e z and C hurch
d ig e stio n
w ith
th e
a d d i t i o n o f I ppm c o p p e r t o w ashed s u s p e n s i o n s o f rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s .
C opper l e v e l s i n rumen f l u i d s h o u ld b e fro m . 0 1 - . 2 5 mg/1 ( T a b le 7 ) .
Z in c
Z in c
ro le
in
is
e sse n tia l
sta b iliz in g
m em branes.
high
z in c
liv in g
c e ll
sy ste m s and
c o m p o n e n ts
m etallo en zy m es
RNA p o l y m e r a s e ) ,
p r o t e a s e s ) , and
p o ssib ly
v a rio u s
M ic ro b ia l
polym erase and
re la tiv e ly
to a l l
(a lk a lin e
c o n c e n tra tio n s o f z in c
rib o s o m e s
p h o sp h a ta se )
c e ll
n e u tra l
enzym es.
The
m em branes a r e
v a r i o u s m em brane-bound e n z y m e s. The p r e s e n c e o f z i n c i n b a c t e r i a l
c e ll
to
c o m p o n e n ts o f t h e w a l l ,
sta b iliz in g
th e
may a l s o
and
(DNA
w ith
c o n trib u te s
and
in
and
in tra c e llu la r
(am y lase
present
p h o sp h o lip id s
as
im p o rta n t
in te ra c t
w a lls
w ith
in clu d e
e x tra c e llu la r
w a ll-a sso c ia te d
a sso c ia te d
such
p lay s an
in te ra c tio n s
b e tw e e n
p o s s ib ly b in d in g th e c e l l s e i t h e r to
v ario u s
p a rticle s
o r o th er c e ll s .
Thus z i n c may p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e a d h e r e n c e
of
rumen
c e llu lo ly tic
198 0 ).
b a c te ria
A d e fic ie n c y
c h a ra c te ristic s
in c lu d in g
of
to
z in c
DNA a n d
feed
fib e r
a d v e rse ly
(D urand
a ffe c ts
RNA l e v e l s ,
p ro te in
w e l l a s c a r b o h y d r a t e a n d p h o s p h a t e m e t a b o li s m ( F a i l l a ,
and
Kaw ashim a,
num erous
c e ll
sy n th e sis,
as
1 9 7 7 ). M a rtin e z
a n d C h u rch (1 9 7 0 ) r e p o r t e d t h e a d d i t i o n o f 5 -7 ppm z i n c r e s u l t e d
in a
16
s t i m u l a t o r y e f f e c t on c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n w h i l e t h e a d d i t i o n o f 20 ppm
z i n c d e p r e s s e d c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n . Rumen f l u i d s h o u l d c o n t a i n from . 2 1 mg/1 Zn ( T a b l e 7 ) .
In
summary,
m icro o rg an ism s a r e
ru m in an t a n im a ls .
N u trie n ts,
m ic ro o rg a n ism s t o
m eet, t h e i r
g r o w th a n d
c e llu lo se
necessary
for
fib e r
i n c l u d i n g m i n e r a l s m ust
req u irem e n ts in o rd e r
u tiliz a tio n .
d ig e stio n
be
to
Im p o rta n t m in e r a ls
p ro v id e d
in
for
o b t a i n maximum
to
c o n sid e r a r e
Ca, P , Mg, K, Mn, Cu, a n d Zn.
A f f e c t o f S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n on R a te o f P a s s a g e . D i g e s t i b i l i t y .
I n t a k e , a n d P e r f o r m a n c e o f S heep Fed F o r a g e D i e t s
P a s s a g e R a te a n d D i g e s t i b i l i t y
In ta k e
and
d ig e stib ility
of feeds
by r u m i n a n t s a r e
d e p e n d e n t upon
th e i n te r a c tio n
o f t h e d i e t , a n im a l a n d f e e d i n g e n v i r o n m e n t
1987b).
se le c te d
D ie ts
in te ra c tio n
o p p o rtu n ity
lim ita tio n s
th e
siz e
b e tw e e n
by
g raz in g
a n im a l
p referen ce,
(d is trib u tio n
(th e
e x te n t to
a n im a ls a r e
of
p la n t
w hich d i e t a r y
th e
lim ita tio n s
sp e c ie s)
re su lt
of
and
of
th e
se le c tio n
a n im a l-b a se d
p referen ces a re
o f t h e mouth p a r t s a n d mode o f b i t i n g )
( Mert e n s ,
m o d ified
by
(G rant e t a l . , 1985).
The d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f t h e d i e t o f f r e e - g r a z i n g a n i m a l s i s a p r o d u c t o f a
range
of
in flu e n ce s
in c lu d in g
d ie t
se le c tio n ,
fe rm e n ta tio n
rate
and
p a ssa g e r a t e f a c t o r s such a s ru m in al r e t e n t i o n and t u r n o v e r w ith in th e
g a s tro in te s tin a l
d ig e stib ility
is
a l.,
sy ste m
not
so le ly
(H u sto n
et
1986) .
u ltim a te
d e te rm in a tio n
of
a
The
of
th a t
p a rtic u la r
c h a ra c te ristic
e x te n t
of
d ig e stib ility
of
a n im a l.
th e
d ig e stio n
and,
T herefore
d ie t
of
a lo n g
consum ed
fib e r
w ith
is
th e
in ta k e ,
17
d e te rm in e s
th e
am ount
of
d ig e stib le
e nergy
consumed
( H u s to n
et
a l.,
1986) .
N e u tra l
d e te rg e n t
fib e r
(NDF)
has
been
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e volum e o r b u l k d e n s i t y
N eu tral
d e te rg e n t
fib e r
o c c u p y in g , o r f i l l
of
stru c tu ra l
1975)
w ill
s h o u ld
e f f e c t , of th e d i e t
c a rb o h y d ra te s
lead
be m o st
to
a
d eg ree
of feeds
h ig h ly
to
be
h ig h ly
(M e rte n s,
1987b ) .
re la te d
to
s lo w ly
of
ferm en ted
(M e rte n s,
s u b sta n tia lly
1987b).
to
th e
N o n -fib e r
w h o le t r a c t
space-
rum en
fill
(Van S o e s t ,
w h ile
c o n s t i t u e n t s i n fe e d s d is s o lv e and c o n t r i b u t e v ery l i t t l e
effect
th e
(M e rte n s, 1987b). A h ig h c o n te n t
w h ic h a r e
h ig h e r
show n
o rg an ic
m ate ria ls
d ig e stio n of
to th e f i l l
may
energy.
so lu b le
c o n trib u te
Such m a t e r i a l s
t e n d t o be h i g h l y d i g e s t i b l e e i t h e r w i t h i n o r p a s t t h e r u m i n o - r e t i c u l u m
in
fo rag in g
a n im a ls
(1 9 7 9 ) d e t e r m i n e d
and
p e c tin
of
( G o e r in g a n d
th at
a ll
Van S o e s t ,
th e w a te r-so lu b le
1970).
U ly a tt and
c a rb o h y d ra te s,
d iets
stu d ie d
w e re a l m o s t
t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 79 t o
94% o f
p o te n tia lly
Egan
o rg an ic a c id s
c o m p le te ly
d ig e stib le
d ig ested
and
h e m ic e llu lo se
a n d 87 t o 97 % o f t h e c e l l u l o s e w e re d i g e s t e d i n t h e rum en.
The
ra te
in te ra c tio n s
D ig e stio n
rum en
re la te d
c o n tin u e s
(H u sto n
or
flu id
e x te n t
b e tw e e n
et
of
th e
u n til
a l.,
u n re la te d
c h a ra c te ristic
an d (o r)
and
NDF d i g e s t i o n
m ic ro b ia l
passage
1986).
to
o f th e h o s t a n im al
d y n a m ic s i n
the
th e
p o p u la tio n
of
th e
R a te
of
a n im a l
is
d ig esta
and
as
th e
of
appears
such
but
from
tra c t.
d e s c rib e d in tr a ru m in a l d ig e s tio n a s a c o m p e titio n
th e
m in im ally
may
in response to th e d ie ta r y
g a stro in te stin a l
th e
su b stra te .
p a rtic le s
d ig e stio n
sp e c ie s
re su lt
M e rte n s
becom e
b e h a v io r
(19 8 7 b )
b e tw e e n t h e r a t e o f
d i g e s t io n and th e r a t e o f passage f o r p o t e n t i a l l y d i g e s t i b l e s u b s t r a t e .
18
Upon i n t r o d u c t i o n
of fo rag e
b efo re d ig e s tio n i s i n i t i a t e d
d ig e s tin g pool i s
w ith
th e
slo w
in to
th e
ru m e n , a l a g
p e rio d o c c u rs
t h e n i n c r e a s e s t o a maximum a s t h e f a s t -
f e r m e n t e d , f o l l o w e d by a d e c l i n e i n r a t e a s s o c i a t e d
d ig e stin g
p o o l.
In cre a sin g
d ieta ry
c o n c e n tra tio n
slo w ly deg rad ed o r i n d i g e s t i b l e m a t e r i a l re d u c e s th e r a t e
and p h y sic a l
fill
becom es l i m i t i n g
1982;
M e rte n s , 1983).
th a t
degree
in ta k e ,
of
governed
rum en.
by
as
fill
w ith
fac to rs
How ever,
A itch iso n e t a l .
rumen
p a rticu la rly
(M erten s and E ly ,
(1 9 8 6 )
is
in v o lv e d
grass
hays.
w h ic h a f f e c t
d ig e stib le
in
d ig e stio n
en ergy
Van S o e s t ,
th e
h y p o th esis
c o n tro l
The e x t e n t
in
c o n te n t
of
and
is
of d ig e stio n
1982;
support
th e
of
v o lu n ta ry
rum en
passage
in c re a se d
c o n t r o l s become t h e d o m in a n t f a c t o r s l i m i t i n g i n t a k e
of
fill
is
from
th e
m eta b o lic
(A itc h iso n e t a l ,
1986 ) .
In ta k e
In
sheep,
m ain ten an ce
c a p ac ity
m eet
and
feed
p ro d u ctio n
(M e r t e n s ,
th e ir
in ta k e
energy
1987a).
is
up
Gut
re q u ire m e n ts
c o n tro lle d
to
th e
c a p a c ity
fro m
by
lim its
is
en erg y
of
fo r
g a stro in te stin a l
ad eq u ate
roughages,
d e m and
fo r
dry
ewes t o
30 d b e f o r e
u n til
l a m b in g (NRC, 1 9 8 7 ) . L e s s t h a n one month b e f o r e l a m b i n g , “d e p r e s s i o n i n
f e e d c o n s u m p tio n may be t h e r e s u l t o f i n c r e a s i n g c o m p e t i t i o n f o r s p a c e
w ith in
th e
abdomen
b e tw e e n
th e
rap id ly
g ro w in g
fetu s
and
th e
rumen
(L e w is a n d S h e l t o n , 1 9 8 3 ) . From c o n c e p t i o n t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e 1 2 0 th d
o f p r e g n a n c y t h e a b d o m in a l w a l l e x p a n d s t o accom m odate t h e i n c r e a s e i n
u t e r i n e v o lu m e ,
but a f te r
W h ile
hay
lev e l
of
in ta k e
t h i s rumen volume d e c r e a s e s
has
been
shown t o
be
(F orbes,
re la te d
to
1969).
ru m in al
volum e i n l a t e p r e g n a n c y o r i n v e r y f a t e w e s , t h e s e same f a c t o r s do n o t
19
seem
to
found
affect
no
th e
volum e
sig n ific a n t
of
d ig esta
re la tio n sh ip
post
ru m in a lly .
b e tw e e n
v o lu n ta ry
Forbes
in ta k e
(1 9 6 9 )
and
th e
volume o f i n t e s t i n a l c o n t e n t s .
H u sto n
and
Engdahl
fill,
lo n g est
re te n tio n
w hen
fo rag e
w as
S u p p le m e n ta l
feed
rumen r e t e n t i o n
rep o rted
tim e , and
d o rm a n t,
fee d in g
su p p le m e n ta l
(1 9 8 3 )
of
and
c o n c e n tra te s
500 g / d
in cre ase
ew es
slo w e st r a t e
fib e ro u s,
from 0 t o
tim e and
th a t
ten d e d
th e
g re a te st
o f f lo w d u r i n g w i n t e r
lo w
and
had
in
d ig e s tib ility .
in c re a sin g
le v e ls
to d ecrease f i l l ,
f lo w r a t e .
of
sh o rten
( 1983 ) r e p o r t e d
H u s to n
f e c a l o u t p u t was h i g h e s t d u r i n g w i n t e r a n d n o t ra f f e c t e d by s u p p l e m e n t a l
feed
le v e l.
w in ter
H u sto n
(1 9 8 3 )
by maximum p a s s a g e
su g g ested
th a t
of u n d ig ested
in ta k e
resid u e s.
was l i m i t e d
H u s to n
d u rin g
( 1 983 ) a l s o
r e p o r t e d t h a t f o r a g e i n t a k e ( 2 . 1% o f body w e i g h t ) was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
d i f f e r e n t f o r n o n - l a c t a t i n g n o n p r e g n a n t ew es
o r p r e g n a n t ewes c a r r y i n g
e i t h e r s in g l e o r tw in f e t u s e s .
E a rly
research ers
s u p p le m e n te d
s u b stitu te
and
g a in e d
g raz in g
b e h a v io r
u n s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s a n d
s u p p le m e n t
and w eig h t g a in .
n o ted
for
McClymont
m ore t h a n
th o se
g ra z in g and
a llo w e d
fo u n d
th ere fo re
(1 9 5 6 ) r e p o r t e d
d iffe re n c es
th a t
th at
reduce
sheep
b e tw e e n
a n im a ls
forage
g razin g
may
in ta k e
p a stu re
3 h a day o f s u p p l e m e n t a l g r a z i n g on
o a t s . T h i s was due t o a n t i c i p a t i o n o f s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w h ic h r e s u l t e d i n
d ecreased g ra z in g tim e .
H older
(1 9 6 2 )
rep o rted
t h a t w i t h M erino s h e e p g r a z i n g unim p ro v e d
n a t i v e p a s t u r e , f e e d i n g a o a t g r a i n s u p p le m e n t
tim e
( 2 8 %)
u n s u p p le m e n te d
sheep.
g ra z in g
and
p a stu re
M ix in g
in ta k e
s ig n ific a n tly
( 3 6 %)
s u p p le m e n te d a n d
in
depressed
c o m p a riso n
u n su p p le m e n te d
to
sheep
20
re su lte d
in
a
(12
d ecrease
u n su p p le m e n te d
sheep
due
to
to
a
1 6 %)
in
"so c ia l
g ra z in g
tim e
in h ib itio n "
caused
of
by
th e
th e
d e c r e a s e d g r a z i n g t im e o f t h e s u p p le m e n te d s h e e p .
In a
for
th e
rev iew ,
A lliso n
im p o rta n c e
(1985) n o t e d
o f su p p le m e n ta l
t h a t e v id e n c e
is
p r o t e i n and e nergy
a c cu m u la tin g
in
re la tio n
to
v o lu n ta r y in ta k e o f f o r a g e s . G e n e r a lly , i t h a s been found t h a t a d d i t i o n
of
re a d ily
v o lu n ta ry
a v a ila b le
c a rb o h y d ra te s
to
a
roughage
d ie t
decreases
i n t a k e , w h i l e a d d i t i o n o f p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t s t o low q u a l i t y
(b e lo w 8- 1 0% c r u d e p r o t e i n )
roughage d i e t s
in creases ra te
of d ig e stio n
a n d v o l u n t a r y i n t a k e . The i n c r e a s e i n i n t a k e i s g e n e r a l l y a t t r i b u t e d t o
i n c r e a s i n g rumen m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t y a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y r a t e o f p a s s a g e .
Ju d k in s e t a l .
