Concrete durability studies
by Robert A Wallace
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Civil Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by Robert A Wallace (1952)
Abstract:
Fine and coarse aggregate from nine Montana sources were incorporated in standard State Highway
mix. designs using high- and low-alkali cements. Admixtures of "fly ash" and Protex, an air-entraining
agent, were used in conjunction with the above mixes.
Compression tests were made using 6" x 12" cylinders, outdoor weathering specimens were made
using 6" x 6" cubes, and freezing and thawing specimens were made using 3" x 6" cylinders.
The nine aggregates were known to have varying degrees of "alkali-reactivity", as a result of previous
chemical tests.
The results from the weathering and freezing and thawing tests were correlated with the chemical
reactivity tests of the aggregate and mortar-bar expansion specimens.
The chemical tests showed that some of the aggregates were reactive, however, the mortar-bar
expansion specimens only indicated expansions ranging from 0.002 per cent to 0.017 per cent after
twelve months, After the concrete had been subjected to 73 cycles of freezing and thawing, the
concrete evidenced no signs of disintegration that could be discerned by visual inspection.
The concrete containing the two admixtures, in general, had lower 28 day compressive strengths than
the concrete made with Portland cement, which was expected. CONCRETE DURABILITY: STUDIES
*
ROBERT A. WALLACE
'X
A THESIS ■
S ubm itted to th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
.p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
• f o r th e d e g re e o f
M aster of S cien ce in C i v i l E n g in eerin g
at
Montana S ta te C ollege
Approved;
H ead,. M ajor D epartm ent
S
—
:
Chajrpmany Examining Cbmmittee
6
^
'an,^G raduate D iv is io n
L .:
Bozeman, Montana
J u ly , 1952
.1
- 2-
W IiT^cu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................
3
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................
Ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................
5
ABSTRACT...................................................................................
6
INTRODUCTION.............................................................
P urpose and Im portance
P re v io u s Work
Review o f L i t e r a t u r e
7
EQUIPMENT• • • e e e e e e e e e
M ixer
F re e z in g C ab in et
M oist Room
Thawing Tank
Molds
S c a le s
A ir M eter
•
e e o- oot *
e o * # o » »
o *
eo>»a>»a
e o »
o e o
HtOCEDURE................................................................................. ........................................
22
2$
Specimens
M ixing
C uring
F re e z in g and Thawing
Compression T e s ts
W eathering T e s ts
Chem ical R e a c tiv ity and M ortar-B ar E xpansion T e sts
MATERIALS.....................................................................................
Cement
A dm ixtures
A ggregates
28
MIX DESIGN DATA............................................................................................ ................
35
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................
39
APPENDIX A..........................
51
Chem ical T e s ts f o r R e a c tiv ity and
M o rtar-B ar Expansion T e sts
10673?
LIST OF TABLES
T able
I
Page
i II
Rocks and M in e ra ls which a re D e le te rio u S ly R e a c tiv e
w ith High- a l k a l i Cement @@* o o coo * * * *»@o@ooo@**oo<,***a**oo
12
:
P h y s ic a l C h a r a c te r is tic s o f Sands and C oarse A g g r e g a te s ,. , 30-31
III
M in e ra l C om position o f C oarse and F in e A g g re g a te s, . . . , * 6 32=33ti3ii
IV
Summary Mix D esign Da t a , , , , , , , , , , , , » , , , , , ,
V
R e s u lts o f Chem ical T e s ts f o r . A lk a li R e a c t i v i t y , .
VI
Maximum Expansion a t I Y ear o f M o rtar B a r s , , . . . . . . i , . , , ,
ill
V II
C om parative Summary D ata Between Chemical; T e s t and
M in e ra lo g ic a l E x a m i n a t i o n , , , , , o , o , , , , , , , , ,
ii7
V III
28 Day Com pressive S t r e n g t h s ., , . . . . . . . . . . .
37—3^
»
.
I4O
.
J4.8
-4 L IS T OF FIGURES
F ig u re
I
Page
R e s u lts o f Ghemioal T e s t w ith NaOH S o lu tio n ...................... ..
h3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
T h is t h e s i s was accom plish ed u n d er th e s u p e rv is io n o f P ro fe s s o r
R0 C , . Be H a rt and D r. E. R. Dodge5 whose guidance and many h e lp f u l
s u g g e s tio n s a r e g r a t e f u l l y acknow ledged.
A p p re c ia tio n i s a ls o ex ten d ed t o :
D r. G„ C. B ra d le y , Geology D ep artm en t, f o r co n d u ctin g th e m in e ra lo g ic a l ex am in atio n s o f th e a g g re g a te s u sed in th e t e s t s .
R0 H. G agle5 Montana Highway D epartm ent5 f o r a id in g in se c u rin g
th e m a te r ia ls f o r th e t e s t s .
ABSTRACT
F in e and c o a rse a g g re g a te from n in e Montana so u rc e s w ere in c o rp o ra t­
ed in s ta n d a rd S ta te Highway mix. d e sig n s u s in g h ig h - arid lo w - a lk a li
cem ents» A dm ixtures o f " f l y ash " and P r o te x j an a i r - e n t r a i n i n g a g e n ts
were u se d in c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e above m ix es.
Compression t e s t s were made u s in g 6" x 12# c y lin d e r Sj o u td o o r
w e a th e rin g specim ens w ere made u s in g 6" x 6" cu b es, and f r e e z in g and
thaw ing specim ens were made u s in g 3# x 6" c y lin d e r s .
The n in e a g g re g a te s w ere known to have v a ry in g d e g re e s d f -" a l k a l i r e a c t i v i t y " , a s a r e s u l t o f p re v io u s c h em ica l t e s t s .
The r e s u l t s from th e w e a th e rin g and f r e e z i n g and th aw in g t e s t s were
c o r r e la te d w ith th e ch em ical r e a c t i v i t y t e s t s o f th e a g g re g a te and m o rta rb a r e x p an sio n specim ens.
The ch em ical t e s t s showed t h a t some o f th e a g g re g a te s w ere r e a c t i v e s
how ever, th e m o rta r-b a r expan sio n specim ens o n ly in d ic a te d expansions
ra n g in g from 0 ,002 p e r c e n t t o 0 ,017 p e r c e n t a f t e r tw elv e m onths, A fte r
th e c o n c re te had been s u b je c te d t o 73 c y c le s o f f r e e z in g and th aw in g , th e
c o n c re te " e v id e n c e d no s ig n s o f d i s i n t e g r a t i c n t h a t could b e d is c e rn e d by
v i s u a l in s p e c tio n .
The c o n c re te c o n ta in in g th e. two a d m ix tu re s , i n g e n e r a l, had low er
28' day com pressive s tr e n g th s th a n th e c o n c re te made w ith P o r tla n d cem ent,
w hich was e x p e c te d .
-7 -
INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Im portance
Two q u e s tio n s im m ediately p r e s e n t th e m selv e s a t th e b e g in n in g o f any
in v e s tig a tio n o
They a r e :
( I ) Why sh o u ld th e in v e s t ig a ti o n be u n d ertak en ?
(2 ) What sh ould th e in v e s t ig a ti o n d eterm in e?
In answ ering th e above two q u e s tio n s i t i s hoped t h a t th e purpose and
i n t e n t o f t h i s t h e s i s w i l l be made c l e a r .
Why sh o u ld th e in v e s t i g a t i o n be u n d e rta k en ?
Ever sin c e th e d is c o v e ry o f c o n c re te th e problem o f d u r a b i l i t y has
been m a n ife s t.
C e r ta in c o n s tr u c tio n p r o j e c t s have been e x p e d ite d by th e
u se o f c o n c re te over a n o th e r m a te r ia ls how evers when i n some in s ta n c e s
a p p a r e n tly " good" c o n c re te h a s f a i l e d t o e x h ib it th e e x p e c te d d u r a b i l i t y 3
th e q u e s tio n a ro s e a s to w hat p a r t i c u l a r f a c t o r m ight be r e s p o n s ib le .
V ario u s s t a t e and governm ent a g e n c ie s have s p e n t la r g e sums o f money
and c o n s id e ra b le tim e r e l a t i v e to th e problem o f c o n c re te d u r a b i l i t y .
Here i n M dntana5 some of th e s t r u c t u r e s b u i l t by th e S ta te Highway
D epartm ent have been showing s ig n s o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n .
S e v e ra l o f th e s e
s tr u c t u r e s have shown some d e t e r i o r a t i o n a f t e r having been s u b je c te d t o
exposure f o r o n ly f iv e y e a r s .
S in ce i t was n o t d e f i n i t e l y known w h at p a r t i c u l a r f a c t o r was re sp o n ­
s i b l e f o r th e d e t e r i o r a t i o n 5 i t was su g g e ste d t h a t an in v e s t ig a ti o n
co n cern in g c o n c re te d u r a b i l i t y be u n d e rta k e n .
I t i s hoped t h a t th e
r e s u l t s o f t h i s t h e s i s may a id in p re v e n tin g a p a r t of th e d e t e r i o r a t i o n
t h a t i s o c c u rrin g in th e c o n c re te s t r u c t u r e s and pavem ents th ro u g h o u t th e
S ta te .
Ni
I
What should th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n d eterm in e?
Since th e in v e s t i g a t i o n i s concerned w ith c o n c re te d u r a b i l i t y s th e re
e v id e n tly co u ld be a c o n s id e ra b le number o f f a c t o r s involved®
T herefo re
i t was d e cid e d to approach th e problem from th e s ta n d p o in t o f ( I ) th e
cement and ( 2) th e r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n c re te s u b je c te d t o f r e e z in g and
thaw ing cycles®
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were c a r r ie d on i n fo u r p a r t s .
They in c lu d e d th e
fo llo w in g s
P a rt I
Chem ical t e s t s f o r a l k a l i - r e a c t i v i t y o f a g g re g a te s and
m o rta r-b a r expan sio n te sts®
P a rt I I
The u se o f p o z z o la n ic m a te r ia ls a s an a i d in e lim in a tin g
e x c e s siv e expansion in c o n c re te r e s u l t i n g from th e cement
a g g re g a te r e a c t i o n .
P a rt I I I
-The e f f e c t o f p o z z o la n ic m a te r ia ls upon th e r e s is ta n c e o f
c o n c re te t o f r e e z in g and th a w in g .
P a r t IV
The e f f e c t o f a ir - e n tr a in m e n t upon th e r e s i s t a n c e o f
c o n c re te to f r e e z in g and thaw ing.
I t was d e c id e d t h a t P a r t I o f th e p re c e d in g l i s t would l e n d . i t s e l f
t o s e p a ra te research®
The p u rp o se o f t h i s t h e s i s was' t o in v e s t ig a te P a r ts I I 5 I I I 5 and IV
o f th e p re c e d in g I i s t 5 and t o c o r r e l a t e them i f p o s s ib le w ith th e r e s u l t s
from P a r t I®
A se q u e n t d is c u s s io n o f some o f th e th e o r ie s in v o lv e d i n co n n ectio n
w ith th e f o u r p a r t s o f th e in v e s t ig a ti o a i s hereby p resented®
aa^esa
PREVIOUS WORE
A l k a li- R e a c tiv ity o f A ggregate
The chem ical i n t e r a c t i o n betw een r e a c t i v e a g g re g a te . and h i g h - a l k a l i
cement (o v e r 1% NagO + KgO]) i s known to have caused s e r io u s d is in te g r a ­
t i o n » A g r e a t d e a l o f r e s e a r c h has been conducted c o n c e rn in g t h i s phase
in c lu d in g p e tro g ra p h ic and p h y s ic a l-c h e m ic a l in v e s tig a tio n *
A ccording t o H ansen:
The ex p an sio n and c ra c k in g o f th e c o n c re te r e s u l t from p re s s u re s
caused by osm osis o f w a te r by a l k a l i - s i l i c a g e ls w hich form th ro u g h
th e i n t e r a c t i o n betw een c e r t a i n " r e a c tiv e " a g g re g a te s and th e a l k a l i s
l i b e r a t e d by th e h ig h a l k a l i cem ent d u rin g h y d ra tio n * These p re s s u re s
exceed th e t e n s i l e s tr e n g th o f c o n c re te an d cause th e fo rm a tio n o f
f r a c t u r e s s w hich p ro b a b ly a re s u f f i c i e n t l y e x te n s iv e t o a cco u n t f o r
: th e in c r e a s e in volume and d e c lin e i n s tre n g th *
>
Based upon r e s u l t s of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 'alreacfcr p u b lis h e d th e fo llo w in g
f a c t s a r e known:
( I ) d e t e r i o r a t i o n r e s u l t s from i n t e r a c t i o n betw een c e r t a i n a g g re g a te s
and h i g h - a l k a l i cem en ts| ( 2) d e t e r i o r a t i o n can be p re v e n te d o r r e ta r d e d
b y .lim it in g ' th e a l k a l i c o n te n t and r e s t r i c t i n g th e p e re e n ta g e o f r e ­
a c ti v e a g g re g a te s ! ( 3 ) th e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i s caused by ex pansion $ ( k )
th e f a t e and m agnitude o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n a re in flu e n c e d by th e p h y s ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e c o n c re te and b y c o n d itio n s of c u r in g s te m p e ra -,
t u r e , and m o is tu re ; ( 5 ) a l l m o rta rs an d c o n c re te s a f f e c t e d by t h i s k in d
o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n c o n ta in impure s i l i c a g e l w ith in p a r t i c l e s o f
a g g re g a te a in v o id s , in c ra c k s in ' t h e .c o n c re te 5 and a s e x u d a tio n s on
th e exposed s u rfa c e s * ^
There i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e expansion i s m o tiv a te d by c r y s ta l'
growth w ith in th e cement p a s te .
1D. M cC onnells R .C ..H e l e n a , W. I . H o llan d and K. T. G reen e, "CementA ggregate R e a c tio n i n C o n c re te ," -J r a l AGl, XIX (19Ii?)),■No, 2 , 93»
P
W .C,Hansen, " S tu d ie s R e la tin g to th e Mechanism by w hich the A lk a liA ggregate R e a c tio n P roduces Expansion in C o n c re te ," J r n l ACI, SV(I9i|i)-), 213
3I b id * , p . 215
=aIO="
A nother th e o r y «, p re s e n te d by Rockmoodj which m ig h t e x p la in th e de­
t e r i o r a t i o n e f f e c t o f th e a lk a li- a g g r e g a te r e a c tio n i s ;
An a l k a l i s i l i c a t e s o lu tio n w i l l a b so rb more s i l i c a th a n i t c o n ta in s
MagO, As th e c o n te n t o f s i l i c a in c r e a s e s in p ro p o r tio n to th e NagOj
th e l i q u i d becomes more and more v is c o u s , A t some sta g e th e n the
s i lic e o u s a g g re g a te and i t s a tta c k in g a l k a l i h y d ro x id e becomp en clo sed
in a f ilm o r membrane o f v is c o u s a l k a l i s i l i c a t e , which s e rv e s to
s c re e n o ^ t th e m in e ra ls i n c o l l o i d a l s o lu tio n i n th e o u ts id e w a te r, b u t
w i l l a llo w th e w a te r i t s e l f o r an e l e c t r o l y t e such a s a l k a l i h y d ro x id es
t o p a s s th ro u g h , by th e chem ical p ro c e s s known a s d i a l y s i s . The s o lu ­
t i o n o f a l k a l i o x id e s , th e h y d ro x id e s, have g r e a t a f f i n i t y f o r w a te r,
w hich means they w i l l draw w a ter from th e o u ts id e th ro u g h th e s i l i c a t e
membrane, Were th e e n c lo s in g membrane f r e e to expand, l i k e a b a llo o n ,
i t w ould c o n s ta n tly grow in s iz e , b u t i t i s c o n fin e d by th e w a lls o f
th e c a v it y t h a t th e s o lu tio n o f th e a g g re g a te p a r t i c l e h a s made i n th e
m o rta r o r c o n c re te m a trix . The r e s u l t i s t h a t h y d ra u lic p re s s u re i s
b u i l t u p ;by th e w a te r tr y i n g to g e t in s id e th e e n v e lo p e , o r membrane.
