The aquatic insects of Bluewater Creek, Montana, above and below an area of intensive agriculture
by Gordon Frederick Zillges
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE in Fish and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Gordon Frederick Zillges (1971)
Abstract:
A study comparing the aquatic insects above (Station 1) and below (Station 2) an area of intensive
agriculture was conducted on Bluewater Creek from September, 1969 through August, 1970., There
were greater fluctuations of flow, temperature ranges and sediment loads at Station 2. A total of 42 taxa
was collected at Station 1 and 26 at Station 2. Ephemeroptera was numerically dominant in bottom and
day-drift samples from Station 1 while Diptera was dominant at Station 2. Much greater numbers of
Plecoptera and Coleoptera were collected at Station 1 than at Station 2. Peak numbers of benthic and
drifting insects occurred during different months at Station 1 than at Station 2. The difference between
the two insect communities were probably the result of changes in characteristics of the stream caused
by intensive agriculture. S t a t e m e n t o f P e r m i s s i o n t o Copy
In ,p re s e n tin g th i s
t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e ­
m e n ts f o r a n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t M o n ta n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , I a g r e e t h a t
t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l m ake i t
fre e ly
a v a ila b le
fo r in s p e c tio n .
a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y in g o f t h i s t h e s i s
p u r p o s e s m ay b e g r a n t e d b y my m a j o r p r o f e s s o r ,
th e D ir e c to r o f L i b r a r i e s .
c a tio n o f t h i s
th e s is
o r, in h is
I fu rth e r
f o r s c h o la rly
a b se n c e , by
I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t a n y c o p y in g o r p u b l i ­
f o r f i n a n c i a l g a in s h a l l n o t b e a llo w e d w ith o u t
my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
S ig n a tu re
D a te
THE AQUATIC INSECTS OF BLUEWATER CREEK,
MONTANA, ABOVE AND BELOW AN AREA OF INTENSIVE'AGRICULTURE
by
GORDON FREDERICK ZILLGES JR .
A t h e s i s s u b m itte d t o th e G ra d u a te F a c u lty i n p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE'
in
F i s h a n d W i l d l i f e M anagem ent
A l
-
"
!eacTT M a jo r D e p a r tm e n t
C h a ir m a n , E x a m in in g C o m m itte e
G r a d u a t e D ean
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
B o zem a n , M o n ta n a
A u g u s t , 1971
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
T he a u t h o r w i s h e s t o t h a n k a l l who h e l p e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f
th is s tu d y .
B r . W i l l ia m R. G o u ld d i r e c t e d t h e s t u d y a n d a i d e d i n
■ p re p a ra tio n o f th e m a n u s c r ip t.
s u g g e s tio n s and f i e l d
p la n ts .
in s e c ts
P e te rs
a s s is ta n c e .
S in c e re a p p r e c ia tio n
is
D r. R i c h a r d J .
D r. W. E . B o o th i d e n t i f i e d
f o r th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
e x t e n d e d ■t o D r s . A rd e n R . G a u f i n
(E p h e m e ro p te ra ), 0 . S . F l i n t
(C o le o p te ra )
and R eece I ,
G raham g a v e h e l p f u l
S a ile r
a q u a tic
o f th e a q u a tic
( P l e c o p t e r a ) , W i l l ia m L .
( T r i c h o p t e r a ) , R o b e r t G o rd o n
(D ip te ra ).
T he i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as
f i n a n c e d b y t h e M o n ta n a C o o p e r a t i v e F i s h e r y U n i t .
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P age
VITA . . . . . .
.
. . „ .
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................... .....
iii
L IS T OF TABLES .
.....................
v
LIST OF FIGURES
.....................
vi
ABSTRACT......................................... '
v ii
INTRODUCTION ...............................
I
METHODS
.........................................
3
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
6
.
.
6
7
' . . . . ' .....................
9
S tu d y S tr e a m
. .
S a m p lin g S t a t i o n s .
RESULTS
C h e m i c a l - P h y s i c a l D a ta
B e n th o s . . . . . .
D a y - D r i f t ..........................
N i g h t - D r i f t .....................■
9
13
21
23
DISCUSSION .....................................
27'
LITERATURE CITED .....................
29
V
L IS T OF TABLES
T a b le
■ I.
2.
3.
4.
i
5.
Page
C o m p o s itio n o f b o t t o m m a t e r i a l s i n tw o 0 .0 9 m2 s a m p le s
fro m e a c h s t u d y r i f f l e ................................................... ■ .......................... .....
8
M ean m o n th ly maximum- a n d m inim um t e m p e r a t u r e s (C) a t
s a m p lin g s t a t i o n s
(fro m USGSd a t a ) " ............................................
Mean m o n th ly d i s c h a r g e s (m3/m in ) a n d s e d i m e n t l o a d s
( m e t r i c t o n s / d a y ) a t s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s (fro m USGS d a t a ) .
10
.
11
M aximum, m inim um a n d m ean v a l u e s o f 4 c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s fro m S e p te m b e r , 1969 t h r o u g h
A u g u s t , 1970 .......................................................................................
N um bers a n d v o lu m e s (c c ) o f i n s e c t s c o l l e c t e d fro m
b e n t h i c ( 4 . 2 m2 ) a n d d r i f t ( p e r 762 m3 ) s a m p le s fro m
S e p te m b e r , 1969 t h r o u g h A u g u s t , 1970 .......................................................
12
14
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u r e
I.
Page
Map o f B l u e w a t e r C re e k s h o w in g l o c a t i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n
c a n a l s a n d s t u d y s t a t i o n s .......................... . ' .........................................
4
v ii
ABSTRACT
A s t u d y c o m p a r in g t h e a q u a t i c i n s e c t s a b o v e ( S t a t i o n I ) a n d
b e lo w ( S t a t i o n 2) a n a r e a o f i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e w as c o n d u c te d
on B l u e w a t e r C re e k fro m S e p t e m b e r , 1969 t h r o u g h A u g u s t , 1 9 7 0 ., T h e re
w e re g r e a t e r f l u c t u a t i o n s o f f l o w , t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s a n d s e d i m e n t
lo a d s a t S ta t io n 2 ,
A t o t a l o f 42 t a x a w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n I
a n d 26 a t S t a t i o n 2 .
E p h e m e r o p te r a w as n u m e r i c a l l y d o m in a n t i n
b o t t o m a n d d a y - d r i f t s a m p le s fro m S t a t i o n I w h i l e D i p t e r a w as
d o m in a n t a t S t a t i o n 2 .
Much g r e a t e r n u m b e rs o f P l e c o p t e r a a n d
C o l e o p t e r a w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n I t h a n a t S t a t i o n 2 .
P eak
n u m b e rs o f b e n t h i c a n d d r i f t i n g i n s e c t s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g d i f f e r e n t
m o n th s a t S t a t i o n I t h a n a t S t a t i o n 2 .
T he d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e
tw o i n s e c t c o m m u n itie s w e r e p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t o f c h a n g e s 'i n ■
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e s tre a m ca u se d by i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e .
INTRODUCTION
M any s t r e a m s i n t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y
irrig a tio n a l a c tiv itie s
and a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d -u s e p r a c t i c e s .
I n 1962
t h e M o n ta n a F i s h a n d G a m e " D e p a rtm e n t b e g a n a s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s
d e te rm in e th e a f f e c t s
C re e k
o f th e s e a c t i v i t i e s
and p r a c tic e s
( P e t e r s - 1 9 6 5 , 1967 a n d 1 9 7 1 ; B i a n c h i 1 9 6 3 ) .
in d ic a te d ir r ig a tio n
to
on B lp e w a te r '
T hese s tu d ie s
and in te n s iv e a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d -u s e c a u se d
g r e a t e r f lo w f l u c t u a t i o n s , t e m p e r a t u r e m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d i n c r e a s e d
s e d im e n t lo a d s i n t h e s tre a m .
