Frequency of First Formant (Hz)
1000
Low
/a/
800
H/I
600
Normal
400
/i/
/u/
High
200
500
1000
Back
1500
2000
2500
3000
Front
Frequency of Second Formant (Hz)
Comparison of first and second formant frequencies for the vowels /u/, /a/, and /i/ in two subjects.
AB is an adult male with normal hearing. RG is an adult male with a hearing loss of 105 dB,
acquired at age 22 months. These data were obtained from broad band spectrograms.
Normal Hearing
Intelligible Deaf
Semi-Intelligible Deaf
1000
900
800
Lung Volume in CC
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
FRC
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
Volume at
Initiation
Volume at
Termination
Volume Per
Limb
The means and standard deviations of the averages of lung volume
at initiation of respiratory limbs, lung volume at termination of respiratory
limbs and lung volume per limb, during the reading task for normally hearing
intelligible hearing-impaired and semi-intelligible hearing-impaired speakers.
150
Fundamental Frequency (Hz)
THE
DOC
HAS
TOR
A
BAG
100
50
THE
DOC
HAS
TOR
A
BAG
350
300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (sec)
Top: Contour of fundamental frequency (Fo) versus time for a normal-hearing adult male producing the sentence
indicated. Bottom: Example of fundamental-frequency contour for a deaf child producing the same sentence.
Percent of Utterances with
Duration > T
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
3
4
5
T (sec)
6
7
8
9
Deaf Children
Hearing Children
Hearing Adults
Cumulative distribution of total duration for the utterance "My sister has a fish. She keeps
it in a tank."
LSPECTO: 256-pt DFT, smart AGC
[STEVENSDATA.DEAF]
6.4-ms Hamming window every 1 ms
MAY 12 1997
DBPAPER
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MAY 13 1997
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APR 12 2000
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Specto-Spec:
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Freq Amp
419
70
1543 55
3895
34
4909 30
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MAY 4 1999
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Freq Amp
56
204
57
488
1373 47
3799 21
4818 19
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Freq Amp
367* 63
655 66
948 66
1563 53
1914 52
2239* 48
. __ __
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MAY 4 1999
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MAY 13 1997
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MI%Y13 1997
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LSPECTO: 256-pt DFT, smart AGC
MAY 13 1997
ISTEVENS DATA.DISORDERS.OHDEI
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Freq Amp
620-- J'"~ - ''
211 65
794 62
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APR 28 1998
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700
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MAY 4 1999
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10
Male
Magnitude (dB)
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Frequency (kHz)
Comparison of spectra of the vowel /�/FREQ
for a(kHz)
child, and the vowel /�/ for average female
and male
subjects.
Figure
5. Comparison of spectra of the vowel // for a child, and the
vowel /1 for average female and male subjects.
30
25
Percentage
20
15
10
5
0
-4 -3
-2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
H1*-H2* (dB)
5
6
7
8
9
Adult Females
Adult Males
Children
Result for H1*-H2* imply that children have larger open quotients than adults.
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