I f th e a l k a l i ■s i l i c a t e membrane i s k e p t s u f f i c i e n t l y d i l u t e , t h a t i s ,
n o t v is c o u s , i t p ro b a b ly does n o t d ia ly z e th e su rro u n d in g s o lu tio n s , ,
and t h a t i s why 0 .6 p e r c e n t combined a l k a l i o x id es re d u c e e x p an sio n .
The B ureau o f R eclam ation ev o lv ed f iv e te c h n iq u e s by which th e y
i d e n t i f y r e a c t i v e c o n c re te a g g re g a te s .
They a r e ;
( I ) ch em ical t e s t s ,
( 2) m o rtar ex p an sio n t e s t s , ( 3 ) w e ttin g and d ry in g , (It), ex am in atio n o f
c o n c re te i n s t r u c t u r e s , and ( 5 ) p e tro g ra p h ic e x am in atio n .
The chem ical t e s t s a r e conducted in c o n ju n c tio n w ith ex p an sio n t e s t s
\
■
o f m o rta r- b a rs made from th e same a g g re g a te s . Appendix A g iv e s a
d e s c r ip ti o n o f th e p ro ced u re used i n c o n d u ctin g th e c h em ica l t e s t s and th e
m o rta r-b a r expansion t e s t s .
The w e ttin g and d ry in g te c h n iq u e was n o t u sed
in t h i s r e s e a r c h and w i l l th e r e f o r e n o t be d is c u s s e d .
The exam in atio n o f
c o n c re te in s t r u c t u r e s i s d is c u s s e d in th e r e s u l t s and c o n c lu s io n s of t h i s
th e s is .
A b r i e f d e s c r ip ti o n of th e p e tro g ra p h ic ex am in atio n i s h e re w ith
p r e s e n te d .
4N athan C. Rockwood, "A New Approach to th e Study o f C o n crete ,". Rock
P r o d u c ts , XXV (May 1 9 l $ |, 69.
=U=
R e p o rts d e s c rib in g p e tro g ra p h ic ex am in atio n o f p ro p o se d a g g re g a te s
t o be u sed in c o n c re te in c lu d e ta b l e s w hich summarize a n a ly s e s o f c o a rse
fra c tio n s .
A c tu a l p e rc e n ta g e s o f each ro c k ty p e a re r e c o r d e d <, arid b r i e f
d e s c r ip ti o n s in c lu d e d .
Each p e tro g ra p h ic ty p e i s c l a s s i f i e d a s to
p h y s ic a l and ch em ical q u a l i t y .
s e p a ra te t a b l e .
" d e le te rio u s " .
The p h y s ic a l q u a lity i s summarized in a
D egrees o f chem ical q u a l i t y a r e "innocuous" and
These w ords a re d e fin e d a c c o rd in g to Rhoades and M e le n z
a s fo llo w s s
" D e le te rio u s " m a te r ia ls w i l l p ro d u ce e x c e s siv e e x p an sio n s in c o n c re te
th rq u g h chem ical r e a c t i o n s which ta k e p la c e a f t e r h a rd e n in g of th e
cem ent. C o n s titu e n ts d e sig n a te d a s " d e le te r io u s " b ecau se o f s u sc e p t­
i b i l i t y t o a t t a c k by. a l k a l i e s i n cem ent g e n e r a lly do n o t y i e l d to
r e a c tio n i f t h e cement c o n ta in s l e s s th a n 0 .6 0 p e r c e n t t o t a l a l k a l i s
(NagO -*■ K^G3 e x p re sse d a s soda e q u iv a l e n ts ) .
"Innocuous" c o n s ti tu e n ts do n o t p a r t i c i p a t e in ch em ical r e a c tio n s
h a rm fu l t o c o n c r e te .
T able I shows th e ro c k s and m in e ra ls w hich a r e d e l e t e r i o u s l y r e a c tiv e
w ith h i g h - a l k a l i cem ents.
T his a n a ly s is was conducted by MMlsnz
^R ogers Rhoades an d R.C. I i e l e n z 3 " P e tro g ra p h y o f C o n crete A ggregates" 3
J o u rn a l ACI3, P rq c e e d in g s 3 XVII (19h6') 3 ^81 -9 8 .
' ^R.O, ,M ielen z 3 " P e tro g ra p h ic E xam ination o f C oncrete A g g re g ate " 3
G e o lo g ic a l S o c ie ty ,,o f A m erica3 LIX (19h6) 3 309-18.
•12 -
TABLE I
ROCKS AHD MINERALS TEICH ARE DELETERIOUSLY REACTIVE
WITH HIGH-ALKALI CEMENT
jR e ac tiv e M in erals
Chem ical Com position
Opal
Chalcedony
T rid y m ite
SiOg n HgO
Si02
SiOg
R e a c tiv e Rocks
S ilic e o u s Rocks
O paline c h e r ts
:
C halcedonic c h e r ts
S ilic e o u s lim e s to n e s
V o lcanic Rocks
R h y o lite s - a n d r h y o l i t e t u f f s
D a e i t e s ;and d a c it e t u f f s
I
A n d e site and a n d e s ite t u f f s
I M etamorphic Rocks
1
P h y llite s
P h y s ic a l C h a ra c te r
Amorphous
C r y p to c r y s ta llin e f ib r o u s
C r y s ta l lin e
R e a c tiv e Component
Opal
Chalcedony
. h
Chalcedony a n d /d r o p a l
(V olcanic g l a s s , d e v i t r i f i e d
g l a s s , and tr id y m ite )
-
Hydromica
M isc e lla n e o u s Rocks
Any ro c k s c o n ta in in g v e i n l e t s ,
i n c lu s io n s , o r g r a i n s .o f th e
r e a c t i v e ro c k s o r m in e ra ls
l i s t e d above.
■^
E f f e c t o f P o z z o lan ic M a te ria ls on C oncrete D u r a b ility
D e f in itio n o f p o zzo lan s P o zzo lan s a r e s il i c e o u s m a te r ia ls w hich,
though h o t c e m e n titio u s i n th e m se lv e s, c o n ta in c o n s t i t u e n t s which a t
o rd in a ry te m p e ra tu re s w i l l combine w ith lim e in th e p re s e n c e o f w a ter
t o form compounds w hich have a. low s o l u b i l i t y and p o s s e s s cem enting
p ro p e rtie s , 7
The use o f p o z z o la n s in c o n c re te r e s u l t ;in d i s t i n c t a d v a n ta g e s.
7
F» M, L ea, "The C hem istry o f'P o z z o la n s /* P ro ceed in g s Synposium on th e
C hem istry o f Cements, (Stockholm , 1938):y k60«
I
-1 3 "
The reactive substances of pdazolah, such as amorphous s ilic a or
silic e o u s Conpounds5 are converted by the reaction with the calcium
hydroxide released by hydration of portland Cemeht5 into stab le substances5
many of which are cem entitious.
F ly a sh i s one o f th e numerous p o z z o la n ic m a te r ia ls a v a ila b le and was
th e m a te r ia l u se d in t h i s r e s e a r c h .
F ly a sh i s a v e ry f i n e f l u e d u s t p r e ­
c i p i t a t e d from th e s ta c k s a t some steam power p la n ts b u rn in g p u lv e riz e d
c o a l.
One o f th e a d v an ta g e s o f f l y a sh a s an adm ixture in c o n c re te i s i t s
a b i l i t y to e lim in a te 5 o r a t l e a s t g r e a t l y r e t a r d p ro g re s s o f r e a c tio n
betw een cement a l k a l i e s and a g g re g a te s .
I t h a s bden shown t h a t f l y ash i n h i b i t s th e C em ent-aggregate r e a c tio n
in c o n c re te by com bination w ith th e a l k a l i r e le a s e d by th e h y d ra tin g
cem ent.
The a l k a l i e s th u s r e t a i n e d a r e u n ab le t o a t t a c k t h e a g g re g a te .
The r e d u c tio n i n a l k a l i n i t y a ch ie v e d by f l y a sh in th e chem ical t e s t
i s h ig h .
I t a ls o e x h i b i t s good r e d u c tio n i n expansive r e a c t i o n in th e
P y re x g la s s t e s t .
The r e d u c tio n b e in g e x p re sse d a s a p e rc e n ta g e betw een
th e t e s t m ix’ and a re f e r e n c e mix w hich u s e s P y rex g la s s a s th e a g g re g a te .
These two f a c t o r s r e f l e c t t h a t f l y a sh w i l l b e b e n e f i c i a l i n re d u c in g
e x c e s s iv e e x p an sio n in c o n n ectio n w ith a lk a li- a g g r e g a te r e a c t i v i t y .
F re e z in g and thaw ing d u r a b i l i t y i s u s u a ll y d e c re a se d by u se o f a
p o z z o la n ic m a t e r i a l 5 how ever5 t h i s i s h o t alw ay s t r u e .
Lean m ixes p o s s e s s th e u n d e s i r a b l e . q u a l i t i e s o f h a rs h n e s s and a
ten d en cy t o s e g r e g a te 9 . b u t th e y do p ro d u ce c o n c re te o f h ig h p e r m e a b ility .
By adding f i n e p o z z o la n ic m a te r ia ls to a n o th e rw ise le a n c o n c re te i t i s
p ossib le to elim inate these undesirable q u a lit ie s ? which would be a
d is tin c t advantage with resp ect to freezin g and thawing durability®
The physical e ffe c t of pozzolans upon concrete a re.related particular­
ly to the low sp e c ific gravity (from 2.3 to 2.8)> as a r e su lt of which the
pozzolan occupies a greater volume than the weight equivalent of portland
cement,
i f the r a tio of cement to aggregate by weight i s held constants
use of a pozzolan e ffe c tiv e ly increases the volume of cement in the •
Concrete5 giving increased workability and p la s tic ity *
A summary of some o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a d v an ta g e s o f f l y a sh
a s a p o zzo lan s found by H. S. M e issn e rs a re h ereb y p r e s e n te d .
8
I f used in judicious proportions f l y ash w ill contribute equally with
Portland cement to the la te r strength of concrete and improve i t s dura­
b ility .
Concrete containing a 30 per cent replacement o f the cement with
f l y ash has only two-thirds of the strength of portland cement concrete
a t 28 dayss i t gains strength more, rapidly a fter 28 days and a t 18'0 days
has almost 9 0 per cent as much strength and apparently w i l l equal the ,
strength of the portland cement concrete' by the end of the year.
T h at f l y a sh in p a r ts g r e a t w o r k a b ility t o c o n c re te may be a p p re c ia te d
by c o n s id e rin g i t s p a r t i c l e sh ap e.
Being m inute s p h e r e s s e ac h o f th e
g r a in s o f f l y a sh a c t e s s e n t i a l l y a s s m a ll b a l l b e a r in g s betw een a g g re g a te
p a r t i c l e s ., re d u c in g f r i c t i o n betw een them and im p a rtin g g r e a t freedom to
t h e i r movement d u rin g m ixing and p la c in g o f thes c o n c r e te .
E f f e c t o f A ir-E n tra in m e n t on C o n crete D u r a b ility .
8H9 S. M e issn e r, "Pozzolanis q sed in Mass C o n c re te ," CopM of a p a p e r
■p re s e n te d a t th e N a tio n a l M eeting o f th e ASTM, (San F r a n c is c o , 19li9)»
- 0£ -
A b r i e f d e s c r ip tio n o f th e p a r t p la y e d by a ir - e n tr a in m e n t in c o n c re te
d u r a b i l i t y i s h ereb y p r e s e n te d ,
A ir - e n tr a in in g m a te r ia ls a r e c l a s s i f i e d by th e P o r tla n d Cement
9
A s s o c ia tio n a c c o rd in g t o th e fo llo w in g g e n e r a l type o f m a t e r i a l s s
( I ) N a tu ra l wood r e s i n s , such a s ro s in j, V in so l r e s i n , and N - t a i r ,
( 2} Animal o r V eg etab le f a t s and o i l s such a s ta llo w , f i s h o i l and
f a t t y a c id § , such a s s t e a r i c and o l e i c a c id ,
(3 ) V ario u s w a itin g a g e n ts such a s a l k a l i s a l t s of s u l f a t e d and
s u lfo ria te d . o rg a n ic coirpounds,
(i|)f W a te r-so lu b le so a p s o f r e s i n a c id s and anim al and V eg etab le
. . f a t t y a c id s ,
,
.
(5 ) M isc e lla n e o u s m a te r ia ls such a s sodium s a l t s o f p e tro le u m
s u lf o n ic a c i d s , N acconal, hydrogen p e ro x id e , aluminum powder, e t c .
The a i r - e n t r a i n i n g a g e n t used i n t h i s t h e s i s was P r o te x , a s u lfo n a te d
hydrocarbon (Type 3)»
l e r c h s a y s , r e g a rd in g th e n a tu r e o f a i i - e n t r a i n e d c o n c re te t h a t :
. The p re s e n c e o f th e i n t e n t i o n a l l y e n tr a in e d a i r b u b b le s m a te r ia lly
a l t e r s th e p r o p e r t i e s o f b o th th e p l a s t i c m ix tu re and t h e hardened
c o n c r e te . The a i r bubbles, se rv e a s r e s e r v o i r s t h a t accom odate th e
e x p an sio n r e s u l t i n g from tp e f r e e z in g w a te r w ith in th e c o n c r e te , As
th e f r e e z i n g o f th e w a te r w ith in ' th e c a p i l l a r i e s p r o g r e s s e s , th e
expansion p re s s u re i s r e l i e v e d by f o r c in g th e e x c e ss w a te r in to th e
a i r b u b b le s w here th e ex p an sio n d u rin g f r e e z in g can o c cu r w ith o u t
d is r u p tin g th e c o n c r e te . When thaw ing o c c u rs th e a i r com pressed in
th e b u b b le s f o r c e s th e w a te r back i n t o th e c a p i l l a r i e s . Thus th e
b u b b les c o n tin u e t o s e rv e t h e i r p u rp o se d u rin g re p e a te d c y c le s o f
f r e e z i n g and thaw ing.