C hanges in s tre a m
flo w s," t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s a n d s e d i m e n t l o a d s
m ay a f f e c t c o m m u n itie s o f a q u a t i c i n s e c t s .
(1 9 6 7 )
A n d e rs o n a n d L eh m k u h l
fo u n d s m a l l i n c r e a s e s i n f lo w h a d a s c o u r i n g e f f e c t a n d r e ­
s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d n u m b e rs o f d r i f t i n g
in s e c ts ,
P o w e ll
(1 9 5 8 )
r e p o r t e d l a r g e r e d u c t i o n s i n n u m b e rs o f E p h e m e r o p t e r a , P l e c o p t e r a
a n d T r i c h o p t e r a a s .a r e s u l t o f l a r g e d i u r n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s
m inim um f l o w s b e lo w a p o w e r dam .
p re fe re n c e s
and re d u c e d
A q u a t i c i n s e c t s show t e m p e r a t u r e
(D odds a n d H isa w 1925 ;• A r m ita g e 1 9 5 8 ) , t h u s m o d i f i c a t i o n
o f t e m p e r a t u r e s i n a s t r e a m m ay r e s u l t i n c o m m u n a l-c h a n g e s .
In c re a se d
s e d i m e n t l o a d s may r e s u l t i n i n c r e a s e d d e p o s i t i o n o f s e d i m e n t s .
C o rd o n e a n d K e l l y
(1 9 6 1 )
r e v ie w e d t h e l i t e r a t u r e
On s e d i m e n t a n d c o n ­
c l u d e d d e p o s i t i o n o f s e d i m e n t s g o u ld d e s t r o y p o p u l a t i o n s o f i n s e c t s .
T he p r e s e n t s t u d y w as u n d e r t a k e n t o
c o m p a re b e n t h i c a n d d r i f t i n g
i n s e c t s a b o v e a n d b e lo w a n a r e p o f i r r i g a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y
and i n t e n s i v e
_2—
a g ric u ltu re .
A u g u s t, 1 9 7 0 .
F i e l d c o l l e c t i o n s w e re m ade fro m S e p t e m b e r > 1 9 6 9 t h r o u g h
METHODS
Two r i f f l e s
b e n th ic in s e c ts
(S ta tio n s
I a n d 2) w e re s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s a m p l i n g o f
!
(F ig u re I ) .
A fix e d s ta tio n
f o r s a m p lin g d r i f t i n g
i n s e c t s w as e s t a b l i s h e d i m m e d i a t e l y a b o v e e a c h r i f f l e .
p h y s i c a l d a t a w e re c o l l e c t e d a t e a c h s t a t i o n
A B eckm an p o c k e t pH m e t e r
C h e m ic a l a n d
on e a c h s a m p lin g d a t e .
(M odel 180) w as u s e d t o o b t a i n pH r e a d i n g s .
A l k a l i n i t y , d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n a n d t o t a l h a r d n e s s w e re d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g
a H ach c h e m i c a l k i t
(M o d e l■D R -E L ).
D a ily flo w , te m p e r a tu re and s e d i ­
m e n t d a t a w e re o b t a i n e d fro m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y .
.
I n s e c t s a m p le s w e re c o l l e c t e d m o n th ly fro m S e p te m b e r , 1969
t h r o u g h M ay, 1970 a n d t w i c e m o n th ly fro m J u n e > 1970 t h r o u g h A u g u s t ,
1 9 7 0 . ■ A minimum! o f 2 w e e k s s e p a r a t e d c o n s e c u t i v e s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s .
B e n th o s s a m p le s w e re c o l l e c t e d w i t h a S u r b e r s a m p l e r h a v i n g 2 5 '
m e s h e s p e r 2 . 5 4 cm.
T h r e e 0 .0 9 m2 s a m p le s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a l o n g a ,
tr a n s e c t in each r i f f l e
on e a c h s a m p l i n g d a t e .
w as e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e l o w e r e n d o f e a c h r i f f l e
The i n i t i a l t r a n s e c t
and s u c c e e d in g t r a n s ­
e c t s w e re p o s i t i o n e d - a b o u t 0 . 9 m u p s t r e a m fro m t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e . ' A
m inim um o f 4 m o n th s e l a p s e d b e f o r e a n a r e a w as r e s a m p l e d .
A l l s a m p le s
w e re t a k e n i n . w a t e r w i t h d e p t h s o f 0 .1 5 t o 0 .4 5 m.
D r i f t s a m p le s w e re c o l l e c t e d i n a n e t h a v i n g a n y l o n b a g
m e s h e s /c m )
I m e te r i n
o f 1 5 .2 x 6 0 .9 cm.
( 7 .9
l e n g t h a t t a c h e d t o a b r a s s fra m e w i t h a n o p e n in g
Two d r i f t s a m p le s w e re c o l l e c t e d fro m e a c h s t a t i o n
-4 -
TOWN of
' f ROMBERG
Clarks
Fork
Z \ V A STATION 2
/N i
ORCHARD CANAL
ORCHARD DITCH
STATIO N I
IATCHERY
K il o m e t e r
LEGEND
______
COUNTY
ROADS
bluew ater
cr eek
BLUEWATER CREEK
CARBON
F ig u r e I
COUNTY
Map o f B l u e w a t e r C re e k s h o w in g l o c a t i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n
c a n a ls and s tu d y s t a t i o n s .
—
on e a c h s a m p l i n g d a t e .
5
-
One d r i f t s a m p le fro m e a c h s t a t i o n w as t a k e n
d u r i n g t h e d a y a n d a n o t h e r 2 -3 h o u r s a f t e r s u n s e t .
D r i f t s a m p le s w e re
o f 30 m i n u te s d u r a t i o n a n d w e re t a k e n m idw ay b e tw e e n t h e b o t t o m a n d
s u r f a c e o f th e s tre a m .
T he v e l o c i t y o f t h e w a t e r w as. d e t e r m i n e d w i t h
a G u r le y c u r r e n t m e t e r i m m e d ia t e l y p r e v i o u s t o t a k i n g e a c h d r i f t s a m p le
B o tto m a n d d r i f t s a m p le s w e re p r e s e r v e d i n t h e f i e l d w i t h 10%
f o r m a ld e h y d e .
ria ls
1 9 5 9 ).
I n s e c t s w e re s e p a r a t e d fro m v e g e t a t i o n a n d b o tto m m a te ­
in th e la b o r a to r y by th e s u g a r f l o t a t i o n
te c h n iq u e
(A n d e rso n
I n s e c t s i n e a c h s a m p le w e re s o r t e d t o t a x o n , c o u n t e d , m e a s u r e d
v o lu m e t r i c a l l y
t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 1 c c a n d p r e s e r v e d i n .40% i s o p r o p y l
a l c o h o l . . T a x a m e a s u r in g l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 c c p e r s a m p le w e r e r e c o r d e d a s
h a v in g t r a c e
(T) v o lu m e s .
N um bers a n d v o lu m e s o f d r i f t i n g
w e r e c a l c u l a t e d fo r - 5 0 .8 m^ o f d i s c h a r g e .
in s e c ts
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
S tu d y S tr e a m
B l u e w a t e r C re e k f lo w s n o r t h w e s t e r l y
h ills
fro m i t s
o f t h e P r y o r M o u n ta in s 2 4 .2 km t o i t s
o rig in
in th e f o o t­
c o n f lu e n c e w ith th e C la rk s
F o r k o f t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r n e a r F r o m b e r g , M o n ta n a
(F ig u re I ) .
E le ­
v a t i o n o f t h e s t r e a m r a n g e s fro m a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4200 f e e t n e a r i t s
h e a d w a t e r s t o a b o u t 1077 m n e a r i t s
m o u th
h a s an a v e r a g e w i d t h o f a b o u t 3 m i n i t s
lo w e r 19 km ( B ia n c h i 1 9 6 3 ) .
(A a g a a rd 1 9 6 9 ) .
