Symptomatology and transmissibility of the mosaic disease of great northern bean
by Bernice Helen Norris
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Master of Science in Botany and Bacteriology
Montana State University
© Copyright by Bernice Helen Norris (1933)
Abstract:
From the foregoing discussion, it would appear that the viruses of bean are of different types and
possibly of different intensities, as their reactions on the plants of the same species of Phaseolus, was
quite diversified. Some types proved more virulent than others to the same selections of the Great
Northern bean. The bean may have built up a resistance to one type while it is susceptible to all other
types, or it may have a resistance to all types.
The sterile pot label and swab method of inoculation of the plant to be infected, is one of the surest
methods. The workers' hands do not come in contact with the diseased plant or the healthy plant
therefore there is little chance of careless transfer of the disease. The leaves can be gently rubbed or
injured with the swab, so a, technique of inoculating can be easily gained.
The mosaic disease of bean may vary with environmental conditions, as the winter inoculations were
not as successful as the spring inoculations? Although the yellow veinbanding is a symptom of spray
injury, it appears in the field in isolated cases. This symptom could not be transmitted to other plants
through inoculation processes. It is probably an abnormality, the cause of which is not determined.
The clearing of the veins is an early symptom of mosaoc of Solan-aceae, sugar beet, and aster, but it is
not transmitted from bean plant to bean plant? This clearing of the veins is either the symptom of an
abnormal form of bean plant or of a weakened form of virus, that is not in a great enough quantity or in
a virulent enough stage to produce mosaic symptoms through inoculation.
The different types of mosaic as demonstrated by the different patterns of the symptoms, can be either
of four different pure types or as compound symptoms? The compound symptoms of the disease were
more virulent as a group than the pure symptoms of the disease. The virulence of the complex
symptoms, were retained longer than the pure symptoms in infected juice.
The virus is not inactivated through drying for five months as dried material is as virulent as the fresh
material.
The germination of the seeds was not low due to the presence of virus within the seed, but rather
because of the imperviousness of the seed coat to water. A germination test is no indication of the
presence of virus within the seed.
The seeds from virus plants, when allowed to remain in storage for five years, produced plants which
showed no symptoms of disease.
The environment of the greenhouse tends to bring out a degenerate form of virus in the secondary
growth of the diseased plant, characterized by a slight rugosity and fine uniform mottling.
The Ring spot of alfalfa transfered to the bean plants in a slightly different type symptom than any of
the symptoms of the mosaic disease of bean, and very much different from the inoculum, It would not
transfer to the tobacco or to the sweet clover.
The tobacco appeared to be susceptible to only one type out of six (6) of the viruses of the bean. It
produced yellow lesions at the base of each injured hair for two types but only one multiplied enough
in the tobacco plant to be transfered back to the bean. The symptoms gradually disappeared in the
tobacco. The disease probably transfered over to the tobacco but was unable to multiply there as it
should, and soon died out* The optimum time for successful inoculations for Phaseolus is in the first
compound, leaf stage, just as the second compound leaf appears and before it has unfolded. This is true
of artificial as well as natural infection. Symptoms of mosaic usually appeared within fifteen (15) days
after inoculation.
The disease may be transfered in the earlier stages through rough handling in the field during the
processes of roguing. Great care should be exercised in the field especially if the plants are young.
SXMPTCMATOLOGY AHD TBMSMISSIBILITY OF THE
MOSAIC DISEASE OF GHEAT NOHTEEHH BEAN
by
BEHNIGE HELEN NOBRIS'
AL T H E S I S
S a ta n itte d t o th e G rad u ate Committee in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e requirem ents .
f o r th e D egree o f M aster o f S cien ce
i n B otany and B a c te rip lo g y a t
M ontana S t a t e C o lleg e
Approved:
I n Charge o f M ajor Work
ChaiiTOan. E ^ m in in g Committee
Chairman G raduate Committee
Bdzeman8 M ontana
June8 1933
)
iwe#
M 3 7 ^
M 14 s
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I n tr o d u c t i o n . .........................................
3
H is to ry
E a rly H i s t o r y . . . . . . . .......................................
4
T ran sm issio n .......................................
4
Symptoms. . ......... .....................................
7
C a u sa tiv e A g e n t.......................................
7
M a te r ia ls and M e th o d s ............................
S y m p to m s,........................
10
13
E xperim ental D a t a . . . .....................
16
D is c u s s io n ...............
40
Summary and C o n clu sio n s.............................................
44
L i t e r a t u r e C i t e d .............................
48
E x p la n a tio n o f P l a t e s ........................................................
55
P l a t e 1............................................................................. 56
P l a t e I I ........................................................................... 57
P la te I I I ......................................................................... 58
P la te IV.................................................................
445 te
59
3
.SYMPTOMATOLOGY AEJD TRAUSMISSIBILITY OF THE MOSAIG
DISEASE OF GHEAT HOTHERH BEAH '
IHTRODHOTIOH
"Many o f th e common d is e a s e s b o th o f g ia n ts and o f a n im a ls a r e
a t t r i b u t a b l e to a g e n ts c a ll e d f i l t e r p a s s in g v iru s e s * "
C aldw ell (8 )*
The f i l t e r a b i l i t y o f th e p r i n c i p l e c a u sin g bean m o sa ic , i s an
a c c e p te d fact©
stood*
The c a u s a tiv e a g en t i s d e b a ta b le , and l i t t l e u n d er­
I t i s know t h a t th e d is e a s e w i l l t r a n s f e r from p la n t to p la n t
in th e same s p e c ie s , b u t th e scope o f th e f i e l d o f t r a n s f e r i s n o t known,
even w ith in th e Leguminosae*
The tobacco v ir o s e s have been found to be o f more th a n one kind*
T his h a s
n o t been a s c e r ta in e d o f th e m osaic o f P h a s e o lu s *
The in v e s t ig a ti o n s r e p o r te d i n t h i s p a p e r were c a r r i e d on to d e t e r ­
mine th e tr a n s m is s ib iI i t y o f th e m osaic 6£ E haseolus v u lg a r is L* to
o th e r members o f th e same s p e c ie s j a s w e ll a s to o th e r members o f th e
Legum inosae, S o la n a ce a e, Compps i t a e , and O x a lid ac e ae i
F u r th e r s tu d y was
made o f th e symptoms o f th e d is e a s e in com paring them w ith th e symptoms
o f a d e g e n e ra te n a tu re *
S ym ptom tology was s tu d ie d i n an a tte m p t to
d is c o v e r i f th e m osaic o f bean was o f more th a n one kind*
An a tte m p t
was made to in o c u la te th e r i n g s p o t o f th e a l f a l f a to th e bean , a s
w e ll a s to o th e r p l a n t s i
S tu d ie s w ere made o f th e lo n g e v ity o f th e v ir u s in th e seed and in
th e e x t r a c t from d r ie d m osaic m a te ria l*
4
The p e rc e n ta g e o f -the g e m in a tio n o f th e bean se e d mas v e ry Iow0
A s tu d y was made to d e term in e th e f a c t o r cau sin g t h i s low g e m in a tio n
and i t s r e l a t i o n to v i r u s c o n ta in e d i n th e seed*
HISTOBIOAL.
E a rly B is to r y
A ccording to N elson (5 5 ), E ay er i n 1886 d is c o v e re d an in f e c tio u s
d is e a s e o f to b a c c o , which h e named M o sa ik k ra n k h e it; IwanQwski in 1894
by u s in g p o r c e la in b a c t e r i a l f i l t e r s d em o n strated th e p re s e n c e o f th e
f i l t e r a b l e v i r u s a s th e c a u s a tiv e a g e n t, th e re b y in c r e a s in g th e i n t e r e s t
in , a s w e ll a s th e knowledge o f th e d is e a s e , and B e ij^ r in c k in 1899*
confirm ed th e f i l t e r a b i l i t y o f th e d is e a se *
A lla r d (2) d e m o n strated t h a t th e c a u s a tiv e organism was n o t an
o x id iz in g enzyme a s a lle g e d by Woods (48) a s he co u ld d e s tr o y e i t h e r
one w ith o u t harm ing th e o th e r*
T ran sm issio n
• C0 Po C lin to n (10) d e m o n strated th e tr a n s m i s s a b i l i t y o f th e tom ato
v i r u s to th e to b acco and from th e to b acco to th e tom ato*
dag g er (85)
d em o n strated t h a t i n f e c t i o n d id n o t o c c u r th ro u g h d is e a s e d s o il*
little
Doo­
(1 2 ) in c rim in a te d th e cucumber b e e t l e w ith th e tra n s m is s io n o f
th e in f e c tio u s m osaic d is e a s e o f cucumber*
S te w a rt and R eddick (46)
s u c c e s s f u lly tr a n s f e r e d th e m osaic to h e a lth y p la n ts by ru b b in g th e
le a v e s o f th e young bean s e e d lin g s w ith d is e a s e d le a v e s*
d ag g er (24)
s u c c e s s f u lly d e m o n strated th e n o n - s p e c i f i c i t y o f th e cucumber v ir u s
by tr a n s m ittin g i t to c lo s e ly r e l a t e d f a m ilie s o f th e o r d e r Campanula Lea»
5
and. to one s p e c ie s each o f Com positae and L o b e lia c e a e 0
He re in o c u ­
l a t e d th e cucumber from th e r e s u l t i n g d is e a s e d p la n ts *
However,
D o o l i t t l e (15) was u n s u c c e s s fu l in h i s a tte m p ts to t r a n s f e r th e d is e a s e
from o th e r p l a n t s to th e cucumber o r w ith th e one e x c e p tio n o f M arty n ia s
from a cucumber to o th e r p la n ts *
M cC lintoek (30) d e m o n strated t h a t
Lima ,Bean m osaic was tr a n s m itte d th ro u g h t h e s e e d , a s he o b ta in e d diam
e ase d p l a n t s on s o i l t h a t had n o t p r e v io u s ly been cropped w ith beans*
M elhus (58) found m osaic to c a r ry o v er th e w in te r, i n th e w ild p e r e n ia l
Solanum0
I t was t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e h e a lth y com m ercial so la n sc e o u s
p l a n t s i n th e s p rin g by in s e c ts *
Chardon (8.) proved th e a b i l i t y o f th e
A phis m aides i n tr a n s m ittin g th e m osaic o f su g a r cane to h e a lth y p la n ts *
D o o l i t t l e (13) found th e ju ic e from m osaic cucumber to b e i n f e c t i v e , f o r
o n ly tw e n ty -fo u r to f o r t y - e i g h t h o u rs ; w h ile Femow (17) found th e ju ic e
o f m osaic to b acco to s t i l l be i n f e c t i v e a f t e r s e v e r a l y e a rs when k e p t
i n a j a r i n th e greenhouse*
P ie r c e and H ungerford (56) found th e m osaic
to rem ain a c t i v e in bean seed f o r t h i r t y y e a r s , a lth o u g h Duggar (14)
th ro u g h p ro te in , t e s t s on th e v iru s, p o in te d o u t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e
a d s o r p tio n and i n a c t i v a t i o n o f th e v ir u s th ro u g h s to ra g e p ro te in *
He
found th e p r o te in i n th e bean seed to be po iso n o u s to th e v ir u s in con­
c e n tr a te d am ounts, h u t n o t i n th e amount found in th e seed*
F a ja rd o (16) s tu d ie d th e mode o f tra n s m is s io n o f th e bean v ir u s
th ro u g h th e seed*
He u s e d s u rfa c e s t e r i l i z a t i o n o f th e s e e d s , b o th
w ith and w ith o u t th e se e d c o a ts and found t h a t th e m osaic h ad n o t been
k ille d *
Ho I n f e c tio n was o b ta in e d when s e e d s were soaked i n d is e a s e d
6
J u ic e 0
As he found th e g r e a t e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f s p re a d to b e th ro u g h
th e se e d , he concluded t h a t th e v ir u s was c o n c e n tra te d i n th e embryo
o f th e seed 0
A lthough M cO lintock (30) d e m o n strated t h a t Lima Bean m osaic
i s p r im a r i ly tr a n s m itte d th ro u g h th e s e e d , th e d is e a s e s p re a d s a f t e r
i t g e ts in to a f i e l d .
S tu d ie s were made on th e mode o f tra n s m is sio n .
and on th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e v ir u s e s b e in g o f d i f f e r e n t s tr a in s *
.
M cC lintock (30) d em o n strated t h a t m osaic i s h e ld o v e r i n th e see# and
i n f e c t i o n can s t a r t from th e re *
Ja g g e r (23) d e m o n strated t h a t th e
f o l i a g e and n o t th e r o o ts had to b e in c o n ta c t and in ju r e d f o r th e
tr a n s f e r e n c e o f th e f i l t e r a b l e v i r u s o f cucumber m osaic*
(1 2 ) a tte m p te d s e v e r a l ty p e s o f in o c u la tio n s on cucumber*
D o o little
From in s e c t
tr a n s f e r e n c e he g a in ed one hundred p e r c e n t i n f e c tio n , from d i r e c t in o ­
c u la t io n 0 o f t o m d is e a s e d p l a n t to i n ju r e d h e alth y * h e g a in e d s e v e n ty n in e p e r c e n t i n f e c t i o n ,
S te w a rt and R eddick (46) s u c c e s s f u lly in o ­
c u la te d p la n ts by ru b b in g h e a lth y bean s e e d lin g s w ith c ru sh e d m osaic
d is e a s e d le a v e s*
In 1919 th e y f u r t h e r a s c e r ta in e d t h a t in f e c tio n i s
more s u re when th e p l a n t s a r e in th e f i r s t l e a f stag e *
Fernow .(17)
c ru sh ed th e f r e s h m osaic m a te r ia l i n h i s hand and rubbed th e u n d e rs id e
Of h e a lth y ju v e n ile le a v e s*
a f t e r each in o c u la tio n *
u n s a tis f a c to r y *
T h is n e c e s s ita te d th e w ashing o f th e hands
Rubber g lo v e s were th e n u sed , b u t proved
Two p a i r s o f fo rc e p s were u se d a s th e y c o u ld b e flam ed
betw een each in o c u la tio n .