A ir-e n tra in m e n t re d u c e s th e co m p ressiv e s tr e n g th o f c o n c re te some­
w hat 5 how ever, i t a ls o h a s s e v e r a l b e n e f i c i a l p r o p e r t i e s .
in c r e a s e s th e, w o r k a b ility and co h esiv en ess" o f th e m ix:
A ir-e n tra in m e n t
i t re d u c es
s e g r e g a tio n and b le e d in g ; i t in c r e a s e s th e r e s i s t a n c e o f h a rd e n e d -c o n c re te
t o th e a g g re s s iv e a c ti o n o f s u l f a t e w a te r s ; i t re d u c es th e tendency o f
^W illiam LOrch, "B asic P r in c i p le s o f A ir- E n tra in e d C o n c re te ," R esearch
L a b o ra to ry B u l l e t i n , P o r tla n d Cement A s s o c ia tio n , P , 2 ,
"IS=”
hardened c o n c re te , t o s c a le j and i t in c r e a s e s th e r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n c re te t o
f r e e z i n g and thaw ing c y c le s .
: Specim ens c o n ta in in g a i r - e n t r a i n i n g a g e n ts when s u b je c te d to s c a lin g
t e s t s showed o n ly s l i g h t s c a lin g a f t e r 375 c y c le s , w h ile companion
specim ens w ith o u t a if - e n tr a in m e n t showed s e v e re s c a lin g .
C oncrete c o n ta in in g a minimum a i r c o n te n t o f 3 p e r c e n t showed
e x c e lle n t r e s i s t a n c e t o f r e e z i n g and th a w in g , w ith a g g re g a te s o f I ^ t o 2
in c h e s .
W ith a i r c o n te n ts o n ly s l i g h t l y below 3 p e r c e n t, th e r e s is ta n c e
t o f r e e z in g and thaw ing d e c re a s e s r a p i d l y .
C o n cretes w ith 3 p e r c e n t a i r
showed a b o u t a s good r e s i s t a n c e a s th o se w ith h ig h e r a i r c o n te n t.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Numerous i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have been conducted c o n cern in g th e problem o f
c o n c re te d u r a b i l i t y and c e r t a i n v a lu a b le r e s u l t s have been d is c o v e re d ,
how ever, a c o n s id e ra b le amount o f work rem ains t o be done.
A t th e b e g in n in g o f any stu d y o f t h i s n a tu re i t i s n e c e s s a r y 't o '
a s c e r t a i n what p a r t i c u l a r f a c t o r s may cau se c o n c re te t o d i s i n t e g r a t e ,
l i s t e d below a r e some o f th e m ajor f a c t o r s in v o lv e d s
(1 ) C om position o f th e cem ent.
(2 ) M In e ra lo g ic a l co m p o sitio n o f th e a g g re g a te .
(3 ) E f f e c t o f m o istu re and a b s o r p tio n 'o f th e a g g re g a te .
( k ) A ggregate g ra d a tio n in t h e c o n c re te .
(5 ) C uring o f harden ed co n creted
( 6 ) R ate o f f r e e z in g and thaw ing o f c o n c re te .
A b r i e f summary o f s e v e r a l r e c e n t in v e s t i g a t i o n s , co n cern in g c o n c re te
d u r a b i l i t y , and d ir e c te d a lo n g th e l i n e s su g g este d by th e above m entioned
-1 7 f a e t o r ^ a r e p re s e n te d here*
10
MattirSiore
found a s a r e s u l t o f t e s t s on th e f r e e z i n g and thaw ing
d u r a b i l i t y o f c o n c re te t h a t cem ents h av in g th e h ig h e r r a t i o o f AlgO^/PepO^
were EdOre r e s i s t a n t t o f r e e z in g and th aw in g th a n lo w er r a t i o s o f th e s e
o x id e s .
Cements h ig h i n tr i - c a l c i u m s u l f a t e (C^S) were th e m ost r e s i s t a n t *
I t was a l s o d is c o v e re d t h a t to o f i n e a cement caused i n t e r n a l
cracking*
A ggregate i s a m ajor c o n s titu e n t o f c o n c re te by b u lk .
I t w o u ld '
a p p e a rs t h e r e f o r e t h a t c o n c re te i n v e s t ig a ti o n s sh o u ld in c lu d e as
e la b o r a te a s tu d y o f l i t h o l o g i c v a r i a t i o n s in a g g re g a te s u n d er c o n sid e ra ­
ti o n s a s any o th e r p a r t o f th e c o n c r e te .
Rhodes and MieLenz
Il
conclude t h a t th e s u r e s t way o f d e te rm in in g th e
p r o p e r t i e s o f th e in d iv id u a l p a r t i c l e s c o n s ti tu tin g a n a g g re g a te i s by
p e tro g ra p h ic methods'*
The above r e fe re n c e d a r t i c l e s t a t e s s
P r o p e r tie s o f a g g re g a te a re numerous and complex^ and th e y o r ig i n a te
in s e v e r a l ways* The o r i g i n a l n a tu r e o f th e ro ck may c o n tr o l i t s
c o n c re te making q u a l i t i e s * Thusjl ro c k c o n ta in in g gypsum a re alw ays
somewhat s o lu b le * o p a lin e m a te r ia ls r e a c t c h em ica lly w ith a lk a lin e
s o lu tio n s s and s h a le s a r e u s u a lly s o f t and a b s o r p tiv e . Gonvergielys
many p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to th e ro c k ty p e s. b u t were
induced by ground w a te r S5 by f r a c t u r i n g and j o i n t i n g r e l a t e d to th e
g e o lo g ic h i s t o r y o f th e re g io n o r by some o th e r n a t u r a l a l t e r a t i o n .
Thus5 g r a n i t e s may be e i t h e r h a rd o r d i s i n t e g r a t e d s and sa n d sto n e s may ■
e i t h e r be f r i a b l e o r t i g h t l y cem enteds w ith r e s u l t i n g v a r i a t i o n s in
s tr e n g th and p o r o s i t y .
T h e re fo re 5 p e tro g ra p h ic s tu d y o f c o n c re te
a g g re g a te s m ust be d u a ls . ( I ) p r o p e r t i e s in h e re n t in the. ro c k m ust be
i n t e r p r e t e d i n r e l a t i o n to.. (2 ) th e n a t u r a l a l t e r a t i o n which i t may
have e x p e rie n c e d .
Few5 i f an y 5 ro c k s o r m in e ra ls a r e c h e m ic a lly i n e r t w h ile en clo sed
in p o r tla n d cement* There a re f o u r main ways an a g g re g a te may be ■
10
H. S. M attim ore5 " D u r a b ility T e sts o f C e rta in P o r tla n d COments5"
P ro ceedings'H ighw ay R esearch B oard5 XVI (1936X5 133-166.
~ ^ R h o a d e s 5 R oger and R lc .M ielen z5 " P e tro g ra p h y o f C o n crete A g g re g a te ssn
J o u rn a l ACI5 XVII (1?U6>5 381-^98* .
"=ISe=
c h e m ic a lly d e le te r io u s ?
(1 ) I t may c o n ta in w a te r -s o lu b le c o n s ti tu e n ts w hich can be
le a c h e d . Leached m a te r ia l may form u n s ig h tly e f f lo r e s c e n c e
o r i n d i r e c t l y le a d to s u rfa c e s c a lin g .
(2 ) S o lu b le c o n s ti tu e n ts o r p ro d u c ts o f o x id a tio n may r e t a r d o r
m odify h y d ra tio n o f cem ent.
(3 ) C e rta in a g g re g a te s a r e a tta c k e d by h i g h - a l k a l i cem ents. The
- r e a c tio n s le a d t o i n t e r n a l e x p a n s io n 5 e x te r n a l c ra c k in g , and
d e c re a se d e l a s t i c i t y and s t r e n g t h .
( h j C e rta in m in e ra ls a re cap ab le o f b a se exchange. The a l k a l i e s
in th e m in e ra ls a re th e r e f o r e r e le a s e d to a tta c k s u s c e p tib le
a g g re g a te p a r t i c l e s .
Some o f th e o th e r c o n s id e r a tio n s o f th e q u a lity o f th e a g g re g a te s
a re :
s u rfa c e t e x t u r e , p o r o s ity , i n t e r n a l f r a c t u r e s , p a r t i c l e shape,
th e rm a l e x p a n s iv ity , s u rfa c e c o a tin g s , p r o p e r tie s a f f e c t i n g d ry in g and
s h rin k a g e , s tr e n g th and e l a s t i c i t y , s p e c i f i c g r a v ity , and s p e c if ic h e a t.
P e tro g ra p h ic methods r e p r e s e n t a u s e f u l approach tow ard th e se and
o th e r o b je c t iv e s .
The p r i n c i p a l v a lu e s o f th e s e methods a r e :
( I ) u nique
fun d am en tal in fo rm a tio n n o t d e riv e d from s ta n d a rd t e s t s i s o b ta in e d ! ( 2 )
q u ick p r e lim in a r y , e s tim a te s o f .q u a l i t y can be madej (3 ) th e y p e rm it i n t e r ­
p r e t a t i o n and a m p lif ic a tio n o f th e r e s u l t s o f o th e r a c c e p ta n c e t e s t s j (h )
•p e tro g ra p h ic i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c h e m ic a lly d e le t e r i o u s su b sta n c e s i s th e
o n ly r e l i a b l e means by w hich chem ical i n s t a b i l i t y o f new a g g re g a te s can be
q u ic k ly e s tim a te d ; and ( 5 ). new a g g re g a te s may be compared w ith o th e r
a g g re g a te s f o r which s e r v ic e d a ta a r e a v a i l a b l e .
A nother c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a g g re g a te s t h a t i s r e l a t e d to c o n crete
d u r a b i l i t y i s th e e f f e c t o f m o istu re and a b s o rp tio n o f th e a g g re g a te .
F . . N . Wray and H. J . L i c h t e f i e l d
#'
made a s e r i e s o f p re lim in a ry t e s t s
N. Wray and H. J . L i c h t e f i e l d , "The In flu e n c e o f T e s t Methods on
M o istu re A b so rp tio n and R e s is ta n c e to F re e z in g and Thawing,"
P ro ce e d in g s A .S .T .M ., XL (I 9 I4O), 876.
-1 9 i a 1938 on g ra v e l o b ta in e d from i t s n a t u r a l so u rc e s and fr o z e n w h ile in a
stre a m w et c o n d itio n ,
They showed s e v e re d e t e r i o r a t i o n e
Some d is a g r e e ­
ment was fo u n d a s compared w ith th e u s u a l t e s t i n g p ro c e d u re s » Because o f
t h i s disagreem ent^ a d e f i n i t e program o f t e s t i n g was i n i t i a t e d and
numerous methods o f p re p a rin g th e a g g re g a te f o r f r e e z i n g and thaw ing were
compared0
The r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s o f oven d ry in g and a i r d ry in g on m o istu re lo s s
and th e in c r e a s e s i n th e r a t e and amount o f a b s o rp tio n in d u ced by vacuum
tr e a tm e n t o f th e a g g re g a te p r i o r to so ak in g were in v e s t i g a t e d .
The
r e l a t i o n betw een th e d eg ree o f m o istu re s a tu r a tio n and th e r e s is ta n c e o f
th e m a te r ia l t o fr e e z in g and thaw ing"w as s tu d ie d .
One o f th e o u ts ta n d in g r e s u l t s o f th e in v e s t ig a ti o n was t h a t th e
As, So T. Mo t e n t a t i v e methods f o r f r e e z in g and thaw ing p ro d u ced l e s s
d e t e r i o r a t i o n th a n o th e r m ethods.
Some o f t h e i r r e s u l t s and c o n c lu s io n s w ere:
(1 ) I t was found t h a t a 2k hour soaking p e r io d f o r th e a g g re g a te <,
■ w hich p r e v io u s ly had been oven d r i e d , was s u f f i c i e n t o n ly t o s a tu r a te
i t t o a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t o f i t s o r i g i n a l m o istu re c o n te n t.
(2 ) E v acu atio n o f sam ples p r i o r t o soaking p roved t o be a v ery
e f f e c t i v e means o f a t t a i n i n g a h ig h d e g re e o f s a t u r a t i o n .
(3 ) The m o istu re c o n te n t o f th e s m a lle r p a r t i c l e s when s tre a m -w e t■
was g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e c o a r s e r s i z e s ; a ls o th e a b s o r p tiv e
c a p a c ity and th e r a t e o f a b s o rp tio n were g r e a te r f o r th e sm a lle r s i z e s ,
(Ii) S tream -w et g r a v e l, w hich c o n ta in e d th e g r e a t e s t amount o f
m o is tu re , showed ..the g r e a t e s t f a i l u r e on f r e e z in g and th aw in g , w h ile
sam ples p re p a re d a c c o rd in g t o A.S.ToM ,, which produced o n ly p a r t i a l
s a t u r a t i o n , showed a minimum o f d i s i n t e g r a t i o n .
(5 ) A f te r f r e e z in g and th aw in g , th e frag m e n ts r e s u l t i n g from th e
f a i l u r e o f th e o r i g i n a l p a r t i c l e s c o n ta in e d c o n s id e ra b ly more m o istu re
th a n th e sound m a te r ia l.
A f te r th e m a te r ia l c o n s ti tu e n ts have been combined t o form th e
c o n c re te th e r e a r e s e v e r a l f a c t o r s t h a t p r e s e n t th e m selv e s a s c r i t e r i a
■=■20“»
f o r th e d u r a b i l i t y o f th e hard en ed c o n c r e te »
One o f th e s e f a c t o r s i s th e g ra d a tio n o f th e a g g re g a te ,
13
M a ttim o re ^ found t h a t :
a g g re g a te i s b e s t .
( I ) N e ith e r v e ry la r g e o r v e ry sm all
A l e s s e r o v e r a ll volume change i s o b ta in e d w ith th e
u se o f la r g e a g g re g a te , b u t a t th e expense o f g r e a te r i n t e r n a l s t r e s s e s
and c ra c k in g and ( 2) one g r a d a tio n i s p ro b a b ly b e t t e r th a n any o th e r.
P r e s e n t i n d ic a tio n s a re t h a t th e b e s t g ra d a tio n i s such t h a t th e sie v e
a n a ly s is p l o t s a s a smooth c u rv e .
A nother f a c t o r i s th e c u rin g methods u s e d .
A ccording to B. CL Long
and H. J . K u r t z ^ a com parison o f th e r a t e s o f d e c re a se in dynamic modulus
o f two groups o f fo g cu red specim ens d u rin g f r e e z in g and thaw ing showed
v e ry d e f i n i t e l y th e e f f e c t s of v a ry in g m o istu re in c o n c r e te .
Those
specim ens w hich w ere fo g cured f o r 17 days c o n ta in e d a b o u t 1% p e r c e n t
more m o istu re a t th e b e g in n in g o f f r e e z in g and thaw ing th a n d id th e
■'
specim ens t h a t were fo g cu red f o r Iif d ay s and a i r d r ie d f o r th r e e d ays.
The specim ens t h a t c o n ta in e d th e g r e a t e s t amount o f m o istu re were th e
l e a s t r e s i s t a n t to f r e e z in g and th a w in g .'
Of th e compound-cured specim ens th o s e w hich l o s t th e m ost m o istu re
d u rin g la b o r a to r y a i r e x p o su re , and a b so rb ed th e m ost m o is tu re d u rin g
f r e e z in g and th a w in g , showed th e l e a s t r e s i s t a n c e to f r e e z i n g and th aw in g .
