The effect of Fomes igniarius on Populus tremuloides in the Gallatin National Forest of Montana
by Marvin F Kelly
A THESIS submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master Science in Botany
Montana State University
© Copyright by Marvin F Kelly (1941)
Abstract:
A survey was made of the Gallatin National Forest of Montana showng the distribution of Fomos
igniarius (L.) Fries, on Populus tremuloides Niehx. This survey also Included the distribution of
Populus tremuloides In this forest. Special reference is made to the possible predisposing factors of
infection, ecological distribution of the fungus, and the severity of attacks. Effect of game as causing
wounds In the host which nay provide possible points of etrace of the fungus were carefully
considered.
Stages of decay are defined. Isolation and growth characteristics of the fungus In pure cultures ere
outlined. It Is shown that the fungus is found throughout the entire Gallatin National Forest end Is
causing the heaviest damage In the more moist areas of the stand.
Evidence is presented showing that Populus tremuloides Is increasing In the Gallatin National Forest of
Montana. HDi KHFKCT OF FOMw DSKlARXUa
Oil IOFUUUj
IH m E GALLATIN TtACcUAL FOJfriiT Oflf MONTANA
. . -: : j'.
-Li ’■
A H iB ila
auW Lttod t o th e Graduate Coraaittoo
In
p a r t ia l f u l f i l m e n t o f tiio r e u ir o m n te
f o r th e do, ,too o f
I ,net or J e io n c e In Botany
at
!Montana Gtnto CoHaeo
Approvtxli
Th C h a ste o f
a ja r
o rk
Bomraan , ' ontnnu.
J u n o , 1941
N 3 lt
co m m
C u n t m t e ------- — ----------------------------------------------- — —
Ab^itJPset —■ —— -■■
2
""-p—
3
In trod u ction —------ -------------- —---- — ---- ______----------4
XHe Host
5
W aum eleture o f th e Fcutius ——— ------ ---- ----------------
6
H istory o f th e Lilaooao _______-------- ______---- ______
Q
iaurcOG o f ? a t o r le l ________----------- — ------_________ i o
Groas Anotory o f
i; ;n ln riu a _________________ 12
Stivtea o f Jooay ______________ ___________—-----
13
lic s te _______________________— — --------------------------- 16
I i i a t o l e l c a l Jtu d ieo _______--------- ---------- —_____— 17
C ultural Utiaraotea*la tlo o _________________________ 21
Production o f ’ e th y l J a lic y la t e Odor In (Xilture — 22
Jpoiti Froduetion —------- --------------------------- —----------- 23
General D is c u a a io n -------------- --------________—- ______ ;*>
S3
ikennary
C onclusion ___________________---- _________________ 33
H te r a tu r e Citod __
D escrip tio n o f
P lo to a
_ ■■■■«
34
lfitoa _____—
..
.
.
,
JC - 37
i
6 6 1 1?
.
.
_________ 30 — 46
-3 -
A sim roy was iaads o f t)to G a lla tin M ational F o rest o f Montana Shewing
the d is tr ib u tio n o f Fa o s I rnlorlua (L«) F r ie s , on Populua tr tr iiil oideo
!iIohx .
This su rvey a l s o lncludod tJio d is tr ib u tio n o f lop u lu s trornuloldoa
in t h i s f o r e s t .
J p o c ia l r e fe r e n c e i s made to t i» p o s s ib le prodiaposlng
fa c t o r s o f ln f o e t i on, Oeoloi l e a l d is t r ib u t io n o f th e fu n gu s, and th e so v o rI ty o f a tta c k s .
E ffect o f gaao os cau sin g wounds in th e h o st which m y
provide p o s s ib le ixiin ta o f entrance o f Ute f unf'us ware c a r e fu lly co n sid ered .
Jtt os at' decay are d e fin e d .
I s o ln t i on rod growth oilaract<irist i e s o f
th e funrpas in pure c u ltu r e s a r e o u tlin e d .
I t i s shown th a t th e fu n g u s i s
found tforou^jhaut t i e e n t ir e G a lla tin N ation al F o rest and i s cau sin g the
h e a v ie st damage in th e moro a o i s t areas o f th e s ta n d .
Evidence is prosented allowing th a t lo p u lu s tranu loidoa i s in crea sin g
in tli© G a lla tin N a tio n a l F o rest o f Fontana.
IiffSBOIOTlOIS
The grtoaxy obJ s e tiv o o f t h i s stud^r s a s to d eterMrus th e d is tr ib u tio n
o f . '3D8 I 'alagiufl (L») F r io a ., on
a t in l a t i o m l f o r e s t o f I onto r e .