These p ro v ed th e m ost su cc 'essfu l*
G ra ftin g ■
7
and s p l i n t s he a ls o found to be u n su ccessfu l©
p ie r c e and Hungerfopd
(37) p r ic k e d through th e inoculum , b u t found t h i s i n f e r i o r to th e
method o f ru b b in g th e ju v e n ile le a v e s w ith th e inoculum©
B u rn e tt and
Jo n es (6 ) su p p o rte d th e ju v e n ile le a v e s w ith a s t e r i l e p o t l a b e l
w h ile th e y rubbed th e to p w ith a p ie c e o f s t e r i l i z e d c o tto n t h a t h ad
been p r e v io u s ly d ip p e d i n th e in f e c te d juice©
The p o t l a b e l and ab­
s o rb e n t c o tto n was changed f o r each in o c u la tio n ©
oughly w ashed a f t e r each in o cu latio n ©
The hands were th o r ­
A m o d ific a tio n o f th e method
and th e one u sed i n t h i s work was d e s c rib e d by Jones (25) i n which h e
re p la c e d th e a b so rb e n t c o tto n w ith s m a ll swabs©
Symptoms
V ario u s s tu d ie s have been made o f th e v ir u s d is e a s e o f bean to d e­
te rm in e i f i t i s o f one s t r a i n o r o f many stra in s©
Femow (17) found
t h a t m osaic symptoms v a r ie d w ith th e en v iro n m en tal co n d itio n s©
Burk­
h o ld e r and m a ile r (7) th ro u g h d is e a s e s t u d i e s found bean p l a n t s to
become m isshapen and s p o tte d due to h e r e d i t a r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r a t h e r
th a n to disease©
T his a b n o rm a lity h e found d id n o t re d u c e th e crop
y i e l d and was n o t in fe c tio u s ©
M cEinnery (31) found th r e e ty p e s o f
m osaic i n to b a c c o , a y e llo w , a l i g h t g re e n , and a m ild l i g h t green©
Through c a r e f u l in o c u la tio n s t u d i e s , h e was a b le to i n t e n s i f y th e t h r e e •
symptoms in d i f f e r e n t plants©
C a u sa tiv e Agent
The m o saics o f p l a n t s have o n ly one a c c e p te d p r in c ip le * th e i n f e c t ­
io u s n e s s o f th e disease©
The c a u s a tiv e organism o f th e m osaic d is e a s e s
a
i s n o t 'known, though, f o u r th e o r ie s have been g e n e r a lly a c c e n te d a s
p o s s ib ilitie s .
I 0 The b a c t e r i a l th e o ry ; S6 The enzym atic th e o ry ;
3© The v ir u s th e o ry ; and 4 0 The p ro to z o a n th e o ry 0
A ccording to HeaM (16) Mayer f i r s t su p p o rte d th e b a c t e r i a l
th e o ry o f th e m osaic th e o r y ,
In (4 ) , Boncquet found a n i t r a t e r e ­
d u cin g s tre p to c o c c u s i n m osaic i n f e s te d to b a c c o »
I n 1917 (5)., he b e ,
lie v e d t h a t he had found th e c a u s a tiv e a g e n t o f th e c u r ly to p o f su g a r
b e s ts o
T his he named B a c illu s m o ru lan s.
l i k e bo d ies*
Dickson. (11) found b a c t e r i a l
N elson (33) i s o l a t e d a m in u te co ccu s form 6 t h a t u s u a lly
o c c u rre d s in g ly o r i n p a i r s o r ch ain s* from m osaic p la n ts *
N elson (34)
se c u re d n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s from h e a lth y p l a n t s , w h ile m osaic p la n ts gave,
m icrococcus bodies*
He s tu d ie d th e p ro g en y o f m osaic p l a n t s and asA
e e r ta in e d t h a t th e s e e d lin g s have an uneven d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e m osaic
c o rre sp o n d in g to th e amount c o n ta in e d i n th e o r i g i n a l p la n ts *
lie v e d them to be r e l a t e d to th e B i c k e t t s i as®
He be­
He was u n s u c c e s s fu l i n
p ro d u c in g a r t i f i c i a l i n f e c t i o n from th e s e c u ltu re d organism s*
T akahashi
and R aw lins (47) u sed s tre a m d o u b le r e f r a c t i o n th ro u g h a m icroscope
f o r d e te rm in in g th e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f u ltr a -m ic r o s c o p ic c o l l o i d a l s o lu tio n s *
They found t h a t th e m osaic ju ic e c o n ta in e d ro d shaped c o l l o i d a l p a r t i c l e s
w h ile th e h e a lth y p l a n t ju ic e c o n ta in e d c i r c u l a r p a r t i c l e s *
The enzymic th e o ry was f i r s t p ro p o sed by Woods in 1899 (48)*
He
su g g e ste d an abnorm al and e x te n s iv e developm ent o f an o x id iz in g enzyme*
A lla r d (2) d e m o n strated th e im p o s s i b ility o f th e o x id iz in g enzyme being
th e c a u s a tiv e a g e n t when he d e stro y e d th e enzyme w ith hydrogen p e ro x id e .
JBf
b u t d id n o t d e s tr o y th e v ir u le n c e o f th e v ir u s mosaic®
The enzyme co u ld be t r e a t e d w ith a lc o h o l and re c o v e re d w h ile th e
i n f e c t i v e p r i n c i p l e was destroyed®
A ccording to H eald (1 8 ), B e ije r in c k (3) in 1899 u se d th e terra
ttCoritagium vivum Tluidumlt to d e s c rib e th e c a u s a tiv e agent* a s i t would
p a s s through B e rk q fe ld an d C ham berlain f i l t e r s ®
little
A lla rd (2) and Doo-*
(13) d eterm in ed t h a t th e i n f e c t i v e p r in c ip le would p a s s th ro u g h
a B e rk e fe ld f i l t e r , b u t n o t th ro u g h a C ham berlain filte r® .
Holmes (19y2p) and B ric e (38) found a c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e
c o n c e n tra tio n s o f th e v ir u s and th e number o f le s i o n s produced by t o ­
bacco mosaic®
Holmes (21) found a r e l a t i v e l y d e f i n i t e p a th o f in ­
f e c t i o n o f th e d is e a s e from th e f o c a l p o in ts o f in f e c tio n *
P r ic e (39)
found th e HTicotiana s y l y a s t r i s to d e v elo p a form o f im m unity to th e
d is e a s e o f r i n g spot®
T his immunity i s tr a n s f e r e d th ro u g h th e puttings®
The v ir u s i s c o n ta in e d i n th e p l a n t , h u t develops no symptoms®
Lachey
(27) found t h a t th e m osaic o f th e su g a r b e s t pan be a tte n u a te d when
p a ss e d th ro u g h tom ato, squash* H ic o tia n a r u s t i n a , w aterm elon, r e s i s t ­
a n t v a r i e t i e s o f s u g a r b e e ts , and spinach®
I t pan be r e a c t i v a t e d to
a lm o st i t s o r i g i n a l v ir u le n c e when p a sse d th ro u g h th e h ig h ly s u s c e p tib le
chiejrweed®
S h e f f ie ld and Sm ith (42) found b o d ie s - in th e h a i r s o f m osaic
p la n ts which th e y d e s ig n a te d a s x bodies®
d i f f e r e n t plants®
These b o d ie s v a r ie d in
10
MAtPTOTAT.S .JUSTD' SffiBEODS
The s tu d ie s r e p o r te d in t h i s . p a p e r were c a r r ie d on i n th e E x p e ri­
ment S ta tio n greenhouse a t Montana S ta te C o lle g e, Bozeman, Montana,
d u rin g t h e y e a r 1932'-*33, u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n and h e lp o f P ro fe s s o r
He E‘» M o rris e
The G reat H o rth e rn bean se e d was o b ta in e d f o r th e work
from th e H u n tle y Branch S ta tio n a t H u n tle y » M ontana; from Balph M ercer,
County Agent a t Forsyth* Montana.: and from S0 G0 B ra sh e a r, o f Erom-
/
b e rg , Montana*. The see d s u s e d i n th e lo n g e v ity ex p erim en t were from
th e 19§7 H u n tle y B ranch S ta tio n s e le c tio n s : and were c o n tr ib u te d f o r
th e work by B r, P 0 A* Young, o f t h e E xperim ent S ta tio n o f Montana
S ta te C ollege*
The tobacco and c lo v e r were grown in th e g reenhouse o f
th e E xperim ent S ta tio n *
The m osaic d is e a s e d m a te r ia l was o b ta in e d from bean p l a n t s grown •
in th e E xperim ent S ta tio n g reen h o u se, from th e f i e l d ru n bean s e le c tio n s ^
and from th e Ralph M ercer Idaho C e r t i f i e d bean stock*
The d r ie d m a te r ia l was o b ta in e d from p la n ts grown a t th e H u n tley
Branch S ta tio n a t H u n tle y , d u rin g th e f a l l o f 1932'*
The f r e s h m osaic le a v e s w ere m a ce ra te d on a s t e r i l i z e d p o t l a b e l
w ith a s m a ll, s t e r i l e c o tto n swab*
The m a ce ra te d m a te ria l, was th en
• tra n s fe red to th e h e a lth y p l a n t s , in th e f i r s t to th e f o u r th compound
l e a f sta g e *
in o c u la tio n *
A d i f f e r e n t s t e r i l e swab and p o t l a b e l was u se d f o r each
The h e a lth y le a v e s were ru b b ed w ith th e swab c o n ta in in g .
th e inoculum u n t i l t h e r e was e v id e n t in ju ry *
The. p la n ts u s e d f o r th e
inoculum were th o s e h a v in g th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c m o ttlin g ;
The r in g sp o t
11
m osaic was o b ta in e d from a l f a l f a p la n ts grown i n th e E xperim ent
S ta tio n greenhouse®
T e s ts w ere made to d eterm in e th e optimum s ta g e
f o r th e in o c u la tio n s *
D if f e r e n t ty p es' o f m osaic c h a r a c te r iz e d by
m o s a ic -lik e p a t t e r n s were u sed to d e te rm in e i f th e y w ere r e p r e s e n ta ­
t i v e o f d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n s o f th e m osaic o f bean*
The d r ie d le a v e s were p u lv e riz e d i n a s t e r i l i z e d m o rta r w ith a
s t e r i l e p e s tle *
a g a in ground*
M e q u a l q u a n tity o f d i s t i l l e d f a t e r f a s added and
This, was u sed a s th e inoculum®
The m o rta r and p e s t l e
were sco u red w ith P e e ts m echanic soap and w a ter betw een each p u lv e r­
iz a tio n *
The hands o f th e worker were a ls o washed w ith th e soap be-*
tween each ty p e p u lv e r iz a tio n *
The ju ic e from h e a lth y le a v e s was' in o c u la te d in to h e a lth y p la n ts
f o r check p u rp o se s *
The 1987 s e le c tio n s from th e H u n tle y Branch S ta tio n o f G reat
N o rth e rn and Red Mexican bead seeds, were d u s te d w ith Cuprous o x id e and
in c u b a te d a t 88° 0* i n s t e r i l e damping chambers*
th e y were p la c e d i n p o ts i n th e greenhouse*
As th e y g erm in ated
These p la n ts w ere watched
f o r s ig n s o f m osaic*
Specimen I*
Specimen II*
Ten Red M exican bean s e e d s from norm al p la n ts *
Ten G reat N o rth ern b ean s e e d s from p l a n t s showing
a prom inent m osaic in th e le a v e s though l i t t l e s tu n tin g o f th e p la n t *
Specimen I I I i
Ten G reat N o rth ern bean seeds, from m osaic p la n ts *
Specimen IV*
Ten Red Mexican bean s e e d s from m osaic p la n ts *
Specimen V*
Ten G reat N o rth ern bean s e e d s from m osaic p la n ts *
18
-
Specimen. H o
.
N ine S e ! Mexican bean s e e d s from p l a n t s showing
s e v e re m osaic*
F o r ty s e e d s o f th e s e l e c t i o n number s ix ty - n in e made i n n in e te e n hundred and t h i r t y two were te s te d - i n s t e r i l e damp cham bers i n th e
in c u b a to r f o r h a rd seeds*
These see d s were d u ste d w ith cuprous oxide*
Twenty o f th e see d s were in c u b a te d w ith o u t p ric k in g , w h ile tw enty o f
th e seed s were p ric k e d .with a s i z e 10 sew ing n e e d le , th ro u g h th e seed
c o a t b e fo re in c u b a tio n ^
T w en ty -fiv e o f th e ungerm inated s e e d s in th e
benches were p ric k e d *
. . ; The i n d e f i n i t e grow th o f a l l p la n ts was trimmed back a t fre q u e n t
i n t e r v a l s w ith s c is s o rs ^ flam ed w ith an a lc o h o l lamp, betw een each
c u ttin g *
T h is guarded a g a in s t any t r a n s f e r o f th e d is e a s e from p la n t
to p la n t due to th e c u ttin g *
I t p ro duced b u s h ie r p l a n t s and so con­
c e n tr a te d th e d is e a s e and bro u g h t f o r t h symptoms whenever th e p la n t was
d ise a se d *
I t e n ab le d a c lo s e r s tu d y o f th e p l a n t s a s th e y were n o t
a llo w ed to entw ine to g e th e r*
The p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e tr a n s f e r e n c e o f
th e d is e a s e th ro u g h a c c id e n ta l in ju r y i n . t h e in d iv id u a l stu d y o f th e
p l a n t s , was i n t h i s way avoided*
The p o s s i b i l i t y o f th e t r a n s f e r o f th e d is e a s e in th e f i e ld th ro u g h
in ju r y and c o n ta c t was s tu d ie d by in j u r i n g a d jo in in g h e a lth y and d is ­
eased p la n ts and a llo w in g them to ru b to g e th e r*
The s t e r i l e swab method was u sed f o r th e p l a n t ' in o c u la tio n s in
thls.'W brk* '
•
■
F ollow ing i s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e m osaic symptoms observed*
Z
13
Symptomsi - F o llow ing i s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e m osaic symptoms o b serv ed ;
Types of. Bean M osaic used - c l a s s i f i e d
Symptoms t h a t ap p eared to be s in g le *
I* S tu n tin g .