(1 9 8 5 )
in d ic a te d
th at
p ro te in
su p p le m e n ta tio n o f
w i n t e r i n g s t e e r s d id n o t in f l u e n c e b o t a n i c a l o r chem ical c o m p o sitio n o f
th e ir d ie ts
or
t h e am ount o f
forage
rep o rted th a t c a t t l e re c e iv in g
le ss
range
forage
of d ig e s tib le
fo rag e
was
co n su m e d .
Cook a n d H a r r i s
(1967)
.22 k g m ixed s u p p le m e n t d a i l y a t e
.20 kg
t h a n n o n s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s .
p r o t e i n a n d ME i n t h e
g re a te r
than
decreased
fo rag e
in ta k e
Zimmerman
(1965)
fo u n d
th e
th at
com bined r a t i o n
n o n s u p p le m e n te d
re su ltin g
How ever,
fro m
p ro te in
to ta l
in ta k e
o f s u p p le m e n t a n d
group
in
sp ite
su p p le m e n ta tio n .
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
is
of
th e
C la n to n
and
e ffe c tiv e
in
s t i m u l a t i n g v o l u n t a r y i n t a k e o f c a t t l e o n l y when t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f
t h e f o r a g e i s low (b e lo w 8 .4 % ) .
K a rtc h n e r
s u p p le m e n t t o
d u rin g
th e
(1981)
fo u n d
range c a t t l e
fa ll
and
th at
p ro v id in g
a
soybean
m eal
p ro te in
g r a z i n g a m ixed s h ru b a n d g r a s s v e g e t a t i o n
w in ter
im p ro v e d
forage
dry
m a tte r
in ta k e
and
d i g e s t i b i l i t y u n d e r s e v e r e w i n t e r c o n d i t i o n s when g r a s s w as l i m i t e d a n d
21
s h r u b s c o n s t i t u t e d a m a j o r i t y o f t h e d i e t . How ever, u n d e r t h e same
c o n d itio n s,
fe e d in g
a
low
le v e l
(.7
k g /d )
of
b a rle y
p ro v id e d
no
a p p a r e n t b e n e f i t when com pared t o u n s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s .
S u p p le m e n ta tio n and P erform ance
Poor
q u a lity
roughages
c o n d itio n s th a t a re
th e ir
d e fic ie n c y
n itro g e n ,
c a rb o h y d ra te s and m in e ra ls
rumen e n v ir o n m e n t
(1 9 8 5 )
m a tte r
(DM), o r g a n i c m a t t e r
roughages
O th er
and
B u c h a n a n - S m i th ,
w orkers
m ic ro b ia l
(M erry
a l.,
1984).
h ig h er
(OM), c r u d e p r o t e i n
en erg y ,
h ig h
p ro te in
U sin g
(150 k c a l
R o b in s o n a n d
d iffe re n t
sta g e s
d ig e stib ility
of
fe rm e n ta b le
1985).
Ndlovu
1 9 85),
sy n th e sis
preg n an t
of
b oth
M E/kg. W*73)
Forbes
(1 9 6 7 )
g e sta tio n .
DM a n d
or
low
d e te rm in e d
These
and
fed
dry
im p ro v e d
urea
fib e r
tre a te d
d ie ts
of
stra w
hay
and
(fro m 2 . 0 t o 7 .2 g / k g
(1 2 5 k c a l
p ro te in
w o rk ers
CP d e c r e a s e d
of
th a n w ith roughages
w ith
ew es
d ig e stio n
of in
(CP) a n d g r o s s e n e r g y
c o n c e n tra te s p ro v id in g v a ry in g l e v e l s o f p r o te in
and
rum en
s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n im proved
fo u n d
H a d jip a n a y lo to u ,
and
W '73)
su p p o rt
re a d ily
s u p p le m e n te d w i t h c o n c e n t r a t e
d ig e stio n
et
to
( i n c r e a s e d r u m i n a l a m m o n ia -N l e v e l s ) a n d r a t e
d ig e stio n .
(A n to n io u
p ro te in ,
fo und t h a t a l f a l f a
fib e r
a lo n e
u n a b le
tru e
(N dlovu a n d
s a c co
(GE) w i t h
o fte n
c o n d u c iv e t o o p t i m a l m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t y b e c a u s e o f
in t o t a l
a n d B u c h a n a n -S m ith
are
w ith
ME/kg W*73)
u tiliz a tio n
re p o rte d
d e c re a sin g
at
ap p aren t
p ro te in
i n ta k e and w ith th e h ig h energy d i e t a p p a r e n t d r y - m a tt e r d i g e s t i b i l i t y
i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f CP d e c r e a s e d . W ith t h e h i g h
energy d i e t and h ig h p r o t e i n d i e t a t a l l
re te n tio n
of
N in c re a se d .
In
sta g e s o f g e s ta tio n , a b so lu te
a d d itio n ,
in c r e a s e d w ith ad v a n cin g p regnancy.
n itro g e n
re te n tio n
a ls o
22
K a rtc h n e r
(1 9 8 1 )
fo u n d
th a t
s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s on w i n t e r
range
w i t h r e l a t i v e l y m ild c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s a n d n o n - l i m i t i n g f o r a g e showed
no c h a n g e i n
body c o n d i t i o n
How ever,
o t h e r s fo u n d
m ain ta in
w e ig h t
b e tte r
an im a ls
(Thomas,
1982;
in
c o m p a r is o n
to
u n s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s .
s u p p le m e n te d cows on w i n t e r r a n g e
and
wean h e a v i e r
Thomas e t
a l.,
c a lv e s
I9 6 0 ).
th an
T his
g a i n more o r
u n su p p le m e n te d
im p lie s
th a t
th e
s u p p le m e n te d cows w e re i n b e t t e r body c o n d i t i o n t h a n t h e c o n t r o l cow s.
H a rris e t a l .
phosphorus
(1 9 5 6 )
in creased
rep o rted th a t
su p p le m e n ts o f p r o t e i n ,
w eig h t
of
g a in s
pregnant
ewes a n d
e n e rg y a n d
s u p p le m e n te d
ew es p r o d u c e d m ore la m b s t h a n t h o s e t h a t w e re n o t s u p p l e m e n t e d . H a r r i s
et a l.
(1 9 5 6 ) a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t ewes i n good c o n d i t i o n c o u l d l o s e some
w eig h t d u rin g t h e w in te r g r a z in g se a so n and s t i l l produce e f f i c i e n t l y .
Van
feed in g
Horn e t
lev e ls
la m b s l o s t
a l.
(1959a)
d u rin g
from b i r t h
w in ter
rep o rted
reduced
t o w eaning.
th a t
th e
in creasin g
p e rc e n ta g e
su p p le m e n ta l
of
dry
ewes a n d
In c re a s in g fee d in g l e v e l s
in creased
body w e i g h t g a i n s o f ewes d u r i n g w i n t e r , b i r t h w e i g h t o f l a m b s , pounds
o f la m b s weaned p e r ewe a n d g r e a s e a n d c l e a n f l e e c e w e i g h t s .
et a l.
(1959b)
d e te rm in e d
th a t
it
was
p ro fita b le
to
amount o f s u p p le m e n t
(.1 5 to
.2 3 k g ) d u r i n g g e s t a t i o n ,
m o re
feed
high
p ro fita b le
to
a
p ro te in
s u p p le m e n t
Van Horn
f e e d a m o d e r a te
but i t
was n o t
( 36 % )th a n a
low
p r o t e i n s u p p le m e n t (16 t o 18% p r o t e i n ) .
High p r o t e i n
th an
h ig h
energy
su p p le m e n ts a r e
s u p p le m e n ts
b e t t e r f o r ru m in a n ts on w in te r range
e v e n when e n e r g y
is
b ecau se energy
su p p le m e n ts such a s c o rn and b a rle y
d ig e stib ility
of
su b sta n tia lly
in c re a se
c e llu lo s e
th e
and
o v erall
o th e r
lo w
in ta k e
th e
d ie t
ten d t o reduce th e
c a rb o h y d ra te s
en erg y
in
and
(Cook a n d
do
not
H arris, ■
23
1968).
T his
is
fe rm e n ta tio n
su p p le m e n ts
to
th e
such a s
d ig e stib ility
H a rris,
p ro b ab ly
of
m ore
d ig e stio n .
m ost
th e
e a sily
m ic ro b ia l
ferm en ted
m eal
and
n u tritio n a l
re s u lts
g a in
sh ift
sta rc h .
c o tto n se e d
in
re su ltin g
th e
a
c e llu lo se
H ow ever,
th e
(Cook a n d
N su p p ly t o
in flu e n c e
p ro te in
p ro te in
in crease
th e d i e t
in creased
p o sitiv e
fro m
fro m
m eal
c o n stitu e n ts of
p r o b a b l y due t o
w h ich
W eight
to
soybean
1968). T h is i s
m ic ro o rg a n ism s
due
on
th e
fib e r
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
is
p r o b a b l y more c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m e e t i n g t h e a n i m a l ’ s r e q u i r e m e n t s
at
th e
tissu e
re a c h in g th e
e nergy
a l. ,
from
a
sm all
th e
1970).
p ro v id e
le v e l,
by
in cre a sin g
in te stin e s
in
c a rb o h y d ra te
T herefore,
p o sitiv e
th e
c o n tra st
fra c tio n
p ro te in
in flu e n ce
su p p ly
of
of m ic ro b ia l
to an in creased
th e
forage
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
on
fib e r
is
d ig e stio n
rele ase
of
( R itte n h o u se
et
a c tu a lly
and
p ro te in
done
fo rag e
to
in ta k e
(C la n to n , 1981).
Cold S t r e s s
P r o b a b l y t h e one s i n g l e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n t h a t h a s m ost i n f l u e n c e
on g r a z i n g b e h a v i o r i s
g e n e ra lly
in crease
c o ld te m p e ra tu re
th e ir
in ta k e
as
e f f i c i e n t and g a in and produce l e s s
1981).
fo r
th e
As t e m p e r a t u r e s
a n im al
a c tiv ity .
am b ien t
T he
to
p ro d u ctio n fu n c tio n s o f
w h ic h
zone
th e
t h e a n im a l
fa ll,
th ey
( M alechek a n d S m i t h ,
hom eotherm y
th erm o n eu tra l
in
te m p e ra tu re s
d r o p below h o m e o s t a s i s ,
m ain ta in
tem p eratu res
(Young, 1 9 8 3 ) . A l th o u g h c a t t l e
or
(TNZ)
heat
more h e a t
th e
is
fro m
range
n o rm al
in n o n s tre s s fu l
le ss
1976; Young,
is
same l e v e l
th e
are
of
req u ired
of
d a ily
e ffe c tiv e
m a in te n a n c e
and
situ a tio n s o ffs e ts
t h e h e a t l o s s t o th e en v iro n m en t w ith o u t r e q u i r i n g a n i n c r e a s e i n r a t e
o f m e ta b o lic h e a t p ro d u c tio n
(NRC,
1 9 8 1 ) . The l o w e r b o r d e r o f t h e TNZ
24
can be d e f i n e d a s
b e lo w
w h ic h
th e lo w er
an a n im a l
must
c ritic a l
tem p eratu re,
w h ic h i s
in cre ase
its
heat
ra te
of
th e
p o in t
p ro d u ctio n
in
o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n body t e m p e r a t u r e . The l o w e r c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e may
a lso
be d e s c r i b e d a s t h e
p o in t a t
w h ic h a n im a l, p e r f o r m a n c e b e g i n s t o
d e c l i n e a s t e m p e r a t u r e s become c o l d e r ( K o t t , 1 9 8 5 ) ..
tem p eratu re
for
a m atu re
ewe a t
m a i n te n a n c e
w ith
The l o w e r c r i t i c a l
5cm f l e e c e
is
9 C
(B l a x t e r , 1967).
G r a z in g a c c o u n t s
for
th e
g re a te st
a n d t e m p e r a t u r e a n d wind v e l o c i t y
(M alechek a n d
d u rin g
S m it h ,
exposure
to
1976;
c o ld
maximum b e f o r e a n i m a l s a r e
drop
below
a c tiv ity
1976).
to
th e
conserve
H ow ever,
in flu e n ce
exp ected
lo w er
d a ily
in ta k e
w ith
to
th e
c o ld
V olu n tary
a n im a ls
tem p e ra tu re
1981).
tem p eratu res
and
in
g raz in g
in creases
reaches
a
When t e m p e r a t u r e s
a n im a ls
red u ce
(M a le ch e k a n d S m it h ,
f l u c t u a t i o n s aro u n d
R e d u c tio n s
spent
in ta k e
g raz in g
sh iv e rin g
e x p e n d itu re ,
TNZ a n d
stre sse d .
tem p eratu re,
energy and s t a r t
fa llin g
e f f e c t s on t im e
1984).
s e v e re ly
c ritic a l
(NRC,
bo th
have
Adams,
re la tiv e
am ount o f e n e r g y
th e
g razin g
in cre asin g
TNZ do n o t
tim e
can
be
w ind
speeds
(Adams, 1 9 8 4 ) .
In
su m m ary ,
th e
d ig e stib ility
of
th e
d ie t
of
fre e -g ra z in g
r u m i n a n t s i s i n f l u e n c e d by d i e t
s e l e c t i o n a s w ell a s f e r m e n t a t i o n . r a t e
and p assag e r a t e .
is
Forage i n ta k e
i n f l u e n c e d by s e v e r a l
f a c t o r s such
a s d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f th e d i e t , s u p p le m e n ta tio n , and th e e n v iro n m en t.
25
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In V itro T r ia l s
Four c o n s e c u tiv e in v i t r o
tria ls
u s i n g two m a t u r e w e s t e r n w h i t e f a c e
a n i m a l s w ere u s e d i n a l l
tria ls.
w ere c o n d u c te d f o u r w eeks a p a r t
ew es a s
in n o cu la
donors.
An a t t e m p t was made t o
The same
decrease
th e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Ca, P, K, a n d Mg i n t h e rumen f l u i d . T a b l e 8 g i v e s t h e
d e s c rip tio n of th e in v i tr o t r i a l s .
fed ad lib itu m
I n t h e f i r s t t r i a l t h e a n i m a l s w e re
chopped g r a s s - l e g u m e h a y . A f t e r c o m p l e t i n g t h e f i r s t i n
v i t r o t r i a l t h e d i e t s w ere c h a n g e d t o
ad lib i tu m
th ro u g h
th e
chopped w h e a t s t r a w (WS) a n d f e d
end o f t h e t h i r d
in v itr o
tria l
a t w hich t im e
t h e a n i m a l s w e re f e d a d l i b i t u m a n h y d r o u s ammonia t r e a t e d w h e a t s t r a w
(WS + NHy) .
rumen
flu id .
A ll
d i e t s w e re f e d f o r f o u r w eeks p r i o r t o
Io d iz e d
sa lt
was a v a i l a b l e
free
c h o ic e
s u p p l e m e n t a l m i n e r a l s w e re p r o v i d e d d u r i n g t h e t r i a l .
f o r a g e w as a
c o m p o s i te o f rumen e x t r u s a
c o lle c tio n of
and
fed and e x tr u s a
d rie d ,
v itro
o th e r
The w i n t e r r a n g e
c o l l e c t i o n s fro m ewes g r a z i n g
w i n t e r r a n g e a t t h e Red B l u f f R e s e a r c h Ranch n e a r N o r r i s ,
a p re v io u s s tu d y
no
Montana from
(Thomas e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) . N u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f f o r a g e
is
shown i n T a b l e 9 . The e x t r u s a
ground th ro u g h a
fe rm e n ta tio n tu b e s .
I mm s c r e e n a n d
M in e r a l
s a m p l e s w ere f r e e z e -
.2 5 g w e ig h e d
in to
50 ml i n
c o m p o sitio n o f d i e t s and e x tr u s a
is
shown i n T a b l e 1 0 . I n e a c h t r i a l t h e Ca, P , Mg, o r K w e r e w i t h h e l d fro m
th e
c o n tro l
b u ffer
b u ffer
was m o d i f i e d
so lu tio n
(M c D o u g all,
1948;
T ab le
11).
The c o n t r o l
a s f o l l o w s : Ca rem o v e d ; NaCl r e p l a c e d C a C lg , 2 ) P
26
TABLE 8 .