T he s t r e a m
u p p e r 5 km a n d 5 m i n i t s
B o tto m m a t e r i a l s i n o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g
ab u n d a n ce a r e g r a v e l , r u b b le and s i l t i n t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f s tre a m
and s i l t ,
g r a v e l a n d r u b b l e i n t h e lo w e r p o r t i o n
(B ia n c h i 1 9 6 3 ).
B l u e w a t e r C re e k r e c e i v e d a b o u t 49 m3/m in o f w a t e r fro m a r t e s i a n
s p r in g s and a w e ll w ith in i t s
u p p e r 6 km ( P e t e r s 1 9 7 1 ) .
lo w e r 18 km o f s t r e a m w as u s u a l l y a b o u t 51 m3/ m in .
a tu re s
F lo w i n t h e
F lo w s a n d te m p e r ­
f l u c t u a t e d l e s s a n d s e d i m e n t l o a d s w e re lo w e r i n t h e u p p e r 10 km
o f s t r e a m t h a n i n t h e lo w e r 14 km ( P e t e r s
1971) .
G r a z i n g w as t h e m a j o r l a n d - u s e a l o n g t h e u p p e r 10 km o f B l u e w a t e r
C re e k .
O n ly s m a l l a m o u n t s .o f w a t e r w e re d i v e r t e d f o r i r r i g a t i o n
t h i s p o r tio n o f th e s tre a m .
A lo n g t h e l o w e r 18 km o f s t r e a m
fro m
c u lti­
v a t i o n w as i n t e n s i v e , arid l a r g e a m o u n ts o f w a t e r w e re d i v e r t e d f o r
irrig a tio n .
T he l a r g e s t am o u n t o f w a t e r w as re m o v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y
10 km b e lo w t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s t r e a m t h r o u g h t h e O r c h a r d D i t c h .
O
T h is
\
d i t c h h a d an i n i t i a l c a p a c i t y o f 68 miV m i n , an o v e r a l l l e n g t h o f 10 km
-7 -
a n d w as i n o p e r a t i o n
fro m a b o u t J u n e I t h r o u g h S e p te m b e r 3 0 , 1 9 7 0 .
S m a ll a n d v a r y i n g a m o u n ts o f w a t e r re m o v e d t h r o u g h t h e O r c h a r d
D i t c h r e t u r n e d t o B l u e w a t e r C re e k t h r o u g h n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e s .
m i l e s b e lo w i t s
T w elv e
s o u r c e , th e s tre a m r e c e iv e d i r r i g a t i o n w a ste w a te r
fro m t h e C l a r k s F o r k R i v e r b y w ay o f t h e O r c h a r d C a n a l I r r i g a t i o n
P ro je c t.
T h i s p r o j e c t h a d 31 km o f m a in d i t c h , a c a p a c i t y o f 255
m3/ m in a n d w as i n o p e r a t i o n
fro m a p p r o x i m a t e l y A p r i l 15 t h r o u g h N o v - '
em ber 1 5 , 1970.
S a l1Ix a n d B etu la o e o td e n ta lls w e r e a b u n d a n t on s t r e a m b a n k s a lo n g
t h e u p p e r h a l f o f t h e s t r e a m . • Common a q u a t i c p l a n t s
in th e up p er
p o r t i o n o f t h e s t r e a m w e re Bevula e v e e ta 3 R o rip p a .nastuvtium -aquatieum 3
Z a n n id h ellia 3 Chava3 VauQhevia3 a n d a n u n i d e n t i f i e d m oss a n d l e a f y
liv e rw o rt.
L i t t l e w oody v e g e t a t i o n o c c u r r e d on s tr e a m b a n k s a l o n g t h e
Cladophova w as t h e o n l y common a q u a t i c
lo w e r p o r t i o n o f th e s tr e a m .
p l a n t i n t h e lo w e r p o r t i o n o f t h e s tr e a m .
S a m p lin g S t a t i o n s
S ta tio n
I w as l o c a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 km b e lo w t h e s o u r c e o f t h e
s tre a m i n an a r e a o f l i t t l e
S ta tio n
2 w as l o c a t e d a b o u t 24 km fro m t h e s o u r c e o f t h e s t r e a m b e lo w
an a r e a o f i n t e n s i v e
riffle s
c u ltiv a tio n , or ir rig a tio n a l a c tiv ity .
c u ltiv a tio n
had s im ila r s u b s tra te s
and i r r i g a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y .
( T a b le I ) .
B o th s t u d y
-8 -
T a b le I .
C o m p o s itio n o f b o t t o m m a t e r i a l s i n tw o 0 .0 9 m2 s a m p l e s ' fro m
;____________ e a c h s t u d y r i f f l e , ____________________________________________________
C la s s
(mm)
> 5 0 .8
CO
O
m
A
CO
CO
C o b b le
• L arg e
M edium .
S m a ll
P e b b le
G ra v el
Sand
S iz e
1 9 .1 - 3 8 .1
4 .7 6 - 1 9 .1
2 .0 0 - 4 .7 6
< 2 .0 0
P e r c e n t o f T o t a l V olum e
S ta tio n I
S ta tio n 2
2 0 .1 5
1 7 .1 5
3 8 .8 0
1 8 .1 5
3 .5 0
2 .2 5
1 5 .5 2
2 3 .6 1
3 4 .3 9
1 9 .3 7
3.2-1
3 .9 0
'
RESULTS
C h e m i c a l - P h y s i c a l D a ta
M ean m o n th ly , maximum a n d m inim um t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e h i g h e r a t
S ta tio n
I t h a n a t S t a t i o n 2 d u r i n g a l l m o n th s o f t h e y e a r e x c e p t J u l y ,
A u g u s t a n d S e p te m b e r
5 .5 C a t S t a t i o n
( T a b le '2 ) .
T e m p e r a t u r e s r a n g e d b e tw e e n 18 a n d
I a n d 25 a n d 0 . 0 C a t S t a t i o n 2 .
S tr e a m d i s c h a r g e w as m o re s t a b l e
( T a b le 3 ) .
D is c h a rg e a t S ta t io n
a t S ta tio n
I th a n a t S ta tio n 2
I r a n g e d , fro m a h i g h o f 5 6 .3 m3/m in
d u r i n g May t o a lo w o f 4 4 .2 m3/ m in d u r i n g S e p te m b e r .
d i s c h a r g e r a n g e d fro m 2 0 2 .0 m3/m in i n May t o
The g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n s
irrig a tio n
A t S ta tio n
3 3 .0 m3/ m in d u r i n g J u l y .
in d is c h a r g e a t S ta t io n 2 o c c u rre d d u rin g th e
s e a s o n , A p r i l th ro u g h O c to b e r.
Mean m o n th ly s e d i m e n t l o a d s w e re a lw a y s s m a l l e r - a t S t a t i o n
a t S ta tio n
2 ( T a b le 3 ) .
S e d im e n t l o a d s a t S t a t i o n
m e t r i c t o n s / d a y d u r i n g May t o
S ta tio n
2
I th a n
I r a n g e d fro m 2 5 .3
3 .2 m e t r i c t o n s / d a y i n F e b r u a r y .
At
2 t h e y r a n g e d fro m 1 2 9 5 .0 m e t r i c t o n s / d a y i n May t o 5 . 8 m e t r i c
to n s /d a y in F eb ru a ry .
G r e a t e s t s e d i m e n t l o a d s w e re r e c o r d e d d u r i n g .
A p r i l , May a n d J u n e w hen r u n o f f a n d i r r i g a t i o n w a s t e w a t e r w e re maxim um t
A l k a l i n i t y , d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n a n d pH w e re s i m i l a r a t S t a t i o n s I
a n d 2 , b u t t o t a l h a r d n e s s a v e r a g e d 165 ppm h i g h e r a t S t a t i o n
4 ).
I
(T a b le
-1 0 -
T a b le 2 .
Mean m o n th ly maximum a n d m inim um t e m p e r a t u r e s
s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s (fro m USGS d a t a ) .
