Measurement of the variations in the reception of solar ultra-violet radiation at the earths surface
by Nathaniel J Kutzman
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfullment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Engineering Physics
Montana State University
© Copyright by Nathaniel J Kutzman (1949)
Abstract:
An instrument is constructed to give a reading to give a1 reading proportional to the i ' c , 1 , intensity
of the ultra-violet component of the sun’s radiation as the latter is incident to the earth's surface..
1 poultry raisers are interested in ultra-violet radiation. This radiation is essential to the production of
vitamin-D by chickens. without an adequate supply of the vitamin, the Chicken is Unable to produce
Satisfactory eggs. The eggs have fragile and porous shells and are undersize.
A study of the amount of ultra-violet radiation received at the * I ' , earth’s surface will enable the
poultry raiser, to better regulate the ' " " supplementary feeding and irradiation of his flock. ‘ , ' 1 .
1 I Jr E1 ' , « <* I' \ { Ultra-violet energy is converted to electrical‘‘energy in “an’electron-- * 1 ¦ ¦ - "
multiplier type of phototube. The resultant energy is integrated; by a parallel capacitor-resistor
combination and "counted” by the ‘firing of a thyratron. 1 The Counts are recorded by a mechanical
counter activated fey the thyratron. . ¦ ' Data have been obtained and graphed to show the relative
intensity of the radiation, at different hours of the day and during different days over an extended
period of- ,time. Data will fee obtained for days at different times of the- year. „ ,
sm & W fflT of Tm VASimoia m the reiceftion of m tm
W aA «?I0W HAbIAtlOH AT THE EABTH’S SURFACE
. HAiWAHm u m m m i
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to W SrMUaie Odmmltiee
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. for'the degree'e i '';
Saetw of Seleaee Ih Iagineeriagi PByeieo
At
y'
.Montana State Odliege'.;
Approved:;
mm*, Armn&i/e. bivielon
$ w # a n , KoaiAna
June# it94§
2 -
table
or coMmirs
ABSTKACT
Pege 3
PURPOSE QF THESIS
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PREVIOUS KEASUHEUbNTS
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SE1L»CTI0N OF PiiffFOTUBK
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PROBLEii OF AMPLIFICATION
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CUKtoSiT INTkGRATliiG CIRCUIT
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DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF COMPLETE APPARATUS
13
RESULTS
17
FIGURES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
27
UTmTUtoS CITKB AND SONSULTED
28
898
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iMesasity of the -u ltra-violet eomponeat of the Btiii 'a radiation as the I a t'
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te r i g ineident to the earth''S.surfaced
Poultry' r a iser s are interested: ia u ltr a -v io le t radiation.' ' This ra-/
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diatioa i s e sse n tia l t o 'th& ypm dm U w of vitW in-D fey ehieiEeai-,
without '
an adequate supply of the vitamin, the Shioken^ i s Uaafelo to produce '$at‘*
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W W o y y eggs.
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The egg# have (r a g ile and porous ahelle and ^ a unde^. -
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' AvStudy o f the- amount o f u lt r a -v io le t’radiation received at the
eart^'-s- sarfaoe-'.'wili efeabie th e 'poultry reiser;to-h otter' reguiat#. the
m #ptW at*fy, yefe'dihg' W -ifrhdi&tlfen'of
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■ -•W r a ^ if e le t 'wergy 1®. donverted %W;e ld e tW a l iOiiergyv |h:>n-p$^dWda-m ultip lier type of phototube.' The resultant energy is- ihtegr&ted'i- by:;#. ' •