The re a s o n th e specim ens ab sorb ed m o is tu re d u rin g th e f r e e z i n g and thaw ing
c y c le s was b ecau se th e y w ere fr o z e n immersed in w a te r and w ere thawed a t
_
_
_
_
—
:
'
G. Long and H. J . K u rtz , " E f f e c t o f Methods Upon th e D u r a b ility
o f C oncrete a s M easured by Changes in Dynamic Modulus o f E l a s t i c i t y , "
P ro c e e d in g s A .S .T .M ., X LIII (19lf3))<> IlifO »
/
<»21“
room te m p e ra tu re in th e la b o r a to r y .
The n o -c u re d specim ens l o s t ab o u t
p e r c e n t o f t h e i r t o t a l w eig h t
( a p p ro x im a te ly 57 p e r c e n t m o is tu re ) d u rin g la b o ra to ry a i r exposure b u t
a b so rb ed an e q u a l amount d u rin g th e f i r s t few c y c le s o f f r e e z in g and
thaw ing and t h e i r r e s i s t a n c e was i n f e r i o r to a l l o th e r s ( e x c e p t th o se
c o n tin u o u s ly fo g cured t o tim e Of t e s t ) .
s p a l l a t 10 c y c le s .
N o-cured specim ens began t o
The specim ens c o n tin u o u s ly fo g cu red f o r I ? days
e x h ib ite d l i t t l e o r no s p a l l i n g , a lth o u g h th e s e specim ens g a in ed Ij..! p e r
c e n t m o istu re in a d d itio n t o o r i g i n a l g ag in g w a ter d u rin g t h i s p e rio d and
c o n tin u e d to a b so rb m o istu re th ro u g h o u t f r e e z in g and thaw ing c y c le s .
The
r e s i s t a n c e o f t h i s group was lo w er th a n th e n o -c u re d sp ecim en s.
A t h i r d f a c t o r t h a t h a s a pronounced e f f e c t on r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n c re te
t o f r e e z i n g and thaw ing i s th e r a t e o f f r e e z i n g .
M a ttim o re ^ d isc o v e re d
t h a t th e number o f c y c le s r e q u ir e d t o p ro d u ce a damaging e f f e c t i s
m a te r ia lly in c re a s e d i f th e tim e i n t e r v a l betw een 32° and Ifj0F1 exceeds
seven h o u rs .
The method o f f r e e z in g and thaw ing c o n c re te p rism s h a l f
immersed in w a te r and allo w ed t o thaw in a i r a t room te m p e ra tu re a p p e a rs
t o have produced some o f th e most d e trim e n ta l e f f e c t s .
15
I b id
lih 5
-
22*
EQUIPMENT
M iaer
The m ixer u sed i n th e la b o r a to r y was a 2 cu . f t . 3 3 b la d e , Homart
m ixer cap ab le o f h a n d lin g a 1-g- cu. f t . c o n c re te b a tc h .
d riv e n by a Dunlap 1 /3 h .p . s p l i t p h ase m o to r.
The m ix er drum was
The m otor was g eared down
so t h a t th e drum o p e ra te d a t 25 r .p .m .
F re e z in g C ab in et
The f r e e z in g c a b in e t u sed in th e la b o r a to r y was m an u factu red l o c a l l y
by th e In te r-M o u n ta in I n d u s t r i e s Company.
box a r e :
The in s id e dim ensions o f th e
d e p th 19li, w id th JO ”,, and h e ig h t 6 0 ".
The w a lls a r e 6" in
th ic k n e s s Shd a r e in s u la te d w ith spun g l a s s f i b e r .
c o n tr o lle d by a m ercury ty p e p re s s u re s w itc h .
The te m p e ra tu re i s
A York com p resso r, u s in g
f r e o n r e f r i g e r a n t , i s powered by a C entury 1 /3 h .p . s in g le p h a se c a p a c ito r
m otor.
The f r e e z in g c o i l s a re in c o rp o ra te d in to h s e p a r a te sh e lv e s w hich
d iv id e th e box i n t o a p p ro x im a te ly 5 e q u a l com partm ents.
M oist Room
The m o is t room i s 18 f t . in le n g th , 5 f t . d eep , and 9 f t . in h e ig h t.
The room i s c o n s tr u c te d i n one end o f th e la b o r a to r y t h a t o r i g i n a l l y had a
g la s s ^ b lo c k s k y l i g h t .
A two in c h la y e r o f V e rm ic u lite (expanded m ica) was
p la c e d a s an in s u l a t i o n on to p o f th e s k y lig h t and co v ered w ith a
c o n c re te s la b .
A wooden d o o r i s made m o is tu re p ro o f by l i n i n g th e in n e r
s id e w ith g a lv a n iz e d ir o n and th en t r e a t i n g th e e n t i r e d o o r w ith two
c o a ts o f o i l s e a l e r and a f i n a l c o a t o f c l e a r v a r n is h .
Three overhead fo g n o z z le s a re u t i l i z e d f o r m a in ta in in g , a r e l a t i v e
h u m id ity o f 1 0 0 /.
The te m p e ra tu re i s c o n tr o lle d a t 70°F by c o u p lin g th e
-=s2'3'
h o t and c o ld w a te r ta p th ro u g h a s in g le m anual c o n tr o l v a lu e .
Wooden
ra c k s a re used f o r s to ra g e o f a l l specimens®
Thawing Tank
The thaw ing ta n k i s 27” w ide, 75" Io n g 5 and 9" d eep .
I t i s con­
s t r u c t e d o f c a r f lo o r in g and lin e d w ith s h e e tm e ta l t o make i t w a te rp ro o f,
A d r a in i s lo c a te d a t one end to p e rm it c le a n in g .
The w a te r i s ta p w a te r
m a in ta in e d a t a p p ro x im a te ly room te m p e ra tu re .
Molds
The 3” x 6” c y lin d e r molds were c u t from 3 i n , monel seam less tu b in g ,
A lo n g itu d in a l c u t was made in each mold w hich p e rm itte d e a s y rem oval o f
th e specim en.
R a d ia to r hose clamps were u sed f o r t i g h te n in g th e m olds.
The 6 " x 12" c y lin d e r molds w ere a com m ercial c a s t ir o n ty p e w ith
m achined b a se p l a t e s t h a t f a s te n e d d i r e c t l y t o th e m old.
The 6" x 6" x 6" molds w ere c o n s tr u c te d from, e x is t in g beam molds made
from 11 gage s t e e l .
The bottom o f th e mold and th e two s id e p ie c e s were
f a s te n e d to g e th e r by f o u r sto v e b o l t s eq u ip p ed w ith wing n u t s .
Two r id g e s
o f m e ta l p l a t e .were w elded t o th e in s id e fa c e o f th e s id e p ie c e s , a t
e i t h e r end, to a c t a s s to p s f o r th e end p l a t e s .
S c a le s
A ll a g g re g a te s and th e cement w ere w eighed on a F a irb a n k s Morse p l a t ­
form s c a l e , c a l i b r a t e d to th e n e a r e s t o n e -q u a rte r pound.
The w ater was
w eighed on a F a irb a n k s s c a le a c c u ra te t o th e n e a r e s t te n gram s,
A ir M eter
A ir c o n te n ts were m easured w ith an Acme A ir-Y i e l d d eterm in e t o r in
acco rd an ce w ith th e s ta n d a rd t e s t f o r a i r c o n te n t, p re s s u re method, ASTM
D e sig n a tio n C231-U9T
=25PROCEDURE
Specimens
'
The 6n x 12" com pression specim ens were c a s t a c c o rd in g to A iS .T * M .
D e sig n a tio n Cl92-k9»
3" x 6" c y lin d e r s .
The specim ens s u b je c te d to f r e e z i n g and thaw ing were
In m olding th e specim ens th e moldS5 l i g h t l y o ile d ;
were p la c e d in sm all m e ta l p a n s .
They w ere f i l l e d i n two la y e r s and each
la y e r rodded f i f t e e n tim e s w ith a 3 /8 i n . round b u l l e t n o sed s t e e l r o d .
The 6" cube specim ens, which com prised th e m a jo rity o f th e w e ath e rin g
specim ens, w ere c a s t i n two e q u a l l a y e r s and each la y e r Podded tw e n ty -fiv e
tim e s w ith a 5 /8 i n . round, b u l l e t nosed s t e e l ro d .
For each o f th e 27 d i f f e r e n t m ixes t h a t were u s e d , two 6" x 1211
c y lin d e r s w ere c a s t f o r com pression t e s t s a t 28 d a y s.
F our 3 1! x 6n
c y lin d e r s w ere c a s t ; two to be u sed f p r o u td o o r w e a th e rin g specim ens.
A pproxim ately halfw ay th ro u g h th e t e s t s th e p ro ced u re was a l t e r e d from
c a s tin g fo u r 3" x 6" c y lin d e r s to c a s tin g two 3" x 6" c y lin d e r s and two 6"
c u b e s, th e l a t t e r t o be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r th e outdoor w e a th e rin g specim ens.
M ixing
M ixing of th e c o n c re te was c a r r ie d o u t in acco rd an ce w ith A .S .I.M .
D e sig n a tio n G l^-IjJlT , f o r a p e r io d o f t h r e e m in u te s.
I t was n o ted t h a t
a p p ro x im a te ly te n p e r c e n t o f th e m o rtar rem ained in th e drum .
Because o f
th e la c k o f m a te r ia ls i t was a d v is a b le to redeem a s much o f t h i s m o rta r a s
p o s s ib le by hand s c ra p in g r a t h e r th a n a tte m p t to " b u t t e r " . t h e m ixer b e fo re
each t e s t .
Slump t e s t s w ere conducted a c c o rd in g t o A.S.T.M . D e sig n a tio n 011(3-39»
A ir c o n te n t was d eterm in ed u s in g th e Acme A ir Y ie ld D e te rm in a to r a c c o rd in g
”2 ^cb=
t o A.S.T.M . D e sig n a tio n G231-^.9T.
A ll c o n c re te was y i s u a l l y in s p e c te d f o r s e g r e g a tio n s w o r k a b ility #
t r o w e l a b i l i t y , and h a rs h n e s s .
C uring
Im m ediately upon c a s tin g , th e specim ens were covered w ith m o ist
b u rla p and allo w ed to rem ain i n th e la b o r a to r y f o r 2k h o u rs o
The
specim ens were th e n p la c e d i n th e m o ist room f o r 26 days*
The w e a th e rin g specim ens w ere m o is t cu red f o r 90 d ay s b e fo re b ein g
p la c e d o u td o o rs .
F re e z in g and Thawing
A f te r th e f r e e z in g arid thaw ing specim ens had been m o is t cured f o r
28 d a y s, th e y w ere th e n removed and a i r d r ie d a t room te m p e ratu re f o r
2k h o u rs .
The specim ens w ere th e n weighed to th e n e a r e s t 1 .0 gram and
p la c e d in th e w a te r b a th and allo w ed to soak f o r 2k h o u rs .
The specim ens
were th e n removed from th e thaw ing ta n k and p la c e d , in a i r , in th e .
f r e e z in g c a b in e t a t te m p e ra tu re s ra n g in g betw een 3>° F and IO0 F , f o r
2k h o u rs .
as b e fo re .
The sam ples w ere th e n removed and p la c e d in th e thaw ing ta n k
T h is f r e e z i n g and thaw ing o p e ra tio n was re p e a te d f o r f i v e
c y c le s and th e n th e , specim ens w ere a g a in d r ie d and w eighed. .
. A f te r a p p ro x im a te ly fifty of th e s e f r e e z in g and thaw ing c y c le s had
been co n d u cted , Mr.. Swenson and th e a u th o r d eterm in ed th e te m p e ra tu re o f
th e c o n c re te w h ile u n d er t e s t .
R e s u lts Of th e s e t e s t s show t h a t th e specimen re a c h e d a te m p e ra tu re
o f 28° F in f o u r h o u rs and was c o m p letely thawed i n 20 m in u te s .
From t h i s in fo rm a tio n i t was d e c id e d t h a t two c y c le s o f f r e e z in g and
-2 7 -
thaw ing could be conducted in 2k hours® ^
a t 8g00 A®!® and IisOO P 8M6
T his r e s u l t e d i n an 8 hour and a 16 hour
f r e e z i n g c y c le e v ery 2h hours®
b a la n c e o f th e te sts®
The specim ens w ere in te rc h a n g e d
T h is p ro c e d u re was fo llo w e d th ro u g h o u t th e
The specim ens were a l t e r n a t e d betw een th e lo n g and
s h o r t c y c le so a s t o g ive a l l sam ples an e q u a l exposure®
Com pression T e sts
The 6» x 12" com pression specim ens w ere te s t e d in a cco rd an ce w ith
AoS oT oM8 D e sig n a tio n C39“ U93 ' and capped, w ith p l a s t e r o f p aris®
A B aldw in-
Southw ark5 SOO5OOO pound c a p a c ity 5 h y d ra u lic t e s t i n g m achine was used®
The p r e s c r ib e d lo a d in g was a p p lie d by means o f th e a u to m a tic p acin g d is c
a tta c h e d t o th e machine®
W eathering T e sts
The w e a th e rin g specim ens'W ere p la c e d outdoor s i n s in g le t i e r s on
wooden ra c k s p r o te c te d by ch ick en s c r e e n in g ; and in such a l o c a l i t y so a s
to re c e iv e an a v erag e exposure to s u n lig h t and average s n o w fa ll.
Chem ical R e a c tiv ity and Mortar-bar E xpansion T e sts
P re v io u s in v e s t i g a t i o n s 'c a r r i e d o u t by Hugh J e f f r i e s a t Montana ,S ta te
C o lleg e were concerned w ith chem ical r e a c t i v i t y t e s t s and m o rta r-b a r
ex p an sio n s..tests®
The same n in e a g g re g a te s used in th e c o n c re te dura­
b i l i t y s tu d ie s w ere u sed by Mr8 J e f frie s ®
A b r i e f summary o f th e
te c h n iq u e s Used in d is c u s s e d i n A ppendix A o f t h i s th esis®
^ E 18 Do Swenson5 " D u r a b ility o f C o n crete a s A ffe c te d by Low A ir
Tem perature a t Time o f P l a c i n g / ' T h e sis su b m itte d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d egree o f M aster o f S c ie n ce in C iv il E n g in ee r­
in g a t Montana S ta te C o lle g e 5 A ugust 1951®
-,28MTERIALS
Cement
No s p e c i f i c d a ta f o r th e ty p e I I cement was a v a i l a b l e s h Owever5 none
o f th e sam ples o f t h i s type of cement checked by th e I d e a l Cement Co0
ch em ists a t T r id e n t3 Montana e v e r showed more th an Oc6% t o t a l a l k a l i e s
r e p o r te d a s soda e q u iv a le n ts *
The high, a l k a l i cement-was re c e iv e d from th e P o rtla n d Cement
A s s o c ia tio n and d e s ig n a te d a s l o t number 15698* w ith t h e fo llo w in g
c h a ra c te ris tic s g
Na2O =
1,13%
K2O »" Q0Iilt
C^s
== UU, 30
C2S
- 28,60
C3A Gj4AF
=
9.80
7,60
Gypsum = 3,00
S ,A ,
= 1855 s q , cm, (ASTM. m ethod)
A dm ixtures
The f l y a sh was s e n t to th e la b o r a to r y by th e B ureau o f R eclam ation
c o n c re te la b o r a to r y a t th e Canyon F e rr y Dam p ro je c t* n e a r Helena* M ontana,
The a i r - e h t r a i n i n g a g e n t u se d was a com m ercial p ro d u c t c a lle d P ro te x ',
A g g reg ates
The fo llo w in g i s a l i s t o f a g g re g a te s u sed in t h i s s tu d y .