I
S ta tio n s
(C) a t
2
Max'.-
M in.
Max.
M in.
S e p te m b e r
1 5 .6
1 3 .9
1 5 .6 *
1 3 .9 *
O c to b e r
1 1 .7
1 1 .1
7 .8
6.7
N o v em b er
1 1 .1
1 0 .0
5 .6
4 .4
D e cem b er
1 0 .6
9 .4
4 .4
3 .9
9.4
8.3
2 .8
1 .7
F e b ru a ry
1 0 .6
1 0 .0
6 .1
5 .6
M arch
1 0 .6
8 .3
6 .7 *
6 .1 *
A p ril
1 1 .7 '
1 0 .0
.8 .3
May
1 5 .6
1 3 .3
1 3 .9 *
1 2 .2 *
June
1 7 .8
1 4 .4
1 7 .2
1 3 .3
J u ly
1 7 .8
1 5 .0
22.8
1 7 .8
A ugust •
1 7 .2
1 5 .0 "
2 0 .6
1 6 .7
D a te
1969
1970
Jan u a ry
* M eans b a s e d on i n c o m p l e t e r e c o r d s .
'
'
.
7 .2
-1 1 -
T a b le 3 .
Mean m o n th ly d i s c h a r g e s (m3/m in ) a n d s e d i m e n t l o a d s
t o n s / d a y ) a t s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s (fro m USGS d a t a ) .
S e d im e n t
. D is c h a rg e
S ta tio n s
I
(m e tric
2*
I
2*.
D a te
1969
S e p te m b e r
4 4 .2
1 0 0 .3
3 .7
5 1 .9
O c to b e r
5 0 .5
1 2 2 .9
3 .8
4 2 .8
N o v em b er
5 3 .4
5 8 .7
3 .2
1 1 .4
D e cem b er
5 1 .3 '
5 1 .0
4 .0
7 .4
Jan u a ry
5 1 .0
5 0 .2
3 .7
6 .8
F e b ru a ry
5 0 .8
4 9 .3
3 .2
5 .8
M arch
5 2 .9
6 0 .0
3 .7
5 9 .4
A p ril
5 4 .1
7 1 .1
4 .3
1 2 1 .0
May
5 6 .3
2 0 2 .0
2 5 .4
1 2 9 9 .3
June
5 2 .4
1 5 0 .1
8 .2
8 4 .2
J u ly
5 0 .5
3 3 .0
3 .9
1 4 .5
A ugust
4 7 .4
4 7 .1
3 .7
2 4 .0
1970
•
* M eans b a s e d on i n c o m p l e t e r e c o r d s .
-
—
12-
T a b le 4 .
Maximxam, m inim um a n d m ean v a l u e s o f . 4 c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s a t 's a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s f r o m - S e p te m b e r , 1 9 6 9 t h r o u g h ■
____________ A u g u s t , 1 9 7 0 ._____________________ __________________________________
I
S ta tio n s
A l k a l i n i t y ( a s ppm CaCog)
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
D i s s o l v e d O xygen
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
200
107
176
250
105
179
(ppm)
9 ,5 '
8 .0
8 .6
1 0 .;
8.1
9 .;
pH
Maximum
Minimum
T o ta l H a rd n e ss
Maximum
Minimum
M ean
. .
8 .4
7 .7
8.1
7 .'
( a s ppm C aC og)
1050
850
907
1010
385
741
—1 3 —
B e n th o s
• T he t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n s e c t s
a t S ta tio n
S ta tio n
2 w as 5323
I ra n g e d
and a t S ta tio n
in s e c ts
2
( T a b le 5 ) .
c o lle c te d a t
i n J u l y t o a lo w o f 1 0 4 i n O c to b e r
fro m 884 i n A u g u s t
t o 34 i n May.
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
I ra n g ed
N um bers o f i n s e c t s
I w as 5482 a n d
fro m a h i g h o f 762
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
S ta tio n
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
I . ( 2 6 .7 Ce) w as a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w i c e t h a t
2 ( 1 3 .9 c c ) .
T he v o lu m e o f i n s e c t s
fro m a h i g h o f 5 . 0
i n O c to b e r an d a t S t a t i o n
T he t o t a l v o lu m e o f
c o lle c te d a t
c c i n D e cem b er t o a lo w o f 0 .2 c c
2 fro m 2 . 4 c c i n F e b r u a r y t o l e s s
th a n 0 .1
cc in J u ly .
P l e c o p t e r a -----A b o u t 18 t i m e s m o re s t o n e f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t
S ta tio n
I
(6 9 0 )
th a n a t S ta t io n
2 (3 8 ).
i n s e c t n u m b e rs c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
v o lu m e o f s t o n e f l i e s
2 ( 0 .4 c c ) .
12% o f t h e v o lu m e f o r a l l i n s e c t s
S ta tio n
I a n d 1% a t S t a t i o n
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
g r e a t e r th a n a t S ta t io n
T hey m ade u p 13% o f t o t a l
I
2.
T he t o t a l
( 3 .2 c c ) w as 8 t i m e s
V olum e o f s t o n e f l i e s
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
c o n s titu te d
I a n d 3% a t
2.
F o u r t a x a o f s t o n e f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d w i t h 3 o c c u r r i n g a t e a c h
s ta tio n .
S ta tio n
I s o p e v t a a c c o u n t e d f o r 94% o f a l l s t o n e f l i e s
I a n d 92% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
o f s to n e flie s
c o lle c te d a t
I t m ade u p 97% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
I a n d 50% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
.
■ T a b l e 5„
N um bers a n d v o lu m e s (c c ) o f i n s e c t s c o l l e c t e d fro m b e n t h i c ( 4 . 2 m2 ) a n d d r i f t
( p e r 762 m3 ) s a m p le s fro m S e p te m b e r , 1969 t h r o u g h A u g u s t , 1 9 7 0 .
(V olum es i n
p a r e n t h e s e s ) . T = T r a c e . ______________________________________
S ta tio n
PLECOPTERA
Kathrp-pevla s p .
Day-■ D r if t
B o tto m
S a m p le T y p e
I
2
690
( 3 .2 )
38
( 0 .4 )
42
(T)
•
EPHEME ROP TE RA
B a e tis parvus
Choroterpes
a lb ia n n u la ta
Ephem erella in erm is
T rio o ryth o d es minutus
H eptagenia e le g a n tu la
I
2
1 .0
(T)
1 5 6 .6
( 1 .0 )
4 .5
(T)
1 .5
(T)
4 .0
(T)
0 .8
(T)
2
( 0 .1 )
646
( 3 .1 )
2
(0.2)
35
( 0 .2 )
1 0 .2
(T)
1 .0
(T)
1 5 1 .1
( 1 .0 )
'
. 1935
( 5 .0 )
1496
( 2 .5 )
4 5 .1
(T)
5 1 .5
(T)
5 9 5 .9
( 2 .7 )
3 8 4 .8
( 0 .6 )
788
( 0 .8 )
633
( 1 .0 )
2
(T)
8
(T)
825
( 1 .5 )
28
(T)
2 5 .3
(T)
4 3 .4
(T)
4 0 5 .6
( 1 .4 )
1 9 .2
(T)
0 .6
(T)
0 .3
(T)
7 .5
(T)
0 .3
(T)
3 3 7 .9
( 0 .5 )
1 .3
(T)
0 .8
(T)
1 6 .6
(T)
2 8 .2
( 0 .1 )
Isogenus s p .
I s o p e r la s p p .
1 1 .0
(T)
2
I
(T)
Nemoura s p .
Aoroneuria s p .
I
N ig h t-D rift
1086
( 4 .2 )'
61
(T)
1 8 4 .2 .
(1.3)
6 .1
(T)
4 .5
(T)
T a b le 5 .