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parallel, oapaeltor^ reslstor
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thyratron, vThe" OoUhts are. recorded fey h' W ehanieal oounter activated fey -
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Bat&,-hw,r W#" .ofetdined -md graphed, M *ba* the;' r ela tiv e , In tea h ity o f -
the radiation, a t .different' honrs-of ;the- day .and .daring;d i f 'Idreht^-Uaysvotor
an. extended period-of tim e. . -Bath # 1 1 .fee; obtained; for days' At- .Mf#*%##times, o f the-year*. • .- =.:
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Tho §i’obleri %g th& megiweaesii 9l '#be
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W^iww .mw "tWAiAAk#^
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mae&By*' WeGHgo ef 4&g ''W8&*#& ef g e ^ g y ma&egre &&# a Ggeeee of t&o
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WoGksgb' wWM'Ssg M fm&ng*®* ggSms* eSw # $ # $ th a t %W IWk
*&GwtFibHtSRS feWor' be *%S^
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to s t pe@r W:Ghebi#$y* Iku *#<#&# Qgg
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' Vi%Wn*# Sb waew&wy f w a ^yupw wwwgWK uf tbo W lu i# fed to
Sbo GbloW Se 6 ***B m&teb&@ fo r egg t&fo&k WWdt&ob. i f *be vltaad*
&e xiut fw tb u u i^ # , the o w b a a #% t Wb SW buaub ef tbo QdLBwSpidlu #@uod*
#*y+ TAte***' # # W v ltw sb lu 'd W * W W t '# - W f W o #
IWbo -# 0&oiK& aW eW fe Wos b&v* W c r iuad WbW # Wfope W WdGGtSw
908 Bo. p o w W , W m g ^ W # IMS be** GoaSog fpo* W w FOB#* fuudlBg l a
# o 1011 W o miflGSeat otumd
# * W w u w n m l egge-fu* w*»
orai WMW@S#G# w y uu8uld0F*blo. fbodlbg of vlWxla**
- % * gubltxy psloup 1@+a f buapau* WupuotGd I* eoLWidlisW * W ffi^
U lw t Wpply of tbu
# bio GbSebwu all), duricg $b@ l*yi*g.'.uwm
ow« Ho # W # t * to do tb lo ^ too #uu*a« Oao i a %o foedScg #f Wpplu^
w x ta i food*# obl&o the *uuo*d I* tbo ip podletlw of bio floub by altyg^
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v io le t Iwpo* bugboo* Payxio, w d I e to b w ^ fuwxd i* log# tbxxt lpFodlem
Mcm of OWiieetI bwo lnopooubd obeli,, aeiglii 44 g o w w *
4 # $ # at the
Koaiusfcy
S i^iioa■m& eostiueto^ yiitb ihroo
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ir e a te i a© foilo#s& ■ group X
aad; Pedei1ViBg cuBligfct through, ;t4a«
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tiot? glaooi group S eOBfiaed and irra d ia te s to t 30 minuteg daily # group 3 ■
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allow d fro© raagOo Tfco oiudy oho-aed th a t the th ird group hod th e hoav*
ie e t #©11# a t a l l tlw h r°«
Buiaorouo other re@oa#he8 have ohom ih e i
ofcpoGUpo to Otialight' i s th e moBi bohoflel&l* .
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' Tfco efflom y oi the W slight Io dipeetly:'pPopoptionol' to the ataouat
of ultp& *viol6t' OBGpgy ppbobht* Tfco afctiPaohitia W
ppoduoiiig
offooto of OWlight mrcs # 0 # fey GdfelQhth^ to IiQ eatiro ly feolpo BlfeQ .•
fcagstrom miitdo
UitforWBaioly, tho quamilty of u ltra -v io le t ofcopgy^ fs lld
to -a minimum -Qurisg' tho long ■Qimtep -Iayimg' s o a s # » ThiQ i f .duplhg;';ifc$ooBifco ohefc the m ti i s io'Q in She QoutfcQpB sky # d makea i t s appoaraBdo
for ofcly Qigfci or iofc hours 6 day* The Iaoreaoed atsaspherie path fop;, tho pay# ifcpifcg t h i s time greatly doeroaBea the ultrapyiolO t Worgy ro» , _
OQivod a t the earth'd Qurfad 0 « i s the QtifctQ' blovfction. desreasefe the-ul»
tra -v io le t ia to sslty r a i l ovomtually 1PQaefc & level feels© © hi# # is-se t
adotmiQ to AslfcifclB tho produetiofc of suffioiemi vitamin-fc oiifciu the , ,
ohiekofco ,.Them mpplmofctfcl foeiiag sfcd l r p a # # l w au ai■fee■pfcaetieod*; .