Type Ao
c o lo r*
The p la n t was s tu n te d and o f a l i g h t g re e n
The co ty led o n o u s le a v e s d ev elo p ed sm all* sh o rt* l i g h t yellow
z ig - z a g »lin e s *
Be Vein, banding*
A darkened banding o f th e m ain veins- o f
th e le a v e s*
Type B*
The le a v e s d is p la y e d a- t y p i c a l v e in banding
o f th e p r i n c i p l e v e in s , th ro u g h o u t th e whole l e a f ;
The le a v e s w ere v e ry
unsymme t r i c a l *
Type C>
The v e in b an d in g d is p la y e d a y e llo w b anding,
s t a r t i n g w ith a y e llo w t i p m o ttlin g and w orking inw ard toward, th e base*
Type D*
m isshapen*
The le a v e s were s l i g h t l y e lo n g a te d and v e ry
The v e in banding o f d a rk g reen worked b ack from th e tip *
Type Eo
The le a v e s were b ro a d e r th a n th e y were lo n g ,
W ith a darkened v e in ban d in g throughout*
3» Rugose*
A n e c r o tic s p o ttin g o f d a rk and l i g h t g reen
th ro u g h o u t th e l e a f , w ith a h y p e rtro p h y o f th e leaves- betw een th e v e in s ,
g iv in g a v e ry rough appearance*
a* Em ail ru g o se s p o ttin g *
Type E*
The le a v e s w ere e lo n g a te d w ith s m a ll a n g u la r
d a rk e r g re e n p a tc h e s on a l i g h t e r g reen background*
14
Type Ge
D ried le a v e s o b ta in e d from th e H u n tley Ex­
p e rim e n t S ta tio n , 1933, c o n ta in e d v e ry s m a ll rounded s p o ttin g o f
d a rk e r g re e n on l i g h t green*
Type He
The c r o s s v e in s were a l l o f a l i g h t tr a n s ­
p a re n t g re e n w h ile the. s m a ll darkened a r e a s betw een w ere v e ry h y p er­
tro p h ie d *
b* Large ru g o se s p o ttin g * '
Type I ,
D ried le a v e s from th e H u n tley Branch S ta tio n ,
1933, d is p la y e d an e n la rg e d s p o ttin g o f d a rk g re e n on l i g h t green*
The
le a v e s were norm al in shape*
Type J e
The le a v e s showed a la r g e d a rk g re e n s p o ttin g
on a l i g h t background w ith a h y p e rtro p h y o f th e l e a f betw een th e v ein s*
The le a v e s were o f a norm al shape*
Type K*
The le a v e s w ere ex trem ely e lo n g a te d w ith th e
dark g reen -la rg e ru g o se s p o ttin g *
A h ig h d eg ree o f h y p e rtro p h y be­
tw een th e le av e s*
Type L«
The le a v e s w ere broadened w ith l a r g e r d ark
g re e n s p o ttin g *
4* C urling*
The le a v e s were c u r le d ; n o t cupped#
Type Me
throughout*
v, p
The le a v e s w ere a v e ry u n ifo rm d a rk green
:•»
The symptoms ,o f some o f t h e ty p e s' a p p ea re d t o b e com­
p le x e x p re s s io n s o f more th a n one v iru s *
symptoms ,a s shown below*
These ty p e s hav e combined
15
5» Vein banding and cu p p in g o
The le a v e s had th e character-*
i s t i c d a rk e r g reen v e in b an d in g , w h ile th e edges o f th e le a v e s were
cupped downward* •
Type -IT6 was o f t h i s ty p e ^
6 0 V ein banding and sm all ru g o s e combined*
The le a v e s were
veinbanded in d ark g re e n w ith a v e ry s m a ll s p o ttin g o f d ark g reen w ith
th e h y p e rtro p h y o f th e l e a f between th e V e in in g 0
Type O0
banding*
The le a v e s were e lo n g a te d , w ith d a rk v e in -
T h ere wa.s a sm a ll d a rk ru g o se s p o ttin g in th e l i g h t between
th e darkened v e in in g w ith a h y p e rtro p h y o f ■th e l e a f betw een th e v e in s «
7o V ein banding and la rg e , rugose*
>
'
There was a darkened
\
v e in banding w ith e n la rg e d darkened mosaic®
Type P 0
1938»
D ried le a v e s from th e H u n tley Branch S ta tio n ,
The le a v e s were e lo n g a te d w ith th e v e in b an d in g c o n ta in in g e n la rg e d
darkened ru g o se s p o ttin g i n the. e n lig h te n e d a re as*
Type
The. le a v e s w ere l i g h t g reen w ith d a rk e r g re e n
ru g o se m o ttlin g , combined w ith a darkened v e in banding*
Type Sl0
The le a v e s w ere o f a norm al sh ap e w ith v e in -
b an ding and w ith ' an e n la rg e d d ark en in g i n t h e lig h te n e d a re a s *
The Bing spot*
The a l f a l f a le a v e s o f th e p l a n t s e f f e c te d ,
showed a v e in b an d in g o f v e ry sm a ll, a l t e r n a t i n g l i n e s o f y e llo w green
and norm al g re e n , combined w ith c o n c e n tric r i n g s o f th e two c o lo r s o f
green*
'
Tm dn-A
m g CdMlP9.: ,UllM'Hi.
.
{,••/;I i'v.i i •/! - n ' : T l a
16
EXPEHIMENTAL BATA
By "g u co esg fu l",, th e a u th o r meang t h a t th e p la n t d eveloped th e
d is e a s e , w h ile by 'fU n su e c e sg fu rr th e a u th o r im p lie s t h a t th e r e wag no
change i n th e n a t u r a l developm ent o f th e p la n t due to th e inoculum
used.
The fo llo w in g r e s u l t s a r e summarized in T ab le I and H o
flype A was in o c u la te d in to t h i r t e e n (IS ) p l a n t s , a l l o f which
p ro v ed u n s u c c e s s fu l f o r t h i s inoculum ,
.J
Type B was in o c u la te d in to fo u r (4) p l a n t s .
The two (2 ) r e ­
s u l t i n g s u c c e s s f u l in o c u la tio n s w ere u sed a s in o c u la tin g m a t e r i a l
f o r f o u r (4 ) p la n ts ^ ,one ( I ) o f which p ro v ed s u c c e s s f u l and i t was
u sed a s th e inoculum f o r tw en ty th r e e (23) in o c u la tio n s , o f which
e ig h te e n (18) w ere s u c c e s s f u l.
T h is ty p e was a ls o u sed a s th e in o ­
culum f o r th r e e (3) tobacco p la n ts and th r e e (5) c lo v e r p l a n t s —a l l u p „ .
s u c c e s s f u l.
Type C was th e inoculum u se d f o r n in e te e n (19) bean p la n ts ,
one ( I ) c lo v e r p l a n t , and one (I ) to b acco p l a n t ;
Twelve (12) o f th e
bean p la n ts became d is e a s e d , w h ile n e i t h e r th e tobacco n o r th e c lo v e r
showed any d is e a s e symptoms;.
^ype B was used a s th e inoculum f o r se v e n ty (70) bean p la n ts *
s i x t y one (61) o f which became d is e a s e d .
Type S was th e inoculum f o r se v e n te e n (17) bean p l a n t s , seven
(?) o f which were s u c c e s s f u l.
T h is inoculum was a g a in u sed a s th e in ­
f e c t i v e ju ic e f o r one (I ) tom ato, two (2 ) la m b s q u a rte rs , and s i x (6 )
fa n w eeds.
17
TABLE. I .
T o ta l in o c u la tio n s made on G reat N o rth e rn Bean
and o th e r h o s t p la n ts *
.i.v
f•
N eg ativ e .
13
w
B
. 31
BI
67%
G
19
12
63%
7
D
70
61
86% •
9
E
17
7
41%
10
F. '
274
172
62%
102
G
. 29
20
69%
9
A .
. G re at N o rth e rn Bean
-
R e s u lts
P o s tiv e j P e rc e n t
. inoculum
Type
No*
P la n t
In o c u la te d
H '
15
I
29
J
10
K
«■»
'
13
,
10
15
45%
16
9
90%
. I
134
91
• 67%
43
L.
56
47
83%
9
M
14. .
8
57%
6
13
. . 1
3
F
, 42
29
69%
O
76
45
59%
P
29
20
68%
9
B
10
9
90%
I
S
30
22
75%
8
F-T-B
15
2
13%
15
K-T-B
15
10
66%
5
. Ring
29
22
75%
7
957
T o ta l
31
337
620 .
64% ..
10%
9
0
5
Ghili
K
10
K entucky Wondar
I
. 5
. I
_
a -
5
5
3
5
.
.
.4
100% .
80%
•*
I
18
TABLE E« (C ontinued)
Inoculum
Type I Ho o
P la n t
, In o c u la te d
Improved Golden
Buypee S tr in g le a s .
P e n c il Pod
Burpee B r i t t l e Wax
S c a r le t Wonder
B o stiv e
5
B e s u lts
P e rc e n t N e g ativ e
I
5
. . 100#
8
.5
3
5
'4
I
5
4
80#
I
2
5
4
80#
I
3
S
4
80%
I
I
5
5.
100%
2
5
5
. 100%
3
5
3 .
60%
2
i
5
3
60%
2
2
5
5
100#
3
5
4
80%
I
5
I
20#
2:
.5
-C
0
,
-5
.
.80#
.'
I
,
I
.
4
0
5
■
SWeet Pea.
G lover
K
3
0
3
B
3
**
3
C
3
F
5
Ifr
K
3
n
■H
I.
. . „
W hite Annual '
It
tt
•
5 Gonmion - 5 Bed
to b a cc o
.- ,
■.
-
,,
•
B
5
F
.. 3
E
■3
- N
I
Ring
.3
■ .3
5
I
T-
. Ring. .. 10 ..: , : ;
. . . .
. ..
3
I
, ,
10#
. . . ... O. - ,
0
.
.3
3
100# .
3
100% ;
0
k
■
w
I
I
5
$9
TABLE Io (C ontinued)
P la n t
In o cu lated -
Inoculum
. Type . I Ko *
•
"
B a a tiv e
R e s u lts
P e rc e n t I K e g ativ e
.
Tomato
■•
I
..I...'
D
I
■
Bing
.
D a h lia - , O z n lia s p 0 .
E •
.
Thaistii'-arvense 1L 0
.
- ■
E
I
Bing
.6
0
; Bing
.. E :
■f
0 .
;
I
6
■
B ing , ; I . : .........
5
o .....
1
•
0
6 »• -
0
,
. «•! .
• '
20# .
.0
-W
- f t..
&
I
100#
I
E .. ,6
L
Slientindidium.album L6.
I,
100#
..... 0 ,
,
■
6
... ■. 6 .....
.,
8
...... I .....
SG
TABLE I I
R e s u lts o f in o c u la tio n w ith s i x ty p e s o f m osaic i n
G re at N o rth ern Bean p la n ts
P la n ts
R e s u lts
Ino c o . P o s i t i v e N eg ativ e,
Type
s tu n tin g
:
.
V einbanding
13 .
_ 137
Rugose Sm all .
318
Rugose Large
229
C u rlin g
Complex
14 .
187
13
. IG l ...
36
.
■
192 .
. 126
160. .
8
125
,
P e rc e n ta g e
P o s itiv e
75% .
60% .
69
69%
6
. 57%
62 .