C o n t in u e d
D a y - D r i f t ________;___________ N i g h t - D r i f t
B o tto m
S a m p le T ype
2
I
2
1 2 .2
(T)
9 .8
(T)
3 4 .9
( 0 .2 )
5 4 .1
( 0 .3 )
3
(T)
787
( 4 .1 )
36
(T)
0 .8
(T)
8 .8
(T)
2 .2
(T)
0 .4
(T)
0 .3
(T)
9 .1
(T)
0 .4
(T)
1 .0
(T)
2 7 .6
( 0 .1 )
2 .1
(T)
4 .2
( 0 .1 )
2 .9
(T)
4 8 .8
( 0 .3 )
0 .4
(T)
40
(T)
1 6 .7
(T)
1 .9
(T)
4 4 .3
(T)
5 .1
(T)
I
2
TRICHOPTERA
740
( 6 .7 )
826
( 4 .1 )
Braohyoentrus s p .
5
(T)
517
( 6 .5 )
171
(T)
47
( 0 .2 )
765
(T)
S ta tio n
Hydropsyohe s p .
O oh rotrioh ia s p .
R hyaoophila aoropedes
COLEOPTERA
I
0 .6
(T)
H etiokus s t r i a t u s
Agdbus s p .
0 .4
(T)
1 .9
(T)
B idessu s a f f i n i s
D eroneotes
g r is e o s tr ia t u s
Hydroporus s p .
Hygrotus s p .
Laooophilus maoulosus
E lm id a e
'
8 .8 ■
(T)
0 .4
(T)
3 .4
(T)
9 .9
(T)
I
(T)
0 .3
(T)
1 .4
(T)
0 .4
(T) '
0 .4
(T)
0 .9
(T)
0 .7
(T)
T a b le 5 .
C o n t in u e d
S ta tio n
COLEOPTERA, c o n t ' d
I
O ptioserpu s o v a lis
764
(T)
N ig h t-D r if t
Day-- D r i f t
B o tto m
S a m p le T ype
2
40
(T)
I
1 3 .5
(T)
2
1 .9
(T)
D ineutus s p .
Gyrinus b if a r iu s
H a lip lu s b o r e a lis
H. s tr ig a t u s
P e lto d y te s o a llo su s
Enodhrus s p .
0 .3
(T)
T r o p is te m u s s p .
I
1 6 .4
(T)
0 .3
'(T-).
0 .3
(T)
1 .0
(T)
0 .8
(T)
0 .3
(T)
0 .3
(T)
0 .3
(T)
2
3 .1
(T)
ODONATA.
15
( 2 .2 )
1 .5
( 0 .2 )
Ophiogomphus s p .
15
( 2 .2 )
1 .5
( 0 .2 )
• DIPTE RA
P h aen iaia s e r io a ta
C e c id o m y iid a e "
1060
( 1 1 .8 )
I
. (T)
I
(T)
2572
( 4 .7 )
3 4 .8
(T)
5 6 .6
(T)
4 7 .9
(T)
6 3 .4
(T)
0 .3
(T)
0 .3
(T)
0 .3
(T)
T a b le 5 .
C o n t in u e d
S ta tio n
DIPTERA, c o n t 'd
C h iro n o m id a e
Bixa s p .
E m p id id a e
H e m e ro d ro m iin a e
Fannia s p .
-
L isp o id e s a equ ifron s
Periaoma s p .
Simulium a r e tic im
Euparyphus s p .
Day-- D r i f t
B o tto m
S a m p le T ype
I
2
779
(T)
2
(T)
95
(T)
2254
( 0 .3 )
4
(T)
192
(T)
2
(T)
4
(T)
10
(T)
3
(T)
I
(T)
2
(T)
24
(T)
I
1 6 .0
(T)
2 .1
(T)
2 .2
(T)
0 .3
(T)
8 .5
(T)
1 .0
(T)
Sphaerophoria s p .
Tetanooera s p .
B ioran ota s p .
Hexatoma s p .
T ip u la s p .
16
(T)
120
( 3 .5 )
. 27
(8/3)
,
2
(T)
92
(4 .4 )
I
(T)
3 .1
(T)
1 .0
(T)
0 .3
(T)
N ig h t-D rift
2
3 9 .3
(T) '
3 .1
(T)
1 4 .2
(T)
■I
1 6 .6
(T)
2 .1
■ (T)
1 .3
(T)
0 .4
(T)
2 .3
(T)
1 6 .4
(T)
4 .1
(T)
0 .3
(T)
0 .4
(T)
2 .8
(T)
0 .6
(T)
0 .3
(T)
2
'■
4 5 .9
(T)
0 .9
(T)
2 .6
(T)
1 0 .8
(T)
0 .4
(T)
0 .9
(T)
1 .6
(T)
T a b le 5 .
C o n t in u e d .
B o tto m
S a m p le T ype
S ta tio n
UNIDENTIFIED PUPAE
TOTALS
. .
D a y -D rift
N ig h t-D r if t
I
2
I
2
I
2
292
336
1 2 1 .8
4 0 .3
1 1 7 .9
4 4 .0
5482
( 2 6 .7 )
5323
( 1 3 .9 )
2 4 1 .6
(T)
1 6 1 .1
(T)
9 9 7 .5
( 3 .9 )
5 5 5 .4
( 1 .2 )
i
H
f
—1 9 —
E p h e m e r o p t e r a ----- A t o t a l o f 1 9 3 5 m a y f l i e s w a s c o l l e c t e d
I a n d 1496 a t S t a t i o n 2 ,
a t S ta tio n
M a y f l i e s m ade u p 35 a n d 28% o f a l l i n s e c t s
c o l l e c t e d i n t h e u p s t r e a m a n d d o w n s tre a m r i f f l e s ,
re s p e c tiv e ly .
t o t a l v o lu m e o f m a y f l i e s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e u p p e r r i f f l e
tw ic e t h a t o f t h e lo w e r ( 2 .5 c c ) .
The
( 5 . 0 c c ) w as
M a y f l i e s - a c c o u n t e d f o r a b o u t 19%
o f t h e t o t a l i n s e c t v o lu m e c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I a n d 18% a t S t a t i o n
2.
F i v e t a x a o f m a y f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d . .
upper r i f f le
T h re e o c c u r r e d i n th e
E phem erella Inerm is3 T rio o ryth o d es '
an d 5 i n t h e lo w e r.
minutus a n d B a e tis parvus a c c o u n t e d f o r 5 6 , 3 a n d 40% r e s p e c t i v e l y
o f t h e t o t a l num ber o f m a y f lie s c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
42% r e s p e c t i v e l y
a t S ta tio n 2.
I and I ,
T h e s e t a x a m ade u p 8 4 , <1 a n d 16%
r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t o t a l v o lu m e o f m a y f l i e s c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
< 1 , 60 a n d 40% r e s p e c t i v e l y
55 a n d
a t S ta tio n
I and
2.
T r i c h o p t e r a -----A t o t a l o f 740 'c a d d i s f l i e s w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I a n d 826 a t S t a t i o n
num ber o f i n s e c t s
2.
C a d d i s f l i e s r e p r e s e n t e d 14% .o f t h e t o t a l
c o lle c te d in th e u p p e r r i f f l e
a n d 16% i n t h e lo w e r .
T h e t o t a l v o lu m e o f c a d d i s f l i e s c o l l e c t e d w as 6 . 7 c c a t S t a t i o n
4 .1 cc a t S t a t i o n 2 .
v o lu m e f o r a l l i n s e c t s
C a d d is flie s
c o n s t i t u t e d 25 a n d 29% o f t h e t o t a l
c o l l e c te d a t S ta tio n s I and 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A ll 4 ta x a o f c a d d is f lie s
w e re fo u n d a t S t a t i o n
I and
2.
c o lle c te d .o c c u r r e d a t S ta tio n
I. a n d 3
Hydropsyohe a n d O oh rotrioh ia m ade u p 70 a n d
23% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f a l l c a d d i s f l i e s
c o lle c te d in th e u p p er r i f f l e
and
—2 0 —
95 a n d 4% r e s p e c t i v e l y
in
Hydvopsyahe m ade u p 97 a n d 100%
th e lo w e r.
o f t o t a l v o lu m e o f c a d d i s f l i e s
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n s I and 2 , re s p e c ­
tiv e ly .