DESCRIPTION OF IN VITRO TRIALS
number
d iet
le n g th o f feed in g
T ria l
a n im a lsa
fed
p rio r to in v i t r o , d
2
g rass-le g u m e
I
28
2
2
wheat stra w
28
wheat s tra w
2
28
3
2
a m m oniated w h e a t s t r a w
4
28
a The same a n i m a l s w e re u s e d i n a l l i n v i t r o t r i a l s .
TABLE 9 .
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF EXTRUSA AND FORAGE FED
INOCULA DONORS (>6 d r y m a t t e r )
T ria l
I te m
Ia
2° a n d 3 d
NDF, %
5 9 .5
6 9 .5
ADF, %
39-6
4 8.1
CP. %
7 .4
4 .5
a g r a s s le g u m e ,
^wheat s tra w .
cam m o n ia te d w h e a t s t r a w .
4C
6 3 .0
3 6 .9
1 0 .5
e x tru sa
. 6 4 .5
4 2 .7
8 .4
TABLE 1 0 . MINERAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGES FED AND RUMEN EXTRUSA
{% d r y m a t t e r )
Ia
M in e r a l
Ca
.4350
Mg
.1 6 1 0
K
2.0,486
P
.1 7 6 5
a g r a s s le g u m e .
^wheat s tr a w .
cam m o n ia te d w h e a t s t r a w .
TABLE 1 1 .
T ria l
2° a n d 3d
.3138
.0873
I .8696
.1187
4C
.1785
.1783
1 .2533
.0783
CHEMICAL SUBSTITUTIONS IN BUFFER SOLUTION.
I n g r e d i e n t _____________________ S u b s t i t u t i o n
NaHCp
Nap HPO2l
NaHCOo
NaCl3
KCl
NaCl
MgSO2,
(NH21) 2SO21
CaCl2
NaCl
e x tru sa
.6703
.0763
.4762
.3614
27
TABLE 12.
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF RUMEN FLUID
T ria l
Ia
M in e r a l
C a, % DMa
Mg, % DM
K, % DM
P , $ DM
2°
.6910
.2563
6 .6 6 9 4
2 .0 5 0 4
.9 2 5 2
.3858
9 -3 7 8 3
2 .3 6 9 4
Ca, mg/1®
1 8 5 .0
Mg, mg/1®
7 7 .1
K, g/1®
1 .87
P , mg/1®
4 7 3 .8
a _____ _ legume.
Bgrass
3d
•7773
.2853
7 .4 6 6 7
2 .0 3 4 2
1 3 8 .2
5 1 .2
1.33
4 1 0 .0
4°
.4 2 4 9
.16 3 0
3 .8 0 1 3
3 .5 3 6 2
1 5 5 .4
5 7 .0
1 .4 9
4 0 6 .8
8 4 .9
3 2 .6
.7 6
7 0 7 .2
bWheat straw.
Bammoniated w h e a t s t r a w .
bDM = d r y m a t t e r .
e Assumes a DM c o n t e n t o f 2% b a s e d o h l a b o r a t o r y
o b se rv a tio n s.
rem o v e d ;
NaHCO3
rep la ce d
Na2 HFOi l ,
3)
Mg rem oved;
(NHit) 2SOit
rep la ce d
MgSOit a n d 4 ) K r e m o v e d ; NaCl r e p l a c e d K Cl. F o l l o w i n g a d j u s t m e n t o f pH
to
6 . 9 , 20 ml o f b u f f e r w ere a d d e d t o
th e
fo rag e
sam p le.
Rumen f l u i d
u s e d a s i n n o c u l a was c o l l e c t e d , c o m p o s i te d a n d s t r a i n e d t h r o u g h s i x t e e n
l a y e r s o f c h e e s e c l o t h t o rem ove l a r g e d i g e s t a p a r t i c l e s . S a m p le s o f t h e
rumen f l u i d w e re f r o z e n f o r l a t e r f r e e z e - d r y i n g a n d a n a l y s i s o f m i n e r a l
co n te n t
(C a,
P , Mg a n d K) by i n d u c t i v e
plasm a
c o u p lin g
(OSAES,
1986;
T a b l e 1 2 ) . Rumen ammonia l e v e l s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e i n n o c u l a c o l l e c t i o n
w e re a n a l y z e d
fro m f r o z e n
s a m p le s
(AOAC,
I 9 80).
The rumen f l u i d
was
c o n t i n u o u s l y a g i t a t e d a t 39 C w h i l e 5 ml w ere a d d e d i n t o e a c h i n v i t r o
tu b e.
F e rm e n tatio n
tu b e s
w e re
flu sh e d
w ith
CO2 ,
capped,
stirre d
and
i n c u b a t e d a t 39 C f o r 6 , 1 2 , 1 8 , 2 4 , 36 a n d 48 h o u r s . F e r m e n t a t i o n was
h a lte d
u sin g
.5
ml
m ercu ric
c h lo rid e .
A fter
in c u b a tio n ,
tu b es
w e re
c e n t r i f u g e d a t 2000 rpm f o r 15 m i n u t e s , d e c a n t e d , d r i e d a t 60 C f o r 48
h,
a n d w e ig h e d t o
d e te rm in e
DM c o n t e n t .
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f NDF was
d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h r e s i d u e (Van S o e s t a n d W in e , 1 9 6 7 ) .
28
h , a n d w e ig h e d t o
d e te rm in e
DM c o n t e n t .
d e te rm in e d f o r each r e s id u e
R a te a n d
p o te n tia lly
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f NDF was
(Van S o e s t a n d W ine, 1 9 6 7 ) .
d e g ra d a b le
NDF w ere
d e te rm in e d
u sin g
th e
e q u a t i o n y = a e ' ^ t + u w h e re y = p r e d i c t e d am ount r e m a i n i n g a t t i m e t ;
a = p o te n tia lly
d e g ra d a b le
p o rtio n ;
e = 2 .7 1 8 ;
k = re la tiv e
rate
of
p o t e n t i a l l y d e g ra d a b le p o r t i o n ; t = tim e i n h o u r s ; and u = p o t e n t i a l l y
u n d e g ra d a b le p o r ti o n
(M e r t e n s , 1 9 7 7 ) . D ata w e re a n a l y z e d u s i n g a s p l i t
p l o t a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e by t h e G e n e r a l L i n e a r Model p r o c e d u r e o f SAS
(1985).
Dependent
v a ria b le s
w ere
ra te
and
e x te n t
d e g r a d e d NDF. I n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e r e t r i a l
and t r i a l
each
by b u f f e r i n t e r a c t i o n s .
tria l
by
b u ffer
of
p o te n tia lly
(in o c u la so u rc e ) , b u ffe r
T h e r e w ere t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s w i t h i n
su b c e ll,
as
such
erro r
is
an
e stim a te
of
r e p l i c a t i o n w i t h i n t r i a l by b u f f e r i n t e r a c t i o n .
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y
A w in ter
feed in g
tria l
was
in itia te d
in
D ecem ber
1985 a t
th e
Montana S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r im e n t S t a t i o n , Red B l u f f R e s e a r c h Ranch
'n e a r N o r r is ,
1 ,4 0 2
to
M ontana.
1 ,889
uncommon a n d
E le v a tio n and annual
m, an d
ra re ly
35«5
p e rsists
v e g e ta tio n i s a ty p ic a l
(A g ropyron
m ajo r
sag ew o rt
R ubber
(A rte m isia
(A stra g a lu s
s p p .)
4 3 -I
for
more
Idaho
fescue
rab b itb ru sh
frig id a ),
and
cm,
re sp e c tiv e ly .
th an
a
few
ranged
from
Snow c o v e r
days.
is
The u p l a n d
f o o t h i l l b u n c h g r a s s t y p e . B lu e b u n c h w h e a t g r a s s
sp ic a tu m ) and
g rasses.
to
p re c ip ita tio n
w e ste rn
commonly o c c u r r i n g s h r u b s a n d f o r b s
(F e s t u c a
id a h o e n sis) a re
( C h ry s o th a m n u s
lu p in e
( L u p in u s
y arro w
(A c h ille a
nauseous) .
s p p .) ,
th e
frin g e d
m ilk v etc h
m ille fo liu m ) a re
(Thomas e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) .
29
f o r a p p ro x im a te ly I h and fe d su p p le m e n t.
o n to
th e
range
retu rn in g
to
and
th e
a llo w e d
b edground.
to
graze
From
th e
A ll a n i m a l s w ere t u r n e d o u t
for
a p p ro x im ate ly
600
w e stern
8 h b efo re
w h itefa ce
ew es,
s i x t e e n ew es a g e s 3 t o 4 w ere s e l e c t e d f o r random a l l o c a t i o n t o I o f 2
tre a tm e n ts:
soybean
c o n tro l
m eal
(no s u p p l e m e n t a l
s u p p le m e n t
(.1 5
feed;
k g ’ h d - 1 ’d - 1 ;
b e g a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 d p r i o r t o a n d
t h e f i r s t e x p e c te d lam b in g d a te
A ll
ewes w e re
w e ig h e d a n d
C) a n d a
PS;
p e lle te d
T ab le
c o n tin u e d
1 3).
u n til
b a rle y -
T reatm en ts
30 d p r i o r t o
(Decem ber 1 1 , 1985 t o March 1 1 , 1 9 8 6 ) .
assig n ed
a
body
c o n d itio n
sco re
at
th e
b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t r i a l a n d a t 28 d i n t e r v a l s t h e r e a f t e r . Body c o n d i t i o n
s c o r e was b a s e d on a s c a l e o f I t o 5 w i t h a s c o r e o f
I d e sig n a tin g an
e m a c i a t e d ewe a n d 5 d e s i g n a t i n g a n o b e s e ewe ( R u s s e l e t a l . , 1 9 6 9 ) .
Ewes w e r e f i t t e d
f e c a l and u r in e
w ith fe c a l
bags and
four
20
(P 4 ).
m ix e d
and
Fecal
th ro u g h a
sim p les
b a g s w e re c h a n g e d e v e r y
su b sam p led .
fre e z e-d rie d .
hour t o t a l
c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d s w e re c o n d u c te d d u r i n g J a n u a r y 6 t o
10 ( P I ) , J a n u a r y 20 t o 24 ( P 2 ) , F e b r u a r y 3 t o
to
n in ety -six
D a ily
E x creta
sa m p le s
7 (P3) > a n d F e b r u a r y
24 h a n d e x c r e t a
w ere
fro zen
w eighed,
and
la te r
s a m p l e s from e a c h ewe w e re g r o u n d i n a W ile y m i l l
I mm s c r e e n a n d c o m p o s ite d by c o l l e c t i o n
c o n sisted
17
of
1% o f
each
d a ily
to ta l
p e rio d .
e x c re ta
Compos i t e d
DM d u r i n g
each
c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d . The c o m p o s ite d e x c r e t a s a m p le s w e re a n a l y z e d f o r DM,
ash,
CP
(A0AC,
1967), and
Ca,
1980),
P,
n e u tra l
Mg,
K,
Mn,
d e te rg e n t
Cu a n d
fib e r
(Van S o e s t
Zn c o n t e n t
by
and
in d u c tiv e
W ine,
p la s m a
c o u p l i n g ( 0 SAES, 1 9 8 6 ) .
F orage
sam p les
( L e s p e r a n ce e t a l . ,
w ere
o b tain e d
I 9 6 0 ) a n d w ere
u sin g
c o lle cte d
to ta l
th re e
rum en
e v a c u a tio n
tim e s
d u rin g each
30
F orage
sam p les
( Lesperan e e
fecal
et a l .,
c o lle c tio n
w ere
o b ta in e d
u sin g
to ta l
I 9 6 0 ) a n d w e re c o l l e c t e d
p e rio d .
Rumen e x t r u s a
rum en
th re e
was
e v a c u a tio n
tim e s d u rin g each
c o lle c te d
from
6
rum en
f i s t u l a t e d ew es a n d u s e d f o r n u t r i e n t a n a l y s i s a s f i s t u l a t e d a n d n o n ­
f i s t u l a t e d a n i m a l s o f s i m i l a r h i s t o r y a n d n u t r i t i o n a l b a c k g ro u n d do n o t
d iffe r
in
g razin g
1987).
Rumen f i s t u l a t e d
fistu la te d
b e h a v io r
a n im a ls
or
d ie t
a n im a ls
due
to
th e
c o m p o sitio n
w ere
used
stre ssfu l
(F orbes and B e a t t i e ,
ra th e r
th an
c o n d itio n s
on w in te r
E x t r u s a s a m p l e s w e re han d s q u e e z e d t o d e c r e a s e
sa liv a ry
fro zen
g ro u n d
screen
and
la te r
and
in so lu b le
fre e z e-d rie d .
a n a ly z e d
fo r
DM,
n itro g e n
(ADIN,
S a m p le s
ash,
CP
w e re
(AOAC,
G o e r in g a n d
esophageal
c o n ta m in a tio n ,
through
1980),
a c id
Van S o e s t ,
range.
a
I
mm
d e te rg e n t
1970),
NDF,
a c id
d e t e r g e n t f i b e r (ADF) (Van S o e s t a n d W in e , 1 9 6 7 ) , i n v i t r o i n d i g e s t i b l e
NDF
(IVNDF)
c o n te n t
by i n d u c t i v e
w e re s i m i l a r
for
each
(B arn es,
1 969;
plasm a
to th o se
p e rio d
c o u p lin g
and
W ine,
(OSAES,
1967)
1986).
and
w ere
c a lc u la te d
(S A S ,
th e se
m ea n s w e re
used
m in e ral
a n a ly se s
s a m p l e s . Means
1985)
to
and
M in e r a l
p rev io u sly d e scrib ed fo r e x c re ta
s a m p le a n a l y s e s
c o lle c tio n
Van S o e s t
w ith in
e stim a te
each
n u trie n t
q u a lity of th e fo rag e.
In d ig e stib le
NDF h a s
( L ip p k e e t a l . , 1 9 8 6 ) ,
e stim a te
fo rag e
dry
been
th ere fo re
m a tte r
fo u n d
to
be a
u sefu l
f o ra g e and e x c r e ta
in ta k e
(DM I). T h i s
in te rn a l
m a rk e r
NDF w e re u s e d t o
c o rre c te d
for
u rin a ry
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s a m p l e . I n a d d i t i o n , s u p p le m e n t NDF was d e t e r m i n e d
to
co rrect
fo r
su p p le m e n t
c o n trib u tio n
in
e x c re ta .
( A n s o t e g u i , 1986) u s e d t o e s t i m a t e f o r a g e i n t a k e w e r e :
The
fo rm u la s
31
k g NDF i n t a k e / d = k g f e c a l NDF/ d - s u p p le m e n t IVNDF g
% f o r a g e IVNDF
k g f o r a g e i n t a k e = k g NDF i n t a k e
% f o r a g e NDF
d a ta
x 100
x 100
Forage i n t a k e ,
f e c a l o u tp u t, n i tr o g e n , energy and m in e ra l b a la n c e
w e re a n a l y z e d
u sin g
a
s p lit
p lo t
a n a ly se s
of
v a ria n ce
by
th e
G e n e r a l L i n e a r Model p r o c e d u r e o f SAS ( 1 9 8 5 ) • D e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e re
DMI a n d n u t r i e n t i n t a k e , o u t p u t , a n d b a l a n c e
Cu a n d
Z n).
Independent
v a ria b le s
w e re
(N, ME, Ca, P , Mg, K, Mn,
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
(C o r
PS),
p e r i o d , s u p p le m e n t by p e r i o d i n t e r a c t i o n a n d ewe w i t h i n s u p p l e m e n t . Ewe
w i t h i n s u p p le m e n t was u s e d a s a n e r r o r te r m t o t e s t
for
s u p p le m e n t
and
s u p p le m e n t
by
p e rio d .
s ig n ific a n c e le v e l
P re lim in a ry
a n a ly s e s
w ere
c o n d u c te d o n b r e e d a n d a g e h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e re no d i f f e r e n c e s ( P X I O ) .