I
O
69%
■
I
I
21
Type g Isas th e inoculum f o r two h u n d red and f o r t y - f o u r (244)
bean p l a n t s , th r e e (3) to b aceo p l a n t s , and th r e e (3) c lo v e r p la n ts *
Of th e bean p la n ts in o c u la te d , one hundred and f o r t y - e i g h t (148) were
i n f e c t e d , th e tobacco ap p eared s l i g h t l y in f e c te d , and th e c lo v e r r e ­
m ained unchanged*
Type .Gr was th e inoculum f o r tw en ty n in e (29) hean p l a n t s , tw enty
(20) o f . which, became d ise a se d *
Type H was in o c u la te d in to f i f t e e n (15) bean p la n ts *
None be­
came d isea sed *
Type I was th e inoculum f o r tw en ty n in e (29) p la n ts o f which
t h i r t e e n (13) p la n ts were s u c c e ss fu l*
Type J was th e inoculum f o r te n (10) bean p l a n t s , n in e (9) o f
which became s u c c e s s f u lly d ise a se d *
Type K was th e inoculum f o r one hundred and t h i r t y - f o u r (134)
bean p l a n t s , th r e e (3) tobacco p l a n t s , and th r e e (5) c lo v e r p la n ts *
N inty-one. (91) bean p la n ts became d ise a se d *
The tobacco ap p eared to
r e c e iv e a s l i g h t i n f e c t i o n , w h ile th e c lo v e r was normal*
Type L was th e inoculum f o r f i f t y - f i v e (55) bean p l a n t s and s i x
( 6 ) fa n weeds*
T o rty —seven (47) bean p l a n t s became d is e a s e d and none o f
th e fa n weeds became a ffe c te d *
Type .E was in o c u la te d in to f o u r te e n (14) bean p l a n t s , e ig h t (8 )
o f which were s u c c e s s fu l*
Type N was th e inoculum f o r fo rty -tw o (42) p la n ts *
(29) o f th e s e in o c u la tio n s w ere s u c c e s s fu l*
Twenty n in e
T h is ty p e was th e inoculum
Sg
f o r th r e e (S) tobacco and th r e e (3) c lo v e r p la n ts # a l l o f which r e ­
m ained normal^
!&pe 0 was th e inoculum f o r s e v e n ty - s ix (76) bean p la n ts # o f
which f o r t y - f i v e (45) became s u c c e s s f u lly d ise a se d *
Type P was th e inoculum f o r tw e n ty n in e (89) bean p la n ts # tw enty
(SO) o f th e in o c u la tio n s b e in g s u c c e s s fu l*
Type H was th e inoculum f o r te n (10) bean p la n t in o c u la tio n s , o f
which n in e (9 ) produced d is e a s e d p la n ts *
Type S was th e inoculum f o r t h i r t y (30) bean p l a n t s , tw enty two
(SB) o f which became d ise a se d *
Types E and K w ere r e in o c u la te d from th e tobacco in to f i f t e e n (15)
bean p la n ts each*
Of th e f i f t e e n (15) p l a n t s in o c u la te d by Type F9 two
(■3) were d is e a s e d , w h ile o f ,th e f i f t e e n (15) in o c u la te d w ith Type K from
tobacco to b ean , te n (1 0 ) w ere d isea sed *
The Ring s p o t was in o c u la te d i n t o tw e n ty n in e (39) bean p la n ts *
tw en ty two (SS) o f which became d isea sed *
I t was th e inoculum f o r th r e e
(3) tobacco s e e d lin g s j te n (10) c lo v e r p l a n t s , s i x (6 ) fa n weeds, one ( I )
la m b s q u a rte rs j s i x (6 ) o x a l i s , and one ( I ) tom ato p la n t*
Type F was in ju r e d and allo w ed to ru b a g a in s t t h r e e (3) in ju r e d
h e a lth y bean p l a n t s i n th e second l e a f s t a g e only*
One ( I ) became d ise a se d *
Type Hf was a llo w e d to ru b a g a in s t th r e e (3) in ju r e d h e a lth y bean p la n ts
in t h e i r f i f t # compound s ta g e o n ly ;
These a l l p roved n e g a tiv e *
Type J
was in ju r e d and allo w ed to ru b a g a in s t f o u r (4) in ju r e d h e a lth y bean
p l a n t s i n t h e t h i r d l e a f s ta g e only*
One ( I ) o f th e fo u r (4) p la n ts
SS
became diseased©
The to b acco was in o c u la te d w ith ty p e s B9 ET9 F9 K9 and L o f th e
m osaic d is e a s e o f b ean , and w ith th e r i n g s p o t from th e a l f a l f a *
Types B and N produced no symptoms on th e tobacco plant©
Type F
showed a s l i g h t l y lig h te n e d m o ttlin g on th e le a v e s im m ed iately above
th e le a v e s in o c u la te d ^ a f t e r th e y e llo w in g a t th e b ase o f each in ju r e d
h a i r h a h faded©
Type K shewed a d e f i n i t e y e llo w in g o f th e l e a f a t th e
b a se o f each broken h a i r i n f e c t e d ,
"Zhis peached i t s g r e a t e s t d ev elo p ­
ment w ith in f i v e days and th e n g r a d u a lly fadecU
Three (S) tobacco p la n ts
were in ju r e d w ith o u t inoculum and th r e e (3) were in o c u la te d w ith h e a lth y
bean p l a n t leaves©
The le a v e s on th e s e p l a n t s rem ained c le a r *
The r i n g
s p o t o f a l f a l f a produced no d is e a s e symptoms on th e to b acco p la n t*
The c lo v e r s rem ained u n a ffe c te d from a l l o f th e in o c u la tio n s from
th e d is e a s e d bean plants©
Otte ( I ) c lo v e r , th e re d sw eet clo v er* p ro ­
duced th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms o f th e r in g sp o t d is e a s e from th e in o ­
c u la tio n from th e a lfa lfa ©
The tom ato was in o c u la te d w ith ty p e s 0 and B o f bean and w ith th e
p in g s p o t o f th e a l f a l f a *
Type 0 p ro d u ced no m o ttlin g o f th e le a v e s , a l ­
though a s l i g h t c u r lin g o f th e le a v e s was n o ticeab le©
a c le a r in g o f th e veins©
Type B produced
The r i n g s p o t p ro duced no symptoms*
The th r e e (5) sw eet p.eas in o c u la te d w ith Type K rem ain ed normal*
a lth o u g h s l i g h t l y s tu n te d *
Six. (6 ) v a r i e t i e s o f bean s were in o c u la te d w ith f i v e each o f th e
fo llo w in g ty pes*
2.4
1» Y einbanding
So Rugose
Se C u rlin g
th e r e s u l t s o f th e s e in o c u la tio n s a r e re c o rd e d i n T ab le I a
The symptoms o f th e d is e a s e a r e n o t d is tin g u is h a b le u n t i l a f t e r
th e compound le a v e s appear* a s th e y may b e masked i n th e . sim p le
le a v e s and n o t a p p ea r u n t i l t h i s l a t e r s ta g e i s re a c h e d ;
To in o ­
c u la t e in th e co ty led o n o u s s ta g e i s th e re fo re ^ v e ry u n c e rta in # as
th e r e s u l t s a r e n e v e r d e f i n i t e l y p o s itiv e *
When th e f i r s t compound
le a v e s have u n fo ld e d th e r e i s a b e t t e r chance o f d e te rm in in g th e d i s ­
eased from th e h e a lth y p la n ts b ecau se th e symptoms a r e becoming e v id e n t;
The symptoms ap p eared p l a i n l y on th e p l a n t s when in o c u la te d in th e p r i ­
m ary compound l e a f sta g e *
The second compound le a v e s show more d e f i n i t e
I y th e symptoms o f th e d is e a s e from t h e seed* th an from th e p rim ary l e a f
sta g e *
A lthough th e d if f e r e n c e i s s lig h t# th e symptoms from in o c u la tio n
a r e n o t q u i t e a s d e f i n i t e a s in th e compound l e a f sta g e *
The t h i r d
l e a f s ta g e symptoms o f th e d is e a s e from th e seed were m ore pronounced
th a n in th e e a r l i e r sta g e s *
The r e s u l t s o f th e s e in o c u la tio n s were
n o t a s c e r t a i n o f su c c e ss a s th e o th e rs * ' The f o u r th compound l e a f s ta g e
p ro v e d to be too o ld f o r in o c u la tio n p u rp o s e s, s in c e th e p e rc e n ta g e o f
s u c c e s s f u l r e s u l t s was v e ry low ;
The p la n ts in o c u la te d w ith th e d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f m o saic de­
v e lo p ed th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms on th e f i r s t le a v e s becoming in ­
fe c te d ;
These symptoms c o n tin u e d th ro u g h o u t th e p rim ary grow th
25-
i n th e p l a n t o By p rim a ry grow th th e a u th o r r e f e r s t o th e compound
le a v e s a r i s i n g from th e m ain Stem8 w h ile th e secondary grow th a r i s e s
in th e a x i l s o f th e compound le a v e s*
As th e seco n d ary grow th s t a r t e d
th e symptoms became th e sm a ll o r medium ru g o se ty p e , w h ile th e le a v e s
were g r e a t l y s tu n te d *
These secondary symptoms d eveloped from any
ty p e , v a ry in g in i n t e n s i t y , com parably w ith th e i n t e n s i t y o f th e p r i ­
m ary i n f e c t i o n in th e p l a n t .
The sec o n d a ry symptoms d id n o t develop
u n t i l a f t e r th e f o u r th week*
One p la n t d ev elo p ed a l l f o u r ty p e s d i s t i n c t l y on f o u r d i f f e r e n t
le a v e s .
Each l e a f was a d i s t i n c t ty p e i n i t s e l f , w h ile two o th e r le a v e s
on th e p l a n t were a b le n d in g o f th e f o u r .
Of th e th r e e ty p e s , one l e a f
was c u r le d , one v einbanded, one sm a ll m o saic, and one l a r g e rugose*
Of
th e complex symptoms, one l e a f was a co m b in atio n o f v ein b an d in g and
c u r lin g , and one o f v e in b an d in g and ru g o s e .
In m ost o f th e o th e r p la n ts
th e ty p e s w ere t r u e th ro u g h o u t a l l o f tlie le a v e s f o r th e p rim a ry symptoms,
T his was tr u e o f th e com plexi symptoms, a s w e ll a s th e p u re s t r a i n s .
Two o f th e d r ie d specim ens w ere o f th e t r u e symptoms o f Type G-, .
sm all ru g o se , and Type I , l a r g e ru g o s e .
banding and la r g e ru g o s e .
Type P was a complex o f v e in ­
The t r u e ty p e s w ere much more v i r u l e n t th e
f i r s t day b u t l o s t t h e i r v ir u le n c e more q u ic k ly th an th e complex ty p e .
Types G and I produced 8Q$> sm all ru g o se and 86% la r g e ru g o se m osaic from
th e in o c u la tio n s made th e f i r s t d ay ,
(T able I I I ) ,
The le a v e s o f Type
F , d is p la y in g th e complex symptoms o f l e a f banding and l a r g e ru g o se
p ro d u ced s e v e n ty th r e e p e r c e n t (73%) m osaic from th e f i r s t in o c u la tio n s .
SR
TABLE I I I o
R e s u lts o f in o c u la tio n s w ith e x tr a c t from
d r ie d le a v e s o f G reat N o rth e rn b e an s, showing t y p i c a l
m osaic symptomso
1 /3 1 /5 3
Type
NO o j
I
2 /1 /3 3
—
I ’fa
2 /4 /3 3
No* I ■{* j ,«» I'
8%G
JL -L l
86 %
9 ,—
9
9
4
& 73%
14
No o I •t* f -»»r I
66^
5
'a
4
44%
2
20 %
.40% ,
The second day, Ifype I produced no m osaic w h ile i t produced
tw en ty p e r c e n t (20^) th e t h i r d day*
The o th e r two ty p e s went g rad *
u a l l y down to f o r t y p e r c e n t (40%) th e t h i r d day*
The d e c lin e o f
th e cu ry e o f th e ifype P was n o t a s g r e a t a s th e cu rv e o f Type G0 Type I may have been in o c u la te d in to a p l a n t in which th e symptoms
had been masked u n t i l a f t e r th e in o c u la tio n s ^
A lthough Type I was
v e ry v i r u l e n t th e f i r s t day, i t s v ir u le n c e was q u i c k l y 'l o s t on s ta n d ­
in g , in s t e r i l e t e s t tu b e s , w h ile th e v ir u le n c e o f th e o th e r two was
l o s t more s lo w ly .
The complex ty p e was. n o t a s v i r u l e n t a s th e o th e r
1
.
.■
1*
. two a t th e s t a r t , b u t i t r e ta in e d i t s v ir u le n c e b e t t e r ,
■ The in o c u la tio n s made on th e G rent N o rthernbean p l a n t s , were d i ­
v id e d in to two groups $ th e one $ on p l a n t s grown from th e Balph' Mercer'
s to c k o f C e r t i f i e d Idaho se e d , and th e o th e r p la n ts grown from seed
from th e H u n tley Branch S ta tio n a t HuntIey^ Montana*
One s e t o f in o ­
c u la tio n s was made in th e w in te r months on ,th e se two groups* w h ile
a n o th e r s e t o f in o c u la tio n s was made d u rin g th e s p rin g months*
T able
IT g iv e s th e r e s u l t s Trom th e w in te r in o c u la tio n s , w h ile T ab le T g iv e s
■" th e r e s u l t s from th e s p rin g in o c u la tio n i n th e s e two groups*
Two o f
th e p la n ts u se d a s inoculum f o r f i f t e e n (15) p la n ts each o f th e C e r ti­
f i e d Idaho S tock wore* p o s s ib ly , pseudom osaic a s th e r e s u l t s were un­
s u c c e s s fu l*
Type Z from tobacco to bean h ad two (2) d is e a s e d p la n ts
o u t o f th e f i f t e e n (15) in o c u la te d *
The d is e a s e i n th e s e two was p r o -
.
b a b ly from th e s e e d , r a t h e r th a n from th e in o c u la tio n s *
Type H showed
a c le a r in g o f th e v e in s i n th e o r i g i n a l p l a n t used f o r t h e inoeulumo
28
.
TABLE IVo
R e s u lts o f in o c u la tio n s on G re at N o rth ern bean from th e
Idaho C e r t i f i e d S tock and th e H u n tley F ie ld Run
S to c k o
These in o c u la tio n s w ere made d u rin g
th e w in te r m onths»
Inoculum
Type . ...
C e r t i f i e d Idaho Stc>ck
H u n tle y F ie ld S to ck
No* I B osiN egat
No o ' , Posi­
Nega­
Xnoco I ... t i v e
$ .
t i n e . Xnaco t i v e
% tiv e .
. ...
">
4
•*» .
.2 3
C
19
F .
Q
15. .
12
80%
20
14
I
22
18
. g
•
TOTAL
37%
5
3
144
86
60%
58
. 70% ,
6
9
6
66%
3
13
65% •
7
.9
"T*
o
9
9
90fo ::
■
I
33
29
87% ;
9
53% ■ 8
4
44% "
W
7
20
.1 6
80%
. 4
■ 17
9
9
90%
I
-
■
4
I /. . 16d
.
9
,
80%
10 ; '
0
8
20
....
...
9
2
124
'
5
I
C u ltu re
, ■
•
. , .25
?
* .
5
.T
■
■
R
78%
' 1 12 ■■ 63% • .
10
__
4
B
173# I 45
: 238
.
,
. —,
.
4 •'
5
.
■
139 . 57% I 101
Types and w here th e y were o b ta in e d ?
AL t» H u n tley F ie ld Run
J - H u n tley F ie ld Run
B n
»
R
K - Idaho C e r t i f i e d
C » Idaho C e r tif ie d
L - H u n tley F ie ld Run
D - H u n tley F ie ld Run
M - Experim ent S ta tio n Greenhouse
E R
»
R
N - H u n tley F ie ld Run
F - Idaho C e r t i f i e d
O - H u n tley F ie ld Run
G H u n tle y F ie ld Run
P •
"
«
u
H - Idaho C e r t i f i e d
B tt
If
R
I - H u n tle y F ie ld Run
S R
tt
it
^ E x p lan a tio n on Page 380
T h is ty p e produced no symptoms- in th e f i f t e e n (15) p l a n t s in o c u la ted *
E x clu d in g th e s e two ty p e s F and B9 and H9 th e p e rc e n ta g e o f success*f u l in o c u la tio n s in th e s p rin g in o c u la tio n s i s h ig h e r th a n th e per-*
c e n ta g e o f th e w in te r in o c u la tio n s *
In th e C e r tif ie d Idaho Stocky
th e s p rin g in o c u la tio n s were e ig h ty p e r c e n t (80$) s u c c e s s f u lly d is *
e a se d 9 w h ile th e ,w in ter in o c u la tio n s were s e v e n ty -th r e e p e r c e n t (73$)
s u c c e s s f u l.