■I . B elg rad e ( G a lla tin V a lle y )
2c Havre (M ilk R iv e r)
3 . B i l l i n g s (M iddle Y ellow stone V a lle y )
k* Logan (Upper M isso u ri R iv e r )
■ 3» M issoula . (Big B la c k fo o t R ivejr)
6 « J u d ith Gap ( Sw eetgrags R iv e r )
7» L iv in g sto n (Upper Y ellow stonp V a lley )
8 , A shland (Tongue R iv e r)
9» G re a t F a l l s (M iddle M iss o u ri R iver);
A ll o f th e a g g re g a te s u se d i n th e t e s t s were in an a i r - d r y c o n d itio n .
The p e r c e n t a b s o r p tio n ran g ed from Oeitli to 3 .6 3 p e r c e n t.
The w a ter
c o n te n t was a d ju s te d f o r a b s o r p tio n in a l l m ixes.
The s ie v e a n a ly s is and p h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e a g g re g a te s
were f u r n is h e d by th e Montana Highway D epartm ent and a r e shown in
T ab le I I .
M in eral co m p o sitio n s o f th e a g g re g a te s were d eterm in ed by
'
D r. G. C. B ra d le y , o f th e Montana S ta te C o lleg e Geology D epartm ent.
r e s u l t s o f th e s e d e te rm in a tio n s a re shown i n Table I I I .
The
'.1Vr:-! ,
-S,'
TABLE I I
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMDS■
~ I '-
... ...
...,
M a te ria l; Source and L o t Number
•% 2
6 I.
7 ....... 1 8
I" '
- 3
k '
9
B elgrade Havre B illin g s Logan M issoula •J u d ith Gap L iv in g sto n A shland G reat F a l l s
SIEVE NUMBER
100
100
100
. I4 mesh tt
98'
99
99
97;
Ui
86
92
83
81
tt
7k
76
77
6?
! - 60
72
a
61
21
27
16
Iii /
$
■*
9
P a ssin g 3 /8 in c h %
P a ssin g
tfc
tt
n
16 ■%
M
30
M
5b
tt
- -
8
tt
100. tt
;
tt.
tt
25
tt
9
HlIir' rn- I i l -I
'
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
95
99
90
73
88
72
. 82
,
58
.
-•
.. 78
5i
63
2l5
:-
65
27
#
/
27
10
. 22
ic 5
.........10
5
H
Ii
■
5
•
MIgCELLAMBOUS INFORMATION '
F in e n e ss Muduliis
Spee i f i c -G ra v ity ■
!Color M etric. T e s t
Per.: .CuV Ft® :
- 2:5 2 -
2 . a? " 2 .3 7
2 ®63
.A
io % o
2 .6 2
; :
T ......
. #1,
- *---- ^ j ^
2 .8 % ' '■'” 2*5%'“
i 2.5%
....
2 .5 7
-......... .
—
... ... 2 .3 3
'
.
--------3.% 0
2 .6 5
2 ,5 6 -
••
L #L :
"980O "j 9 8 .0
" io i.5
•
----- 9 9 .0
1 0 3 .0
■
. .
TABLE I I
-
C o n tin u e d
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. OF COARSE AGGREGATE
M a te ria l Source and L o t Number SLboarse 8-Medium 9-C oarse 9-Medium
5"
I J u d ith
I
SIEVE NUMBER
7
3
h
B elgrade B illin g s Logan M isso u la Gap 6 L iv in g sto n A shland A shland G to F a lls Gt .F a lls
■■
Idssing ii?1* %
IOO
100
100
100
91
100
»
62
70
>6
77
63
78
it
1«
it 3/ 1*1» It
*
A
M'
U6
k9
53
6k.
31
27
33
¥>.
11
IC
16
20
29
2
i,S .
0 .5 ,
3 .5
3 .0
0
33
t.
'100
nil.
98
10
86
17
.7 .
6k
.:
h
52
.3
3h
2
30
0 .2
o .5
5 .0
. 6 .6 6 . . 7.8 8
6,79
Ii
57
.
36
2L
'
7 .0 ,
■
■
100
.
-
it 1/ 2«
•*
- K 3/ 8» it
100 ■
0
. ...
V
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
F in e n e s s .
M u d a lu s /
"
,
I
7 .3 6
7 .5 5
7.2 3
3-
7.12
2.5 3
2.6 0
109=0
107.5
7 .6 9
I
7.12
7=88
.
'■2.60
2 .60
2.60
110=0
8 9 .0
8 6 ,5
.
S p e c ific
G ra v ity
Wt= p e r
C u . F t.=
2 .6 5
2 .6 3
106.0
No d a t a a v a i l a b l e
lo n .o
,
J
rir,r,r,
o n H a v r e C o a rse ®
I
-3 2 “
•TABLE I I I
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
M in eral C om position
■Aggregate
G re at F a l l s Medium
G re at F a l l s Coarse
E m igrant Coarse
B elgrade C oarse
B i l l i n g s C oarse
Logan C oarse
)i0%
30%
10%
10%
10%
Q u a rtz ite and metamorphic a r g i l l i t e s
L a v a -a n d e s ite
G neiss and s y e n ite
Lim estone and dolom ite
S e rp e n tin e
. Very l i t t l e lim e c o a tin g , no c la y
5p% L a v a -a n d e s ite and tr a c h y te
30% Q u a rtz ite and metamorphic a r g i l l i t e s
■ 8c. a rk o s e s (san d sto n e h o t a l l q u a r tz f e ld s p a r )
10% S y e h ite
5% G neiss
5% Lim estone
Very l i t t l e c o a tin g , no c la y
35%
50%
10%
5%
G neiss
L a v a -a n d e s ite
Q u a rtz ite
Sandstone
Lava u n w eath ered . S an d sto n e connected
w ith s m a ll amount o f lim e & e s s e n t i a l l y
no c la y .
4Q%
40%
10%
1G%
G neiss
L a v a -a n d e s ite ■
-Limestone
S andstone w ith ILne c em en tatio n
Some c la y & medium c o a tin g o f lime.
40%
30%
. 10%
•-
G neiss and G ran ite. •
L a v a -a n d e s ite •
.Q u a r tz ite '
Some lim e c o a tin g & c la y
.
;
80%■ ■Q u a rtz ite o r s i m i l a r .m etam orphic. ro c k
10% L a v a -a n d e s ite & R h y o lite
10% G neiss
. . S li g h t amount o f Lime c o a tin g
=33"
TABLE I I I - C ontinued
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
■■
A ggregate
M in eral Com position
G neiss & f i n e . g ra in D io r ite
Chalcedony
Q u a rtz ite
C oating n e g l i g i b l e
. : '
C lay n e g lig ib le
B la d c fo o t C o a rse
60%
10%
30%
J u d ith Gap C oarse
9&% Lim estone & dolom ite
2% C h ert (C halcedony)
A ll p e b b le s lim e co ated
A n d e site o r B a s a l t «, R h y o lite
20% Chalcedony
20% Lim estone D olomite
10% Sandstone
20% Shale ( C lay)
T race G neiss
Lime c o a tin g 5 high c la y & iro n oxide'
' c o n te n t
10%
A shland C oarse
TABLE I I I - C on tin u ed
MMERAL COMPOSITION OF F IN E AGGREGATE
A ggregate
M in e ra l C om position .
J u d ith Gap
Lim estone & d o lo m ite
Carbonaceous s h a le
■Chalcedony, q u a r tz , f e ld s p a r
M assiv ely cem ented by lim e & w ith lim e c o a tin g .
Very l i t t l e c la y , p o o rly s o rte d
B la c k fo o t
Much same a s c o a rse w ith h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e
o f q u a r tz .
(G n e iss, d i o r i t e , ch alced o n y , q u a r t z i t e )
E m igrant
E s s e n t i a l l y same a s c o a rse
(G n e is s, la v a , q u a r t z i t e , san d sto n e )
G neiss i s b roken up i n t o c o n s ti tu e n t m in e ra ls
. F in e g ra in la v a p e b b le s
80%
B il l i n g s
Logan
B elgrade
Havre
Q uartz
M ag n etite
. 10% L a v a -a n d e s ite
5% F e ld s p a r
T race o f lim e , e s s e n t i a l l y no c la y ,
w e ll s o r te d ■
90%
10%
k0%
bpfo
' 5%
j?%'
$%
■ .£>%.
hG%
25%
■ 20%
1$%
I
|
Q uartz
Q u a rtz ite & la v a
Medium s o r tin g v e ry l i t t l e c la y o r lim e
Q uartz
L a v a -a n d e s ite
M ag n etite
G neiss
F e ld s p a r. 0 .
Mica ' ■ ; '
T race o f ch alced o n y & lim e s to n e , .
l i t t l e c la y
.
I
J
I
I
v ^
Q uartz & Q u a rtz ite
Lava - m ainly a n d e s ite
Chalcedony
L im esto n e, san d sto n e & m etam orphic ro ck s
P o o rly s o r te d - medium c o a tin g o f lim e some c la y p r e s e n t
I
I
=35=
MIX DESIGN DATA
R ecords c o h c e m in g th e p a r t i c u l a r s t r u c t u r e s t h a t w ere e v id en cin g
d e t e r i o r a t i o n w ere n o t a v a i l a b l e .
I t was d e c id e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o s e l e c t
a g g re g a te s f o r th e t e s t s t h a t were being' u sed d u rin g th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f
n in e d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r e s th ro u g h o u t th e s t a t e .
The n in e sam ples o f a g g re g a te w ere in c o rp o ra te d in th e mix d e sig n
d a ta a s in d ic a te d by th e Montana S ta te Highway D epartm ent f o r c la s s llAn
c o n c r e te .
T h is p a r t i c u l a r c la s s o f c o n c re te was u sed in t h e n in e
s t r u c t u r e s t h a t in c o rp o ra te d th e a g g re g a te s used f o r s tu d y .
The mix d e s ig n d a ta f o r c la s s 1lAn (2 IiOO p s i ) c o n c re te v a r ie s s l i g h t l y
f o r th e d i f f e r e n t a g g r e g a te s .
The re a so n f o r t h i s , a c c o rd in g to
Re H, G ag le, R ese arch E n g in e e r, Montana S ta te Highway D epartm ent, i s t h a t
th e mix d e sig n was b ased on th e D uff A, Abrams m ethod, and v a r ie d a s th e
f in e n e s s modulus o f th e d i f f e r e n t a g g re g a te s v a r ie d .
A lso th e t r i a l
la b o r a to r y m ixes and th e f i e l d m ixes w ere a d ju s te d u n t i l a s u ita b le mix
was o b ta in e d by v i s u a l in s p e c tio n .
S in c e no d a ta was a v a ila b le a s t o th e w /C r a t i o u sed in th e f i e l d ,
th e a u th o r endeavored to s e l e c t a w a te r c o n te n t s u f f i c i e n t to produce a
w orkable c o n c r e te ,
. M ixes were made u s in g th e n in e a g g re g a te s w ith th e fo llo w in g cement
and adm ixture, c o m b in atio n s: .
'
'
(1 )
-
.'-
-
' ' -
'
' Y:;X Y
Type I I cem ent, no adm ixture (n in e a g g re g a te s ).
'
-
Mark-A23*
..-
(2 )
Type I I cem ent, P ro te x a i r - e n t r a i n i n g a g e n t (n in e a g g r e g a te s ) ,
Mark-AT
(3 )
H ig h -A lk a li cement,, no adm ixture ( th r e e a g g r e g a te s ) . Mark-AH
(Il)
H ig h -A lk a li cem ent, f l y ash ( s i x a g g r e g a te s ) ,
Mark-HP
:
=36—
The r e a s o n
a l l n in e a g g r e g a te s w e re n o t u s e d i n a l l f o u r c o m b in a tio n s
w as b e c a u se o f th e
s m a ll s u p p ly o f m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e .
t h a t w e r e sh o w n t o b e h i g h l y r e a c t i v e ^ f r o m t h e
The a g g r e g a te s
c h e m ic a l t e s t s ,
w e re
c o m b in e d w i t h t h e h i g h a l k a l i c e m e n t's w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e »
T he c o n c r e te m ix tu r e s t h a t w e re u s e d f o r t h e f i e l d
s tr u c tu r e s d id n o t
;
c o n ta in e i t h e r th e h ig h = a lk a li cem ent o r
th e
t h e a d m ix tu r e s t h a t w e re , u s e d f o r
l a b o r a t o r y m ix e s j h o w e v e r, a s m e n tio n e d u n d e r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s
r e s e a r c h , i t w as hoped t h a t
som e i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d a s t o
e f f e c t u n d er th e
o f th e t e s t s .
c o n d itio n s
The a i r - e n t r a i n e d
c o n c r e t e h a s I t? o z .
a s re co m m en d ed b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r .
t h e w a t e r c o n t e n t w h i c h W as m ad e i n
In th e
c o n c re te c o n ta in in g th e f l y
s titu tin g
1$ p e r
o f P r o t e x p e r s a c k o f c e m e n t,
The o n ly a d ju s tm e n t i n
a s h th e q u a n t i t y w as d e te rm in e d b y s u b ­
cem ent w ith f l y
and th e a i r
T a b l e IY l i s t s
ash.
s m a l l v o lu m e o f a l l b a t c h e s , t h e m e a s u r e d y i e l d w a s
n o t u s e d b e c a u s e o f in a c c u ra c y ; h o w e v e r, th e
c o m p u te d y i e l d
t h e m ix w a s i n
a n e f f o r t t o m a i n t a i n a n o r m a l s lu m p .
c e n t o f th e w e ig h t o f th e
B ecause o f th e
th e ir
c /P w as c a l c u l a t e d fro m th e
c o n te n t fro m th e a ir - m e te r d e te rm in a tio n s .
t h e s u m m a ry m ix d e s i g n d a t a .
-TABLE IV - SUMMffiX MIX DESIGN DATA
i.8 5 ia .9 0 sii.li2
None
1/22
1 .2 5 5.U0
ia
;ls l .9 5 s ii .3 8
None
1/23
1 .2 5 5 .2 6
0 .7
ls l.9 8 s ii.3 5
None
1 /2 5
B ridge
J u d ith Gap GiNeReRo
1/29
Bridge.
L iv in g s to n E m igrant
1 /3 0
B ridge
A shland
Crow-Agency 2 /9
B roadus-R d.
1 .2 5 5 . I ii
1.1 ls l.7 3 - s ii.5 9
None
1.25
2.0
I s 1 .7 3 s ii. 59
None
1.6 l8 l.9 0 s ii.ii2
None
ls 2 .U 9 s 3 .7 8
None
Havre
B il l i n g s
Logan
M issoula
6A
8A
9A
G t. F a l l s
HAT
B elgrade
Term ini*
M e S . C
e
Campus
C ity Sew.
P la n t '
H untley
B ridge ~
M adison
B ridge
S M llto w n
Gt.. F a l l s
B ridge
M .S.C.