Tfco lofcg ,Wafcgo program of th is poooapeb i s to fiad th e time of year
mi Qfciefc the u ltra -v io le t Qaergy peeo&tioa■f a lls feels© th is aoeassary
ninimmo This teotrleig©. mould ■resu lt Sm saviags to the poultry PBiQer •
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through bettor m& more ooofcomle&l produetioBa The regearoh © ill also
dotomlfco tho time Ifc the Qprifcg ©hem the oorroetivo measures of feedingand irrad iatio n may be iermiaoted.*
In, order to
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tho
re c a p tto a 1% i k e .ta tf a * v io ld t ■range.6
made of a ^kkto-Olwtrio tube oottsit’ivk in th is regida,..; Th# out' ' ; •M1■;. V-' v, '.■. ‘v •■■ . v' ■-! ■ ■ :Z , -■• .
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d ire d tly .proportional to' the.: In tw s ity o f ,th e lig h t5o Thms thOviihototuhe’s otttput current-srill be d irectly .proportional to the..intensity of
the Ultra-^tiolet ootiponehts-of' the su n 's r%di#loht' This- current;'.oould
be uejkt through &. rw brd$% # # # # and’ ik e .arhi-.-uudw th e 're s u ltaht-. •
curve, intograted (p lWirspterdd) t o ,give an .inaieatioh o f. th e . mwn-is ■of
energy, received during,-a period of t W f ,.To: eliminate;.the. trouble' of
Wegruting*'. # circuit:':Md' d w i# d to w e o % li# -this, purpos'#'. '.T hihulromit gives a " c o u n t" th e firin g of a thyru.tron'* every, time a fix ed .quan­
t i t y of charge i s .delivered from ,the phototube« These counts a re 're ­
corded by & relay •circuit*,' 'We; number of counts.per hour d r per'day i s
then proportional to the energy received during th at time* .The value of
the proportionality 'factor was m i '''determined; .dUrihg. tW.worM; covered' by
th is th e sis-
S ll data''are l e f t !in'the proportional, form ana'-thus show
the re la tiv e ambunta of radiation received # different times*
Graph# are presented th a t pho* the variations of the u ltra-v io let
energy' received during d ifferen t hours--of the day and during different
days* This work w ill be extended .-later u n til ,a complete picture of the
seasonal 'variation den be given and used to "advise the poultryman as- to .
the, time's to begin and to end the .supplemental feedings- of vitamin*#.
. I* ^34# W1^ % GoW+mta m i 1» Steii^ ^WdLghed' a 4w#^jptlqa oi s ■
pop'SciMo liltte-y id lst iatoaeitsr fflsiier? BiO coastresctioa of thai-f .apgar*Q&uo m e GOQplicaSGd by tha BGooaaity M eoettriBg' nearly idm tle& l tGbsa
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s#lM^oy« fW" oatppt frog t^e m pllfloy
mo lad iatd a mie^e*amotor« ' Tbwe tbo IaotrWoat gam a reading peepae*
tlo sa l Sb tho isit.oBaiiy #f >adiaiiea foeolyad Bat Bad no proylolop £:er
iategroSSag # o oawgl m eaim ia '
■ @p- % %ow%& # d
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Ortids 6 OerKiRg %' Piiorto Bicep ddrotapod a-re*
GOrdori in 1938= TBey aaod a e ir m li #iBS$ar; # maay redp.eeto ^o tBat dd>
Oeribdd Itctor Im SMg- paper*
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■ In Mi&t Wf f* OobltiBto m i Iu J* Oaowm^ mrltod on the relation
BotWGB u ltm -yiolet lata&Bity dad # o Moiegleal reaposse= Thlomrk,.
ao m i l as. that of the flr o t paragraph abqyo:, .m-a performed at the. Bus>
$ m el Stedarda-. In Wqhiagte*, %, 0»,
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Tho prpeoSiag Qeaaarmeato of rad la tloss' IB tm aItioo are met appli*
eablo to Kpataaa* I t i s aeeooaary to Md th at oboOrratloas m&Ao- a t any
p a r t t e l M .plaeo # th is otato oM l Imyo- M ttlo r a t e olecm oro, la aaph
a largo &roa. Of the seay W tora- th a t &m iafluoaeo the ra te of wltra*
v io le t rceoptioiu, im tr ill be oopooially aetlooabie here*. &e the lntea** .
city f a lls off •o lth increase -In the length, el-th e path through Shei-Stee^.