In th e H u n tley F ie ld S tock th e w in te r p e rc e n ta g e o f s u c c e ss ­
f u l in o c u la tio n s was f& fty-rseven p e r c e n t (57$) a s compare# to s i x t y e ig h t (68$) p e r c e n t in th e s p rin g in o c u la tio n s®
C le a rin g o f th e v e in s h a s been r e p o r te d a s an e a r l y symptom o f
c u r ly to p o f s u g a r b e e t by Ralph Stoith (45)*
I t was a ls o r e p o rte d by
K* H* Smight (44) a s a symptom o f th e m osaic v ir u s o f S o la n a ce a e 9 and by
Kunkel (86) a s a symptom o f a s t e r yellows®
symptoms o f c le a r in g o f th e v e in s .
Type H (T ab le V) showed th e
F i f t e e n (15) bean p l a n t s were in o ­
c u la te d w ith t h i s ty p e and a l l p roved unsuccessful®
Of th e t o t a l in o c u la tio n s , (T ab le TE) th e C e r t i f i e d Idaho Stock
was more s u s c e p tib le to th e v ir u s d is e a s e o f m osaic o f bean a s th e p e r ■
c e n ta g e o f s u c c e s s f u lly d is e a s e d p l a n t s i s h ig h e r in th e C e r t i f i e d Idaho
S tock th a n i n th e H u n tley F ie ld Stock®
Type
L
was u n s u c c e s s fu l i n th e H u n tle y S to ck and i n th e C e r tif ie d
S to ek 9 T a b le 71®
F ollow ing t h i r t e e n (15) u n s u c c e s s fu l ex p erim en ts, Type
L was d is c a rd e d f o r in o c u la tio n p u rp o se s, a s a d e g e n e ra te o r p seu d o m osaic plant®
The pods were allo w ed to r ip e n and th e s e e d s were germ ina-
te d in a 30® C® incubator®
They were p o tte d i n th e g reen h o u se a s th e y
TABLE V,
R e s u lts o f in o c u la tio n s on G reat N o rth e rn Bean from th e C e r t i f i e d Idaho S to c k , th e H u n tley B1I e ld S to ck , and th e B ra sh e a r S to c k 0 These
in o c u la tio n s w ere made i n th e s p rin g m onthso
C e r t i f i e d Idaho S tock
No, - P o s i­
Nega­
t i v e , , f» : t i v e
Inoc o
Inoculum
Type
15 ■
D
86%
15
2
H u n tley F ie ld S to ck
No o
P o s i­
Nega­
In o c 0 t i v e
% : tiv e
;
50
86%
.
.
,
• •
L
m-
.14.
.
-
. ..
15
R ing spot
TOTAL .
.93%
I
76
47
60%
OO
56
47
83% '
.
105
.73%:
s. : - 13%
66%;
10
w
62
—
.
.
11
.
—
-
■
4
-
62
.
15
■
^
33 ' 56%
:
u : 73%
5
45
7
••
.
.
41% : . 10
•O
29
10
9
mm
.O
14
-
.
Nega­
tiv e
.
—
13
-
59% _
—
■
:
36
15
'
«15
.
4 9 - 57%
O
^
15
F -M
K-TfB
.
85.
5
W
«W-
S
•
..
. 15
m
Q
O
' 15 .
K
: 80%
12
15
H
.
17
W
F
.
_
8
E.
.
B ra sh e a r Stock
No o
P o s i­
In o c 0 t i v e . %
29
:
4
;.
••
. I Y 10%
m
.
8
” ,
56$
9
. 6
.
.
,
:
-
,
15
.
367
.248
11
,.
73%
.68%
.
4 .
14
119 :
55
-
11
.78% ■
27
49% ' .2 8
3
sai
TOTAL V I,
T o ta l in o c u la tio n s o f G reat N o rth ern Bean from
th e C e r t i f i e d Idaho S to ck and th e H u n tley
F ie ld S to c k ,
Is
Inoculum
Type
A-
■
4
'
.w
4
0
18
. 78#
19
12.
63#
7
B
15
13
. 86#
' 2:
58
F
30
. 24
.
80#
6
244.
G
SO
14
■
70#
6
.H
15
0
o
15
2©
13.
. 63#
7
J
10
9
90#
I
K.
15
14
C
L
.
.
N.
0
25
.•
15
.
20
F
10
.,H
S
15
F-T-B
15
K-TrB
15
80#
3
:
, . 80# ' ■ 4
'
:
S
13#
13
. 10
66%.
5
C u ltu re
TOTAL .
4
290
^ E x p la n a tio n on Page. 5 3 ,
:
2
:
50#
199
I
68#
62
•
91
0
9
•F-
V.
:
■
9
9
53#-
8
33
. 56#'
29
:
44#
5
.. - .,
' :
' 11
73#'
4
I
...4
* ■:
620
3
83#
15
'
66#
47
.
-
2
I
8
. 60#
9
.
15
mm
,
86#
76
17
I
B ing sp o t
* ...
109
12
4
■
'
5
-73#
5
96
. 90: ,
. . 8 0#
11
50
6 ...
W
I
90#:
.37#.
148
.
56
9
.
9
20
.1 6
3
9
r
«»
"» ■
8
9
. 93#'
. ® .1 0
9
S3
B
.
Ger t i f i e d Idaho S to ck I
H u n tley F ie ld S to ck
P o s i-1
Nega­ I ER)* . P o s i­
N gat i v e . : I ?o
t i v e . . Inoco
;iv e
tiv e ' #
11
33
■ .„
' 73# . 4
_. T' .
■ rf •
4Q0
64#
I 220
.
g e rm in a te d 4
These p l a n t s were w atched f o r s ig n s o f th e t r a n s f e r o f
th e m osaic th ro u g h th e seed i n an a tte m p t to d is c o v e r i f th e p la n t was
d is e a s e d i n a weakened form , o r i f i t was d e g e n e ra te .
The p u re symptoms i n th e t o t a l in o c u la tio n s i n th e C e r t i f i e d Idaho
S to c k 9 produced s ix ty -tw o p e r c e n t (62%) i n f e c t i o n , w h ile th e inoculum
showing complex symptoms^ produced e ig h ty p e r c e n t (80%) i n f e c t i o n .
The C e r t i f i e d Idaho S to ck was 1 ,2 6 tim e s more s u s c e p tib le In th e
w in te r I n o c u la tio n s , g e n e r a lly , to th e m osaic d is e a s e s , th a n th e H u n tley
F ie ld s to c k .
The Idaho s to c k was q u ite s u s c e p tib le t o th e Types B and
N, w h ile th e H u n tley s to c k was n o t a s s u s c e p tib le to th e s e ty p e s ,
As
th e ty p e s w ere from th e H u n tley m osaic s to c k , a s l i g h t amount o f immunity
may have been b u i l t u p .
The Idaho s to c k b e in g n a t u r a l l y more s u s c e p tib le
may have la c k e d t h i s deg ree o f im m unity, a s th e Type F was from th e Idaho
s to c k and i t was 1 ,5 6 tim e s more s u s c e p t i b l e in th e Idaho s to c k ,
p la n ts
Type C produced 98% d a rk e r g reen ru g o se m o saic/th o u g h no ty p ic a l
y e llo w v e in b an d in g symptoms app eared a t f i r s t .
The p l a n t s were sp ray ed
w ith B lack L e a f 40 (8 i n 100) and m o la sse s f o r T h rip s 0 F o llo w in g t h i s
th e same y e llo w symptoms appeared th ro u g h o u t th e g re e n h o u se .
T his same
y e llo w in g a p p e a rs i n th e f i e l d s w ith o u t any p re v io u s s p ra y in g , b u t th e r e
i t i s n o t a s p r e v a le n t.
Types J and B w ere predom inant i n th e 1932 H u n tley f i e l d s e l e c t i o n s .
The Idaho s to c k p ro v e d 90% s u s c e p tib le t o b o th ty p e s .
These two ty p e s
a p p e a re d to be o f a v e ry v i r u l e n t n a tu r e i n b o th s to c k s .
Type K o f th e M ercer p l a n t s pro d u ced 88% s u c c e s s fu l in o c u la tio n s in
■2®
th e H u n tley f i e l d s to c k s
The p la n ts in o c u la te d w ith t h i s ty p e showed
v e ry p rom inent symptoms o
The c u ltu r e ju ic e was s t e r i l i s e d th ro u g h a C ham berlain T i l t e r 8 and
p la te d on a g a rs
A m in u te coccus was found i n th e J u ic e 0
a g a r, numerous m inute tr a n s lu c e n t c o lo n ie s were fonnedo
coccus was a gram n e g a tiv e 0
Qn th e p la te d
T h is m icro■»
When in o c u la te d in to th e p l a n t s , i t produced
n e g a tiv e r e s u l t s a s two w ere d is e a s e d and two were n o t*
T h is m icrococcus
may have e n te r e d from some o th e r so u rc e r e g a r d le s s o f th e c a r e in h a n d lin g
th e a p p a r a tu s , o r i t may have been a sap ro p h y te o r i g i n a l l y frcm th e bean
plants©
The two s u c c e s s f u l in o c u la tio n s may have been o r i g i n a l l y d is e a s e d
p l a n t so
T a b le s IY and Y I0
The 1932 and 1931 s e le c tio n s frcan th e H untley Branch S ta tio n were
t e s t e d f o r r e s i s t a n t in d iv id u a ls * (T ab les Y II and Y I l l J 0
S e le c tio n s No0
4 5 , 6 7 , and 70j> were r e s i s t a n t to th e v i r u s o f Type F8 a v e ry v ir u l e n t
type*
S e le c tio n s 38, 39, 55, 56, an d 69 were. 100% s u c c e s s f u l in o c u la tio n s
and c o n ta in e d no d is e a s e i n th e u n in o c u la te d checks*
S e le c tio n 36 was
s u s c e p tib le to Type F8 b u t was u n s u s c e p tib le to Type K*
S e le c tio n :;:.48:)was
s u s c e p t i b l e 't o , v i r u s B w h ile i t was u n s u s c e p tib le to Type K0
C o n tra ste d
t o t h i s ,,s e l e c t i o n s 3 7 , 42, 43j> 4 7 , and 60j, were r e s i s t a n t t o F , a lth o u g h
s u s c e p tib le t o Kj w h ile S e le c tio n 4 was r e s i s t a n t to B and s u s c e p tib le
to K, and S e le c tio n 50 was r e s i s t a n t to Type ET8 w h ile s u s c e p tib le t o K0
S e le c tio n 47 was 5% d is e a s e d , s u s c e p tib le to o n ly one. Type K, w h ile
S e le c tio n 53 had 33% s u s c e p tib le in o c u la te d p la n ts *
S e le c tio n s No* 45j 67, and 70 w ere g erm in ated i n a 30* C0 in c u b a to r
and w ere p o tte d i n th e greenhouse*
They w ere t e s t e d w ith Type K f o r
34
TABLE H I
R e s u lts from th e In o c u la tio n s o f t h e s e v e n ty -fo u r s e le c tio n s
o f G reat N o rth ern Bean made in 1938 from th e
H u n tley Ji'ield S tock
%
Geinu
Germ0 . fo No* '
3 /3 1 /3 3 i 5 /9 /3 3 Hard XUOCo. Types
S e le c tio n
K
■
.
. 2
-
■W
■
.
'
-
,
.
.
,
.
4
80#. I
4
.20^ '
iefa 12
100%
K
4
I
80#
0
6
3
K
. » 100% I
5
16%
- K
100# 10
3
100%
K
3 . I
75%
8
0
.
K
4
0
8:
©
K
3
I
75# 4
4
50%
K
3
75%
I
7
0
K.
5 ■ 0
8
0
, K
I
100% 12
100%
.5
' K
6
' 100%
0
K
4
4
20%
100# " I
K . 3 . L ", loo# 7
I : 87%
F
. ■2 . 0
2
‘ 100%
*!• 100% 6 , W I 100# ■
F fa
F I 5
100% I
4 . 20#
«*
~0
11
- I 100%
F • I
< 100% - 10 . w I 100%
. F
5
7
Q
IooF
D
3
2
60%. 2 - 4 I 33#
: D
3 I 40%
.2
6 I
9
I D
3 .
100% 2
4
33%
D
" T l 33^
I
'4
5
D
100% 3
5 I 36#
D
3
100%
6 I
0
D
100# 7
3
* I 100%
D
I
4
20$ I 5
I I 83%
B... 6.
100% 2 .
4
33#
.6
F
100% 4
3
33#
; F ' 6 I
100% U . 6
0
F ‘ 8
3
40% | l
5 I 16%
■F r 1 4 1 2
66% Il
6 I 14%
V*
—
—
• •
■■
.
■
• .
■
■
.
.
■
.
•a
,
.
'
.
-
•
•
-
.
I
.
M osaic
.
.
.
'
W r
■
,
$
I
—
. .
I
‘
I
I
66# '
0
66#
5
Z
60#
80#
20#
3
73# >20#
93#
5
4 :'
60#
60#
0
3
R
60#
86#
26%
3
&
• 73#
80#
4.
IZ f
9
. 60#
80#
20#
4
73#
80#
7#
4
R
I
9
46# . 73#
27# . 4
10
73#
86#
5
13f»
11
46#
86#
40# ' I
12
73#
73#
0
5
13
46#.
14# : 4
60#
.1 4
73#
0
73#
3
15
26#
26#
0
16
46#
.53#
.7# . 2,
66#
5
0
17
• • 66#
18
73#.
73#
O
19..
73#
73#
0
I
20
66#
. 80# .14^ • . 5
21
86#
73# .