TABLE 13.
INGREDIENT AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FEED SUPPLEMENT
Ite m
I n g r e d i e n t c o m p o sitio n 3 , $
B a rle y
S o y b e a n m eal
M o la sse s, cane
D i c a lc iu m p h o s p h a t e
T race m in e ra l s a l t
C hem ical c o m p o s i t i o n
Crude p r o t e i n , %
E n e r g y , M c a l/k g
NDF, %
ADF, %
ADIN, %
I n v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i b i l i t y , %
M in e ra ls, %
Ca
P
Mg
K
M i n e r a l s , ppm
Mn
Cu
Zn
^ S u p p le m e n t c o n t a i n e d 2 ,2 0 0 l U / k g v i t .
% dry m atte r
7 9 .5
1 5 .0
5 .0
.2 5
i2 5
1 0 0 .0 0
2 0 .2
4 .0 3
1 5.7
5 .9
•7
92.1
.21
.4 8
.1 8
.96
3 5 .2
1 5 .2
5 0 .7
A a n d 272 l U / k g v i t . . D.
32
RESULTS
In V itro T r ia ls
In o cu la
e x te n t
from ewes f e d
of p o te n tia lly
deg rad ed
g ra s s -le g u m e hay r e s u l t e d
and
g re a te r
( P < .0 5 )
d iffe re n t
d ie ts a ffe c te d
NDF ( T a b l e
in in creased
p o te n tia lly
14).
In o cu la
( P < .0 5 ) r a t e
degraded
( P < .0 5 )
ra te
and
fro m ewes f e d
f o r NDF d i g e s t i o n
NDF v e r s e s
o th er
in o c u la
s o u r c e s ( T a b l e 1 4 ) . R a te p e r h r a n g e d fro m a h i g h o f .1 8 8 %/h ( t r i a l
t o a low o f .071 %/ h ( t r i a l
WS r e s u l t e d
and
.091
in a
slo w e r
I)
4 ) . I n o c u l a from a n h y d r o u s ammonia t r e a t e d
(P< .0 5 ) r a t e
f o r NDF d i g e s t i o n
%/ h) b u t m ore ( P < .0 5 ) p o t e n t i a l l y
( .0 7 1
vs
.106
d e g r a d e d NDF ( 5 5 . 8 v s 4 8 .9
a n d 5 0 .6 %) t h a n WS n o t t r e a t e d w i t h am m onia.
C a lc iu m rem oval from t h e b u f f e r ha d no e f f e c t on r a t e o r e x t e n t o f
p o te n tia lly
deg rad ed
NDF i n
any
tria l
in
c o m p a r is o n
to
th e
c o n tro l
( T a b le 1 5 ) . Removal o f p o t a s s i u m r e d u c e d ( P < .0 5 ) t h e r a t e o f d i g e s t i o n
in
tria l
I
(g rass-leg u m e;
.146
vs
.199
%/h)
and
ten d e d
(P > .0 5 )
to
r e d u c e r a t e i n t r i a l 4 (WS + NH^) i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e c o n t r o l ( . 0 6 6 v s
.1 0 4 %/h; T a b l e 1 5 ) . How ever, i n t r i a l
c o n sta n t
for
NDF d i g e s t i o n
in
2 (WS) t h e h i g h e s t
c o m p a r is o n t o
w i t h K re m o v a l ( . 1 5 4 v s .0 8 9 % / h ) . I n t r i a l
and P red u ced
( P < .0 5 )
ra te
th e
c o n tro l
( P < .0 5 ) r a t e
was o b s e r v e d
4 (WS + NH^) re m o v a l o f Mg
o f NDF d i g e s t i o n v e r s u s
th e
c o n tro l
(.0 6 2
a n d .0 5 6 v s .1 0 4 % / h ) .
P o te n tia lly
d e g ra d a b le
fro m t h e b u f f e r i n
NDF w as l o w e r
c o m p a r is o n t o
th e
( P C .05)
c o n tro l
in
when K was rem oved
tria l
2 (WS;
4 2 .5 v s
33
4 8 . 7 %) a n d 3 (WS; 4 8 . 0 v s 5 4 . 7 %). P h o s p h o r u s re m o v a l r e d u c e d e x t e n t
o f NDF d i g e s t i o n i n t r i a l
5 4 .7
%) • I n t r i a l
3 (WS) i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e c o n t r o l ( 4 8 . 7 v s
4 ( WS+NH^), Mg re m o v a l
in c re a se d
( P < . 05) e x t e n t o f
NDF d i g e s t i o n i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e c o n t r o l ( 6 0 . 2 v s 5 3 -6 %).
TABLE 1 4 . EFFECT OF RUMEN INOCULA SOURCE ON RUMINAL AMMONIA LEVEL AND
RATE AND EXTENT OF IN VITRO NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER DIGESTION
T ria l
2°
3d
7-3
5-1
'
. 10 6 f
..0 9 1 f
4C
SEa
Ia
I te m
1
1
.2
1 2 .4
Rum inal am m onia, m g /d l
. 0 7 I g .006
. 188e
R a t e , %/h
P o t e n t i a l l y deg rad ed
5 5 . 8g
.8 8
5 0 .6f
4 8 . Qf
7 3 .I c
NDF. %
a G r a s s le g u m e .
bWheat s t r a w .
cAmmoniated w h e a t s t r a w .
dS t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ean.
e , f , g l e a n s w i t h i n t h e same row w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r
(P< . 0 5 ) •
TABLE 1 5 .
THE EFFECT OF RUMINAL INOCULA SOURCE AND MINERALS ON RATE
AND EXTENT OF IN VITRO NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER DIGESTION
T ria l
T reatm en t
C ontrol
Ca rem oved
Mg rem oved
K removed
P rem oved
SES
Ia
.1 9 9 d
. 197d
• 205d
.146®
.1 9 1 d
.01
4G
3d
tI . y vx i i ™" "■■'
• 104d
.0 7 4 d
.0 8 9 e f
. i 24d®
•066 d e
. 109d
. 062®
• 088 d
.0 7 3 f
. 066 d e
• 088d
.1 5 4 d
. 056®
.0
9
5
d
.0 8 9 *
.01
.01
.01
• P o t e n t i a l l y d e g r a d e d NDF, %---------53.6®
5 4 . 7d
4 8 . 7d
5
5 - 5 de
5
0
.
9
de
4 7 .3 d f
6 0 . 2d
5 3 . Od
5 0 . 5d®
48.0®
5 2 .5 *
4 2 .5f
57.0®
5 3 - Od
4 8 .7 *
1 .9
I .9
____ LS______
2°
C o n tro l
71 -9de
7 2 . 4 de
Ca removed
69.2®
Mg removed
7
7 .4 d
K rem oved
7
4 . 4d®
f removed
SES
1 .9
a G r a s s le g u m e .
bWheat s t r a w .
c Ammoniated w h e a t s t r a w .
d »e t f Means w i t h i n same colum n w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r
(P< . 0 5 ) .
^ S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ea n s.
34
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y
E x t r u s a s a m p le s c o n t a i n e d a n a v e r a g e o f 7 . 7 $ CP w i t h a low o f 6.9%
CP d u r i n g P l a n d a h i g h o f 8.5% CP d u r i n g P2 ( T a b l e 1 6 ) . T hese r e s u l t s
w ere s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d by Van Dyne e t a l .
a l.
(1 9 8 6 )
on Montana w i n t e r r a n g e „ A p p r o x i m a t e l y
was bound t o
Forage
v itro
( 1 9 6 4 ) a n d Thomas e t
th e f i b e r f r a c tio n
of th e forage
s a m p le s c o n t a i n e d a n a v e r a g e
NDF d i g e s t i b i l i t y
averaged
o f 4 .1
4 7 .1
10% o f
th e p r o te in
(ADIN .81% /
CP 7 .7 % ).
M c a l/k g g r o s s e n e r g y .
p e rc e n t.
M in e r a l
In-
c o n c e n tra tio n s
r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e 8 w e re u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e m i n e r a l i n t a k e .
Mean f o r a g e DMI d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r i n g
body
w e ig h t
re sp e c tiv e ly
for
nonsup p i e m ented a n d
( T a b l e 1 7 ) . T h e r e w ere n o . d i f f e r e n c e s
a
g/d
b a sis
(1117
vs
107Og) o r
p e r i o d was 1 .8 a n d
1 .7% o f
s u p p le m e n te d
ew es
(P> .0 5 ) i n DMI when e x p r e s s e d on
when e x p r e s s e d a s
a
p e r c e n t o f body
w e i g h t (BW; T a b l e 1 7 ) . F o r a g e DMI ( g / d a n d a s %BW) w as h i g h e s t
( P < .0 5 )
d u r i n g P 2 , a n d h i g h e r d u r i n g P4 t h a n P l a n d P3 ( T a b l e 1 7 ) .
T h e r e w ere
b e tw e en
d iffe re n c es
tre a tm e n ts ,
req u irem en t
g re a te st
no
how ever
( P > .0 5 )
N in ta k e
( I 9 • 8g N /d , T a b l e 1 8 ) .
in
N in ta k e
w as
b e lo w
( 1 5 . Sg v s
th e
NRC
I8 .7 g )
(1 9 8 5 )
N i t r o g e n i n t a k e a n d e x c r e t i o n w ere
( P < .0 5 ) d u r i n g P2 a n d h i g h e r ( P < .0 5 ) d u r i n g P4 t h a n Pl an d P3
( T a b l e 19) • The NRC (1 9 8 5 ) N i n t a k e
req u irem en t
( 1 9 . 8 g N /d) was m et
( 2 3 . 2 g N /d ) d u r i n g P2 when ew es ha d t h e g r e a t e s t
( P < .0 5 )
f o r a g e DM1,
b u t N i n t a k e was b e lo w NRC (1 9 8 5 ) r e q u i r e m e n t l e v e l t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t
o f t h e w i n t e r p e r i o d . S u p p le m e n te d ew es r e t a i n e d m ore ( P < .0 5 ) g N/d a n d
w e re
in p o sitiv e N
b a l a n c e w h ile . C
ew es w e re
in n e g a tiv e
N b a la n c e
35
TABLE 16.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF RUMEN EXTRUSA
COLLECTED FROM EWESa
Ite m
Crude p r o t e i n , %
G ross e n e rg y ,
M c a l/k g
NDF, %
ADF, %
ADIN, %
I n - v i t r o NDF
d ig e stib ility , %
A sh, %
Ca, %
P, %
Mg, %
K, %
Mn, ppm
Cu, ppm
Zn, ppm
a S tan d ard e r r o r of
P e rio d
3
7 .0
I
6 .9
2
8 .5
4 .2
7 0 .9
4 4 .7
.51
4 .2
6 4 .2
4 1 .5 •
• 91
4.1
7 0 .6
4 3 .4
.64
4 5 .3
1 0 .8
.45
.24
.0 5
.27
3 8 .3
2 .8
1 0 .2
m eans.
4 9 .5
1 0 .5
.74
• 37
.0 8
.47
5 5 .2
6 .2
2 1 .6
4 3 .7
1 1 .3
.47
.34
.044
•31
4 2 .3
2 .3
8 .8
4
7 .1
Mean
7 .7
SEa
.2
4 .1
.
7 0 .1
4 5 .2
.93
4 .1
6 7 .9
4 3 .2
.81
.01
.8
.6
.0 5
4 6 .7
1 0 .5
.57
*35
.051
.42
5 6 .8
5 .2
1 7 .6
4 7.1
1 0 .8
.6 0
.35
.06
.40
5 0 .7
4 .7
1 6.2
•7
.2
.2 0
.0 9
.03
.16
1 8.6
2 .7
8 .2
TABLE 1 7 . EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENT AND PERIOD ON FORAGE DRY MATTER INTAKE
(DMI) AND ORGANIC MATTER INTAKE (OMI)
S u p p le m e n t
P e rio d
SEa
None
.1 5
2
SEa
I
4
3
I 22Ie
DMI, g / d
1070
1117
1015°
1008® 1113d
5 0 .9
1 5 .5
DMI, % BWb
1 .8
1 .6 °
2.0®
1.6®
1 .7
.07
1 .8 d
.0 0 2
DMI, % BW'75 5.1
4 .8
.2
4 .6 °
5 . Od
5 .5 e
4.5®
.0 7
OMI, g / d
1252
5 7 .0
1368
1130
1199
1137
1247
1 7 .3
OMI, % BW
2 .0
.0 8
1 .8
2 .2
1 .8
2 .0
.0 0 2
1 .9
OMI, % BW 75 5 .7
.2
5 .3
6.1
5.1
5 .0
5 .6
.0 8
a S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ean.
bBody w e i g h t .
c »a »e Means w i t h i n same row w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r (P < .0 5 )
d u rin g th e w in te rin g p erio d
in ta k e
lev e ls
above
( .0 0 0 4 v s - . 0 0 3 ; T a b l e 1 9 ) . D e s p i t e d i e t a r y
NRC (1985 )
req u irem en t
d u rin g
P2,
ew es w e re
in
n e g a tiv e N b a la n c e .
G r o s s e n e r g y (GE) i n t a k e was h i g h e r ( P < .0 5 ) f o r PS ew es t h a n f o r C
ewes ( 5 . 0 v s 4 . 6 M eal) a n d f o l l o w e d f o r a g e DMI r e s u l t i n g i n t h e h i g h e s t
( P < .0 5 ) GE i n t a k e d u r i n g P2 an d h i g h e r ( P < .0 5 ) GE i n t a k e d u r i n g P4 t h a n
36
TABLE 18 . DAILY NITROGEN ( N ) , METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME) AND MINERAL
INTAKE OF GESTATING EWES GRAZING WINTER RANGE AND 1985
NRC REQUIREMENT
S u p p le m e n t
SEa
None
. 15 k g / d
I te m
NRCb
N in ta k e , g
1 9 .8
1 5 .5
1 8 .7 ,
1 .3
1.U 6 f
.06
2 .6
ME, Meal
.91®
6 .0 2
3
.2
5 .6 8
C a lc iu m , g
.3
U
.
l
8
d
P hosphorus, g
3.U
3 .6 9 °
.1
2 .0
6 1 .0
1 6 0 .0 .
5 5 .0
M agnesium, g
U .18e
P o tassiu m , g
5 .2 9 f
6 .5
.1
.2
tf a n g a n e s e , mg
5 7 .2
2 6 .0
..
5U.7
6 .6 ^
U .8 e
.2
C o p p e r , mg
9.1 .
Z i n c , mg
1 6 .I e
.2 2 .8f
.7
2 6 .0
a S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f m eans.
bNRC (1 9 8 5 ) r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r 60 k g eweI d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 15 weeks
of g e s ta tio n .
dMeans w i t h i n colum n w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r ( P < . 0 5 ) .
^Means w i t h i n colum n w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r ( P < . 0 1 ) .
PB o r P l
20 )
(T ab le 2 0 ) .
was s i m i l a r
E x c reta energy o u tp u t
( P > .0 5 )
( 3 . 7 a n d 3*6 M c a l / d ; T a b l e
b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s .
T herefore
PS ewes had a
h i g h e r ( P < .0 5 ) e n e r g y b a l a n c e o r m e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y (ME) i n t a k e w h ic h
r e s u l t e d i n a h i g h e r ( P < .0 5 ) p e r c e n t a g e o f d i e t a r y e n e r g y r e t a i n e d a n d
t h e r e f o r e g r e a t e r e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y t h a n C ewes ( 2 8 . 5 v s 1 8 .8
2 0 ) . M e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y i n t a k e was h i g h e s t
by PU, P3 t h e n P I .
F ecal and u r in a r y
T able
(P < .0 5 ) d u r i n g P2 f o l l o w e d
energy o u tp u t
decreased
( P < .0 5 )
fro m P l t o P2 ( 3 . 8 v s 3 .6 M c a l / d ; T a b l e 20 ) a n d t e n d e d t o d e c r e a s e fro m
P2 t o P3 ( 3 . 6 v s 3 . 5
M cal/d ) and
E nergy
fo llo w e d
e ffic ie n c y
fro m P3 t o
th e
sam e
PU ( 3 . 5
order
as
vs 3 . U M cal/d ).
en erg y
b a la n c e
(P2>PU>P3>P1; P < -0 1 ; T a b l e 2 0 ) .