Phere6 both th e a ltitu d e and. the latitude, of the statio n a t ehloh the
readings a re taken aaet be -eonsMorOd* Re the altitu d e i s increased the
distance the lig h t must tra v e l through a ir I s decreased and the Intensity
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fho f i r s t problem iaet i» eoiistrueiing
iw& rm eat to meatitWe tho
re la tiv e i@iona£titi@. &f a ltra ^ rlo ie i rsiiatioii: ^ae th a t
tker
appo&rowee of the a ltra -r io le t lig h t ao oaly % bm&ll portloa of the
oya’e to ta l rW iatiaa*
the integrated radiation of wave lengths' lose
than SlSS Angstrois "units i s M ly about tS p arts in 100*006 of the. 'to ta l
solar i a t M sity « qtaordlmg to W* % Oohleats^0 ' SlSS Angstroa unite i s
awsiderod the long nave- end of aaiim chlti© notion»
Figure I ohewe O graph "by 9* if* ObblMtS2- giving the relatio n bb*.'
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tween the an tiraeM tie response and the incident radiation<> _the antira*
ohltlc response i s the tronoforaing of unaetit/ate i U^dehydroeholooterol into Vitaain^bg» the fora beet used by the Ohiefeen0 'AU inspbetlon of tW
graph Dhews the haSsiiW response a t S$SD Ingstroas0 ' The/phototube solooted, the E0A IFSS,. has a aasisua a t 3400 Attgffbpmo and a response of
eighty-eight percent of aaairaua a t 89SG Aegetroae^a 0 (Figure $.?) ■th is
tubo @0066 the closest of a l l tu b es'investigated to having' its ' pmsima
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response coincide with theaaniaum M tira e h itie response,,
A disadvantage to th e use of the IPSS i s i t s roepoaos to v isib le
lig h ts
A lig h t filte r* qentrnl S b iw tif it Oompany ho* B7308A, w
bb#
tained t# remove a l l radiations above 4100 Angstroms, AQ th is worls Io,
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carried, forward mi attempt w ill be made to obtain a f i l t e r with a lower
upper c u t-o ff« The dashed v e rtic a l lin e on F igure's shews the upper
lim it of wave length passed by the f I l t e r 0
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WBLBB 0# Am&ima&grm
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deeond
i^esf^Sea i s costrs^ting the energy i s sltra-violet;
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light- into m e l e # # # s s n # # ' ww that of mrtplifieatios^./ fm re la tiv e ly
' few photons in the sunss> radiation possessing m m lengths' Selow 4100
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# r w s w ill lih e rs te &■eorresponciisgly few photo^eleetrosa from the photo#
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' sensitive .mrfaee^/-. these, few electrons w ill eehei&thhevei' e lw w ie enr#
re n t o f the order of Io^8 amperes=
$he esrrent would he. W ifie u lt to
record, on % commercial ammeter* the operation of a counting circ u it, to
be described later?- would en ta il even greater aiff$ en h tiS > llnce? the
,■feeble current1must be amplified* _
. Amplification by .conventional OleetfbslC amplifiers,whs- doomed Imh,. •
practical because, o f the number of stages, required* formally* .as empti*
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flectio n facto r o r -a1few hundred 1C--considered .good* . fhe .achievement of
I ia e W ty 1%. & # r W of
1#
to 4 # # * *
lin e a rity i s
■..absolutely necessary.if the output current is. to be d irec tly proportional
to the f i r s t power o f the lig h t intensity*
Ihe Sbovementienes, d if fic u ltie s were, etercemt by the use of an BOA
1280 phototube* % !a tube is- an example- of the e le c tro sta tic electron
m u ltip lier discussed on page SG of the book Applied Siectroniesw by the
s ie c tr ic a i ihglneering
of
Mib £&& # # consists of a
CatMde3 'nine, dynodes* and an anode*. .
Ihe photo#elec3trons lib erated by the. u ltr a v io le t lig h t are' aoceler' 1
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’S t # by an e le c tric fie ld between the cathode and the f i r s t synod©* then
the electron strik e s the dynode* secondary emission occurs. .Ihe amount
of aeeonfiafy -Wtission^ i s & func-iios- of- the snergf of ■ .striking eleo*tfon#.