5
22
73#
0
s
- 73#
23
’ 40# ■ 60#
20#
3
24
46# = 46#
0
4
25
56# ■ 80#
14fa
5
26
33#.
2 7# ■ 3
.,..60#
27
53#
66% 13# ; 3
28
66#
73#
7#
5
29
80#
80#
0
.6.
30
. 86#
0
6
86#
80#
80#
0
6
si
-38 ■
.73#
.73#
5
0
33
93#
86# ;r 7# ' 6
R e s u lts
•fa I .«
Unw
iUOGo
+
■
.
-
T
.
,
T
-
,
.
.
,
.
TABLE V lt (C ontinued)
■
#
SE
R esu lts .
HQo Gei526 Germ.
#
1 /2 8 /3 3 2 /2 5 /3 3 Hard . InOCo Types.
-# ,
S e le c t io n
54
43#
63#
20# ' 7
35
50# '
53#
33# ■ 7
36
46#
80#
' 34#
7
37
36#
70#
44#
7
38
36#
53#
17# . 7
39
60#
86#
36#.
8
■ 30#
56#
26#
7
33#
63#
30#
7
30# .
80#
50#
7
43
33# •
76# '
44
40# . / 63# ■ 13# ' 7
45
56#
• 73#
46
56#
47
53#
48
' 36#
49
56#
50
63#
40 ,
41
43
'
'
.
43# :■ 7
’ 17#,
7
80#
24#
7
. 83 #
30#"'
7
20#
7
70#
' 14#
6
90#
. 8? # .
6
§6# '
Jn' .hoc o . f
' K h M osaic
4F
4 ■■
'
100#. I
11
8#
I
; IK
2
.:2P .
•S''.
4F
4 ■ h
-w
2K
2
' 57%, - 10 ' 0'
IP
I
SF
3 : I
6#
. IK
57# I 15
3P
3
- ■ 2
2F
2
T
2K
71# 2 12 :L4#
SP
3
3 '
SF
100# T
0
9
' 4G
4
- m* .
4F ■ 4
17 * 0
100# . SG
3
IK
I • —
2
. SB
2 84#
I ■ 100# 11
. IG
'4
4K
SB
5
42# — 11
O
IG
I .
M
SK ■ 3
—' 2
2F
71# I 16 ' 5#
5
5K
*
4
42# I 16
1 4F
5#
3 ■-4'
SK .
'I
71# I
9 10#
; .. H
5
I
6H
6
, 6F
0
0
15
- : I .
II
6F - 3 : 3
0
- 43# - 16
:
II
..I ;
SF . - ; 5
SI , 3
5#
17
e
W
. IK
I
SB
3
42#
10
O
SI I 3 .
I
IK
66# ■ 2 15 13#
H I .4 ' 2
IK
-I
ft
9#
16# , 2. 19
5H I h
S
SB
TABLE YII (Continued)
%
Noe
Sentu ' %
Germe
1 /2 8 /3 3 2 /2 5 /3 3 Eard Inoc» . Types
S e le c tio n
66%
51
100%
6
ZOfo
83%
34%
53%
50% •
70%
20%
.6 ,
E
54
66%
76%
10%
6
F
55
56
5?
58
59
60
70%
63%
50%
70%
53%
.86%
. 73%
70% .
83%
16%:
13%
20%
13%
10%
6
6
‘
6 :
7 .,
a
F
F
F
F
52
53
..
.
.
:
63%
.
4
-
6
6
. 5
7
' 5 '
F.
. 5F
IK
,
33%
63% ' 30%
6
61
66%
93%
27%
o .
■»
62
63
. 53%
50%.
. 73%
70%
20%'
20%.
8
6
F ' .
F
64
53%
I
87%
65
50%
. 93%
4
6
66
... 43%
66%
83% - . 6 .
F
67
83%
96%
13%
6
F
68
50%
70%
20%
5
69
10%
70
60%
83%
70%
3 /3 1 /3 3
43%
73%.
10%
7
7
6
4
2
2
4E •
2K
6
"
R e s u lts
*
.
.
.
F
F
%
100%: 12
100% 5
;
33%
a : ' 66%'
_ ' 100%
100%
.53%.
100%
61%
-
i
«*•
3
5
I .
-
16%
u Z9
^-
-l
,
—
14
15
0
I
16
5%
«.
3
3
I
21
16
12
15;
10
0
0
20%
16%
9%
2
9
18%
—
—
100%
4
14
80%
6%
2
18
10%
. 66%
2
20
9%
100%
I
13
7%
0
23
0
16
0
18
0
15
0
—
2
2
50%
4
2
5-
6
.
%
M s a i c;
50%
35%
100%, 16
16% I
a ;
i
.F , .4
■2F.
2
5
5K
F
12
4
—
.
UnIn o c e
iir
6
0
I
40% .
-
100%
-
-
7 .
0
—
—
-
5 /9 /3 3
71
50%
72
73
46%
' 60%
. 66%
60%
74
73%
73%
.
66%
13%'
«■
_ '
80% . 5
0 ■ 4
3
4
5
4
0
P e r c e n t a g e o f p l a n t s t h a t died*
I '
100%. .
9
100% 7
100% —
5
100%
.0
80% I
5
■ 16%
■
•
.
3V
TABLE YIXI
B e s u lts from in o c u la tio n s made on th e 1951 s e le c tio n s
o f G reat N o rth ern Bean from th e H u n tley
F ie ld S to ck
*
Germ0
I
I G em 0
S e le c tio h I 5 /3 1 /5 5
I
S
6
8
9
15
14
16
18
19
25
26
28
29
SI
32
55
.34
36.
57
58
39
42
44
47
51
52
53
'
54
55
. 56
• '5 8
59
61
62
66
67
. 69
70,
No. ;
Inoc» Types
H ard
F
. 33%' .
33%. 0
2
20$
.
F
4
80%
. ' / 60%. .
6%
4
'
60% ’ 66%*
■ F
83% . 83%
0 :
27% I :
F
15% ■ 40%
V 73% ! 77% ■• 5
- 66%
' E
60%
. 73%. 13%
F
4
10% 5
F
.73% . 83%
66%
6% 5
60%
F
20%
26% • 6% ■ I "
F
20%
a l l d: ed
46%
53% ' 7% 3
F
33%.
F
33%.
' S i
60%“ ~ 6.0%
0
5 ' ■ ■F
.
60% . ■' 73% 13%
5
K
.
93%
80% ■*13% . 6 1 ■ K
.60% 14% 4 , .
. -46%
0
53%
0.
0
3
. 53%
■ 73%
73%.
0
6
0
0
73%. . 86% !3 $ . 6 •
' 86%. •
93%
7% 6
.0
73%
0
6
73% : 0
66%
80%
14%
6 .:
0
86%
6% . 5
80%
0
66%
80%
14% ■ 5
0
20%
40%
20%
93%
86% * 7% 7
L
I.
80%
80%
5
L
0
.,I
■33% : 33%
2
0
L
I
40% : 53% • 13%
3
L
I
46% • 46%.
L
0 I 3
'
. 26%
26%
0
I
L
.
40% .
46%'
6$
3 '
L
53% .
53%
0 I 4
.L
.
. 40%
■ 33% * 7% 2
L
33%
13%
20%. I I
L
.
66% . . 66%'
0 I 4
.L
56%
■26% . *30% I 4 I L
73% .
80%. J 7% I 5 I L
^ P e rc e n ta g e o f p l a n t s t h a t diedo
R e s u lts
$
.
■
.
'.
-
•
■
'
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
'.
■
.
.
.
,
.
-
;
■S.
'
-
■
,
m
.
-
,
™
. 0
5
6
2. ■
-
■
■».
*
.
.
,
■
.
: 6
..
v
■
w
I
.
.
.
;
■3
’
.
.
.
.
5 ;
.
. . .
.
,
.
. . .
,
.
-
•
•
0
3
12%
7
I ■
'
5
I
16%
12
7%
l
m 100% I
4 • 20%
3
60%
6
0
33%:
.4
3
57%
I
5
0
— ' 8
0
100%
5J
0
2
0. I
33%
I
I '■
5
0
I I4
■' 20%
100% I , | 2
0
5
0
4..
0 I0 I— 6
'
5
,5
6
0
16% I 4 , 0 Jl
3 . 25% ,
3
0
. .0 I - : 3
100%
5
0
6
0
7
0
8 ■
6 : 0 : *
86%; I
4
I
20% ■
100% I
5
16%
8
3 ■ 40% T
0
7
5.
0
0
6 I
100%
100%. - I 6
0
7 ; 0
' 2 .. 60%" 0
*r*. 100%= - I 3
300% I I 4 I 20%
«-• , 100% ,« ;j 4. I 0
I
0 I - 13 I 0
I
66% 13
I ' 75% ‘
I
75%. 3
I I 75%
100%. I 3 I - 1 100%
100% I 3
1
75%
I
75% I l I 6 I 14%
I
75% I — I — I —
I
80% I l I 6 I 14%
,
I
3.
, 3.
.
.
,
.
2
0
4
0
4 . 0
'
.
■
.
UnIn o e 0
%
A M osaic
.
7
, 'S ‘
2
I 3
: 3 ;
I ^
-2 ;
3
. 2
; I
' 3
: 3
4
■
—
r
»
-
" r
SB
f u r th e r t e s t s fo r s u s c e p tib ility *
Ho m osaic symptoms r e s u lte d *
The H u n tley Branch S ta tio n 1937 s e le c tio n s o f G re at N o rth e rn and
Bed Mexican beans were g erm in ated i n th e in c u b a to r and w ere tr a n s f e r e d
to th e greenhouse to p o ts*
No m osaic symptoms were observed* (T able IX)*
TABLE IXo
R e s u lts o f th e g e rm in a tio n and p re se n c e o f m osaic i n
th e 1937 s e le c tio n s from th e H u n tley B ranch
S ta tio n
S e l e c t ioniNoo
I
Germ*
'
. Ho* Grew.
. 80%
100%
3
100% . .
60% .
90% .
100%
4
. 5
. 9.0% ■
.
90%
;
*
70%
. 50%
6 .. ...
I
100%
100%
Bid n p t
Gr6W:\. . ..
3 ro tte d
Ho m osaic
4 molded
'
No m osaic
- I wormy
I ro tte d
!,wormy
.
R e s u lts .
‘ No m osaic .
No m osaic
,,No mosaic. .