I n t a k e s o f Ca, P a n d Mn ( T a b l e 18) w ere a b o v e a n d Mg, K, Cu a n d Zn
w ere
be lo w t h e NRC ( 1 9 8 5 ) . r e q u i r e m e n t s w h i l e .
affect
ewes
( P > .0 5 ) on d i e t a r y
had g r e a t e r i n t a k e s
in ta k e
S u p p le m e n ta tio n had
no
o f Ca, Mg a n d Mn ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . The PS
( P < .0 5 ) o f K, P , Cu a n d Zn t h a n C e w e s, b u t
TABLE 1 9 . EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERIOD ON NITROGEN (N) INTAKE, OUTPUT AND BALANCE OF
GESTATING EWES GRAZING WINTER RANGE
I te m
None
S u p p le m e n t
.1 5 k g / d
SEa
4
1 8 .7 3
1 .3
1 3 .7 6 b
2 3 .2 1 b
1 3 .7 0 b
1 6 .7 3 °
N o u tp u t, g /d
1 5 .5 4
1 8 .7 3
1 .3
1 3 .7 6 b
2 3 .2 1 d
1 3 .7 0 b
1 6 .7 3 °
O
O
O
.0 0 1 °
on
O
O
N b a l a n c e , g/d
.0004®
.0007
- .0 0 3 b
- .003b
“ S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ea n s.
b , c , d Means w i t h i n ro w s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r (P C .0 1 ) .
CO
1 5 .5 4
CO
^
N in ta k e , g /d
SEa
I
I
____________________ P e r i o d
I
2
3
.00 0 5
38
TABLE 2 0 .
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERIOD ON ENERGY INTAKE,
OUTPUT, BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY OF GESTATING EWES GRAZING
WINTER RANGE
S u p p l e m e n t _____________P e r i o d
Ite m
None
.1 5 kg
SEa
2
I
SEa
. 4
3
I n t a k e , M c a l/d
4 .6 b
5 . 05
.1 2 4
5 .4 1
4 .5 d
4 .4 Q
4.8®
.0 6
O u t p u t , M c a l/d
3 .6
3 .8 f
3.6®
3 .7 h
.07
3 .4 d
.0 4
3 . 5 d®
B a l a n c e , M c a l/d
1.4®
.0 8
1 .4 f
.6Qd
1 .7 s
.87®
.0 3
- 9H
E ffic ie n c y , %
1 8 . 8d 28.5® 1 .3
1 4 . 9d
19.6®
3 1 .6 8
2 8 . Qf
.5 4
a S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e mean
b ’ cMeans w i t h i n ro w s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r ( P < . 0 5 ) .
a »e »i>gMeans w i t h i n ro w s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r ( P C .01) .
w ere b e lo w NRC ( 1985 ) r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f
in ta k e le v e ls
P ( T a b l e 1 8 ) . A l l ewes a l s o
had s i m i l a r
( P > .0 5 ) d a i l y m i n e r a l o u t p u t s
w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n s o f K, Cu a n d Zn w h ic h w ere g r e a t e r
( P < .0 5 )
in
PS
ewes ( T a b l e 2 1 ) . A l l m i n e r a l b a l a n c e s w e re p o s i t i v e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n
of
Mg
(T ab le
21).
PS ewes
(3 2 .2
vs
2 6 .8
b a la n c e s
m g /d ).
w ere
of
( P > .0 5 ) b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Mn w h ic h was
C th an
th erefo re
c o n c e n tra tio n
d iffe re n t
in
in c re a se d ,
in c re a se d ,
in
( P < .0 5 )
e x c re ta
in ta k e
m in e ra ls
h ig h er
th e
As m i n e r a l
The
not
C ew es
r e t a i n e d a g r e a t e r ( P < .0 5 ) p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e i r d i e t a r y Cu ( 8 1 . 3 v s 3 7 .0
%) a n d Zn ( 9 1 . 2
d ieta ry
v s 5 0 .7
K (4 4 .5 v s
%) a n d t e n d e d
( P > .0 5 )
to
35.9% ) a n d Mn ( 7 1 . 2 v s 55.1% )
re ta in
than
m ore o f t h e
PS ewes w h ic h
s u g g e s t s C ew es m ig h t h a v e b e e n s t r e s s e d f o r t h e s e m i n e r a l s . E f f e c t o f
p e rio d on m in e ra l i n t a k e , o u tp u t, b a la n c e and e f f i c i e n c y
e x p e c t e d g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w e d DMI.
( T a b le 22 ) a s
TABLE 21
MINERAL INTAKE, OUTPUT AND BALANCE OF GESTATING EWES GRAZING WINTER RANGE
In ta k e
• 15 kg
6 .0
g
3 .6 °
4 . Id
Mg, g
.54
.61
K, . g
4 .1 e
5 .2 f
P,
SEb
.3
.1
None
3 .6
2 .0
.1 5 kg
3-8
SEb
•3
None .
2 .0
2 .2
.1
1 .6
— .36
.02
• 91
■ .94
.1
.1
3 .5 d
. .2
IV )
None
5 .6
B a la n c e
—a
O
M in e r a l
Ca, g
O u tp u t
Mn, mg
5 4 .7
57.1
2 .3
2 .3
"Cu, mg
4 . Ye
6 .5 •
.2
2 .3 e
.1 5 kg
2 .1
1 .8
-
.33
I i4
1 .7
3 .0
•3
3 2 .3 d
2 6 . 8d
4 .2 1
.1
2 .5
2 .4
E ffic ie n c y *
SEb
.1
None
5 1 .3
.1 5 kg SEb
1 2 .6
5 7 .9
.09
4 1 .6
4 3 .7
.09
— —
—
—
—
2 .2
■
■*
— —
.1
4 4 .5
3 5 .9
5 .3
1.7
7 1 .2
55.1
6 .0
81.3®
3 7 .01
2.1
.1
led £>
Zn, ing
16.5®
2 2 .6f
.7
6 . Oe
1 2 .2J
.8
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
.7
91.2*
5 0 .7]
7 .5
P e rc e n t d i e t a r y m in e ral r e t a i n e d .
S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e mean,
c> Means w i t h i n a n i n t a k e , o u t p u t o r b a l a n c e colum n w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t d i f f e r ( P < . 0 5 ) .
e » Means w i t h i n a n i n t a k e , o u t p u t or. b a l a n c e colum n w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t d i f f e r ( P < . 0 1 ) .
40
TABLE 2 2 . EFFECT OF PERIOD ON MINERAL INTAKE, OUTPUT, BALANCE AND
EFFICIENCY OF GESTATING EWES GRAZING WINTER RANGE
led xa
P e rio d
M in e r a l
I
2
4
_______3______
Ca, g / d
In ta k e ,
4 .7 °
7 .2 °
4 .8 b
6 .5 °
O u tp u t,
2 .2 d
.0 0 5 b
6 .5 °
6 .1 °
B alan ce,
4 .7 b
.7 °
2 .5 d
.3 3 °
E ffic ie n c y , %
1 0 1 .7 b
5 3 . Obc
5 2 . 9b
4 .8 °
P, g/d
In ta k e ,
4 .8 °
2 .7 b
3 .7 d
4.2®
O u tp u t,
2 .2 b
2 .2 b
2 .2 b
1 .8 °
B alan ce,
.4 9 b
2 .5 °
1 .5 d
2 .3 °
E ffic ie n c y , %
1 7 - 86
5 2 .8 °
4 1 . 5d
5 6 .3 °
Mg, mg/d
In ta k e ,
4 0 .4 °
6 2 . 9 b°
6 8 . 6b
5 5 .9 °
O u tp u t,
6 6 .1 °
9 2 .7 b °
1 1 3 .Ob
9 5 . 6b
B a la n ce ,
-2 9 .8
-2 5 .6
- 5 7 .1
-2 7 .0
——■
———
E ffic ie n c y , %
K, g / d
In ta k e ,
3 .3 d
6 .3 °
3 .7 °
5 .3 °
O u tp u t,
• 36b
5 .6 °
3 . Od
3 .1 d
B alan ce,
2 .9 b
.7 3 °
2 . Ib
.7 ° ,
E ffic ie n c y , %
9 2 . 4b
1 1 .1 °
21 . I cd
4 0 .Id
Mn, mg/d
In ta k e ,
4 .Ib
6 .9 °
4 .5 d
6 .5 °
O u tp u t,
5 .2 °
- 1 .9 b
1 .8 d
5 .2 °
B alan ce,
6 . Ob
2 .6 d
1 .7 ° d
1 .3 °
E ffic ie n c y , %
2 5 .6 °
1 4 9 -9b
, 5 9 . 7d
1 9 .8 °
Cu, mg/d
In ta k e ,
.3 8 b
.86°
• 33.
.6 7 °
O u tp u t,
.0 8 b
. 61 °
.5 3 d
B alan ce,
.3 0 b
.2 4 °
.I4 d
E ffic ie n c y , %
2 7 . 6°
8 9 . 9b
1 9 .4 °
1 0 0 .3b
Zn, mg/d
In ta k e ,
. 1 .3 b
1 . 2°
2 .9 °
2 .2®
O u tp u t,
2 . 2°
.4 2 d
1 .4®
-5b
B alan ce,
1 .9 b
.7 °
.7 °
.8 °
E ffic ie n c y , %
1 5 0 .7b
2 5 .1 °
7 7 .4 °
3 5 .5 °
S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ea n s.
'° '° '® M e a n s w i t h i n same row w i t h d i f f e r e n t s u p e r s c r i p t s d i f f e r
(P< . 0 5 ) .
SEa
.47
.5 5
.2 9
1 0.7
.0 5
. .06
.07
1.6
4 .2
1 0.6
1 0.1
.06
.33
• 33
1 0 .0
.0 8
.37
.3 8
8 .2
.0 0 9
.02
.01
4 .4
• 03
.1 4
.1 4
1 0.7
41
DISCUSSION
In V itro T r ia ls
In
order
to
o b tain
maximum
c e llu lo se
d e g ra d a tio n ,
th e
rum en
e n v ir o n m e n t m ust s u p p l y a b a l a n c e o f a l l n u t r i e n t s r e q u i r e d f o r o p t i m a l
m ic ro b ia l
a c tiv ity
p o p u la tio n
(G iese c k e ,
co n te n t
d iet.
(M a rtin e z
1970;
and
D urand
C hurch,
and
1970).
K aw ashim a,
The
1980)
(D urand a n d K aw ashim a, 1980) o f rumen f l u i d a r e
In
our
c o n ta in ed
stu d ie s,
h ig h er
rumen i n o c u l a
c o n c e n tra tio n s
of
from g r a s s - l e g u m e
a m m o n ia ,
Ca,
P,
m ic ro b ia l
and
m in e ra l
i n f l u e n c e d by
hay
fed
Mg a n d
P
sheep
th an
i n o c u l a from w h e a t s t r a w f e d s h e e p . The im p ro v e d n u t r i t i o n a l p r o f i l e o f
rumen f l u i d
fro m ewes f e d g r a s s - l e g u m e h a y
(tria l
I)
p ro b ab ly a llo w e d
f o r a f a s t e r g r o w i n g , more a c t i v e m i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n t h a n w h e a t s t r a w
d iets
( t r i a l s 2 , 3 a n d 4) w h ic h r e s u l t e d
i n a f a s t e r r a t e and g r e a t e r
e x t e n t o f i n v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i o n . M oir a n d H a r r i s . (1 9 6 2 ) fo u n d a s t r o n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n n i t r o g e n i n t a k e a n d r a t e o f c e l l u l o s e d i g e s t i o n i n
t h e rumen a n d d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f rumen b a c t e r i a was
p o sitiv e ly
n itro g e n
c o rre la te d
in ta k e
in
w ith
n itro g e n
a d d itio n
to
in ta k e .
th e
h ig h er
B ecause
of
th e
c o n c e n tra tio n
of
h ig h er
m in e ra ls
a v a i l a b l e , we w ould e x p e c t t h e f a s t e s t r a t e and g r e a t e s t e x t e n t o f i n
v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i o n w i t h i n o c u l a from t h e g r a s s - l e g u m e d i e t .
Rumen ammonia c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e d fro m 1 2 .4 t o 7 . 3 mg% when a n i m a l s
w e re s w i t c h e d t o a l o w e r q u a l i t y d i e t
stra w )
and
decreased
even
fu rth e r
(fro m g r a s s - l e g u m e hay t o w h e a t
(7 .3
vs
5 .1
mg%) a s
th e
a n im a ls
42
r e m a in e d
on
in creased
th e
stra w
n e a rly
to
d iet
th e
( T a b le
lev e l
of
14).
Rumen ammonia
th e g rass-le g u m e
c o n te n t
d ie t
th en
( 1 1 . 2 v s 1 2 .4
mg%; T a b l e 14) when t h e ewes w ere s w i t c h e d t o a n h y d r o u s ammonia t r e a t e d
wheat
th e
s t r a w . On a l l
5 mg/6 l e v e l
m ic ro b ia l
t h e ammonia c o n c e n t r a t i o n w as g r e a t e r
recommended by S a t t e r a n d
p ro te in
c o n c e n tra tio n s
d iets
p ro d u c tio n .
o f 2 to
S ly te r
5 mg% o f
S ly te r
et
ammonia
a l.
(1 9 7 4 )
(1 9 7 9 )
n itro g e n
a l l o w maximum g ro w th o f rumen m i c r o b e s .
Mehrez e t a l .
th at
c o n c e n tra tio n
t h e o p t i m a l rumen a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n
w h e th e r
ra te
d e g ra d a tio n
of
is
b a c te ria l
b e in g
rumen ammonia
p ro te in
m easured.
c o n c e n tra tio n s
sy n th e sis
Erdman e t
req u ired
for
or
a l.
(1 9 8 6 )
th at
su ffic ie n t
to
(1 9 7 7 ) p r o p o s e d
is
ra te
f o r m axim al
su g g ests
are
th an
d e p e n d e n t on
of
dry
m a tte r
su g g e ste d
maximum d i g e s t i o n
are
th a t
not
c o n s t a n t , b u t r a t h e r a r e a f u n c t i o n o f f e r m e n t a b i l i t y o f t h e d i e t ; O d le
and S c h a e fe r
(1 9 8 7 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e minimum rumen a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o m axim ize t h e d e g r a d a t i o n r a t e o f b a r l e y g r a i n
was g r e a t e r t h a n c o r n . T h e r e f o r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f
in
v itro
NDF d i g e s t i o n
may h a v e
been
due t o
fac to rs
o th er
th an
th e
from t h e a m m oniated w h e a t
stra w
in creased
a b s o l u t e ammonia c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e i n o c u l a .
In
e x te n t
tria l
but
4 th e
in o cu la
d ecreased
rate
of
in
i n o c u l a from t h e w h e a t s t r a w d i e t s
th e
re su lt
of a d ecrease
or
s h ift
v itro
NDF d i g e s t i o n a s
( t r i a l s 2 a n d 3 ) • T h i s may h a v e b e e n
in m ic ro b ia l
p e r i o d when w h e a t s t r a w was f e d a n d a n i n c r e a s e
p o p u la tio n
wheat
due
stra w .
to
th e a d d itio n a l
Moore e t
a l.
(1 9 8 5 )
com pared t o
n itro g e n
rep o rted
stra w in c r e a s e d c o n c e n tr a tio n o f t o t a l
p o p u la tio n d u rin g t h e
or s h if t
su p p lie d
th a t
in m ic ro b ia l
by t h e am m o n ia te d
ammoniat i o n
o f wheat
N and i n c r e a s e d e x t e n t and r a t e
43
o f i n v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i o n i n c o m p a r is o n t o non-ammonia t e d w h e a t s t r a w .