(igulua tra a n lo ld o o 'Ichxe in ti-.e O a ll-
^ iia e ia i rofooonce i s m d e t o th e e c o lo ­
g i e s ! a s p e c t o f th e sta n d s o f Copulas trom uloldoe. th e ir d is tr ib u tio n and
aovoplty o f I n fo c tio n e
open, o r poplar (Poouiaa trcamtloidee T id ix e ) , because o f i t s e id o
d is t r ib u t io n , can b e considered one o f th e most Important tr e e e p o d o o .
A ltho u f hard foods o il/f in a lly occupied a la r g e p o rtitm o f th e la n d , a
com paratively sm a ll p a r t was in napcm.
a® an has been c o ra ta n tly Incroaainfj:*
Jue t o th e demand fo r hardwood the
In
lnn oaota i t i s enti* .ated th a t
SO per cen t o f th e t o t a l f o r e s t area o f th e northern h a lf o f th e s t a t e , o r
1C, 0C,( - ; acres i s now in aspen.
Aspen vd .ll th e r e fo r e be a very important
tr e e in any attem pt a t sy stem a tic Imnat^xwxxt o f f o r e s t Itmdse
n fo r tu n a te ly , thoro i s a p r e ju d ic e a g a in s t tlie use o f asp on wood,
even f o r purposes fo r vriilch I t i s s e l l s u i t e d .
TMs p r e ju d ic e i s la r g e ly
due to i t s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o "white h e a r t-r o t" o r " falao-tlrw lrr•*, r o o u ltin ,
a r u le , in la rg o l o u s e s , e s p e c ia lly In oltUx* tr o o s .
Tlixe
o n r t- io t i s
caused by th e i/y c o lia o f Fonus I r.Ia riu a (L») F r ie s .
I t i s Im portant, th e r e fo r e , th a t s i l v i c u l t u r a l p r a c tic e s and r e thoda
o f m niv:Qiaent fo r th e se sta n d s be m rked o u t whiefi w i l l reduce th e lo o s e s
from decay to a taininssiU
-S -
TJCB HDST
Ixypnlua tr^ m lcd d o a , J1I o hnu or aspen l a tie boat known anti most o xton ai-roly d is tr ib u te d sp o o l as c f populua, belt# con on Ir o n the A tlanti c t o
tiie
n c lf I c ,=OOitna, and fr o n Orinada to
e.-dct=.
( P i. I ) .
'3to t r e e I s
com p lo t oualy w M tla h , anooth, s t r a ig h t tjv i* e d , turtd has s n a i l trombli ng
le a v e s w hich d t ls t lr ^ a l* I t f r o s l t e a s s o c ia t e s .
Tbs t r e e mgr grow from
60 to BO f e e t h ig h , and frcm 14 to SC I nohoe In dieenetar; tsoro oca n on ly
from 30 to 40 f e e t b l # , and 8 to 12 in ch es through.
!iQpulua traaaaloldea
i s used fo r lumber, box shook, alack eo<3pem,;o, o x c e ls lo r , i^apcr pulp and
r a ilr o a d t i e s , b e sid e s cerd wood end othwr a n il I useu such as lo c a l
m ln iir tin b tira.
A ccordin' to
Inalow (1941) i t i s a lso used fo r sh ip p in g
war car o e a , ea p o d a lly boribs beoauso lo s e lutabcr, lo s s wol h t , and l e s s
sp ace e r e r o ru lro d , and i t absorbs shock and i s cheaper then o th er
c o n ta in e r s .
vhen tit le wood i s tr e a te d with a p r e e e r v a tiv o I t sorvoa very troll a s
r a ilr o a d t i e s .
Tho r e o H oney o f th e wood makm* i t absorb shook e a s i l y ,
bon h ea lth y th e wood a ls o hno a p le a sin g c o lo r fo r b o x es, Io ig f ib e r s
and l i t t l e r e e l n which makes i t v a lu a b le f o r paper pulp tmd o x c e ls lo r .
Hspid i'rowtl' o f t h i s s p e d OS iaakes i t very v a lu a b le fo r theme p u n io ees,
reducing th e amount o f Invoatmont and y ie ld in g a M ggar retu rn in a
sh o rter tim e .
iioolo i c o l l y
opulus trmni l o l doe I s u su a lly r e ardod us taypcrary, b u t
f r o u o n t f lr o a te n d to m t o i t more m a r ly permanent,
in i t s con
oat o f
b o tts r s o i l s tiro aspen has be n m a te r ia lly a a sie to d through m w lee and
u n ro-u lated c u t t i p : , and tJiroujjh flxe In ju d ic io u s u se c f f i r e .
-O -
ObvlfMiHly then, vhothor or not the aoepag* now in ««$.«« w i l l lncroaao
or uoeroitso In t h e fu tu r e deportdo la r a e ly on Iite p r o te c tio n from f i r e which
th o se arena r e e e iv o , and upon the a llv lc u lt u r a l Emthods employed to con vert
aspen sta n d s to th o se o f no re valuab le e- oci o s .