No m osaic
39
W» H9 P ie r c e (36) found seed to c o n ta in m osaic a f t e r t h i r t y y e a rs
s to ra g e *
Duggar (14) found t h a t th e se e d p r o te in in s u f f i c i e n t q u a n ti­
t i e s , tsould. i n a c t i v a t e th e v ir u s , a lth o u g h th e amount o f p r o te in in
each seed was i n s u f f i c i e n t to i n a c t i v a t e th e v iru s*
,He s t a t e s t h a t th e
amounts c o n ta in e d in th e se e d , m ig h t p ro d u ce t h i s i n a c t i v a t i o n when th e
seed s were h e ld in .s to ra g e ©
The see d s used from th e 1937 s e le c tio n s
w ere s i x y e a rs old© .No m osaic was o b serv ed on th e f i f t y n in e plants©
F iv e o f th e tw enty u n p ric k e d s e e d s o f s e l e c t i o n s ix ty - n in e &£ th e
H u n tley Branch S ta tio n 1932 s e le c tio n s germ inated fn in c u b a tio n a t
30* 0© The tw enty p r ic k e d se e d s a l l g e rm in a te d 'in th e in c u b a to r;
The
u n p ric k e d see d s r e q u ir e d f i v e days to g e rm in a te , w h ile th e p ric k e d se e d s
r e q u ir e d th r e e days*
seed s came up©
In th e bench, tw e n ty ^ fo u r o f th e tw e n ty ^ fiv e p ric k e d
These see d s had f a i l e d to germinate©
The s e e d s were
f e r t i l e , b u t th e se e d c o a ts were, im p rev io u s to w a te r and w ere, t h e r e f o r e ,
h a rd seeds©
The f i r s t th r e e s e t s o f see d s p la c e d i n th e in c u b a to r ; were d u ste d
With Cuprous oxide©
The l a s t s e t was d is in f e c t e d w ith tJspulun©
The
s e t s d u s te d w ith Cuprous o x id e , w ere f r e e from mold f o r two weeks, w h ile
th e o n e s s t e r i l i z e d w ith U spulun were moldy w ith in f i v e days©
These
seed s were th e n d u ste d w ith Cuprous o x id e and p la c e d i n th e in c u b a to r
'
again© They d id n o t r e g a in t h e i r moldy s t a t e f o r a week©
The m osaic Types B and N produced no symptoms oS th e tobacco (T ab le
I)©
Type K produced a sm a ll r in g o f y e llo w around each in ju r e d h a i r ,
w ith in th r e e days©
T his s tre n g th e n e d i n c o lo r f o r two days and th e n
40
slo w ly fa d e d o
The check p l a n t s t h a t were in c u b ated , a t th e same tim e
from h e a lth y le a v e s produced no y e llo w in g .at. th e b ase o f th e in ju r e d
h a irs b
'
Type T1 d is p la y e d th e same y e llo w c i r c l e a t th e b a se o f each
•
/
In ju r e d h a ir*
'
■
The le a v e s im m ed iately above each in o c u la te d l e a f became
f a i n l y m o ttle d one week a f t e r th e in o c u la tio n *
T h is m o ttlin g slo w ly
fa d e d out*Type G produced no symptoms o f m osaic^
Triehom es o f h e a lth y and d is e a s e d b ean s w ere mounted and observed*
The cytoplasm o f th e h e a lth y trieh o m es was no l e s s g ra n u la r th a n th e
cy to p lasm o f th e d is e a s e d triehom es*
DISCUSSION
The m osaic i n P h a se o lu s v u lg a r is i s tr a n s m itte d th ro u g h th e seed
from m osaic plant.s» a s th e d is e a s e d p l a n t s appeared i n new s o i l i n benches
( t h a t had n o t c o n ta in e d bean p l a n t s b e f o r e ) »
I t i s p o s s ib le th e p r o te in
i n th e see d w i l l i n a c t i v a t e th e v i r u s i n tim e , though i t may ta k e a few
y e a r s to acco m p lish th is *
A r t i f i c a l tra n s m is s io n o f th e v i r u s has proven
s u c c e s s f u l a lth o u g h th e r e a re th r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s *
F i r s t , t h a t th e m osaic
may have been i n t h e s e e d , a lth o u g h masked o r weakened, and appeared
l a t e r in th e p la n t*
in th e p la n t*
The in o c u la tio n may have s tre n g th e n e d t h e v ir u s w ith-,
Second, t h e p la n t may be a r e s i s t a n t in d iv id u a l th a t, would
n o t become in fe c te d *
T h ird , th e m osaic s to c k used f o r the. inoculum may
have been a d e g e n e ra te p l a n t r a t h e r , th an a t r u l y m osaic p la n ts o r i t may
have been o f a v e ry weak in d iv id u a l*
The s u s p ic io u s ly a p p e a rin g p la n ts
may be caused by e i t h e r weakened v ir u s o r by a d e g e n e ra tio n o f th e
p la n t*
41
Y ellow ing, which a p p ea re d in la r g e q u a n t i t i e s in th e g reen h o u se,
would seem to be due to th e s p ra y i n j u r y , b u t when i n th e f i e l d s and
n o t s u b je c te d to s p ra y i t may be due to d e g e n e ra tio n o f th e c h lo r o p la s ts
o f th e plant©
McKinney (31) found a y e llo w symptom in to b acco t h a t he
was a b le to c o n c e n tra te to a p u re form th ro u g h a r t i f i c i a l sy ste m a tic
in o c u la tio n s©
The y e llo w in g in the. beans does n o t a p p e a r to b e com­
p a ra b le to th e y e llo w in g i n th e tobacco © The y e llo w in g i n th e bean can ■
n o t b e tr a n s f e r e d to o th e r beans o r o th e r p la n ts by a r t i f i c i a l in o c u la ~
t io n s ©
The m osaic d is e a s e s o f P h a seo lu s a p p e a r to be o f d i f f e r e n t types©
'
' Spme p l a n t s have a r e s i s t a n c e to one v i r u s w h ile th e y may be s u s c e p tib le ■
to #11 o th e r s , o r th e y may be r e s i s t a n t to a l l b u t one©
The p u re form s
o f th e v i r u s a re v e ry p r e v a le n t and u s u a ll y rem ain p u re throughout©
complex::forms: o f th e d is e a s e a p p ea r to be m ix tu re s o f th e virus©
The
The two
fo rm s combined a s o n e, a r e n o t a s v i r u l e n t a t f i r s t a s th e p u re ty p e , b u t
th e y a p p e a r to a c t i n c o n ju n c tio n i n t h e i r a b i l i t y to r e t a i n th e v ir u le n c e
o f th e disease©
Bi th e f i e l d th e symptoms rem ain o f th e p u re ty p e to th e end o f th e
seaso n and do n o t d e g e n e ra te in to t h e s n a i l ru g o se , a s th e y do in th e
greenhouse^
By b rin g in g o u t th e sec o n d a ry grow th in th e p l a n t , any v i r u s
t h a t m ight b e masked, e i t h e r from th e s e e d o r from l a t e r in fe c tio n ^ would
be b ro u g h t Out©
T his may acco u n t f o r t h e d e g e n e ra tio n o f th e type©
The
s h o rte n in g o f th e grow ing p e rio d and th e fo r c in g o f th e p l a n t s may b rin g
'
f o r t h th e v i r u s i n th e plant© Femow (17) found m osaic symptoms to
42. ■
change with, th e e n v iro n m en tal c o n d itio n s*
T h is would, a cc o u n t f o r th e
change betw een th e symptoms i n th e f i e l d and greenhouse©
The c le a r in g o f th e v e in s in th e bean, p la n t can n o t be c o n sid e re d
a symptom o f t h e d is e a s e a s i t can i n th e su g a r b e e t, Solanaeeae^ o r
a s te r *
I n o c u la tio n s made from le a v e s showing c l e a r l y th e p ro p e rty o f
c le a r in g o f v e in s , produced no in fe c tio n ©
The r i n g s p o t o f th e a l f a l f a does t r a n s f e r to th e b e a n , b u t n o t a s
th e t y p i c a l r i n g s p o t mosaic©
I t t r a n s f e r s a s a f a i n t m o ttlin g o f l i g h t
y ello w g reen on d a rk e r g re e n , w ith o u t th e aecompaning symptoms o f rugosity©
The r i n g s p o t o f a l f a l f a does n o t t r a n s f e r o y e r to th e to b a c c o , o x a l i s ,
sw eet c lo v e r , o r fanweed©
I t o n ly t r a n s f e r ed to the" r e d clover©
The
fanw eeds in o c u la te d w ith t h i s ty p e died©
■The. dark g re e n c u r l i n g o f th e le a v e s , t r a n s f e r ed o v e r a darkened
curling©
The le a v e s w ere s l i g h t l y elo n g ated * b u t n o t a s e lo n g a te d o r a s
d a rk a s th e o r i g i n a l inoculum©
The p re s e n c e o f th e v i r u s i n th e see d d id n o t in f lu e n c e th e germ ina­
t i o n o f th e s e e d a s rows, h a v in g th e l e a s t number o r th e g r e a t e s t number
o f s e e d s g e rm in a te , contained, no virus©
amount o f virus©
S im ila r row s c o n ta in e d a g r e a t
The f a i l u r e to g e m in a te was caused by th e im preylous—
n e s s o f th e s e e d c o a t r a t h e r th a n th e u n f e r t i l i t y o f th e embryo or. t h e
in flu e n c e o f th e virus©
I h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e o f g e m in a tio n c o u ld be ob-.
ta in e d i f th e se e d c o a ts w ere s l i g h t l y s c r a tc h e d , w ith o u t in j u r i n g th e
embryo, b e fo re plan tin g ©
Cuprous 02ti.de p ro v e d th e most e f f e c t i v e fu n g i»
c id e i n c o n tr o llin g th e fu n g i on th e seeds© • The v ir u s o f P h a se o lu s appeared to t r a n s f e r to th e to b acco a s th e
45
l i g h t y e llo w is h r in g s w ere formed aro u n d each in ju r e d h a i r in th e
in o c u la te d p la n t*
As th e 'check p la n ts d id n o t show t h i s y ello w in g a t
th e base o f each in ju r e d h a i r , th e r e m ust h av e been a t r a n s f e r o f t h e
m osaic i n th e in o c u la te d p la n ts *
The symptoms g ra d u a lly d isap p eared *
Bean p la n ts in o c u la te d from th e tobacco d id become s i x t y p e r c e n t d is ­
eased i n one ty p e only*
The v ir u s may have tr a n s f e r e d o v e r b u t i t was
u n a b le to in c r e a s e g r e a t l y i n th e tobacco p la n t*
The c lo v e r showed no
s ig n s o f an y tr a n s f e r e n c e o f th e m osaic from th e bean*
I t d id show
a f a i n t tr a n s f e r e n c e o f t h e r in g s p o t from th e a l f a l f a *
The tobacco
d id n o t d em o n strate any symptoms from th e a l f a l f a r in g sp o t*
The m osaic d is e a s e o f th e P h a se o lu s a p p e a rs to be s p e c i f i c to th e
v a r i e t y o f th e b e a n , an d i s n o t r e a d i l y tr a n s f e r e d to o th e r p la n ts *
The H u n tle y f i e l d ru n bean i s l e s s s u s c e p tib le to t h e d is e a s e th a n
th e Idaho 6e r t i f i e d , p o s s ib ly b e ca u se o f th e change i n environm ent and
th e in o c u la tio n s o f o th e r v ir u s e s and p o s s ib ly b ecau se th e Idaho Stock
i s n a t u r a l l y l e s s r e s i s t a n t to th e v ir u s a s a group*
They were more
s u s c e p tib le to th e v ir u s frpm t h e i r own s to c k a s w e ll as th e v i r u s
from th e H u n tley Stock*
D rying does n o t i n a c t i v a t e th e v ir u le n c e o f th e d is e a s e *
In o c u la ­
t i o n s made from d r ie d m a te r ia l w ere a s s u c c e s s f u l as th e in o c u la tio n s
made from th e f r e s h m a te ria l*
The v ir u s lo s e s i t s v ir u le n c e g ra d u a lly
upon s ta n in g a s a n e x tr a c t*
The v ir u s i n th e seed does, n o t r e n a in a c tiv e o v er a p e r io d o f a
few y e a r s a s t h e r e was no m osaic o b ta in e d from th e s e e d s t h a t were six;
y e a r s old*
They were from p la n ts t h a t were m osaic a s w e ll a s one s e t
44
from h e a lth y p l a n t s 0
symptoms o f mo s a l e .
None o f th e p la n ts showed any s ig n s o f th e
The m osaic d id n o t l i v e over i n th e seed*
The
se e d s w ere o r i g i n a l l y from p la n ts t h a t had become m osaic th ro u g h t h e i r
seed®
The f i r s t and second compound l e a f s ta g e was th e optimum tim e
f o r th e tr a n s f e r e n c e o f th e d is e a s e a r t i f i c i a l l y o r th ro u g h injury®
B efo re t h a t tim e th e m osaic nay n o t have shown up, w h ile a f t e r t h a t
tim e th e p e rc e n ta g e o f d is e a s e d p l a n t s i s n o t a s great®
compound l e a f sh o u ld be j u s t u n f o ld in g . to be used®
The second
The swab and p o t
l a b e l m ethod o f a r t i f i c a l tr a n s f e r e n c e , i f perform ed a t t h i s tim e , i s
o f th e b e s t methods®
The swab and p o t l a b e l i n b ein g u sed f o r th e in o s ­
c u la t io n s , e lim in a te a l l p o s s ib le tr a n s f e r e n c e o f th e d is e a s e hy th e
hands o f th e worker®
Through changing th e l a b e l a f t e r each in o c u la tio n *
th e r e i s no p o s s i b i l i t y o f c a r e le s s tra n s fe r®
The p la n ts t h a t were in ju r e d and a llo w e d to ru b to g e th e r were to o
o ld in th e fie ld ®
T h ere was a t r a n s f e r , so th e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y o f
a tr a n s f e r e n c e o f th e d is e a s e in th e f i e l d th ro u g h c a r e l e s s h a n d lin g
o f th e p l a n t s w h ile th e y a r e s t i l l young®
SDMMAHT AND CONCLUSIONS
From th e fo re g o in g d isc u ssio n * i t would ap p ear t h a t th e v ir u s e s
o f bean a r e o f d i f f e r e n t ty p e s and p o s s ib ly o f d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t i e s ,
a s t h e i r r e a c tio n s on th e p l a n t s o f th e same s p e c ie s o f F haseolu s , was
q u ite d iv e rs ifie d ®
Some types, p roved more v i r u l e n t th a n o th e r s to th e
same s e le c tio n s , o f th e G reat N o rth e rn bean®
The bean may have b u i l t up a
r e s i s t a n c e to one ty p e w h ile i t i s s u s c e p tib le to a l l o th e r ty p e s .
45
o r i t may have a r e s i s t a n c e t o a l l Iy p e sa.
The s t e r i l e p o t l a b e l and swab method o f in o c u la tio n o f th e p l a n t
to be in f e c te d , i s one o f th e s u r e s t methods*
The w orkers* hands do
n o t come in c o n ta c t w ith th e d is e a s e d p l a n t o r th e h e a lth y p la n t th e r e ­
f o r e th e r e i s l i t t l e
chance o f c a r e l e s s t r a n s f e r o f th e d is e a s e *
The
le a v e s can b e g e n tly rubbed o r In ju r e d w ith th e swab, so a te c h n iq u e
o f in o c u la tin g can b e e a s i l y gained*
The m osaic d is e a s e o f bean may vazy w ith en v iro n m en tal c o n d itio n s
a s th e w in te r in o c u la tio n s w ere n o t a s s u c c e s s f u l a s th e s p r in g in o c u la ­
tio n s o
A lthough t h e y e llo w v e in b an d in g i s -a symptom o f sp ra y in ju r y , i t
a p p e a rs in th e f i e l d i n i s o l a t e d cases*
T h is symptom co u ld n o t be tr a n s *
m itte d to o th e r p la n ts th ro u g h in o c u la tio n p ro c e sse s*
I t i s p ro b a b ly a n
a b n o rm a lity , t h e pause o f w hich i s n o t determ ined*
The c le a r in g o f th e v e in s i s an e a r l y symptom o f mosaoc o f S o la n a c e a e i su g ar b e e t, and a s t e r , b u t i t i s n o t tr a n s m itte d from bean p la n t
to bean p la n t*
T h is c le a r in g o f th e v e in s i s e i t h e r th e symptom o f an
abnorm al form o f bean p l a n t o r o f a weakened form o f v i r u s , t h a t i s n o t :
in a g r e a t enough q u a n tity o r in a v i r u l e n t enough s ta g e to p ro d u ce
m osaic symptoms th ro u g h in o c u la tio n *
The d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f m osaic a s d em o n strated by t h e d i f f e r e n t
p a t t e r n s o f th e symptoms, can be e i t h e r o f fo u r d i f f e r e n t p u re ty p e s o r
a s compound symptoms*
The compound symptoms o f th e d is e a s e w ere more
v i r u l e n t a s a group th a n th e p u re symptoms o f th e d is e a s e *
The v ir u ­
le n c e o f th e complex symptoms, were r e ta in e d lo n g e r th a n th e p u re symptoms
in in f e c te d ju ic e *
Ehe v i r u s i s n o t in a c t iv a te d th ro u g h d ry in g f o r f i v e m onths as
d r ie d m a te r ia l i s a s v i r u l e n t a s th e f r e s h m a te ria l*
Ehe g e rm in a tio n o f th e seed s was n o t low due to th e p re s e n c e o f
v i r u s w ith in th e se e d , b u t r a t h e r b e ca u se o f th e im p e rv io u sn e ss o f th e
seed c o a t to w ater*
A g e rm in a tio n t e s t i s no in d ic a tio n o f th e p re «
sen ce o f v ir u s w ith in th e seed*
Ehe se e d s from v i r u s p la n ts j, when a llo w ed to rem ain i n s to ra g e f o r
f i v e y e a r s , produced p l a n t s which showed no symptoms o f d is e a s e *
Ehe e n v inonment o f . th e greenhouse te n d s to b rin g o u t a d e g e n e ra te
form o f v i r u s i n th e seco n d ary grow th o f th e diseased p l a n t , c h a r a c te r iz e d
by a s l i g h t r u g o s ity and f i n e u n ifo rm m o ttlin g *
Ehe Ring sp o t o f a l f a l f a t r a n s f e r ed t o th e bean p l a n t s i n a s l i g h t l y
d i f f e r e n t ty p e symptom th a n any o f th e symptoms o f th e m osaic d is e a s e
o f b ean, and v e ry much d i f f e r e n t from th e inoculum*
I t would n o t tr a n s ?
f e r to th e tobacco o r to th e sw eet c lo v e r*
Ehe tobacco ap p eared to be s u s c e p tib le to o n ly one ty p e o u t o f s i x
(6 ) o f th e viruses o f th e bean*
i t p ro d u ced y ello w le s i o n s a t th e b a se
o f each i n j u r e d .h a i r f o r two ty p e s b u t o n ly one m u ltip l ie d enough in
th e tobacco p l a n t to be tr a n s f e r e d back t o th e bean*
u a l l y d is a p p e a re d i n th e tobacco*
Ehe symptoms grad~
Ehe d is e a s e p ro b a b ly tr a n s f e r e d o v e r
to th e to b acco b u t was u n a b le to m u ltip ly th e r e a s i t should^ and soon
d ie d o ut*
The optimum tim e f o r s u c c e s s f u l in o c u la tio n s f o r P h a se o lu s i s in.
t h e f i r s t compound, l e a f s ta g e , j u s t a s th e second compound l e a f a p p e a rs
and b e fo re i t h a s unfoldedo
n a tu ra l in fe c tio n .