C o l e o p t e r a -----A b o u t ,1 9 .5 t i m e s m ore b e e t l e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t
S ta tio n
I
(7 6 5 )
th a n a t S ta tio n 2 (4 0 ).
in s e c ts
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
b e e tle s had le s s
I a n d 1% a t S t a t i o n
N e a r l y 100% o f t h e b e e t l e s
(1 0 6 0 )
c o l l e c te d a t b o th s t a t i o n s
t i m e s f e w e r D i p t e r a w e re c o l l e c t e d i n t h e
t h a n i n t h e lo w e r
(2 5 7 2 ) .
T h ey a c c o u n t e d f o r 19%
c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n I a n d 48% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
t h e v o lu m e o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
tim e s t h a t c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
2 (4 .7 c c ) .
I
t h e u p p e r a n d lo w e r r i f f l e s ,
T he v o lu m e o f D i p t e r a
c o lle c te d in
re s p e c tiv e ly .
A l l 12 t a x a o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d o c c u r r e d a t S t a t i o n
2.
I and 9 ta x a
C h iro n o m id a e m ade u p 73 a n d 88% o f t h e t o t a l
n u m b e r o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d i n t h e u p p e r a n d lo w e r r i f f l e s ,
tiv e ly .
H o w e v e r,
( 1 1 .8 c c ) w as a b o u t 2 . 5
c o n s t i t u t e d 44 a n d 34% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e o f a l l i n s e c t s
o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
and
/
D i p t e r a -----A lm o s t 2 . 5
o f a l l in s e c ts
E ach ta x o n o f
c o lle c te d o c c u rre d in th e u p p er r i f f l e
w e re O ptiosevvu s o v a lis .
upper r i f f l e
2.
t h a n 0 . 1 c c v o lu m e i n e a c h s a m p le .
B o th t a x a o f b e e t l e s
I in th e lo w e r.
T hey r e p r e s e n t e d 14% o f a l l
re sp ec­
T ip u la a n d Hexatoma a c c o u n t e d f o r 70 a n d 30% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f
t h e t o t a l v o lu m e o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d i n t h e u p p e r r i f f l e
94% r e s p e c t i v e l y
i n t h e lo w e r.
a n d <1 a n d
-2 1 O d o n a ta ----- No O d o h a ta w e r e c o l l e c t e d
a t S ta tio n
I , b u t 15
gonrphus w i t h a v o lu m e o f 2 . 2 c c w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n 2.
a c c o u n te d f o r l e s s
S ta tio n
t h a n 1% o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n s e c t s
Oph-LoT hey
c o lle c te d a t ■
2 a n d 16% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e .
U n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e -----T o t a l s o f 292 a n d 336 u n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e
w e re c o l l e c t e d i n
t h e u p p e r a n d lo w e r r i f f l e s ,
c o n s t i t u t e d 5% o f a l l i n s e c t s
2.
re s p e c tiv e ly .
T hey
c o l l e c t e d a t , S t a t i o n I a n d 6% a t S t a t i o n
' T h e v o lu m e o f p u p a e .w a s l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 c c i n e v e r y s a m p le .
,!
D a y -D rift
•
A t o t a l o f 242 d a y - d r i f t i n g i n s e c t s w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n I
a n d 161 a t S t a t i o n 2 ' ( T a b le 5) ..
N u m b ers c o l l e c t e d r a n g e d fro m a h i g h
o f 9 8 d u r i n g A p r i l t o a lo w o f I d u r i n g O c to b e r a t S t a t i o n
59 i n J u l y t o
I i n N o v em b er a t S t a t i o n 2 .
I a n d fro m
No ta x o n h a d a v o lu m e o f
0 . 1 c c o r g r e a t e r i n an y s a m p le . ■
P l e c o p t e r a -----A b o u t 11, t i m e s m o re ■s t o n e f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t
th e u p p er s ta tio n
in s e c ts
(11) t h a n a t t h e lo w e r
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
B o th t a x a o f s t o n e f l i e s
ta x o n a t S t a t i o n 2 .
s to n e flie s
(I).
T hey m ade u p 5% o f a l l
I a n d 1% a t . S t a t i o n
2.
c o lle c te d o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
I and I
I s o p e r t a c o n s t i t u t e d 93 a n d 100% o f t h e n u m b er o f
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n s
I and 2 > r e s p e c tiv e ly .
E p h e m e r o p t e r a -----A t o t a l o f - 45 m a y f l i e s w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
1 . a n d 52 a t S t a t i o n
d a y - d rift in s e c ts
2.
T h ey a c c o u n t e d f o r 19% o f t o t a l n u m b e rs o f
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
I a n d 32% a t S t a t i o n
2.
-2 2 -
Of th e 4 t a x a o f m a y flie s c o l l e c te d , 3 o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
4 a t s ta tio n
B a e tis 'parvus a n d Ephem erella in erm is c o n s t i t u t e d
2.
56 a n d 43% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f a l l m a y f l i e s c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
a n d 1%'r e s p e c t i v e l y
1 and 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
w e re f o u n d - a t S t a t i o n
a t S ta tio n s
T h ey m ade u p 5% o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f i n s e c t s
I a n d '6% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
T he f o u r c a d d i s f l y t a x a ' c o l l e c t e d o c c u r r e d a t S t a t i o n
c o lle c te d
I a n d 84
a t S ta tio n 2.
T r i c h o p t e r a -----T w e lv e a n d 10 c a d d i s f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d
flie s
I and
2.
a t S ta tio n
I and 3
Hydropsyehe c o n s t i t u t e d 72% o f a l l c a d d i s I a n d 93% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
C o l e o p t e r a -----S e v e n t e e n b e e t l e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t . S t a t i o n I a n d
2 a t S ta tio n
a t S ta tio n s
2.
T h e y a c c o u n t e d f o r 7 a n d 1% o f a l l . i n s e c t s
I and 2 > r e s p e c tiv e ly .
Of th e 5 b e e t l e
o n ly I a t S t a t i o n - 2 .
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
D ip te ra
57 a t S t a t i o n
S ta tio n
c o lle c te d
ta x a c o lle c te d , a l l o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
I and-
O p tio servu s O V a l i s c o n s t i t u t e d 81% o f t h e b e e t l e s
I a n d 1 00% .a t S t a t i o n -2:
A t o t a l o f 35 D i p t e r a w as c o l l e c t e d a t . S t a t i o n I a n d ■
2.
T hey a c c o u n t e d f o r 14% o f a l l i n s e c t s
I a n d 35% a t S t a t i o n
c o lle c te d a t
2;
A l l o f t h e 10 t a x a o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d o c c u r r e d a t S t a t i o n
w h ile o n ly 3 o c c u r r e d a t S t a t i o n
2.
C h iro n o m id a e a n d Simuliion aretieum
m ade u p 46 a n d 24% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f D i p t e r a n u m b e rs c o l l e c t e d a t
S ta tio n
I
I a n d 69 a n d 25% r e s p e c t i v e l y a t S t a t i o n 2 .
-2 3 -
U n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e - — T o t a l s o f 122 a n d 40 u n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e w e re
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n s
I and 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T hey a c c o u n t e d f o r 50%
o f t o t a l i n s e c t n u m b e rs c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I a n d 25% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
N ig h t-D r if t
A t o t a l o f 998 n i g h t - d r i f t i n g i n s e c t s w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I a n d 555 a t S t a t i o n 2 ( T a b le 5),.
N um bers c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I
r a n g e d fro m a h i g h o f 144 d u r i n g M arch t o a low o f 4 i n O c t o b e r .