I n o u r s t u d y t h e r a t e o f NDF d i g e s t i o n may have b e e n a f f e c t e d by g r o w th
o f th e m ic ro b ia l
p o p u la tio n .
T h e r e may h a v e b e e n m i c r o b i a l
d i f f e r e n c e s due t o t h e f e r m e n t a b i l i t y o f t h e d i e t s .
and
fe rm e n ta tio n
ra te
of
th e
m ic ro b ia l
p o p u la tio n
B e c a u se t h e g r o w th
p o p u la tio n
in
a n im a ls
fed
am m o n ia te d s t r a w w ould be f a s t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n a n i m a l s
fed
wheat
n u trie n ts
stra w
d ie ts,
fa ste r
th u s
th e
m i c r o o r g a n i s m s would
d e p le tin g
rumen f l u i d was i n t r o d u c e d
th e
in to
rumen f l u i d .
th e
in v itro
be
u sin g
a v a ila b le
T herefore
sy ste m ,
when t h e
t h e r e w ere l e s s
n u t r i e n t s a v a i l a b l e f o r m i c r o b i a l g r o w t h . T h i s c o u ld e x p l a i n t h e s l o w e r
fe rm e n ta tio n r a t e
a ffe c te d
in
tria l
by b u f f e r i n g
4.
c a p ac ity
E x ten t
in
of
th e
NDF d i g e s t i o n
in v itro
s y s te m
may have
been
in t r i a l s
2, 3
a n d 4 . The a d d i t i o n a l ammonia i n t r i a l 4 w ould a l l o w f o r more b u f f e r i n g
c a p a c i t y t h a n i n t r i a l s 2 and 3 . Thus a g r e a t e r e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n
c o u ld
occur
befo re
c o u ld e x p l a i n
end
product
th e g re a te r
b u ild u p
e x te n t
of
h a lte d
fib e r
NDF d i g e s t i o n
d ig e stio n .
in t r i a l
T h is
4 (55.8% )
t h a n t r i a l s 2 a n d 3 ( 4 8 . 8 a n d 5 0 .6 % ).
M in e r a l
c o n te n t and a v a i l a b i l i t y
may a l s o
play an im p o rta n t r o l e
i n t h e r a t e and. e x t e n t o f i n v i t r o f i b e r d i g e s t i o n .
of
Ca
w ere
(8 4 .9 -1 8 5
w ell
mg/1
vs
above
2 0 -4 0
recommended
m g /1 ;
le v e ls
M a rtin e z ,
for
1972)
Rumen f l u i d l e v e l s
c e llu lo ly tic
th e re fo re
a c tiv ity
one
w o u ld
a n t i c i p a t e no a f f e c t o f Ca rem o v a l on r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n
i n o u r e x p e r i m e n t s . Removal o f Mg fro m t h e i n v i t r o b u f f e r s o l u t i o n had
no e f f e c t on r a t e a n d e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n when i n o c u l a was p r o v i d e d
by ewes f e d g r a s s - l e g u m e o r w h e a t s t r a w d i e t s
( t r i a l s 2 a n d 3 ) . However
,
i n t r i a l 4 , t h e a b s e n c e o f a d d i t i o n a l Mg i n t h e b u f f e r s o l u t i o n r e d u c e d
44
r a t e b u t i n c r e a s e d e x t e n t o f p o t e n t i a l l y d e g r a d e d NDF when i n o c u l a was
p r o v i d e d fro m ewes f e d am m o n ia te d w h e a t s t r a w - The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Mg
i n rumen f l u i d d u r i n g t r i a l 4 ( 3 2 . 6 m g /1 ; T a b l e 12) was a b o v e t h e l e v e l
( 2 5 - 0 m g/1; T a b l e I ; M a r t i n e z ,
1972) w h ic h
in crease c e llu lo ly tic a c ti v it y .
h a s b e e n shown t o s l i g h t l y
Rumen m i c r o b e s may become Mg d e f i c i e n t
when t h e a n i m a l i s f e d p o o r q u a l i t y g r a s s hay com pared t o f e d a d i e t o f
young g r a s s e s w i t h a h i g h s o l u b l e N c o n t e n t w h ic h
NHg c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d
th e
p h o s p h a te
K a w ash im a ,
(D urand
and
fo rm a tio n
of
can r e s u l t
in
h ig h
i n s o l u b l e m agnesium ammonium
1980).
The
a d d itio n a l
n itro g e n
s u p p l i e d by t h e am m o n ia te d w h e a t s t r a w may have com bined w i t h t h e Mg i n
t h i s m ann er a n d m ig h t e x p l a i n
th e
th e
ra te
may
in d ic a te
th is
may
not
d ecrease
d ecreases
in
fe rm e n ta tio n
m ic ro b ia l
g ro w th ,
decreased
rate
of d ig e stio n .
th at
affect
low
W h ile
Mg c o n t e n t
p o te n tia l
fib e r
d ig e stio n .
P o ta ssiu m
in c o n siste n t
from
th e
rem o v al
ra te s
from
and e x te n ts
g ra ss-le g u m e
e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n .
d ie t
th e
of
b u ffer
NDF d i g e s t i o n .
re su lte d
In t r i a l
not
a ffe c te d
w h ile
e x te n t
in
In
reduced
2 (w h e a t s t r a w ) ,
a n d e x t e n t o f NDF d i g e s t i o n d e c r e a s e d .
was
so lu tio n
of
In t r i a l
re su lte d
tria l
ra te
I
but
in
in o cu la
in creased
r a t e was i n c r e a s e d
3 (w heat s t r a w ) , r a t e
NDF d i g e s t i o n
was
d ecreased .
An
e x p la n a tio n f o r th e se in c o n s is te n c ie s in r a t e i s u n c le a r a t t h i s tim e ,
as
th e
rumen f l u i d
d u rin g
each
le v e ls for c e llu lo ly tic a c tiv ity
T h e r e f o r e we w ould n o t
l e v e l s w e re n o t a d e q u a t e
expect
in
v itro
tria l
c o n ta in ed
ad eq u ate
K
( . 7 6 - 1 . 8 7 v s . 26 g / 1 ; M a r t i n e z , 1 9 7 2 ) .
decreased
m ic ro b ia l
a c tiv ity
f o r m ic r o b ia l gro w th . M ic ro b ia l
u n less
K
req u irem e n ts
45
for K are
n o t w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a n d may be a f f e c t e d
by o t h e r m i n e r a l s
p r e s e n t su c h a s Na a n d Rb (D urand a n d K aw ashim a, 1 9 8 0 ) .
Ammoniated w h e a t
chopped.
T h is
d u rin g t r i a l
may
stra w
have
4 ( T a b le
w as
caused
10)
fed
th e
due t o
c a u s e d by f e e d i n g l o n g r o u g h a g e
decreased .
T his
w h ile
in creased
an
in cre ase
(C hurch,
b u ffe r s o lu tio n d id not a f f e c t r a t e
w h e re r a t e
lo n g
o th e r
P in
in
th e
d ie ts
w ere
rumen
flu id
sa liv a ry
p ro d u ctio n
1 9 7 6 ) . Removal o f P from t h e
o f fe rm e n ta tio n e x c ep t in t r i a l
decrease
may be
sim ila r
to
th e
4
d ecreased
r a t e w i t h Mg re m o v a l i n t r i a l 4 , w h e re f o r m a t i o n o f i n s o l u b l e m agnesium
ammonium p h o s p h a t e
may have
o ccu rred .
E x ten t
of p o te n tia lly
deg rad ed
NDF d e c r e a s e d when i n o c u l a from s h e e p f e d w h e a t s t r a w f o r e i g h t w eeks
( t r i a l s 2 a n d 3) a s w e l l a s from ammonia t r e a t e d w h e a t s t r a w ( t r i a l 4 )
was
used
(T a b le
1 4).
M ilto n
and
T e rn o u th
(1985)
su g g e ste d
p h o s p h o r u s d e f i c i e n c y may d e p r e s s m i c r o b i a l d i g e s t i o n .
stu d y ,
P le v e ls
req u ired
for
(406
to
709
m g /1 ;
optimum c e l l u l o l y t i c
T ab le
a c tiv ity
12)
w e re
th a t
However i n t h i s
w ith in
( 2 8 3 - 1 0 3 3 m g /l
th e
range
rumen f l u i d ;
T able I ; M a rtin e z , 1972).
T h is
d ig e stio n
stu d y
d em o n strates
can be i n f l u e n c e d
th at
in
v itro
rate
and
e x te n t
of
NDF
by t h e d i e t f e d d o n o r a n i m a l s a n d m i n e r a l
c o n t e n t o f rumen f l u i d u s e d a s i n o c u l a . As d o n o r a n i m a l s w e re f e d d i e t s
o f low n u t r i e n t a n d m i n e r a l
c o n te n t,
t h e rumen f l u i d
became d e p l e t e d .
T h i s i n t u r n slo w ed r a t e a n d d e c r e a s e d e x t e n t o f i n v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i o n
o f w in te r range fo ra g e .
have
m o re
of
an
I t a p p e a r s fro m t h e s e r e s u l t s t h a t Mg, K a n d P
in flu en ce
on i n
in o cu la i s d e p le te d of m in e ra ls .
v itro
NDF d i g e s t i o n
th an
Ca when
46
S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n S tu d y
Dry m a t t e r
in ta k e
was n o t
in flu en ced
by
su p p le m e n ta tio n
w h ic h
p r o v i d e d 20 g CP/d a n d .6 Meal o f m e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y . The q u a n t i t y o f
ME a n d
CP p r o v i d e d
by o u r
s u p p le m e n t was
p robably
not
su fficie n t
to
e n h a n c e o r d e c r e a s e f o r a g e i n t a k e . T h i s i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e o b s e r v a t i o n
t h a t DMI o f c a t t l e
g r a z i n g w i n t e r r a n g e was n o t a f f e c t e d
by a
b a rle y
s u p p le m e n t (K a r t c h n e r , 1 9 8 1 ) . R i t t e n h o u s e e t a l . (1 9 7 0 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h a t
th e
in flu e n c e
of
su p p le m e n ta l
crude
p ro te in
on
fo rag e
dry
m a tte r
d i g e s t i b i l i t y a n d i n t a k e was s m a l l f o r c a t t l e g r a z i n g w i n t e r r a n g e when
t h e s u p p l e m e n t a l p r o t e i n l e v e l was 2 .0 7 g / k g BW*75 ( c o n v e r t s t o 4 4 . 6 g
CP/d
for
a
60 k g
ewe)
or
M c a l/k g BW‘ 75 ( c o n v e r t s t o
(1 9 8 3 )
found
d ig e stib le
2 .2 #
to
th a t
su p p le m e n ta l
en erg y
le v e l
was
be lo w
.041
. 8 8 M c a l/d f o r a 60 k g e w e ) . How ever, H u s to n
in cre asin g
th e
CP i n t a k e
fro m
40
to
80 g / d
and
DM from 75 t o 240 g / d d e c r e a s e d f o r a g e i n t a k e o f ewes from
2 .0 #
of
s u b stitu tio n of
body
w e ig h t.
He a t t r i b u t e d
th e
lo w er
in ta k e
s u p p le m e n t f o r f o r a g e a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t
to
a
passage r a t e
o f u n d i g e s t e d r e s i d u e s from t h e rumen im posed a l i m i t a t i o n o n i n t a k e .
The v a r i a t i o n
in
forage
DMI by p e r i o d may h a v e b e e n due t o
d i f f e r e n c e s i n w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s snow c o v e r ,
th e
tem p e ra tu re and
w ind s p e e d ( T a b l e 2 3 ) • T h e se i n t u r n may have a f f e c t e d g r a z i n g t i m e a n d
th e r e fo r e fo rag e in ta k e
( T a b l e 1 7 ) . D u r i n g Pl t h e r e was no snow c o v e r ,
h o w e v e r t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y w in d s p e e d w as 25 k p h , w hich may h a v e c a u s e d a
d ecrease
in
g razin g
tim e and
th ere fo re
forage
in ta k e
(1 0 1 5 g / d ) .
In
c a t t l e , g r a z i n g t i m e a n d f o r a g e i n t a k e h a v e b e e n shown t o d e c r e a s e w i t h
in creased
wind
v e lo c ity
(A d a m s ,
1984).
In
P2,
th e
av erag e
d a ily
w in d s p e e d was 16 kph an d t h e r e w as some snow c o v e r y e t a n i m a l s had t h e
47
h i g h e s t DMI (1221 g / d ) .
te m p e ra tu re
ranged
I n P g , t h e r e was a 7 - 5 cm snow c o v e r a n d
from
a
low
of
-22
to
a
high
of
8
C.
The low
t e m p e r a t u r e c o u l d h a v e c a u s e d t h e d e c r e a s e d DMI (1 0 0 8 g / d ) due t o
s t r e s s when t e m p e r a t u r e s f e l l
a p p ro x im a te ly 9 C ( B la x te r ,
below t h e l o w e r c r i t i c a l
19 6 7 )•
be due t o
(-6 t o
in creased
12 C ) . I n t h i s
g razin g
tem p eratu re o f
(1113 g / d ) . T h i s
t i m e when t e m p e r a t u r e s w e re h i g h e r
s t u d y , no a t t e m p t was made t o d e t e r m i n e g r a z i n g
b e h a v i o r a s r e f l e c t e d by g r a z i n g tim e o r d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d .
th is
c o ld
D u r in g P 4 , t h e r e w as t h e g r e a t e s t
snow c o v e r ( 2 . 5 t o > 7 .5 cm) b u t DMI w as s e c o n d h i g h e s t
c o u ld
th e
n a t u r e m ig h t e x p l a i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n f o r a g e i n t a k e
S tu d ie s of
th ro u g h o u t th e
w in ter.
TABLE 2 3 . WEATHER DATA FROM APPROXIMATELY 2 MILES EAST OF STUDY SITE
P erio d I
Jan 6
7
8
9
10
P e rio d 2
J a n 20
21
22
23
24
P erio d 3
Feb 3
4
5
6
7
P e rio d 4
Feb 17
18
19
20
21
Snow c o v e r
(cm)
T e m p e r a tu r e
(C)
Wind s p e e d
Ckph)
opensnow
in
c o o lie s
5 -7
8 -1 2
7 -1 4
9 -1 4
9 -1 5
7 .7
3 3 .3
3 3 .2
2 5 .2
2 8 .6
2 .5 -7 .5
2 .5 -7 .5
more
open
10-15
1 -5
1-6
6 -11
- 1-8
6 .0
2 0 .3
2 4.1
1 4 .5
1 3 .0
< 7 .5
< 7 .5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5 -7 .5
2 .5 -7 .5
> 7 .5
> 7 .5
> 7 .5
6-8
07
1- 8
—10—6
- 2 2 t o —1
8 -1 2
2-9
- 6-1
- 5-7
5-9
3-9
8.1
1 2 .2 .
4 .4
1 .5
2 8 .5
1 4 .2
3.1
2 0 .3
19.1
48
I n o u r s t u d y , e x c r e t a N was s i m i l a r t o N i n t a k e .
H ow ever, e x c r e t a
N was n o t s e p a r a t e d i n t o f e c a l an d u r i n a r y
s o u rc e s o r i n t o d i e t a r y and
n o n -d ie tary N so u rces.
S e p a ra tio n o f fe c a l
N from t h e
h e lp
N sta tu s of
d e te rm in e a c t u a l
th e a n im a ls.
d e te rm in e d t h a t th e e x c r e t i o n r a t e
n o n -p re g n a n t ew es.
urea
to
th e
N olan a n d Leng (1970)
o f u r e a was l o w e r i n
p reg n a n t th an
T h e se w o r k e r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t a h i g h e r r e c y c l i n g o f
rum en
in
pregnant
d ig e stib ility
o f a low p r o t e i n ,
sheep.