A ir
.%
6S
5 .3 8
l i 2 5 5 .3 8
1 .2 5 5 .,Uo
0 .3
ia.98sU.3f
Ii
6S
3 .8
la^osU .ffi
i i
5 .25
63
2 .9
is l.9 0 s U .U 2
1.0
5 .1 9
6
6b0
ls l.9 5 s U .3 8
3 /5
1 .0
5.2 5
6
2 .7
ls l.9 8 s U .3 5
3 /8
1.0 5 .2 5
U.9
ls l.7 3 s U .5 9
2/12
1 .2 5 5 .3 6
2 /6
1 .3 3 U.90
2/27
1.0
3 /2
10»
C am p u s
2AT
H a v re
3AT
B illin g s
Ua t
Logan
5 f if M issoula
C ity Sew.
P la n t
H untley
B ridge
Madison
Bridge'"
M illtdw n
B ridge .
.
Ui«
4fT erm in i r e f e r s t o th e s t r u c t u r e t h a t c o n ta in e d th e -a g g re g a te
c o rre sp o n d in g t o th e mark number f o r th e la b o r a to r y t e s t s .
V eiy Poor
No worka b ility
None
10 cc E quiv.
P ro te x 1 -1 /3 OZ«
Piotex/sk
8 cc
P ro te x
8 cc
P ro te x
8 cc
P ro te x
8 cc
P ro te x
"AC-
Mark Source
B e lg ra d e
3A
Mix.
Con­ P ro p o rtio n s Cement
t e n t By W eight T y p e s A d m ix . Remarks
2 1 l a . 9oI
None H a r s h
D ate S iz e
C ast o f
w /e
1951 Batch, C/E;
1/12 1 .3 3 5.2 3 6 g a l s /
/s k
5.26
v i5 1 .3 3
TABLE
Mark Source
,
T erm ini
A ir
Mix
Con­ P ro p o rtio n s C enent
Slump t e n t By W eight Types Admix* Remarks
D ate S iz e
C ast o f
1951 B atch C/F
3/12 1*0 5 .3 5
w/c
6
3»
2 .8
1 :1 .7 3 :4 .5 9
II
1 .0
5127
6
2«
3 .5
1 :1 .9 0 :4 .4 2
II
1*0
5t66
7
I"
4 .5
1 :2 .5 0 :3 .0 0
II
II
J u d ith Gap G oN oR oR o
B ridge
7AT L iv in g sto n Em igrant
3/13
B ridge
Crow-Agency 3 /lR
BAT A shland
Bhoadus-Rde
6AT
SUMMARY M il DESIGN DATA (C o n tin u ed)
8 cc
P ro te x
8 cc
P ro te x
8 cc 50/50
P ro te x S p l i t on
C. A8 cc
P r a te x __
None
Gte F a l l s
B ridge
H untley
3AH B i l l i n g s
B ridge
7AH L iv in g s to n E m igrant
B ridge
Crow-Agency
Bah A shland
Broadus-Rde
C ity -SeWo
2 # Havre
P la n t
3 /1 5
1 .0
5 .2 5
6
8«
3 .7
1 :1 .9 8 :4 .3 5
2/22
1 .0
5 .3 5
6
2«
3 .6
2 /2 6
1 .0
5 . l it
#
54« ■5 .3
2 /1 9
1 .0
7
0
3 /l7
0 .8
it. 52
7
34"
H u n tle y
B ridge
Madison
IlHP Logan
B ridge
6HP J u d ith Gap GoNoRoRo
I
B ridge
TH? L iv in g sto n E m igrant'
B ridge
W
Gto F a l l s Grte. F a l l s
B ridge
3/23
1 .0
4.6 6
3 /2 it
1 .0
4.49
64
3«
3 /2 7
1 .0
4.57
64
4«
3 /2 8
1 .0
4.5 7
6J
3«
3 /2 9
1 .0
4 .6 6
6
6»
1 :1 .9 5 :4 .3 8 ' High
A lk a li
1 :1 .9 0 :4 .4 2 High
None
A lk a li
1 :2 .5 0 :;3.00 High
None
A lk a li
1 :1 .9 0 :4 .4 2 -High FlyAsh
A lk a li l5 Z b y
Wt.. o f
Gem.
1 :1 .9 5 :4 .3 8 High FlyAsh
A lk a li
1 :1 .9 8 :4 * 3 5 High FlyAsh
A lk a li
1 :1 .7 3 :4 .5 9 High FlyAsh
A lk a li
1 :1 .9 0 :4 .4 2 High FlyAsh
A lk a li
1 :1 .9 8 :4 .3 5 High FlyAsh
A lk a li
9AT
3HP
■V.
G t0 F a l l s
B illin g s
:
6«
;
I— »
“39“*
RESULTS AKD CONCLUSIONS
Chem ical T e s ts and M ortar B ar E xpansions
T able V shows th e v a lu e s f o r S c5 Rc5 and th e r a t i o s o f Se/R c f o r th e
a g g re g a te s r e s u l t i n g from th e ch em ical t e s t s *
T able VI g iv e s th e r e s u l t s
o f m o rta r-b a r ex p an sio n t e s t s a t th e end o f 12 months f o r th e s e same
a g g re g a te s u s in g th e h i g h - a l k a l i cem ent d e s c rib e d p r e v io u s ly .
D e ta il s o f th e p ro c e d u re f o r co n d u ctin g th e s e t e s t s a r e com piled in
A ppendix A.
In d is c u s s in g th e r e s u l t s o f th e ch em ical t e s t s th e te rm Sc e x p re sse s
th e c o n c e n tra tio n o f d is s o lv e d s i l i c a in m illim o le p e r l i t e r and Rc
e x p re ss e s th e r e d u c tio n in t i t r a t a b l e h y d ro x y l io n in m illim o le s p e r l i t e r .
R e s u lts o f chem ical i n v e s t ig a ti o n s summarized in p re v io u s d n v e s tig a tio n s
17
p ro v e t h a t d e le te r io u s n e s s o f a g g re g a te s i s n o t a sim ple fu n c tio n
o f any one a s p e c t o f chem ical i n s t a b i l i t y .
However5 th e g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n ,
betw een c e r t a i n ty p e s of r e a c t i v i t y and d e l e t e r io u sn e ss s u g g e s ts t h a t
com bination o f s e v e r a l p r o p e r t i e s may p ro v e to be d ia g n o s t ic .
Study o f
th e d a ta co n firm s r e s u l t s o f e a r l i e r t e s t s in t h a t th e amount o f s i l i c a
d is s o lv e d i s r e l a t e d o n ly in g e n e r a l t o d e le t e r i o u s n e s s , and re d u c tio n i n
a l k a l i n i t y a lo n e i s no c lu e t o d e le t e r i o u s n e s s .
The degree o f d e le te r io u s n e s s sh o u ld c o r r e la te w ith th e q u a n tity o f
■g e la tin o u s s i l i c a a d h e re n t to th e a g g re g a te m a te r ia l i n th e chem ical t e s t .
T h is a cc u m u la tio n o f g e la tin o u s s i l i c a e f f e c t s a r e d u c tio n in th e
a l k a l i n i t y o f th e Na OH s o lu tio n , c o n se q u e n tly 5 th e m agnitude o f th e
O.,M ielengl5 and K. I . G reene5 lfGhem ical T e sts f o r R e a c tiv ity o f
A g g re g a te s ' w ith Cement A lk a lie s ; C h em ica l'P ro c e sses i n Cem ent-Aggregate
R e a c tio n 5tf"~J o u rn a l ACI9 XIX5 No. 3 (1914.7)5 198«
TABLE V
RESULTS OF CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALKALI REACTIVITY .
A ggregate
Sc
S i l i c a D isso lv e d
(mM/L)
Be
R ed u ctio n in A l k a lin ity
(mM/L)
S (-./fec ■
B elgrade
Coarse
Medium
F in e
95
120
130
80
67
56
. 1 .2
1 .8
2.3
Havre
C oarse
F in e
12 £
75
121
151
1 .0
0 .5
B illin g s
■Coarse.
F in e
700
365
107
118
6 .6
3 .1
Logan
C oarse
F in e
98
66o
108
168
0 .9
3 .9
M issoula
C oarse
F in e
53
113
109
204
0 .5
P .5
J u d ith Gap
C oarse
F in e
—---------------------L iv in g s to n
C oarse
F in e
A shland
C oarse
Medium
F in e
1
I
0 .6
0 .5
668
760
102
182
6 .5
4 .1
674
620
8 2 .5
125
130
122
5.3 8
- 4 .7 6
0 .7
I
G re at F a l l s
C oarse
Medium
F in e
101
50
442
158
205
153
0 .6
0 .2
2 ,9
.
TABLE VI
MAXIMUM EXPANSION AT I YEAR OF MORTAR BARS
E xpansion in P e r Cent
'
■■
A ggregate
'
B elgrade
Coarse
Medium
F in e
Havre
C oarse
F in e
B illin g s
. C oarse
F in e
0 .0 1 6
OoOiL
0 .0 1 2
■ 'X
'
0 .008
0 .0 1 6
O.O02
0.003
Logan
-
C oarse
F in e
No R e s u lts
ii
M issoula
C oarse
F in e
o .o lo
0 .0 1 6
J u d ith Gap
-Coarse
F in e
0.017
0 .0 1 6
L iv in g s to n
C oarse
F in e
Q.015
0 .0 1 5
Coarse
Medium
' F in e
0.005
0.002
0 .0 1 6
A shland
G re at F a l l s
C oarse
Medium
F in e
- %
0 .0 1 6
0.008
0 .0 1 0
-
q u a n tity E c s h o u ld
c o r r e l a t e w ith th e m o r ta r e x p a n s io n c a u s e d by
d e l e t e r i o u s a g g re g a te s ®
S in c e th e r a t i o
o f re le a s e d s i l i c a
to
a lk a lin ity re d u c tio n a p p e a rs to
be s i g n i f i c a n t th e f a c t o r S 6 h a s b een p lo tte d a g a in s t R . ( F ig ,
th is
b a s is
th e in n o c u o u s
can be
le s s
th a n I j
c
~ I .
F o r in n o c u o u s m a t e r i a l s 3
f o r d e l e t e r i o u s m a t e r i a l s , S q/ R c i s : u s u a l l y g r e a t e r
th a n 1 |
i# e .« , d e l e t e r i o u s m a t e r i a l s a r e
u tiliz e
t h e a l k a l i e s m o re e f f i c i e n t l y
m a te r ia ls re p re s e n te d b y p o in ts in
w o u ld b e l e a s t d e l e t e r i o u s
to
th e
c h a ra c te ris tic a lly
in
lib e ra tio n
upper le f t
th e a lk a lie s e f f ic ie n tly
a tiv e ly
a t th e
s ta b le
lo w e r l e f t
c o m e r, a re
The
th o s e w h ic h
little
i n t h e lo w e r
c o n tin u e d ®
c o m p ris e s t h o s e m a t e r i a l s w h ic h a r e
a n d i n n o c u o u s , y e t s m a l l a m o u n ts o f s i l i c a
th e l e a s t s ta b le , re le a s in g
la rg e
s ilic a ,
c o n c r e te b e c a u s e th e y
an d th e r e a c tio n s a re lo n g
p r o g r e s s iv e ly a t m o d e ra te ly e f f i c i e n t ra te s ®
rig h t a re
o f s ilic a ®
The m a t e r i a l s i n d i c a t e d
r i g h t t h e o r e t i c a l l y w o u ld b e v e r y d a n g e r o u s t o
The f i e l d
t h o s e w h ic h
c o n c re te b e c a u se th e y r e l e a s e
b u t g r e a tly re d u c e th e a lk a lin ity ®
u tiliz e
On
s e p a r a te d fro m th e d e l e t e r i o u s m a te r ia ls
b y a l i n e w h o se l o c u s a p p r o x i m a t e s ' S c/ r
S c/R c i s
I ) 6
a re
c o m p a r­
lib e ra te d
The m a t e r i a l s a t th e u p p e r
q u a n titie s
of s ilic a
at
h ig h ra te s ®
T h i s m e th o d o f a n a l y s i s d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t n o t o n l y t h e r a t i o
b u t a ls o
t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e
in te rp re ta tio n
Sc/ k e ,
q u a n titie s S0 and R6 a re n e c e ssa ry fo r f u l l
o f t h e d e l e t e r i o u s o r in n o c u o u s
S e v e ra l d a ta p o in ts f a l l v e ry c lo s e to
d e l e t e r i o u s fro m in n o c u o u s m a t e r i a l s , a n d i t
c h a r a c t e r o f th e a g g re g a te ®
th e l i n e
s e p a ra tin g
a p p e a r s p r o b a b l e t h a t som e
a g g r e g a t e s o f u n u s u a l c o m p o s i t i o n m ay b e d i a g n o s e d e r r o n e o u s l y b y t h i s
300
• COARSE
o MEDIUM
0 FINE
1- BELGRADE
2 - HAVRE
I
>
Z
_l
4
x:
_i
4
3-
BILLINGS
4-
LOG AN
5-
MISSOULA
6-
JUDIT H GAP
7-
LIVINGSTON
8-
ASHLAND
9-
GREAT FALLS
* ND DATA AVAILABLE
Z
INNOCUOUS
z
O
AGGREGATE
I-
U
D
CS
U
a:
DELETERIOUS AGGREGATE
O ---------------------- ----- -------------------------- ----- L_J________ ______ L__L_J
I
2 .5
5
7.5 IO
SILICA
FIG. I - R E S U L T S
25
50
75 100
250
500 750 1000
DISSOLVED - S c CmM/D
OF CHEMICAL T E S T S
WITH
Na OH
SOLN.
te s te
Sueh a circ u m stan c e i s m ost l i k e l y f o r th o se d e le t e r i o u s a g g re g a te s
c o n ta in in g s u b s ta n c e s w hich red u ce a l k a l i n i t y by r e a c tio n s o th e r th a n
th o s e th ro u g h w hich s i l i c a i s l i b e r a t e d s th u s s h iftin g , th e d a ta p o in ts
upw ardly i n t o th e f i e l d i n which Sc/R c i s l e s s th a n I*
The com plete ran g e o f v a lu e s f o r th e mortar-bar ex p an sio n specim ens
f o r 12 m onthss made w ith th e h i g h - a l k a l i cem ent, was betw een O0002 p e r
c e n t and O0Ol? p e r c e n t.
A ccording t o Mieleng**®, a g g re g a te s c a u sin g m o rtar ex p an sio n in e x ce ss
o f 0 .2 p e r c e n t l i n e a r l y in one y e a r in t e s t s u s in g h ig h a l k a l i cement
(1 .3 $ Na 20 * 0.12% KgO) sh o u ld be e x p e c te d t o cause r a p i d , in te n s e ,
and
r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e ex p an siv e d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f c o n c re te i f u sed w ith
h i g h - a l k a l i cement i n exposed s i t u a t i o n s .
T h e re fo re , i t i s su g g este d t h a t
a g g re g a te s cau sin g m o rta r expan sio n in e x c e ss o f 0 .1 p e r c e n t l i n e a r l y in
one y e a r sh ould be u sed o n ly w ith cem ents low i n a l k a l i s .