Isy M& slestee-n willupon # # 4 ifW >
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■ m # is PQt-OBtsiaX WfcwQti the two eifceetrMeso fh©: liberated seeotidefy
-electfoas then psoeeea to the seooiiS dynode whose potential i s Btaititalnea
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shove th at of the fife#*
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Seeraadafy emission #g#im takes:
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with a Mul-
tip lie a tio n of the Btmheti o f electrons In. the Streara* fills continues at
each ©f the nine dyhoaea o f the tube,
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fhe resultant stresm may contain
#ore than one hundred thousand times the number of electrons freed a t the
cathode*
The overall voltage maintained across the tube m s @86 volts=
th is -gives @8 'to lts per dynoSe and an estimated am plification of the
photo-electric current of loo times*
When the energy content of the incident lig h t r is e s to a high value
(sumer months) the output -current ©f the tube would r is e to a relativ ely
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high value* Shis would bay# two disadvantages* the .firs t is the $ # # # #
Ive drain on the tube-* fhe second i s a too rapid counting rate*
W lat»
te r would lead to- overheating o f elements in the counting ana recording-'
c irc u its a s well as confusion in recording the number of counts* $b# re COrdeti has a maximum Count o f ten thousand* Io reduce the sine Cf the
output current #. calibrated shutter was placed in fro n t o f the tube*;
problem to Ibo giblirod -wa.B t #
'#'- # ei^ouit
xsopabie o i integratdng the eurreat £ttm the .phototube to give the z?el~
: ■
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stiv e energies received buying S ifioreht perioSe* Thih i@ the countingcineti.it.* , # - e w # h te ' e f t h # e eoapen#t#s' -a. eendeBeor>;; O' heeihtor, enS.
# thyra.tron4
m shorn in. Sgur.e. $«
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As the eleetfb'nh flow from the plate of the phototube they have two
paths e# return to the power supply* one path4 that
SSs, presents
'-.Vi-."
-a Very high resistemoe* Consequently., they w ill f i r s t #1#. onto the.
OOhSehsefi CS* fhih w ill e e ts till# a p o ten tial difference between the
PiatSSjs making the upper positive m i the lower negative* M th is po#'ten ttal siffepehoe increase^, more electrons w ill he forces to select .
N
the re s is to r -path* This increasing current .will make the- upper end of .
the resistor- become more positive with respect to the lower end.,- Thus
the negative' i$fjr volt bias #f the th y rstro r grid hecmw less*
-Soon, the
bias becomes: small -enough th a t the 11# volt A* 6*. voltage -on th e plat's
f ir e s the tube, producing a- *@@u&t** Sie- tube i s turned o ff by the neg*
stiv e swing of W hlternsting- currents # s condenser i s discharged ^
before the plate i s again brought to 116 v o lts positive* iThls- preventscontinuous firin g of the, tube* The c irc u it i s sow- ready to ®count" the
;
' current from the phototube again#.
Ehe ra te a t -which counts occur was regulated by the selection ofthe sines of the capacitor#,, the resistor# aM the fife d grid bias*. The
values o f these are given later#
'wl0*
%&###*#&# A#D
OF
ABRKWa&e
'•We $omt- ■pax^pl^ for- th e ^ lrm fte . of the i»strm e»t I* @ho-M 'In ,$$g*
W© #* Incoming HO trclt A* $* f s fW into three W-mche-A* On# .% #.#
goes to S e thymfron entfeoao aM the relay colic. Its purpose there w ill
'h# discussed under the counter and relay'circuits*
ea .&# n&.th#
The other two branch-
og # p e w and a .filament
..fhe filament 'tranafbfmef supplies: S00 volt A, 0. to the h eater of
the r e c tif ie r tube, @%B -89% In th e ' power supply and 6 volt a » -0> to the
■heater of the fhyf#rdn in the-counter circu ite
-
1 ■. ■
out put le f the power tran sf errer, a t 91$ v o lts At 'O^ is- re c ti"
.fled by the
tube* F ilterin g o f .ripple i s done by the inductance*#*'
§ae iter cemhlmti#^ The -napaciter^
and ISOO v o lts.
has %.rating o f f mihro^farads
The output from the f i l t e r gees to the phototube # t 500
r o i t s % S* •
-
' -
"
-. figure I slWs- the d etails of the phototube circuit* 1'%$- lneotoing ■
.