(1 9 6 9 )
Mason
u r i n a r y N would
c o n c lu d e d
sheep
c o u ld
h ig h c e l l u l o s e
th at
57-81%
of
re su lt
in
h ig h e r
d i e t th a n n o n -pregnant
the
n o n -d ie ta ry
fecal
n i t r o g e n was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b a c t e r i a l m a t e r i a l . Mason (1 9 6 9 ) s u g g e s t e d
t h a t m o st o f t h e b a c t e r i a l
He
c o n c lu d e d
b a c te ria l
w hen
resid u es
b a c te ria
of
su b je c ted
se em
th a t
to
th e
th e
form
n itro g e n in
ru m in an t
th e
rum en,
but
d ig estiv e
re a so n a b le
to
feces o rig in a te d
a n im a ls
m ajo r
so u rce
w ere
of
fed
fecal
expect
th e
o f th e a n im a l,
site
of
t h e rum en.
n o rm a l
n o t o f t h e caecum o r l a r g e
process
in
n itro g e n .
T he
in te stin e ,
are
th ere fo re
b a c te ria l
ratio n s,
it
w ould
ferm en ta tio n
in
r u m i n a n t a n i m a l s t o i n f l u e n c e t h e am ount o f b a c t e r i a l n i t r o g e n e x c r e t e d
(Mason,
1969) • B a c t e r i a l
amount
of
d ieta ry
energy
19 8 3 a ,
ferm en ted
N e x c re te d
ferm en ta b le
energy
n itro g e n e x c re tio n i s
is
in
la rg e ly
(i-fason,
th e
host
d e te rm in e d
1969) • I t
1983b; O rsk o v e t a l . ,
has
c lo se ly
a n im a l.
by t h e
been
The
re la te d to th e
am ount
le v e l
shown
1983; a n d F a t t e t e t a l . ,
of
of
non­
in ta k e
( H o v e lI
et
of
a l.,
1984) t h a t w i t h
a n i m a l s r e c e i v i n g d i e t s p r o v i d i n g e n e r g y i n t a k e s b e lo w t h e m a i n te n a n c e
r e q u i r e m e n t , m i c r o b i a l N s u p p l y from t h e rumen w ould n o t be s u f f i c i e n t
to
m eet
th e
a n im a l's
p ro g re ssiv e N d e p le tio n .
basal
N lo sse s,
and
th is
m ust
lea d
to
a
49
G r o s s e n e r g y i n t a k e w as h i g h e r f o r PS t h a n f o r C ewes ( 4 . 6 v s 5 . 0
M c al/d )
but
en ergy
e x c re tio n
was
sim ila r.
T h is
re su lte d
in
g re a te r
e n e r g y b a l a n c e o r ME i n t a k e f o r PS t h a n C e w e s , b u t b o t h w e re b e lo w t h e
NRC (19 8 5 )
re q u ire m e n t.
ewe d u r i n g
th e
first
The NRC (1 9 8 5 )
ME r e c o m m e n d a tio n f o r a 60 k g
15 wk o f g e s t a t i o n
is
2 .6
M cal/d
w h ic h
s h o u ld
r e s u l t i n a w e i g h t g a i n o f 2 . 7 k g f o r t h e w i n t e r i n g p e r i o d . The PS ew es
I .9 kg ( T a b l e 22) d u r i n g t h e 90
ha d a ME i n t a k e o f I .4 Meal an d g a i n e d
d
w in te r
p e rio d .
Thus
th e y
re c e iv e d
54%
of
th e
NRC
(1 9 8 5 )
r e c o m m e n d a tio n a n d g a i n e d 70% o f t h e e x p e c t e d w e i g h t g a i n . I n c o n t r a s t ,
t h e C ew es r e c e i v e d .9 Meal o r 35% o f t h e NRC (1985) ME r e q u i r e m e n t a n d
g a in e d
.9 k g o r 33% o f t h e e x p e c t e d g a i n .
PS ewes r e t a i n i n g
1 8 .8 % ).
As
d ie ta ry
recom m ended
lev e l
ap p aren t
energy
(P> . 0 5 )
b e tw e e n
sco res
m ore
(T a b le
( P < .0 5 )
N in c re a se d
energy
tre a tm e n ts
lo st
tru e
w e ig h t
th e
in
C o n sid erin g
c o n d itio n s and r e l a t i v e l y
re fle c t
of
th an
ap p ro ach ed
in c re a se d .
PS ewes t h e r e
ewe w e i g h t
th e
C ew es
s m a ll
number
(28.5% v s
NRC
(1985)
D e sp ite
th e
g rea ter
w ere
d iffe re n c es
c h ange
th e
to
or
of
no
body
c o n d itio n
ew es,
w e ig h in g
h i g h SE f o r w e i g h t s , t h e w e i g h t d a t a may n o t
d ifferen ces
some body c o n d i t i o n .
energy
and
e fficie n cy
e fficie n cy
24).
d ie ta ry
T h i s c o u ld b e a t t r i b u t e d
b e tw e e n
tre a tm e n ts.
T his in a d d i t i o n
B o th
t o a n en ergy
tre a tm e n ts
i n t a k e be lo w
t h e NRC (1 9 8 5 ) r e q u i r e m e n t s s u g g e s t t h a t body f a t was b e i n g m o b i l i z e d
to
su p p ly
en erg y .
T herefore,
th e
re ta in e d
en erg y
m ig h t
u t i l i z e d a s h e a t p ro d u c tio n r a t h e r th a n energy s u p p lie d a t
have
been
th e t is s u e
le v e l.
It
is
in te re stin g th a t a l l
ewes w e re i n
p o s i t i v e m in e ra l b a la n c e
( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Mg) e v e n t h o u g h some o f t h e i n t a k e l e v e l s
(Mg,
50
TABLE 2 4 . EWE WEIGHT CHANGE AND BODY CONDITION SCORES FOR WINTER TRIAL
S u p p le m e n t
. None
.1 5
8
8
Ite m
Number ewes
I n i t i a l w e i g h t , kg
F i n a l w e i g h t , kg
W e ig h t C h a n g e , kg
D ec. I t o March 11
SE&
6 1 .2
6 2 .1
5 7 .2
5 9 .1
1 .7
I .5
.9
1 .9
1 .0
3 .1
2 .5
3 .0
2 .5
.2
.1
.7
- .6
.2
Number o f lam b s b o r n
.8
Ewe w e i g h t a t w e a n in g
6 2 .2
Ewe body c o n d i t i o n s c o r e
a t w e a n in g
2 .7
a S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ea n s.
I .0
6 3 .7
.2
2 .5
I n i t i a l body c o n d i t i o n s c o r e
F i n a l body c o n d i t i o n s c o r e
Body c o n d i t i o n s c o r e c h a n g e
D ec. 17 t o Mar. 11
-
K, Cu a n d Zn) w ere below t h e
th a t
in ta k e s
co n ta m in a tio n
of
of
P and
th e
3 .2
NRC (1 9 8 5 )
Zn
e x tru sa
w ere
.29
re q u irem e n ts.
o v e re stim a te d
sam p les.
Mayland
It
is
due
and
p o ssib le
to
s a liv a ry
L esperance
(1 9 7 7 )
r e p o r t e d g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Na, P , Zn a n d Co i n e x t r u s a com pared
to
d iet
sam p les.
The same a u t h o r s r e p o r t e d
a n d Ca c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f
as
sm all
g e n e ra lly
d ecreases
d iffe re n t
e s t i m a t e d due t o
be lo w
th e
d e fic ie n t
in
N,
fro m
P and
Fe a n d
in
from c a t t l e ,
Mo v a l u e s ,
c o n c e n tra tio n s.
for
su p p le m e n ta tio n
w eig h t
g a in s
a d d itio n ,
if
in ta k e
c o n trib u tio n
d ie t
Mn,
req u irem en t
in c re a se d
Zn
K,
c o lle c te d
d ecreases
If
t h e Mg
a s w ell
w h ic h w e r e
P in ta k e
not
was o v e r
s a l i v a r y c o n t r i b u t i o n t h i s c o u ld r e s u l t i n a P i n t a k e
NRC (1985)
in
rumen e x t r u s a
s m a ll
of
(M ayland a n d
has
pregnant
was
a ls o
C ew es.
ew es
been
W in ter
show n
(H arris
o v e re stim a te d
L esp eran ce,
1977)
range
in ta k e
et
to
a l .,
is
o fte n
re su lt
in
1956).
In
due
to
for
b oth
sa liv a ry
C (1 6 .1
51
m g/d) a n d PS ( 2 2 . 8 m g/d) ewes may h a v e b e e n e v e n f u r t h e r below t h e NRC
(1 9 8 5 ) r e q u i r e m e n t ( 2 6 . 0 m g / d ) .
It
is
p o ssib le
t o have a
p o sitiv e
m in e ral
b a la n c e and s t i l l
not
m e e t a l l p h y s i o l o g i c a l n e e d s ( G e o r g i e v s k i i e t a l . , 1 9 8 2 ) . Pfeiny m a r g i n a l
m in e ral
d e fic ie n c ie s
are
c h a ra c te riz e d
by
poor
g r o w th
or
p ro d u ctio n
( C l a r k a n d T o w e r s , 1984) a n d e v e n when m i n e r a l i n t a k e s m e e t t h e d a i l y
re q u ire m e n ts,
fa c to rs
o p e ra tin g
adequacy o f th e m in e ra l in ta k e
w ith in
th e
an im a l
can a f f e c t
th e
( G r a c e , 1 9 8 4 ) . Some m i n e r a l s r e d u c e t h e
a v a i l a b i l i t y o f o t h e r s , s u c h a s t h e e f f e c t o f s u l p h u r a n d molybdenum on
c o p p e r ( C l a r k a n d T o w e r s , 1 9 8 4 ) . H ow ever, some e l e m e n t s a n d m e t a b o l i t e s
s u c h a s c o p p e r a n d v i t a m i n B12 a r e s t o r e d i n t h e a n i m a l a n d c a n a c t a s
a
reserv e
T ow ers,
w all
d u rin g a
1984).
A d d itio n a lly ,
and a d v e r s e ly
(C la rk and Tow ers,
to
th e
seasonal
tre a tm e n t
affect
of
in ad e q u a te
in te stin a l
th e
1984.).
p e rio d ,
p erio d
p a ra site s
a n im a ls 's a b i l i t y
in ta k e
can
to
(C lark and
damage t h e
ab so rb
gut
m in e ra ls
A l l ewes i n t h i s s t u d y w e re wormed p r e v i o u s
th e re fo re
p a ra site s
s h o u ld
n o t h a v e had a n
e f f e c t in t h i s s tu d y .
W h ile t h e r e w e re no a n i m a l s w i t h m i n e r a l
(1 9 8 5 )
req u irem e n ts
reason to
suspect a t
b e lo w -re q u ire m e n t
th ro u g h o u t
to
compare
th is
m in e ra l
perform ance
p o in t t h a t
i n t a k e s a b o v e t h e NRC
d a ta
w ith ,
th e re
p e r f o r m a n c e was a f f e c t e d
in ta k e .
Ew es
th e w in te r how ever, tended
to
th at
w ere
is
no
by t h e
su p p le m e n te d
w eigh m ore a n d be i n b e t t e r
body c o n d i t i o n a t w e a n in g tim e ( T a b l e 2 4 ) , b u t no d a t a was c o l l e c t e d o n
re b re e d in g
perfo rm an ce.
D e sp ite
th e
p ro v id e a c c u r a te a b s o lu te e s ti m a t e s ,
do
p ro v id e
v a lid
re la tiv e
fact
it
is
m e a s u r e m e n ts o f
t h a t b a la n c e
tria ls
g e n e ra lly ag reed
th e
efficie n cy
may n o t
th a t
th ey
of n u trie n t
52
u tiliz a tio n
(E llio tt
and
Topps,
1964).
Because
th e se
ew es h a v e
been
w i n t e r e d on t h i s r a n g e f o r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s t h e y may h a v e a d a p t e d t o
low er m in e ra l
i n t a k e a n d may be more e f f i c i e n t i n m i n e r a l
th an
m a in ta in e d
a n im a ls
at
h ig h er
m in e ra l
in ta k e s
u tiliz a tio n
th ro u g h o u t
th e ir
life tim e .
I
j
53
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The r e s u l t s
in o cu la
e x te n t
of
d o n o rs and
th e
in
v itro
m in e ra ls
o f NDF d i g e s t i o n .
tria ls
such a s
T herefore
Mg,
d em o n stra te
K and
th a t
P in flu en ce
when d e t e r m i n i n g
d iets
fed
rate
and
d ig e stib ility
of
low q u a l i t y f o r a g e s s u c h a s w i n t e r r a n g e f o r a g e i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o know
the d i e t o f in o c u la donor a n im a ls.
d o n o r a n i m a l s on d i e t s
R e s e a r c h e r s s h o u ld m a i n t a i n i n o c u l a
s im ila r to th o se
w h ic h t h e y
want t o
stu d y
in
o r d e r t o m im ic rumen c o n d i t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e i n v i t r o NDF d i g e s t i b i l i t y
o f sam p les.
P ro v id in g
fo rag e
DMI,
.1 5
kg
of
w e ig h t
a
g rain
change
or
based
body
s u p p le m e n t
condition
had
no e f f e c t
score,
s u p p le m e n te d ew es h a d h i g h e r N, g r o s s e n e r g y and m i n e r a l
w ell a s
g r e a t e r N and
ME r e t e n t i o n
than
c o n tro l
ewes t e n d e d t o h a v e g r e a t e r m i n e r a l e f f i c i e n c y
ew es.
on
although
in ta k e s,
as
Uns u p p le m e n te d
t h a n s u p p le m e n te d ewes
s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e y may be u n d e r g r e a t e r m i n e r a l s t r e s s . On t h e o t h e r
hand i f t h e m i n e r a l s p r o v i d e d by t h e s u p p le m e n t w ere u n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e
rumen m i c r o o r g a n i s m s
or
a n im a l
th is
would a c c o u n t
for
th e
ap p aren t
l o w e r m i n e r a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s u p p le m e n te d a n i m a l s .
Ewes g r a z i n g r a n g e d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1985-86 a t
th e stu d y s i t e
d i d n o t m e e t NRC (1985) r e q u i r e m e n t s o f 60 kg ewes d u r i n g t h e f i r s t
w eeks o f g e s t a t i o n
energy,
Mg,
d e te rm in e
p ro g ram s,
K,
if
for
th e
fo llo w in g n u t r i e n t s :
Cu a n d
Zn.
F u rth e r
th is
o ccu rs
e sp e c ia lly
in
with
research
o th er y e a rs,
trace
needs t o
and
m inerals,
crude
if
need
so,
to
p ro te in ,
be
15
g ross
c o n d u c te d t o
s u p p le m e n ta tio n
be
stu d ie d
to
54
d e t e r m i n e i f p r o v i d i n g recommended l e v e l s o f n u t r i e n t s i s o f b i o l o g i c a l
an d e c o n o m i c a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r s h e e p p r o d u c t i o n u n d e r s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s
i n M ontana.
55
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U l y a t t , M .J. a n d A .R. E g a n . 1979- Q u a n t i t a t i v e d i g e s t i o n o f f r e s h
h e r b a g e by s h e e p . V. The d i g e s t i o n o f f o u r h e r b a g e s a n d p r e d i c t i o n
o f s i t e s o f d i g e s t i o n . J . a g r i c . S c i . , . Camb. 9 2 : 6 0 5 .
Van Dyne, G .M ., 0 . 0 . Thomas a n d J . L . Van H orn.
1964. D ie t of c a t t l e
a n d s h e e p g r a z i n g on w i n t e r r a n g e , P r o c . WSASAS.. 1 5 : L X I - 1 - 6 .
Van
H o r n , J . L . , 0 . 0 . Thomas, J . Drummond, A .S . H o v e r la n d an d
W i l l s o n . 1 9 5 9 a . Range ewe p r o d u c t i o n a s a f f e c t e d by w i n t e r
t r e a t m e n t s . MT. A g r. Exp. S t a . B u l l . No. 5 4 8 .
F .S .
feed
Van H o rn , J . L . , G .F .P a y n e , F . S . W i l l s o n , J . Drummond, 0 . 0 . Thomas a n d
F .A . B r a n s o n . 1 9 59b. P r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f r a n g e s h e e p . MT.