% i s i s t r u e o f a r t i f i c i a l a s w e ll a s
Symptoms o f m osaic u s u a ll y ap p eared w ith in f i f t e e n
(15) days a f t e r in o c u la tio n *
The d is e a s e may be t r a n s f e r ed i n th e e a r l i e r s ta g e s th ro u g h rough
h a n d lin g i n th e f i e l d d u rin g th e p ro c e s s e s o f ro g u in g .
G re a t c a re
sh ould be e x e r c is e d i n th e f i e l d e s p e c ia ll y i f th e p l a n t s a r e young*
48
LITERATURE CITED
(1) ALLABDs Ho A,
1916o . A s p e c i f i c m osaic d is e a s e i n N ic o tia n s Tiscosum d i s t i n c t
from t h e m osaic d is e a s e o f to b a c c o o
(
2)
..........
-
-
1916 o
Jour» Agro Res* _7:481-86
■
Some p r o p e r tie s o f th e v ir u s o f th e mo s a le d is e a s e p f
to b a c c o ;
Jou^fr Agre R es0 6_:649^74o
(3) BEIJERINCEs Mo Wo
.1899;
Ueber e in Contagium vivum fln id u m a l s U rsach e d e r E lecken
k ra n k h e it der, T a b a k a b la tte r0 A b st0 in G e n tra lb lo fo B akt0
u P a ro s I I A bt0. 5i27t»33i
A r t i c l e n o t see%0
(4) Boncquets p » A0
1916o
1»
(5 )
.
The p re s e n c e o f n i t r a t e s and ammonia in d is e a s e d p la n ts
Jd iiri Amer0 Chea0 Soe0 38:2578^8576;
. . .
1917o
•
B a c illu s m orulans n 0 sp4
A b a c t e r i a l o rg an ism found
a s s o c ia te d w ith c u r ly to p o f su g a r b e e t*
P h y to p ath o lo g y Ts
869-889»
(6 ) BURNETT, GROVER an d JONES, L 0 K0
'1931o
The e f f e c t of c e r t a i n p o ta to and tobacco v i r u s on tomato
p la n ts ;
S t a t e C o lleg e o f Wash; Agr0. Exp0 S ta 0 DiT0 P la n t
P a th ; B u l0 No0 ,859;
(7) BURKHOLDER, W0 H0 and MULLER, A0 Bo
1926o
H e re d ita ry a b n o rm a litie s re sem b lin g c e r t a i n in f e c tio n s
d is e a s e s i n b e a n s i
P h y to p a th o lo g y 1 6: 731-737o
49-
(S)
CALDWELL, JOHW
1930o
The p h y sio lo g y o f v ir u s d is e a s e s in p l a n t S6
movement o f m osaic i n th e tomato plant@
I6
The
•
Ann0 Apple B io l6
,
117:429-443»
(9) CHABDON, Ce E6 and VEVB, R6 Ae
1923o
The tra n s m is s io n o f s u g a r cane m osaic by A phis m ardis u n d er
f i e l d c o n d itio n s in P o rto R ic o 6
'
(10) CLINTON, Ce Pe
1908o
'
P h y to p ath o lo g y 13:24-29«
■’
Tomato c h lo r p s is e
1907«
Gonne A gr6 Bzp6 S ta i Ann6 B ept6 f o r
857»
■ (11) DICKSON, Be T6
1982«
P u r th e r s t u d i e s in m osaic I 6 PhytOpaithology 42»
(A b s tra c t)
' (12) DOOLITTLE, 8 . P 6
1916»
A new in f e c tio u s m osaic d is e a s e o f cucum ber«
Phyto­
p a th o lo g y 6^:145-147»
( 1 3 ) ____ _______________________
1920o
The mosaic d is e a s e o f Cucurbits6 U6SoDeA6 B ul6 8 7 9 :l- 6 9 6
(14) DUGOAR, Be M.
19306
The problem o f see d tra n s m is s io n o f t y p i c a l m osaic i n
" to b a c c o »
P h y to p a th o lo g y 6
133 A b st6
(15) ELMER, 0» H6
192.5»
T r a n s m is s i b ility and p a th o lo g ic a l e f f e c t s o f th e m osaic
d is e a s e *
Iowa A gri Exp6 S t a 6 R es6 B ul6 82»
I
50
(16) FAJARDO, T . G0
1950»
S tu d ie s on th e m osaic d is e a s e o f th e bean (P haseolus
v u lg a r is L0)»
P h y to p ath o lo g y 20:469-495*
(17) FEHKTOW, KARL HEHMAMI
1925»
I n t e r s p e c i f i c tra n s m is s io n o f m osaic d is e a s e s o f p l a n t s »
O o m e ll U0 Agr*
Sta» Mem9 96»
D'ec»
(18) HEALD8 FREDRICK DEFOREST
1926»
Manual o f P la n t D is e a s e s 9
and London0
McGraw-Hill Book Co9 Hew York8
C hapter K II»
' (19) HOLMES, FEMCIS 0»
1950»
L o c a l an d s y s te m a tic in c r e a s e o f to b acco m osaic v i r u s »
Amer0 J o u r 0 Bot» 17:789-805»
1951»
L o c a l l e s i o n s o f m osaic in N ic b tia n a tabacum L0
C o n trib 9
Boyce Thompson I n s t 9 _3:163-172:»
(2 1 )
...............................
1952»
'
.
Movement o f m osaic v ir u s from p rim ary le s i o n s i n N ic o tia n a
tabacum L»
C o n trib 0 Boyce Thompson I n s t 0 4:397-522»
(22) IWANOWSKI, D9
1905»
U eber d ie M osalkkankheit d e r T a b a k sp flan z e 0
^ fla n z e n k r9 15:2-41»
Z e its c h r 9
A r tic le n o t seen,
(23) JAGGER, I 0 C9
1916»
E xperim ent w ith th e cucumber m osaic d is e a s e *
o lo g y jB: 148-151»
P h y to p ath ­
51
(24) JAGGEH* I . Ce
19186
H o sts o f th e w h ite p ic k le m osaic d is e a s e o f cucumber*
P hytopatho lo g y 8js32«.33«
(25) JONES, L 6 Ko
1932o ■ A- new method o f in o c u la tin g w ith T ir u s e s 0
22.s9980
P h y to p ath o lo g y
(A bstract)©
(26) KONKEL, L 6 0»
1926»
(27)
LACKEY,
S tu d ie s on a s t e r y ello w s^
Atner9 J o u f9 B o ti 13;64G~>705o
Co F »
1929©
A tte n u a tio n o f c u r ly to p v ir u s by r e s i s t a n t s u g a r b e e ts
which a r e sym ptom less c a rrie rs ©
P h y to p ath o lo g y 19:975=977©
(28) ________________
1929©
S h r th e r s tu d ie s on th e m o d if ic a tio n o f su g a r b e e t c u rly
to p v ir u s by i t s v a rio u s h o s t s ;
356i
Eev6 Appl© Mycol0 9 j
(A bstract)©
(29) MAYER, A©
1886©
Ueber d ie M dsaikkankheit des T absks;
S ta ; 32:450=467;
Landw0
T ersuchs.;
A r t i c l e n o t se e n ;
(30) McCLINTOCK, J© A©
1917©
Lima bean m o saic;
P h y to p ath o lo g y 7^:60;
( A b s tr a c t) ;
(31) MCKINNEY, H» H0
1929©
M osaic d is e a s e s i n th e Canary I s la n d s , West A f r ic a ,
and G i b r a l t a r ;
Jour© Agr© Res® 39:557-578;
5S
(33) MEEHDS,' Io Eo
1933o M osaic studies®
P h y to p ath o lo g y 13i43o
( A b s tr a c t) ®
(33) NELSON, RAY
1930o
O y to lo g ic a l and b a c te r io l o g ic a l in v e s t ig a ti o n s o f bean
mosaic®
P h y to p a th o lo g y 30:133®
(A bstract)®
..(54) _____________
1931«
C o r r e la tiv e s tu d ie s on th e b a c te rio lo g y o f bean m osaic
and see d tra n s m is s io n o f th e virus®
P h y to p a th o lo g y 31:116®
( A b s tr a c t) 6
(35) _________ 1933®
I n v e s tig a t io n s in th e m osaic d is e a s e o f bean®
Mich® lech®
Bui® No® 118®
(36) PIERCE,- WA H® and HtING-ERFORD,' C® W®
1939®
A n o te on t h e lo n g e v ity o f th e bean m osaic virus®
p a th o lo g y 19:605®
(37) __ __________ ■
1939®
, ■ ;
Phyto­
( A b s tr a c t) ®
v ■
Symptomatology^ tra n s m is s io n , i n f e c t i o n , and c o n tr o l o f
bean m osaic i n Idaho®
Ida® Agr® Exp® Sta* Res® Bui® 7® June®
(3 8 ) , PRICE, W® C®
1930®’
L o cal le s i o n s on bean le a v e s in o c u la te d w ith tobacco
m osaic virus®
(39) ___ ;_________
1933® .
C o n trib® Boyce- Thompson Inst® 3,:549-557®
-
A cquired immunity to r in g s p o t in N icotiana®
Boyce Thompson Inst® 4:359-404®
Contrib®
55
(40) BEDDICK, Do an a STEW G 9 7 . B,
1919o
V a r ie tie s o f b ean s s u s c e p tib le to m osaico
P h y to ­
p a th o lo g y 8 |5 3 0 -5 5 4 o
('-y — —
................ ..................
1919<>
A d d itio n a l v a r i e t i e s s u s c e p tib le to m osaic»
Phyto­
p a th o lo g y 9;149-152e
(42) SHEFFIELD, F6 M6 and SMITH,' J 6 H6
1900*
I n t r a c e l l u l a r b o d ie s i n p l a n t v ir u s d is e a s e s *
B iol*
A bst* _5(1) :595*
( 4 3 ) SsHTH9 , KETOEH M*
1929*
S tu d ie s on p o ta to v ir u s d is e a s e s * V*
w ith p o ta to m osaic*
(44)
F u r th e r ex p erim en ts
Ann* Appl* B iol* 16:1-52*
'
■ ■■
1929*
S tu d ie s on p o ta to v i r u s d ise a se s*
TI*
F u r th e r e x p e ri­
m ents w ith th e v ir u s o f p o ta to m osaic upon th e tobacco
p la n t*
Ann* Appl* B iol* 16:582-398*
(45) SMITH9 RALPH E* and BONCQUET, A*
1915»
New l i g h t on c u r ly to p o f th e su g ar b eet*
Phytopathology
5:105-107*
(46) STEWABT, V* B* and BEDDICK, DONALD
1917*
Bean m osaic*
P h y to p ath o lo g y 7:01*.
(A b s tra c t)
(47) TAKflHASHI9 W» N* and RAWLINS, T* E*
1935»
Rod shaped p a r t i c l e s i n tobacco m osaic v i r u s d em o n strated
by stream double r e f r a c tio n *
Jan* 6 , 1933.0
S cien ce, Tol* 7 7 , No* 1984,
54
(48) WOODS, A0 Fo
1899o
The d e s tr u c ti o n o f c h lo ro p h y ll by o x id iz in g enzymes*
C en tfalb * f 0 Bakfo u» E ar* , 11» A b t, _5:745^754«,
55
EXPLANATION OF.PLATES
P l a t e I 0 A l e a f o f PL aseoIus v u lg a r is dem onstrating, th e
symptoms o f v e in b a n d in g i
P l a t e 11»
A. l e a f o f P h a seo lu s v u lg a r is d e m o n stra tin g th e
symptoms o f sm all rugose®
P l a t e III®
(3 /4 n a tu r a l s i z e )
(N atu ral s iz e )
A ,le a f o f P h a seo lu s v u lg a r is d e m o n stra tin g th e
symptoms o f la r g e rugose* (5 /4 n a tu r a l s iz e )
P la te ' TV*
‘
A l e a f o f P h a seo lu s v u lg a r is d e m o n stra tin g th e
symptoms o f veinbariding and c u rlin g * (N a tu ra l s iz e )
P la te I
P late II
P la te III
P la te IV