■B0O w i t s from the power supply I e dropped t o ' BSo- volts by BI and #8
which to ta l %$$#,-dhtos% ' This was done -In order to prevent te e heavy a
drain os the tube*- She AlneSwodes and the plate- of the- tube are main*
ta ise d at successively .higher potentials hy means of the bleeder reals*
•tWfe,
This re si# a # % - consisting of ten -equal' parts#,
10%.0#$' ChtoS^
The upper- end Ipositive) of the bleeder was grounded as i s customary In
c irc u its of th is t-yps^*
-
!
Ths counter olrouit,. shown in .-figure b,- .uses a grounded ,grid*: PB isA SI toicro*fa-rad .CondeAser'* B0 i s 0$ megohms. The S8| v o lt B battery
$6* gpM o f the tbyratyoa &
Sdbews @&&. h@K& .$&* W e &a t&$
*@#f* cmw&Lt&pa* A# # # e o a t b o l l # a# 1# RB*, t&l* Mea Ie amsOkseiaa tm til
t&e tobe "f&pea** %%&vo&G A* 0* Ie y&eeea c# # e glate W the %%yce&#ee
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# f @ @ee@&&* $be W% *&#% 1% $# $# *
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She fe le y eiyoulta are .ahoxm in ?l^upe 4* # e eurreut th a t la al»
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BWn the am ature of the reoorder eevea f o r w d a#6 oompletae the
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■Figure- B shows the: re la tiv e in te n s itie s o f . the. received ,Ultravviolet
radiation throughout the day of Apeii ■IBr . $$4?:»- M in e.W e ih., ty^ieai. of
.
‘
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>.,
the. date reeeiyed oa -ah awrage- day^ . :fhe- shape -eheutdL, ih -g eiw al, rev
semble that of & m t m i d istrib u tio n eurva with the apex # high 'nooru
-©is, values .Iiare3 however, are a H t t l e lees in the afterroon; # m at a
OorrsephhdW hot# 1# the forenooh*
w rh lrg W&c8 -t&$- sky was
very olear and th e values obtained should, he ty p ical for-' t.M.s tim of ■
year.- By ow o Hlocfc i s the afternoon thundeffceais were- hoginhlng to
font .-.on the seutherzi end western horizons^. -IWe obunto .during the after^
moon were .probably decreased by the presence o f oonoidwable ,aoieture in
the. a ir .
During the la te aftemoom, from three o’clock o% l i g h t , scat-?
taped,clouds occasionally passed-before .the sun,
. Mgwp B- i s f o r the d atf taken m - the ,following deyyrSprSl 1%- : the •
in ten sity # elght-rthirty, k* m* i s approximately fifty , .percent less that
a t the some time on th e eighteenth.
Such a decided drop i s in ten sity -
might be caused by am increase in th e absolute humidity,
fhe rapid in -
crease in clouds during the next three hours would tend to. hear th is eat,*
. The great decrease ocourlng immediately .after noon coincided' with the
presence of a heavy overcast* .By one &* U* the sun’ e position in the sky
#onld'''Ubt he-determined'by-the eye* iycaa three to four B*.
cleared*
' #e,'sfcy.--
heading's’a f te r four p», 1», were taken while th e sky was .nearly
cloudless, and compare well with typical readings,
figure- IO shows the .relativ e in te n sitie s’.-on various days- of March
A p r il daring '104-8»
e. -runs were taken on th e Sayh IhSieated at-
th re e o ’clock in th e afternoon*
Dashed portions: of, the graph indicate,
periods 'whentbs equipment was not ■in operation due to r e p a ir s o r to
.
' f::
ra in y weather .whieh. prohih'ited -exposure o f th e - p h o to ^ c e lli"'1Ehe graph
'shows the g radual seasonal- in crease in counts with th e 'in cre ase in the
ShafrS SleTatlon*:
Between March 26 and A pril 4 two cycle's ,can be seen
th a t coincided w ell w ith two w eather c y cles a t the same tik e s .' • The
"lows* occurred on, o f ju s t p rio r to , days o f he ary clouds*
The "high"
came on c le a r days*
Dn A p ril 15 another such cy cle began' th a t coincided
■v : ‘
■w ith a perio d o f cloudy weather*:
A co n sid eratio n o f th e f a c ts presented in , th e preceeding paragraphs
le a d s to the suggestion th a t the instrum ent might' have another u se.