S ta tio n
At
2 t h e y r a n g e d fro m 205 i n J u l y t o 2 d u r i n g M ay, N ovem ber a n d
D e c e m b e r.
T h e t o t a l v o lu m e o f n i g h t - d r i f t i n g
3 .9 cc a t S t a t i o n
I and 1 .2 cc a t S t a t i o n
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
d u r i n g M a rc h , J u l y
I
(0 .7 cc)
2.
in s e c ts
c o l l e c t e d w as
T he g r e a t e s t v o lu m e w as
d u r i n g M arch a n d a t S t a t i o n
an d S e p te m b e r.
2 ( 0 .2 c c ) .
V o lu m es o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 c c w e re
r e c o r d e d a t b o th s t a t i o n s d u r in g s e v e r a l m o n th s :
P l e c o p t e r a -----A lm o s t 35 t i m e s m o re s t o n e f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d
S ta tio n
I
(1 5 7 ) t h a n a t S t a t i o n
num ber o f d r i f t i n g i n s e c t s
S to n e flie s
T h ey a c c o u n t e d f o r 16% o f t h e
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
I a n d 1% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
a c c o u n t e d f o r a t o t a l 'v o l u m e o f 1 . 0 c c a t S t a t i o n
th a n 0 .1 cc a t S ta t io n 2 .
s titu te d
2 (5).
I and l e s s
T h e v o lu m e o f s t o n e f l i e s a t S t a t i o n
I con­
26% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e f o r a l l i n s e c t s c o l l e c t e d t h e r e .
A ll th re e ta x a o f s to n e f lie s
a n d I w as a t S t a t i o n
le c te d a t S ta tio n s
2.
at
.
c o l l e c t e d w e re p r e s e n t a t S t a t i o n
I
I s o p e r la m ade u p 97 a n d 100% o f t h o s e c o l ­
I and 2 , r e s p e c tiv e ly .
f o r a l l v o lu m e s o f s t o n e f l i e s
T h is g en u s a l s o a c c o u n te d
e q u a l t o o r g r e a t e r th a n 0 .1 cc a t b o th
-2 4 -
s ta tio n s .
E p h e m e r o p t e r a ----- A' t o t a l o f 5 9 6 m a y f l i e s w a s c o l l e c t e d
I c o m p a re d t o 385 a t S t a t i o n
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
flie s
2.
a t S ta tio n
T h ey c o n s t i t u t e d 60% o f a l l i n s e c t s
I a n d 69% a t S t a t i o n
2.
T o t a l v o lu m e s o f may­
c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n s I a n d 2 w e re 2 . 7 a n d 0 . 6 c c , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
M a y f l i e s m ade u p 69% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e o f a l l i n s e c t s
S ta tio n
I a n d 50% a t S t a t i o n
2.
Of 5 ta x a o f m a y f lie s c o l l e c t e d ,
a t S ta tio n
2.
c o lle c te d a t
3 o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
I and 5
B aetrLs parvus a n d E phem erella rLnermLs a c c o u n t e d f o r 68
a n d 31% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f m a y f ly n u m b e rs c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
a n d l e s s t h a n 1% r e s p e c t i v e l y a t S t a t i o n
2.
I a n d 88
T hey c o n s t i t u t e d 52 a n d
48% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t o t a l v o lu m e o f m a y f l i e s c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
a n d 83 a n d l e s s
t h a n 1% r e s p e c t i v e l y
a t S ta tio n
I
2.
T r i c h o p t e r a -----T o t a l s o f 35 a n d 52 c a d d i s f l i e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t
S ta tio n s
I and 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ■F o u r p e r c e n t o f a l l i n s e c t s
a t S ta tio n
I w e re c a d d i s f l i e s
v o lu m e s , o f c a d d i s f l i e s
and 2, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
o f a l l in s e c ts
c o m p a re d t o 9% a t S t a t i o n
I
T h e s e v o lu m e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 5% o f t o t a l v o lu m e
A ll fo u r ta x a o f c a d d is f l i e s
c a d d is flie s
T o ta l
c o l l e c t e d w e re 0 . 2 a n d 0 . 3 c c a t S t a t i o n s
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
w e re f o u n d a t S t a t i o n
2.
c o lle c te d
2.
I a n d 25% a t S t a t i o n
2.
c o l l e c te d o c c u rre d a t S ta t io n I and 3
Hydropsyahe a c c o u n t e d f o r 79 a n d 94% o f a l l
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n s
I and 2 , r e s p e c tiv e ly .
Hydropsyahe
a n d RhyaaophrLla aaropedes e a c h a c c o u n t e d f o r 50% o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e
-2 5 -
o f c a d d is flie s
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
o f th a t c o lle c te d
I w h i l e Eydvopsyohe m ade up 100%
a t S ta tio n 2.
C o l e o p t e r a -----A b o u t 8 . 5 t i m e s m ore b e e t l e s w e re c o l l e c t e d a t
S ta tio n
I
(4 4 )
th a n a t S ta tio n 2 ( 5) .
ta k e n a t S ta t io n
T h ey m ade u p 4% o f t o t a l n u m b e rs
I a n d 1% a t S t a t i o n 2 .
No t a x o n o f b e e t l e s h a d a
v o lu m e a s g r e a t a s 0 . 1 c c i n a n y s a m p le .
A l l o f t h e 15 b e e t l e
4 o c c u rre d a t s t a tio n
2.
ta x a c o lle c te d o c c u rre d a t S ta tio n
I w h ile
O ptiosevvu s O V alis3 D evoneotes g v is e o s tv i a tu s 3
H eliohus s t v i a t u s a n d B idessu s a f f i n i s a c c o u n t e d f o r 3 7 , 2 2 , 20 a n d 8%
r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e n u m b e rs o f b e e t l e s
6 1 , 1 4 , 8 a n d 17% r e s p e c t i v e l y
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
a t S ta tio n
I and a b o u t
2.
D i p t e r a -----A t o t a l o f 48 D i p t e r a w as c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
p a r e d t o 63 a t S t a t i o n
num ber o f i n s e c t s
2 ..
I com­
T h ey c o n s t i t u t e d 5 a n d 11% o f t h e t o t a l
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n s
I and 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A ll
t a x a o f D i p t e r a h a d v o lu m e s o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 c c i n e a c h s a m p le .
F o u r t e e n t a x a o f D i p t e r a w e re c o l l e c t e d w i t h 13 o c c u r r i n g a t
S ta tio n
I and 8 a t S ta tio n
2.
C h iro n o m id a e a n d Simulium- avotioum
m ade up 35 a n d 34% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e n u m b e rs o f D i p t e r a c o l l e c t e d
a t S ta tio n
I a n d 73 a n d 17% r e s p e c t i v e l y
O d o n a ta -----No d r a g o n f l y
a t S ta tio n
2.
l a r v a e w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
I and
o n l y 2 Ophiogomphus h a v i n g a v o lu m e o f 0 . 2 c c w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
2.
T h ey a c c o u n t e d f o r l e s s t h a n 1% o f a l l i n s e c t s a n d 17% o f a l l v o lu m e
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n 2.
—2 6 —
U n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e -----T o t a l s o f 118 a n d 44 u n i d e n t i f i e d p u p a e
w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n s
I and 2 , r e s p e c tiv e ly .
12% o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f n i g h t - d r i f t i n g i n s e c t s
I a n d 8% a t S t a t i o n
a t S ta tio n
2.
T hey a c c o u n t e d f o r
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
T he t o t a l v o lu m e o f p u p a e w as l e s s
I and 0 .1 cc a t S t a t i o n
t o t a l v o lu m e o f n i g h t - d r i f t i n g
2.
in s e c ts
th a n 0 .1 cc
T hey c o n s t i t u t e d 8% o f t h e
c o lle c te d a t S ta tio n
sI
2.
■DISCUSSION
S ta tio n
I h a d a s m a lle r ra n g e o f t e m p e r a tu r e s , l e s s v a r ia b l e
d is c h a rg e r a te s
a n d lo w e r s e d i m e n t l o a d s t h a n S t a t i o n
l i m ite d te m p e ra tu re ra n g e a t S ta tio n
s ta tio n
2.