The f a c t t h a t a l l o f th e m o rta r-b a r specim ens had e x c e p tio n a lly low
v a lu e s o f l i n e a r e x p a n sio n , w hereas a number o f th e a g g re g a te samples u sed
showed v a lu e s o f Sc/fec a s h ig h a s 6 . 35, m ight be e x p la in e d in l i g h t o f th e
"p essim u m "^ p r o p o r tio n .
The s o - c a lle d !Jpessimum" p r o p o r tio n has long
been th e s u b je c t o f c o n je c tu re and d is c u s s io n .
Xt would a p p e a r to be
e n t i r e l y p o s s ib le t h a t th e phenomenon o f th e "pessimum" p r o p o r tio n m ight
r e p r e s e n t th e o p e ra tio n o f th e opposing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f c em en t-ag g reg ate
r e a c t i o n , nam ely;
th e tendency f o r in c re a s e d expans io i o f th e m o rtar a s
18I b i d . , p . 2
2
"
1^A word u sed by T. E. S ta n to n t o d e s ig n a te th e p r o p o r tio n o f r e a c tiv e
su b stan ce's in an a g g re g a te a t which maximum m o rtar expansion o c c u rs.
T* E. S ta n to n , "Expansion o f C oncrete Through R ea c tio n Between Cement and
A g g re g ate," P ro ce e d in g s ASTM3 LXVI (191.0), 1781.
p r o g r e s s iv e ly more r e a c t i v e p a r t i c l e s a r e made a v a ila b le f o r a tta c k ^ and
th e te n d en c y f o r d e c re a se i n th e s ilic a - p r o d u c in g r e a c tio n a s th e a v a i l ­
a b le a l k a l i e s a r e more and more r a p id ly d e p le te d by a d s o r p tio n and
l i b e r a t i o n o f s i l i c a over th e g r e a t e r and g r e a te r s u rfa c e a r e a exposed to
a tta c k .
I f th e s e d e d u c tio n s a r e c o r r e c t th e n th e p e Ssimum p ro p o rtio n
sh o u ld be low f o r th o s e a g g re g a te m a te r ia ls which c o n s id e ra b ly red u ce th e
a l k a l i n i t y of th e s o lu tio n d u rin g th e ch em ical t e s t , and i t sh o u ld be
la r g e i f th e re d u c tio n i n a l k a l i n i t y i s s m a ll.
H ighly r e a c t i v e a g g re g a te s may cause a sm a lle r e x p an sio n th a n
c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s r e a c t i v e a g g re g a te s b ecau se th e c o n te n t o f r e a c tiv e
c o n s ti tu e n ts exceeds th e pessimum p r o p o r tio n .
The b e s t method i s to add
v a rio u s p e rc e n ta g e s o f a su sp e c te d a g g re g a te to one t h a t i s innocuous and
d e term in e th e p e rc e n ta g e a t w hich maximum ex p an sio n o c c u r s .
I t is
p o s s ib le t h a t in th e t e s t s perform ed a s p a r t o f t h i s resea rch th e
p e rc e n ta g e may have exceeded th e pessimum p r o p o r tio n ,
M in e ra lo g ic a l A n a ly s is '
From numerous p e tro g ra p h ic e x am in atio n s c o r r e la te d w ith chem ical
r e a c t i v i t y t e s t s and m o rta r ex p an sio n t e s t s i t has been p o s s ib le to l i s t
some o f th e r e a c t i v e m i n e r a l s , ^
As can b e n o ted from T ab le V II, th e
m in e ra ls t h a t a r e known t o have caused e x c e s s iv e ex p an sio n s w ith h ig h
a l k a l i cem ents have been d e s ig n a te d a s r e a c t i v e .
A ll o f : t h e a g g re g a te s
a r e seen to c o n ta in some m a te r ia l t h a t i s r e a c t i v e .
The d e te rm in a tio n o f
th e e x a c t am ounts was n o t p o s s ib le b ecau se th e e x am in atio n s were made
20R .S ,.M ie le n z and L* P , W itte , " T e sts Used b y .th e B ureau, of
R eclam atio n f o r I d e n tif y in g R e a c tiv e C o n crete A g g re g a te s ," P ro ce e d in g s
A,ScTJffl,, XLVIII. (19l|8>, 128k.
=-i|6m e g a s c o p ic a lly .
I f s u ita b le p e tr o g r a p h ic equipm ent had been a v a i l a b l e 5 t h i n s e c tio n s
would have been made and a more com prehensive s tu d y co u ld have been
co n d u cted .
The ch em ical t e s t s f o r th e c o a rse a g g re g a te s were f a i r l y w e ll
c o r r e la te d w ith th e m in e ra lo g ic a l d e te r m in a tio n s .
The f i n e a g g re g a te d id
n o t show th e same degree o f c o r r e l a t i o n .
T ab le V II i s a summary o f th e Qhemicaij. t e s t s and th e m in e ra lo g ic a l
exam in atio n f o r th e a g g re g a te s , which i s p r e s e n te d h e re t o show th e deg ree
of c o rre la tio n .
C om pression T e s ts
T able V III l i s t s th e r e s u l t s o f th e 28 day com pression t e s t s .
B ecause o f th e f a c t t h a t a c o n s ta n t mix r a t i o and w a te r c o n te n t were n o t
m a in ta in e d betw een th e d i f f e r e n t m ixes i t was n o t p o s s ib le to o b ta in any
c o r r e l a t i o n to th e o th e r t e s t s . • The o r i g i n a l i n t e n t was to use th e same
m ix, a s n e a r ly a s p o s s i b l e , a s was u sed i n th e f i e l d s t r u c t u r e s .
I t can be o bserved t h a t in g e n e r a l a l l th e c y lin d e r s t e s t e d com plied
w ith th e d e sig n s tr e n g th o f 21^00 p s i .
From th e r e s u l t s o f th e com pression
t e s t s th e v a lu e s were so s c a tte r e d t h a t no d e f i n i t e c o n c lu s io n could be
drawn a s t o th e e f f e c t o f th e admixes on th e com pressive s tr e n g th .
In g e n e r a l i f th e w /C rem ains c o n s ta n t th e a d d itio n o f an a i r e n tr a in in g a g e n t t o a c o n c re te m ix w i l l r e s u l t in a lo w e rin g o f th e 28 day
com pressive s t r e n g t h . ■
The specim ens c o n ta in in g th e f l y a s h had low er 28 day s tr e n g th s , a s
was e x p e c te d .
-Ill-"
TABLE V I I
COMPARATIVE SUMMARY DATA
BETWEEN CHEMICAL TEST AND MINEEtALOOICAL EXAMINATION
L o c a tio n
L iv in g s to n
A ggregate
Type
Coarse
F in e
D e le te rio u s :
or
Innocuous
S e/^c
6 .g
Uol
-
B illin g s
A shland
Havre
G reat F a l l s
Logan
....
M issoula
B elg rad e
D
D
50% L av a-A n d esite
E s s e n t i a l l y same as
c o arse
D ■
D
50$ L av a-A n d esite
1(% L av a-A n d esite
-
Coarse
F in e
6»6
3 .1
.
C oarse
3,U
.
Medium
F in e
U08
0 .7
C oarse
Fine.
1 .0
0 .5
C oarse
D
;
15$ A n d e site & R h y o lite
25$ Chalcedony
:■
D
'
I
D or I
V
I
25% L av a-A n d esite
20% Chalcedony
0 .6
I
Medium
F in e
0 .2
. I
D'
50% L av a-A n d esite and
T rac h y te
30% L av a-A n d esite
Coarse
° .s
269 ■
r
:
I
.
F in e '
3 .9
D--.
C oarse
F in e
0 .5
I
0 ,5
I
C oarse
;
MOdium'
F in e .
1 .2
1 .8
D
D
D
I
J u d ith Gap
R e a c tiv e C o n s titu e n ts from
M in e ra lo g ic a l Exam ination
in %
I : F in e
2 .3
0 .6
•
o .ii
.. I
I
:
1 10% L av a-A n d esite &
R h y o lite
.10% LaV a-A ndesite
10% Chalcedony
10% Chalcedony
U0% Lava-Andes i t e
U0% L av a-A n d esite
T race o f Chalcedony
. ■■
'
,2% C h e rt (C halcedony)
5% C halcedony
:
/
I
TABLE V I I I
28 BAI COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS
.Mark;
I-A J
2—
A
3-A '
UraA .
5»=A
6-A
7“A .
8-A
9-A .
Average o f two 28 day
t e s t s «• p s i
3?AB
7-AH :
2-HP
3-HP
W p
6-HP
7”HP:
9-HP
,
w /c
Mix P ro p o rtio n 's ■ G a l./S a c k
l s l .9 0 s k .k 2
l s l . 9 0 s k .k 2
Is I . -95 s k .3 8
ls l.9 8 -s k .3 5
l:l.:7 3 s k 6 5 9
I s 1 .7 3 s k ;59
l s l . 90s k .k 2
Is2 .-5 0 s3 .0 0
i s i . 983k .35
•-
^ A ir-E n tra in in g A gent
None
rt
U
I
"■
6
6.
6
7,
6|
' : "
.
■« ;
it
■«
.
Protex-AEA^
it
#
6g6
6
6
6
6
7
6
■
it.
it
ii
it .
11
11
11
'
■11
11
—.
l s l .9 5 s k .3 8
ls i .9 0 s k .k 2
I s 2 . 5 0 s3 .o 0
- .# 6
305p
2380
25U5
2555
2870
2775
3210
Admixture
6
6
ls l.9 Q s k .it2
ls l.9 0 i i t .i t 2
is l .9 5 s k .3 8
ls l.9 8 s k .3 5 .
,ls l.7 3 s it.5 9
l s l .7 3 s k .5 9
- ls li.9 0 s k .k 2
.. Is 2 .k 9 s 3 .7 8
.',l s l .9 8 s k .3 5
3280
W o
2700.
2065
■ 2735
3590
3050
1550
2550
2:530'
I-AT I
2-AT I
, 2350
■'2810 ■
3-A T' I
2880
WT
26?S
W t
36?o
6-AT
7"AT
3865
8- at ;
2550
9-AT
25#.
-- ---- —
-- -
:
.
.
.
i s i . 90s i .k 2 ■
ls l.9 5 s i t.3 8
ls l.9 8 s k .3 5 :
i s l . 7 3 s k , 59 ,
l s l .9 0 s k .k 2
ls l.9 8 s k .3 5 .
6
■ A
'
'
■
'
7
.
1
None
11
. « :•
F ly a sh
" 88
11
M
I
6
M
1;
-l&r.
F ie ld
S tru c tu re s
P h o to g r a p h s w e re ta k e n a n d v i s u a l e x a m in a tio n s w e re m ade o f a l l n i n e
o f th e f i e l d
v is its
to
s tru c tu re s
t e s t , d u rin g f i e l d
each s tru c tu re ,
No s i g n
o f a n y d i s i n t e g r a t i o n w as n o te d i n
The a g e o f th e
The lo c a t i o n
s im ila r f ie ld
lo c a tio n s
c o n ta in in g th e a g g re g a te s u n d e r
o ld e s t s tru c tu re
in
th e
any o f th e
s tr u c tu r e s ,.
g ro u p i s a b o u t th r e e y e a r s .
have b e e n r e c o r d e d a n d a t som e f u t u r e d a t e
o f th e p h o to g ra p h s
i n s p e c t i o n s w i l l b e m ad e a n d p h o t o g r a p h s t a k e n
to use a s a c r ite r ia
f o r e s tim a tin g th e
o f th e
sa m e
d e g re e o f d e te r io r a tio n .
F r e e z i n g a n d T h a w in g C y c l e s
'A t t h i s
t i m e a m axim um o f
p e rfo rm e d on th e
c o n c re te
75 f r e e z i n g a n d t h a w i n g c y c l e s h a v e b e e n
s p e c im e n s .
The o r i g i n a l i n t e n t w as to
c o n c re te by d e te rm in in g
m e a su re th o
th e lo s s
i n w e ig h t o f th e
s p e c im e n s h a v e l o s t a n y w e ig h t w h a ts o e v e r .
o f any d e te rio ra tio n
A t o n e tim e
s o n ic m e th o d .
s p e c im e n s .
T h e re i s
N one o f t h e
n o v i s u a l e v id e n c e
o f an y k in d ,
i t w as s u g g e s te d t h a t th e
d e te r m in e d b y m e a s u rin g th e
th e
d e g re e o f d u r a b i l i t y o f th e
lo s s
in
th e
d e g re e o f d u r a b i l i t y c o u ld be
d y n a m ic m o d u lu s o f e l a s t i c i t y
A f t e r m a k in g a t h o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n
by
o f th e
e q u i p m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r m a k in g t h e d y n a m ic m o d u lu s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s b y s o n i c
v ib ra tio n
i t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t t h e m e th o d w o u l d n o t b e s u i t a b l e f o r
th e
3» x 6" c y lin d e r s b e c a u se o f th e h ig h fre q u e n c ie s n e c e s s a r y .
I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d 21 t h a t 2 0 f r e e z i n g a n d t h a w i n g c y c l e s a r e
21 R , B , I o u n g 5 " C o n c r e t e D u r a b i l i t y ; 2 5 Y e a r s o f P r O g r e s s 5 "
A . C . I , J o u r n a l 5 XLX ( A p r i l I^ ilD Ifs 7 3 2 - i j l ,
a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l in
c o n c re te
in
have been
e ffe c t to
th e f i e l d .
s u b je c te d to
5 y e a r s o f a c tu a l w e a th e rin g o f th e
On t h i s b a s i s ,
t h e f r e e z i n g a n d th a w in g s p e c im e n s
t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f o v e r Ijp y e a r s o f w e a t h e r i n g i n
th e f i e l d .
F ro m i n f o r m a t i o n
been
s e c u re d fro m an a r t i c l e
s u g g e s te d t h a t c o n c r e te
b y F= H . J a c k s o n
s h o u ld be
a s b e in g o f goo d d u r a b i l i t y .
T h e re i s
o n e f a c t o r c o n c e r n i n g f r e e z i n g ' a n d t h a w i n g c y c l e s ' o f"
c o n c r e t e m ade w i t h a g g r e g a t e s t h a t h a v e b e e n te r m e d d e l e t e r i o u s
to
need fu rth e r
c y c le
on t h e
in v e s tig a tio n , and th a t i s
c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n
I t W o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e
by th e
, i t has
c a p a b l e o f w i t h s t a n d i n g 200 f r e e z i n g a n d
th a w in g c y c l e s . W ith o u t s h o w in g a n y d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s ,
c la s s ifie d
22
th e e f f e c t o f th e
t h a t seem s
fre e z in g
t h a t t a k e s ^ l a c e w i t h a h i g h - a l k a l i c e m e n t.
c h e m ic a l r e a c t i o n
m i g h t b e s l o w e d dow n s o m e w h a t
c o ld te m p e r a tu r e s .
. A g g re g a te s t h a t fo rm th e
s ilic a
g e l s w hen i n
a l k a l i c e m e n ts d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y n e e d t o
a l k a l i c e m e n ts .