A g r. Exp. S t a . B u l l . No. 5 4 7 .
Van
N e v e l , C . J . a n d D . I . D e m e y e r . 1 9 7 7 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f rumen
m ic r o b ia l g ro w th in v i t r o
fro m ^ ^ p . ^ a b e l l e d p h o s p h a te
i n c o r p o r a t io n . B r i t . J . N u t r . 3 8 :1 0 1 .
Van S o e s t , P . J . 1 9 7 5 . D i g e s t i o n a n d M e ta b o lis m i n t h e R u m in an t. I n :
I.W . McDonald a n d A . C . I . W a rn e r ( E d . ) . A rm d a le ; U n i v e r s i t y o f New 1
E n g la n d P u b l i s h i n g U n i t .
Van S o e s t , P . J . 1 982.
In c. C o rv a llis.
Van
N u tritio n a l
E c o lo g y o f t h e R u m in a n t. O&B B ooks,
S o e s t , P . J . a n d R.H. Wine.
1967.
Use o f d e t e r g e n t s i n t h e
a n a ly s is of fib e ro u s feed s.
IV.
D e te rm in a tio n s o f p la n t c e ll
w a ll c o n s titu e n ts .
J . A s s o c . O f f . A n a l. Chem ., 5 0 : 5 0 .
W e in b e rg , E. D. 1977. I n : E.D . W e in b e r g ,
M i n e r a l s . M a rcel D e k k e r , New Y o rk .
( E d .)
M ic ro o rg a n ism s
and
W e t z e l , R. an d K.H. M enke. 1978. The f a t e o f t h e t r a c e e l e m e n t s c o p p e r ,
z i n c a n d m anganese i n t h e b o v i n e ru m e n . I . T r a a c e e l e m e n t l e v e l s
i n d i f f e r e n t rumen l i q u o r f r a c t i o n s a s i n f l u e n c e d by c o p p e r
s u l p h a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s . Arch T i e r e r n a h r g . 2 8 : 2 2 1 . .
Young, B.A. 1 9 8 1 . Cold s t r e s s a s i t a f f e c t s a n im a l p r o d u c t i o n . J . A n i m .
S c i . 5 2 :1 5 4 .
Young, B.A. 1983 . Rum inant c o l d s t r e s s :
S c i . 57:1601 .
e f f e c t on p r o d u c t i o n .
J . Anim.
APPENDIX
TABLE 2 5 . EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENT AND PERIOD ON MINERAL INTAKE, OUTPUT, BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY OF
MACROMINERALS
P e rio d
I_________ _____________2 _ __________________3__________________ 4
Ite m
None
None
.1 5
Ca, g / d
In ta k e
4 .6
4 .8
6 .6
O u tp u t
.4
.4
5 .9
B a la n c e
4 .2
5 .2
■ .65
E ffic ie n c y , %
94v 5
■ 4 2 .3
1 0 8 .9
J V g /d
In ta k e
2 .4
3 .0
4 .6
. O u tp u t
2 .0
2 .4
2 .2
B a la n c e
.40
.5 8
2 .3
E ffic ie n c y ,' %
16.1
19-4
' 51.1
Mg, mg/d
In ta k e
5 1 .8
7 3 -9
6 1 .3
O u tp u t
5 4 .0
1 31.4
9 6 .3
B a la n c e
- 2 .2
-5 7 .4
-3 5 .0
E ffic ie n c y , %
K, g / d
In ta k e
2 .7
3 .9
5-7
O u tp u t
.07
.8
5 .3
B a la n c e
2 .8
.45
•3.1
E ffic ie n c y . $
1 09.5
7 8 .8
7 .3
a S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m eans.
— — —
—
'
.1 5
None
.1 5
7 .8
7.1
• 75
6 3 .4
4 .8
I -9
2 .9
6 0 .9
4 .8
2 .6
2 .1
4 5 .0
5.1
2 .3
2 .7
4 5 .5
3 .5
2 .0
1 .4
41 .8
3 .9
2 .3
• 1 .6
41 .3
3 .9
1 .7
2 .2
53-3
4 .4
1 .9
2 .5
57-3
19 .6
3 5 .9
—1 6 .3
4 5 .4
1 1 5 .9
-7 0 .5
6 6 .3
1 1 0 .0
-4 3 .7
5 7 .9
95.1
- 3 7 .1
7 9 .3
9 6 .2
-1 6 .9
— — —
■
6 .8
5 .8
1 .0
1 5 .0
■
6 .5
6 .3
.15
1.3
mm ^
—
3 .2
2 .2
• 95
3 1 .0
None
■ 4 .2
3 .8
:46
1 1 .3
.1 5
SEa
6 .5
6 .0
,.52
8 .2
.67
• 77
.41
2 7 .9
.07
.08
• 09
.02
6 .0
1 5 .0
14.4
mm
4 .8
3 .0
1.7
3 6 .0
5 .8
3-3
2 .5
4 4 .2
.0.9
.47
•47
1 4.2
TABLE 2 6 . EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENT AND PERIOD ON MINERAL INTAKE, OUTPUT, BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY. OF
TRACE MINERALS
P e rio d
I
I te m
None
.1 5
Mn,mg/d
In ta k e
4 .2
3 -9
O u tp u t
— 1 .8
- 2 .0
B a la n c e
5 .8
6 .3
E ffic ie n c y
1 5 1 .9
1 4 7 .9
Cu, mg/d
In ta k e
.2 8
.47
O u tp u t
— •I
.9
B a la n c e
.22
.37
E ffic ie n c y
133.6
46 .1
Zn, mg/d
. In ta k e
I .0
1 .6
■ O u tp u t
— •I
■ •9
B a la n c e
1 .8
1 .9
E ffic ie n c y
1 92.9
1 0 8 .5
aa S toa n ^d a r_d e. r r o r o f l e a s t s q u a r e m ea n s.
2
.
3
4
None
.15
None
.15
None
.1 5
6 .8
4 .4
2 .3
3 6 .2
7 .1
6 .0
1 .0
15.0.
4 .4
.8
3 .5
8 1 .6
4 .5
2 .8
1 .7
3 7 .9
6 .4
5 .3
1.1
1 7 .5
6 .6
5 .1
1 .4
2 2 .0
.11
• 53
.54
11.6
2 .6
2 .0
.14
1 8 .2
3 .2
2 .4
.35
3 7 .0
-
1 .9
1 .4
.07
1 1 .3
2 .5
I .5
.20
2 7 .5
.04
.20
.02
6 .2
2 .6
2 .0
.6
2 5 .0
3 .2
2 .4
.8
2 5 .2
-
1 .9
1 .4
.5
26.1
2 .5
1 .5
1 .0
4 1 .0
•92
.19
.39
162.6
1 .5
I .0 .
.16
3 8 .0
.92
.19
1 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 .5
I .0
.4
31.1
•
.
SEa
.04
.20
.20
1 5.2
67
TABLE 2 7 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR FORAGE DRY MATTER
INTAKE
S o u rc e
df
B reed
I
S u p p le m e n t
I
Age
I
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
s u p p le m e n t)
12
P e rio d
3
S u p p l e m e n t ftP e r i o d
3
R esid u al
42
a V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e I x IO j
"Dry m a t t e r i n t a k e
c Body w e i g h t .
a M e t a b o l i c body w e i g h t .
DMIa *0 K/d
4 6 .6
3 5 .7
9-9
932.1
4 8 0 .6 °
2 .7
1 6 2 .4
0P < . 0 5 .
ftftP <.01
T ra it
DMI %BWC
1 5 .2
2 5 .6
.0 8
DMI BW voa
1 1 5 .6
1 62.8
3 .6
184 .4
1 2 5 .9 3 °
2 .4
4 2 .5
1 498.4
9 8 8 ,7 °°
1 4 .3
3 2 9 .9
.
TABLE 2 8 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR NITROGEN DATA
df
S o u rc e
I n t a k e 3- g / d
B reed
I
9 8 .4
S u p p le m e n t
I
1 6 2 .9
Age
1 .4
I
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
su p p le m e n t)
12
6 1 7 .7
P e rio d
9 5 9 .2 °°
3
S u p p l ement ftP e r i o d
3 .4
3
R esid u al
42 .
1 6 0 .3
a V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e Ix IO c ,
ftP< . 0 5 .
ftftP < . 0 1 .
T ra it
O u tp u t3 g /d
9 8 .5
. 1 6 2 .5
1 .4
B a la n c e g / d
14.1
1 9 3 .4 °°
1 .9 •
618.1
9 5 9 .6 °°
3 .4
160.4
2 1 7 .8
3 6 1 .3 °°
4 1 .2 °
,172.5
TABLE 2 9 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR ENERGY DATA
In ta k e 3
M c al/d
2 2 .4
2 6 .7
.1 8
T ra it
O u tp u t3
B alan ce3
M c a l/d
Mcal./d
1 5 .8
.57
4 8 .6 ° °
3 -2
.02
.0 8
df
S o u rc e
B reed
I
S u p p le m e n t
I
Age
I
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
12
s u p p le m e n t)
1 4 .5
1,4.7
7 4 .9
P e rio d
1
09-2°°
9
2
.
2
°
°
1
5
.
I
ftft
3
S u p p l e m e n t ftP e r i o d
• 34
.44
.47
3
R esid u al
42
2 8 .0
1 5 .9
9 .9
a V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e IxIO-*
d V a lu e s r e p o r t e d a r e 1x10"
bV a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e Ix IO - ^ .
8P < . 0 5 .
c V a lu e s r e p o r t e d a r e I x I O - .
o o p < .0 1 .
v
E ffic ie n c y
M c a l/d
. 6 .0 °
1 5 .2 b ° °
1 .9 d
1 .6 b
2 9 . Sbftft
.4 4 b #
1 .9 b
TABLE 3 0 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS DATA
Ca
Source
df
In ta k e
B reed
I
2 7 . 2a
S u p p le m e n t
I
1 .7
Age
I
1 .4 a
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
su p p lem en t)
12
3 7 .0
7 4 .2 « »
P e rio d
3
S u p p l ement itP e r i o d
3
4 .5
R esid u al
42
1 5 2 .4
‘‘V a lu e s r e p o r t e d a r e I x I C T J .
bV alues r e p o r t e d a r e IxIO "2 .
O utput
7 2 . Ta
5 4 . 9b
7 4 . 4b
3 3 -0
4 8 1 .8 * *
1 0.3
2 0 3 .5
B a la n c e
4 6 .7 °
3 5 . 6b
6 7 . 9b
5 .7
1 9 7 -I se
6 .5
57.1
E ffic ie n c y
1.7
7 . Ob
• 74
5 .7
7 .5 *
•31
26.1
'
In ta k e
.51
3-7
.13
O u tp u t
.04
.74
.27
9 .8 .
3 7 .5 * *
.04
I .9
6 .1
I .9 s *
.19
2 .4
P
B a la n c e E f f i c i e n c y
.26
4 .4 a
I .1
6 .6 a
2 .5 b
.01
3-6
4 2 .5 s *.
.17
3 .3
. .1 8
1 .4
4 . Oa
.1 8
TABLE B I . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM DATA
S o u rc e
df
In ta k e
B reed
I
5 .7 a
S u p p l ement
5 . Ia
I
.
Age
I
5 .5 °
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
su p p le m e n t)
12
1 5 .5 a
P erio d
3
.71**
S u p p l e m e n t 5P e r i o d
1 .1 s *
3
R esidual
42
1 .2 '
a V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e 1x10' -2
bV a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e 1x10'
0V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e 1x10' ■X:
O utput
6 .3 a
1 .5 a
1 4 . 9a
3 .6
1 .7*
3 .8 * *
7 .5
Mg
B a la n c e E f f i c i e n c y
2 4 .3 d
1.7
I .Od
.53
.41
1 3 .Ib
2 .9
1 .0
■ 1 .8 *
6 .9
10.1
5 .2
4 .9
2 8 .7
In ta k e
. 1.8
1 9.6**
9 .3 a
O utp u t
7 3 .Ia
1 0 .7 *
4 .1 '
11.6
9 3 .5 * *
3 .6 a
129 .8
23 .1
2 1 9 .7 s *
3 .6
7 5 .3
K
B a la n c e E f f i c i e n c y
.27
1 .6 °
.11
1.3
4 .5 *
.16
1 1 .2
6 0 .3 * *
3-6
7 4 .5
1 .0
6 .5 * *
.46
6 .8
>
TABLE 3 2 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR MANGANESE AND COPPER DATA
S o u rc e
B reed
S u p p le m e n t
Age
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
su p p le m e n t)
P e rio d
S u p p l e m e n t 8P e r i o d
R esid u al
^ V alu es
0V a l u e s
^V alues
e V alues
^ V a lu e s
°P< .0 5 •
**P<.01.
rep o rted
rep o rted
rep o rted
rep o rted
rep o rted
df
I
I
I
In ta k e
3 .2 °
9 .5 d
2 . Oe
O utput
1 .8 °
I .Ob
6.8®
Mn
B a la n c e
1 .9 d
4 .9 °
1 .4®
12
3
3
42
2 . Ob
9 .9 b
6.6®
1 .2 a
3 .3 b
5.6®
1.5%
9 .4 b
I . Ib
2.2®
1 .6 b
1.0®
are
are
are
are
are
,-d.
1x10*3
1x10“ ^
1x10*5
1x10*5
1x10*7
E ffic ie n c y
1.7
5 3 - 2a
4 1 .3 a
10.1
1 7 .3 * *
54.2®
4 .5
Cu
I n t a k e O u t p u t B a la n c e E f f i c i e n c y
4 .4 :
8 .4 1
•081
I .Ia
' 2 .6 * o
5 . 5 d ** 6 . Od OG
1 .2 f
3 .2 f
4 .4 f
0
1 .7 a
1 .7 d
3 .0 °
.06®
5.7®
4.0®
4 .1 °
6 . Odfi8
2 . 7 dfifi
8.6®
2 . 3 d **
5 . 7 d **
2 .4 d
2 .0
8 .3*0
6 .3 * *
1.3
<r>
VO
70
TABLE 3 3 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OF SQUARES FOR ZINC DATA
S o u rc e
B reed
S u p p le m e n t
Age
Ewe( b r e e d , a g e ,
s u p p le m e n t)
P e rio d
S u p p l em ent 0P e r i o d
R esid u al
a V alu es r e p o r t e d a r e
^ V alu es r e p o r t e d a r e
0V a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e
^V alues r e p o r t e d a r e
e V alues r e p o r t e d a r e
^ V a lu e s r e p o r t e d a r e
°P< .0 5 •
eoP < . 0 1 .
df
I
I
I
In ta k e
5 .9 e
O utp u t
1 .6 1
5 .9 0 0 0
6 .2 °* *
3 , 6*
2 . Od
12
2 .1 °
3
3 .2 b#s
3
42
6 .7 d
1x10-<
ix io -3 .
1x10-4.
1x10-5.
Ix IO - 6 .
IxIO -?.
6-5J
B a la n c e
4.1®
2 . Of
4 . Od
2 .4 °
6 . 9 b °«
1 .7 °
1 .5 b «e
3 . 1°
2 .9 ° *
1 .4 b
1 .3 b
E ffic ie n c y
2 .4 a
3.IO O
1 .2 a
1 6 . 8a
15. 8* *
3 .7 0 0
7 .8
TABLE 3 4 . ANALYSES OF VARIANCE SUMS OE’ SQUARES FOR RATE AND POTENTIAL
EXTENT OF NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER DIGESTION
S o u rc e
df
T ria l
3
B uffer
4
T r i a l aB u f f e r
12
R esid u al
40
aa V^ ail ___
u e s _____
r e p o_r t e d a r e I x lO - ^ .
^ V alu es r e p o r t e d a r e IxIO 2 .
» P < .0 1 .
R a te d
E x ten tb
1 1 .8 *
5 4 .9 s
.836
.23
4
5
.2
*
2 .3 *
...2 ,3 __________;____ 4 7 .1
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