T he m ore
I w as d u e t o p r o x i m i t y o f t h e
t o t h e a r t e s i a n w e l l a n d s p r i n g s w h ic h s u p p l y B l u e w a t e r C re e k
and th e ab sen ce o f i r r i g a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s
above th e s t a t i o n .
D u rin g
m o s t o f t h e y e a r t h e w a t e r w as c o o l e d b y t h e a i r as. i t m oved dow n- ■
s tre a m .
H o w e v e r, d u r i p g J u l y a n d A u g u s t w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s w e re
g re a te r a t S ta tio n
by th e a i r ,
2 th a n a t S t a t i o n . I .
T h i s r e s u l t e d fro m w a rm in g
d e w a t e r i n g a n d a d d i t i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r fro m t h e
O rc h a rd C a n a l.
D is c h a rg e r a t e s
f l u c t u a t e d m o re a t S t a t i o n
2 p rim a rily
b e c a u s e o f p e r io d i c d e w a te rin g and a d d itio n o f i r r i g a t i o n w a te r .
G r e a t e r s e d i m e n t l o a d s a t S t a t i o n 2 p r i m a r i l y r e s u l t e d fro m a d d i t i o n
o f s i l t la d e n i r r i g a t i o n w a te r and i n c r e a s e d s o i l e r o s io n c a u s e d by
in te n s iv e
a g ric u ltu re
in th e a re a .
T he c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e i n s e c t c o m m u n ity a t S t a t i o n
fro m t h a t a t S t a t i o n
th a n a t S ta t io n
2.
2 (2 6 )
M ore t a x a w e r e fo u n d a t S t a t i o n
( T a b le 5 ) .
2.
c o lle c te d ,
I
(42)
Much g r e a t e r n u m b e rs o f C o l e o p t e r a ,
P l e c o p t e r a a n d E p h e m e r o p t e r a w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
S ta tio n
I d iffe re d
I th a n a t
R i f f l e b e e t l e s , w h ic h c o m p r i s e d m o s t o f t h e C o l e o p t e r a
and P le c o p t e r a a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s id e r e d c le a n .w a t e r fo rm s.
L a r g e n u m b e rs o f EphemereZta -ZnevmLs w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
n o t a t S ta tio n
2.
I but
Tvioovythod.es minutus o c c u r r e d i n s m a l l n u m b e rs a t
-2 8 -
S ta tio n
I a n d l a r g e n u m b e rs a t S t a t i o n
D i p t e r a w e re c o l l e c t e d a t S t a t i o n
2.
Much s m a l l e r , n u m b e rs o f
I th a n a t S ta tio n 2.
C om m unity a n d p o p u l a t i o n d y n a m ic s d i f f e r e d
P e a k n u m b e rs o f b e n t h i c a n d d r i f t i n g
e n t m o n th s a t S t a t i o n
a t t h e tw o s t a t i o n s .
i n s e c t s o c c u rre d d u rin g d i f f e r ­
I th a n a t S ta tio n
2.
T h i s w as i n p a r t d u e t o
c o m p o s i t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e tw o s t a t i o n s .
t o b o th s t a t i o n s
S ta tio n
r e a c h e d p e a k d e n s i t i e s d u r i n g d i f f e r e n t m o n th s a t
I th a n a t S ta tio n
2.
The b i o t i c d i f f e r e n c e s
fo u n d b e tw e e n s t a t i o n s w e re p r o b a b l y t h e
r e s u lt o f p h y s ic a l d iffe re n c e s
cau sed by a g r ic u ltu r a l a c t i v i t i e s .
T he h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a t S t a t i o n
ta x a .
M o s t t a x a common
2 may h a v e b e e n l i m i t i n g t o some
T he h i g h e r s e d i m e n t l o a d s t h e r e may h a v e b e e n d e t r i m e n t a l t o
c e r t a i n t a x a b y i n f l i c t i n g m e c h a n i c a l dam age a n d r e d u c i n g t h e i r
a v a ila b le h a b i t a t and fo o d .
T he h i g h d i s c h a r g e s a t . S t a t i o n 2 p r o b a b l y
c a u s e d p e r i o d i c s c o u r i n g o f som e i n s e c t s
th e re .
LITERATURE CITED
A a g a a r d , F . C= 1 9 6 9 .
T e m p e r a tu r e o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s i n M o n ta n a .
U= S
G e o l. S u rv = a n d M o n t. F i s h a n d Game Comm. H e l e n a , M o n t.
613 p p .
A n d e r s o n , N . H . , a n d D . M. L ehm kuhI .
1967.
C a ta s tro p h ic d r i f t o f
i n s e c t s i n a w o o d la n d s t r e a m .
E c o l o g y , 4 9 ( 2 ) :1 9 8 - 2 0 6 .
A n d e r s o n , R. 0 . . 1 9 5 9 .
A m o d ifie d f l o a t a t i o n te c h n iq u e f o r s o r t i n g
b o tto m f a u n a s a m p l e s .
L im n o l. a n d O c e a n o g r . , 4 ( 2 ) : 2 2 3 - 2 2 5 .
A r m i t a g e , K. B .
1 9 5 8 . E c o lo g y o f t h e r i f f l e i n s e c t s o f t h e F i r e h o l e
R i v e r , W yom ing. E c o l o g y , 3 9 ( 4 ) : 5 7 1 - 5 8 0 .
B i a n c h i , D . R.. 1 9 6 3 .
T h e e f f e c t s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n on e g g s u r v i v a l
o f r a in b o w t r o u t a n d c u t t h r o a t t r o u t .
M .S . T h e s i s .
M o n t.
S t a t e U n i v . 2 8 p p . , B o zem an , M o n t.
C o r d o n e , A. J . , a n d D. W. K e l l y .
s e d i m e n t on t h e a q u a t i c l i f e
4 7 ( 2 ) :1 8 9 -2 2 8 .
1961.
T he i n f l u e n c e s o f i n o r g a n i c
o f s tre a m s .
C a l i f . F i s h a n d Game,
D o d d s , G. S . , a n d F . L . H is a w .
1925.
E c o lo g ic a l s tu d ie s o f a q u a tic
i n s e c t s IV .
A l t i t u d i n a l ra n g e and d o n a tio n o f m a y f lie s , s to n e f l i e s , a n d c a d d i s f l i e s i n t h e C o lo r a d o R o c k i e s . E c o l o g y , .
6 :3 8 0 -3 9 0 .
P e t e r s , J . C.
1965.
T he e f f e c t s o f s t r e a m s e d i m e n t a t i o n o n t r o u t
e m b ry o s u r v i v a l .
P p . 2 7 5 -2 7 9 .
I n B i o l o g i c a l P r o b le m s i n W a te r
P o l l u t i o n , T h i r d S e m i n a r , 1 9 6 2 . U. S'. D e p t. H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n
■a n d W e l f a r e .
P u b lic H e a lth S e r v . P u b . 9 9 9 -S P -2 5 .
424 p p .
1 9 6 7 . E f f e c t s on a t r o u t s t r e a m o f s e d i m e n t fro m
a g ric u ltu ra l p ra c tic e s .
J . W i l d l . M g m t., 3 1 ( 4 ) : 8 0 5 - 8 1 2 .
_______________ .
1971.
E f f e c t s o f s e d i m e n t c o n t r o l on f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s .
P h .D . T h e s i s .
C o lo . S t a t e U n i v .
86 p p . , F o r t C o l l i n s , C o lo .
P o w e l l , G. C.
1 9 5 8 . E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t s o f a p o w e r dam w a t e r
r e l e a s e p a t t e r n u p o n t h e d o w n s tre a m f i s h e r y .
C o lo . C o o p . . F i s h .
U n it Q u a rt. R e p ., 4 :3 1 -3 7 .
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