In
o th e r w o rd s,
c h e m ic a lly u n s ta b le w ith
c o m b in a tio n w ith h ig h -
be r e je c te d
ev e n th o u g h th e
h i g h - a l k a l i c e m e n ts , i t
f o r u s e W ith lo w
a g g r e g a t e m ay b e
is no a ssu ra n c e
th a t th e
a g g r e g a t e w o u ld n o t p r o d u c e a d u r a b l e c o n c r e t e w hen u s e d w i t h l o w - a l k a l i
c e m e n t, w h e th e r o r n o t i t w as s u b j e c t e d t o
f r e e z in g a n d th a w in g .*
^ ^ F . H . J a c k s o n , "U se o f A d m ix tu re s t o I n c r e a s e R e s i s t a n c e
a n d T h a w i n g , " . A . C . I . . J o u r n a l , X X II ( . S e p t .
2 6 -3 1 .
to F re e z in g
.
" S i" '
APPENDIX A
CHEMICAL TESTS FOR REACTIVITY AND MORTAR-BAR EXPANSION TEiSTS 23
C h e m ic a l T e s t t o D e te r m in e R e a c t i v i t y o f C o n c r e te A g g r e g a te w ith
C em ent A l k a l i e s
P ro c e d u re
S c re e n s u f f i c i e n t a g g r e g a te .to p ro v id e a t l e a s t th e fo llo w in g quan­
titie s
o f th e v a rio u s
1000 g e e a c h o f t h e 1 § t o 3 /lj. i n , s
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3 / I 4. t o 3 / 8 i n O5 a n d 3 / 8 t o 3 / 1 6 i n . ^ a n d 200 g . e a c h o f t h e 3 / l 6 i n . t o
N o . 85 N o . 8 t o N o . 1 6 , N o . l 6 t o
No* 1 0 0 s i z e s *
P re p a re a
c o m b in in g 1 0 0 0 g .
th e n
N q . 3 0 5 N o . 3 0 t o N o . SO., a n d N o . 5 0 t o
s a m p le o f c o a r s e ' a g g r e g a t e t o
o f each o f th e th r e e
c ru sh an d r e p e a te d ly sc re e n th e
be t e s t e d b y
in d ic a te d c o a rs e a g g re g a te
S iz e s a
c o m p o s i t e s a m p le o v e r t h e N o . .50 a n d
N o* 1 0 0 s c r e e n s u n t i l v i r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e m a t e r i a l p a s s e s t h e N o .' 50
sc re e n .
W a sh t h e m a t e r i a l r e t a i n e d
d u s t and u n d e rs iz e m a te r ia l.
a g g re g a te f o r u s e i n
on t h e N o . 1 0 0 s c r e e n t o
P re p a re /s im ila rly th e
th e c h e m ic a l t e s t ,
s a m p le t o
c o m p o s i t e m ay b e
sand s iz e s .
D ry t h e
c o n s ta n t w e ig h t a t H O 0 C.
W e ig h o u t i n
in to
s a m p le o f f i n e
e x c e p t th a t th e
p r e p a r e d b y c o m b in a tio n o f 200 g . e a c h o f t h e f i v e
re m o v e t h e
d u p lic a te
s m a ll s t a i n l e s s
2 5 .0 g . o f t h e
d r y N o. 00 t o N o. 100 m a te r ia l
s t e e l o r o th e r n o n r e a c tiv e m e ta l c o n ta in e r s .
A dd
25 m l . o f f r e s h l y p r e p a r e d 1 * 0 0 0 * 0 . 0 1 0 N NaOH s o l u t i o n . S t i r t h e m i x t u r e .
to
rem o v e e n tr a p p e d a i r |
p la c e
th e
th e n s e a l th e
c o n t a i n e r s '.
Im m e d ia te ly t h e r e a f t e r
c o n ta in e r s i n a l i q u i d b a th o r o v en c a p a b le o f m a in ta in in g a
te m p e ra tu re
o f 8 0 £.
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c o n ta in e rs
■ -5 2 fro m th e
oven o r
b a t h ^ c o o l f o r 1 5 min® i n w a t e r m a i n t a i n e d a t 2 ^ 0G5 a n d
a s q u ic k ly a s p o s s ib le
filte r
th e fo llo w in g p ro c e d u re e
Noo 1)3 w i t h a d i s k
th e
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U se a p o r c e l a i n
of f i l t e r paper
f it
w i t h G ooch tu b in g ®
W ith a s p i r a t o r i n
a
s m a ll q u a n tity o f th e
s e a t p ro p e rly in
tio n
t h e b o tto m o f th e
s o lu tio n
th e c ru c ib le ®
in to , th e c ru c ib le ®
o f th e a g g re g a te
tin u e
G ooch c r u c i b l e
(e q u iv a le n t to
Co® No® 6 0 l t ) c u t t o
o n to
a g g re g a te m a te r ia l b y
(C o o rs S iz e
S c h le ic h e r and S c h u e ll
c ru c ib le
in a f i l t e r
tu b e f i t t e d
o p e r a t i o n o r V acu u m l i n e
open d e c a n t
th e f i l t e r p a p e r so t h a t i t w i l l
P o u r th e re m a in d e r o f th e
W ith , a
fre e = flo w in g
h a s b e e n o b ta in e d ®
u n til a l l b f
Do h o t f l u s h
o f s o lu tio n a b so rb e d w ith in
Im m e d ia te ly f o llo w in g
th e
c ru c ib le ®
s a m p l e 'i r i a n y w a y t o
o r a d h e re n t to
e x tr a c t th e
residuum
th e a g g re g a te p a r tic le s ®
c o m p le tio n o f f i l t r a t i o n
s t i r th e
s o lu tio n
h o m o g e n e i t y s t h e n t a k e a n a l i q u o t o f 1 0 ml® o f t h e f i l t r a t e
d ilu te
to
s ilic a
in th e
2 0 0 ml® i n a v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k ®
and t i t r a t e
C a lc u la te
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th e
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m illim o le s p e r I i t e f j
of
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a g g r e g a t e m a t e r i a l a s f o l l o w s s R c ™ N = 50,v '
of s ilic a
in
a lk a lin ity
in th e
and N e q u a ls
th e
in
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m illim o le s p e r l i t e r |
o f HCl s o lu tio n u sed in
s ilic a
of
e n d p o in t®
an d re d u c tio n in
a n d S e = 2 0 0 , w h e re R c e q u a ls r e d u c t i o n i n
lite rj
d ilu te d
to
and
c o n c e n tra tio n
T ak e a n a l i q u o t o f 2 0 m l. o f t h e
a g a i n s t 0 ,0 5 N H Cl t o
C on­
t h e f i l t r a t e j e x t r a c t a b l e b y t h i s : m e th o d
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s o lu ­
s t e e l s p a t u l a re m o v e a s m uch a s p r a c t i c a b l e
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th e f i l t r a t i o n
■
d ilu te d
v
th e t i t r a t i o n j C
s o lu tio n , e x p re sse d in
c o n c e n tra tio n o f th e
o rig in a l
=53"
WaOH s o l u t i o n
(1 0 0 0 * 1 0 ) 5 e x p r e s s e d i n
m illim o le s p e r lite r ®
M o r t a r B a r T e s t t o D e t e r m i n e R e a c t i v i t y o f A g g r e g a t e W ith C e m e n t A l k a l i e s
M a te ria ls
U se a
cem ent g ro u n d to a
f i n e n e s s o f I 6 0 0 sq® cm® p e r g r a m o r g r e a t e r
(W a g n e r T u r b i d i m e t e r m e t h o d ) 5 c o n t a i n i n g
I per
c e n t o r m o re t o t a l a l k a l i e s
(WagO a n d K gO ) e x p r e s s e d a s s o d a e q u i v a l e n t s ^ , a n d a s e c o n d c e m e n t c o n t a i n ­
in g l e s s
t h a n 0®2 p e r c e n t t o t a l a l k a l i e s ®
b e in g u se d t o
e s ta b lis h
a g g re g a te r e a c tio n
The v e r y lo w a l k a l i c e m e n t
w h e th e r e x p a n s iv e a c t i o n s o t h e r t h a n a l k a l i -
m ig h t o c c u r®
I n a d d i t i o n 5. c e m e n t s w h i c h m a y b e u s e d i n
c o n s tr u c tio n m ig h t b e in c lu d e d i n
th e p ro g ra m t o
e v a lu a te
th e
s ig n ific a n c e
o f m a rg in a l d e g re e s o f r e a c tiv ity ®
F o r te s tin g
f o r each o f th e
N o, 3 0 t o
p a s s in g
a g g re g a te s g ra d e th e
s i z e s M o, I4. t o M o, 8 |
No® 5 0 j a n d No® 5 0 t o
th e
and g ra d e
fin e
N o , 1 0 0 s ie v e ®
a g g re g a te 19 p e r
N o, 8 to
No® l 6 j
No® 1 6 t o No® 3 0 j
No® IO Q 5 w i t h 5 p e r c e n t ' o f • m a t e r i a l
C ru sh c o a rs e a g g r e g a te t o
th e a g g r e g a te s .f o r th e
c e n t by w e ig h t
fin e
a g g re g a te s i z e s
m o r ta r 20 p e r c e n t b y w e ig h t f o r e a c h o f
th e f i v e
s iz e s ,
o m ittin g th e m a te r ia l p a s s in g
e v a lu a te
th e r e a c t i v i t y o f a g g r e g a te s c o n ta in in g a b u n d a n t d e le te r io u s
C m n s titu e n ta 5 p r e p a r e
m a te ria l i s
t h e No® 1 0 0 s c r e e n ®
s i m i l a r l y g r a d e d a g g r e g a t e i n w h ic h t h e
To
te s t
r e p l a c e d b y 2 5 , ; 5 0 s a n d 75 p e r c e n t 5 r e S p e c t i v e l y 5 o f a n
in n o c u o u s a g g re g a te ®
P re p a ra tio n
P re p a re
o f S p e c im e n s
in t r i p l i c a t e
c e m e n t-a g g re g a te
s p e c im e n s I b y I
by I l J
in® i n
s iz e f o r each
c o m b in a tio n ^ u s i n g a m ix co m p o sed o f I p a r t c e m e n t t o
p a r t s a g g r e g a t e b y w e ig h t®
The n e t w a te r - c e m e n t' r a t i o
is
m a in ta in e d a t
2
Ooii-O b y w e i g h t ,
Som e a d j u s t m e n t o f t h i s r a t i o
lig h tw e ig h t a g g re g a te s to
is
re q u ire d f o r te s tin g
of
m a in ta in a r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t v o lu m e r e l a t i o n
o f cem ent to a g g re g a te e
O r d i n a r i I y 3 I^ O g e o f O e m e n t3
w a te r a r e
s u f f ic ie n t to f a b r ic a te
900 g . o f . a g g r e g a t e 3 a n d 1 8 0 g . Of
th e n e c e s s a r y s p e c im e n s .
M ix t h e
in g re ­
d i e n t s i n a b o w l (e n a m e lw a re o r o t h e r n O n a b ^ o r b e n t3 n o n c o r r o d in g m a t e r i a l )
1 - g a l , c a p a c i t y b y v i g o r o u s a n d c o n t i n u o u s S t i r r i n g 3 's q u e e z i n g , ,
of about
a n d k n e a d in g w ith o ne h a n d p r o t e c t e d b y a r u b b e r g lo v e .
m a te ria ls in
add th e
th e
cem ent to
f o l lo w in g m a n n e rs
(I)
P la c e
t h e w a t e r a n d m ix f o r 3 0
In tro d u c e th e
th e w a te r in
g e e ,;
th e
bow l; ( 2 )
(3 ) a d d a p p ro x im a te ly
o n e - h a l f o f t h e a g g r e g a t e a n d m ix f o r 3 0 s e c , ; a n d (U) a d d t h e r e m a i n d e r
o f t h e a g g r e g a t e a n d m ix f o r Ig- m in .
Im m e d ia te ly a f t e r m ix in g 3 in tr o d u c e
th e
m o rta r i n t o
th e
la y e r an d com pact th e la y e r w ith th e f o r e f in g e r by p r e s s in g
in to
t h e .c o r n e r s a ro u n d t h e r e f e r e n c e p o in ts a n d a lo n g
m o ld 3 u n t i l a h o m o g e n e o u s s p e c im e n h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d .
O o m p l e t e d 3 ' c u t o f f -t h e m o r t a r f l u s h w i t h t h e t o p
s t r a i g h t - e d g e d t r o w e l ; u s i n g a s a w in g m o t i o n 3 a n d
th e
m o ld i n
th e m o rta r
s u rfa c e s o f th e
A f t e r c o m p a c tio n i s
o f t h e m o ld w i t h a
s m o o th t h e
s u rfa c e w ith
n o t m o re t h a n tw o s t r o k e s w i t h t h e t r o w e l l y i n g f l a t a c r o s s t h e t o p
m o ld .
E x c e s s iv e tr o w e lin g w i l l fo rm a d e n s e an d im p e rv io u s
S p e c im e n 3 w h ic h w i l l c a u s e w a r p in g i f
one
th e a g g re g a te i s
o f. t h e
s e c tio n o f th e
d e le te rio u s ly
re a c tiv e .
C u r in g o f .S p e c im e n s
A fte r fa b r ic a tio n
o f th e
s p e c im e n s ., ■i m m e d i a t e l y p l a c e
t h e m o ld s i n
m o is t c l o s e t o r m o is t ro o m m a in ta in e d a t 70° F 3 w h e re th e y a r e p e r m i t t e d
a
t o r e m a i n f o r 7 d a y s®
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S trip
m o ld s f r o m t h e
s p e c im e n s a f t e r
h r.
2k
o f S p e c im e n s
A fte r th e
c u r in g p e r i o d s d e te rm in e th e
th e te rm in a l r e f e r e n c e p o in ts in a
v e rtic a lly
in a
b een p o u re d to
th e s p e c im e n s .
s to ra g e
c o m p a ra to r a n d p l a c e t h e
s p e c im e n s
c o n t a i n e r i n w h ic h a s m a ll a m o u n t o f w a te r h a s
occupy a p o rtio n
S e a l th e
l e n g t h b e tw e e n o u t e r e n d s o f
o f th e
s p a c e b e lo w t h e p l a t f o r m
c o n ta in e r and p la c e
it
s u p p o rtin g
i n a c a b i n e t o r ro o m
m a i n t a i n e d a t IO O 0 F =
P e r i o d i c M e a s u re m e n t o f S p e c im e n s
D e te rm in e th e
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te rm in a l
r e f e r e n c e p o i n t s a t m o n th ly i n t e r v a l s , f o r 2 y r . a o r u n t i l r e q u i r e d d a t a
a re
o b ta in e d .
a ls o .
I f d e s i r e d , d y n a m ic m o d u lu s o f e l a s t i c i t y
The s p e c im e n s a r e
w a rp in g , an d i f
c o n ta in e rs a re
e x a m in e d f o r e x u d a t i o n s ,
o b se rv e d , n o ta tio n
c o o le d t o
is
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a r e m ade ( i n B u r e a u p r a c t i c e
c o n ta in e rs s e a le d
d e te rm in e d
c r a c k s $ .p d p b u ts , o r
d a ta
s h e e t.
T he
o f t h e ro o m i n w h i c h r e a d i n g s .
7 0 ° F ) b e f o r e th e y a r e
a f t e r th e r e a d in g s h av e b e e n m ade, t h e
c o n ta in e r s , an d th e
m ade on t h e
is
opened.
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