The
read in g s taken over th e period A p ril 2 t o 4 ind icate, th a t i t might "be- .
used to measure th e t o t a l m oisture content o f th e a i r between th e o b se rw
Ing s ta tio n and th e sun*
A p ril 2 and S- were days o f equal b rig h tn e ss and clearness, as nearly
a s could, he determined by th e unaided eye ^ Howevery the. second of th e se
• two days .gave -a reading four counts -pef' minute l e s s than th e f i r s t *
By
A p ril 4 a s lig h t habe was. apparent In . the .sky* . A pril '5 was -he. storm y
th a t th e apparatus could not be s a fe ly placed outside.*
The sky was en­
t i r e l y covered w ith heavy clouds;
However*: such fa c to rs a s .barom etric ■pressure, smoke*, and p o ssib le
• s o la r d istu rb an ces (sun sp o ts) would cause v a ria tio n s and would have to
be taken in to consideration;
I t might be -{possible to e s ta b lis h a r e l a -
-iff* ' -'
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260
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i/a v e L e n g th i n m i l l i - m i c r o n s
F ig u r e I .
R e l a t i o n b e tw e e n a n t i r a c h i t i c
re sp o n se
a n d w av e l e n g t h o f l i g h t .
300
400
500
Wave L e n g th i n m i l l i - m i c r o n s
F ig u re 2 .
R e la tiv e
s e n s itiv ity
w ave l e n g t h s .
o f 1P 28 t o d i f f e r e n t
T he d a s h e d l i n e
o f f fo r th e f i l t e r
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HO v
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To t h y r a t r o n h e a t e r
To t h y r a t r o n c a t h o d e
To r e l a y c o i l
F ig u r e 3 .
Pow er s u p p ly c i r c u i t
To c o u n t e r
From p o w e r s u p p l y
C a th o d e
L ig h t
F ig u r e 4 .
P h o to tu b e c i r c u i t
Erom r e l a y
c o n ta c t I
Erom t o p o f b l e e d e r
re s is ta n c e
To r e l a y c o i l
T h y ra tr o n
2051
Erom a n o d e o f
p h o to tu b e
"*
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To r e l a y c o i l
AC
Erom f i l a m e n t
T ra n sfo rm e r
F ig u r e 5
From p l a t e o f
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C o u n te r c i r c u i t
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F ig u r e 6 .
R e la y c i r c u i t s
L ig h t
S h o rtin g
C irc u it
P h o to tu b e
AC,
R e la y
C o u n te r
H o ld in g
C irc u it
P ow er
S u p p ly
R eco rd er
S h o rtin g
C irc u it
F ila m e n t
S u p p ly
F ig u r e 7 .
B lo c k d i a g r a m o f co m p o n en t c i r c u i t s .
A rro w s i n d i c a t e d i r e c t i o n o f a c t i o n
b e tw e e n t h e p a r t s
—24 •
o 10
T im e
F ig u r e 8 .
R e l a t i v e U l t r a - V i o l e t R a d i a t i o n I n t e n s i t i e s v s . Time
A p ril 18,
1949
I
8
10
12
Tim e
AM
F ig u r e 9 .
R e l a t i v e U l t r a - V i o l e t R a d i a t i o n I n t e n s i t i e s v s . Tim e
A p ril 19,
1949
-
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o 10
25
SO
M a rc h
F ig u r e 1 0 .
I
5
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A p ril
13
17
R e l a t i v e I n t e n s i t i e s a t 3 : 0 0 P . M. d u r i n g
M a rc h a n d ^ p r i l ,
1945
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MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
N378
K96m
c o p . 2________________ ____ _____________
author
K a ts m a n ,N a th a n ie l
M e a s u re m e n t o f t h e V a r i a t i o n s
I n t h e R e c e p t i o n o f s o l a r . . . . __
title
DATE DUE
/ya'? %
I