In c e r ta in r e -lotas, and on lim ite d a rea s t h i s m nveraltm i s tokln.'
p in es n a tu r a lly , b u t lb tu r e f IrtMi and unwise c u ttin g EiatiiOde too o n o lly
UEttio n a tu r e's o ff e r to in t h i s d ir e c t io n .
msmsauamm oy ism wima
foinas Iy^lnitIua ( L .) F r l o s ., i s a p a r o a la l elyporaooouo Im sldltK yeote
which m s MiaeA by L im ea a s and l e t e r renamed mid recJU issifiod by F r ie s .
The foams vary co n sid era b ly depending on th e lio ste
Th* t y p ic a l form os
diiecxibeu by Ovurholta (1915) l a th e ono to iftdeh th e author he# refta-en ee.
Lloyd (ISCii) s a id , "The f a c t tim t th ere a re two very d e f i n i t e p la n ts r e f erred t o by d lffo r e n t b o ta n is ts la not g e n e r a lly a p p re e la to d .
hha o ld
tubes o f ra.Ao lg n ia r lu s have a de;X>slt (1 1 m , I prttottms) which shoes
p la in ly i s a s e c t io n .
Iod o , in books."
% la p o in t has n ever been m entioned, to my Imoe-
Lloyd (1919) aoya fa r th e r ti n t no <xs<neoar fun;ua grows,
y o t every w r ite r had h is own id ea f o r a name, no two o f them were a lik e .
Thus tiiey w rote "Linnoaua" a fte r Fonoa ig n ia r lu a altlto^ ;h i t Ie itoubtfhl
i f anyone Jcnow what ha deaf ,pouted,
Lim txius probably did n o t know M n tself.
o t much can be to ld from M a vogue d ia c r ip t io n .
\coordl% t o IJLoyd (IBCO),
" V ella un bon speed.meet, e t o*emt bion l a mama p ir a te q ie c e l l s qui f a t
connuo do FrIos coaao ig n ia r iu s .
Je c r o is
u o l a p lu p art ties Mycologuos
franq aia aont dans I* orrear ea e e <91 ! ooncarne l a p la n ts Pti1I l a a p p ella n t
I n la r lu a ."
-7 -
Ovorholtu (101 ) dofscrlbeo th e dlatiH C tl on betrroon t o toe lg n in r ln a
and t o £ o I, uiii'.rl-,,a var r.i, -rl oima.
Ho fu r th e r etn to u tim t fortju I n te r -
grade in t o the v a r ie ty to m ch an e x te n t tim t I l l u e t m t l one are hard to
r efer *
According to V erra ll (1936) a f t e r c a r e fu l m m xiaooplc nnd n ic m e o o p lc
exam ination o f many apoclmnne, and frm i m iltn r a l o h a r a c tc r lc tlo fi, i t a e tr e
tiia t th ree
roupu are rernmatmtod, v iz :
thoae from
Voplars nnd tiio se from othior troo s p e c ie s *
o t iila , Otoao from
There a r c , hoi-over, suoh I n te r -
rn d ation s o f ch aracters th a t many spociiaona cannot r e a d ily be c l a s s i f i e d
ns t o the boat on A ic h th ey j?ree.
i<m ffnan(19£9) e t s t e s t h a t , "in th e la r g e group o f iVtrgi, th e A garlcaeono, we r a ro ly fin d ty p es o f m y cemeo nmnco In cozm oetion w ith the
o ln a o io works o f lu r soon , m o s ,
u o lo t, and ot'.oim b e fo r e then."
ig w e o
wi tit out edo-ua ta d o so r lp tio n occu r in aintMcrtce.
U nfortusaitely one can ob tain vary l i t t l e accurate knowledge c f c e r ta in
S t n lCtures f m a tito se i l l u s t r a t i o n s .
tio n *
A ll one can g e t i s a sn-arnl concep­
a re th e fa t i r e demands con sid era tio n *
Are wo to
n e s on to oth er
g en eration s th e unending took o f p a ssin g judgoment on p io tu m a u n t il they
crumbIo in t o dust?
iM n m t s tu d e x ts o f th e Aflaries have a tta c k th e t Inhk-
Ieee Job o f tr y in g to put suoh s p e c ie s on a more c le a r o u t f o o t in .
lim y
have te d io u s ly ca^ iared th e I H u s t m t ions nnd d e s c r ip tio n s o f th e o ld
m e t e r s l i k e F r le o , Varsoon* end
u o lo t .
They have s o t h t f o r raid found
spocim r® in th e f i e l d s end f o r e s t to d a y , and have th en passed Jud gment <m
t) a ir I d a n tity .
Judj ament.
Conraom s o u s e , i t secsos to me, b id s ue to a ccep t t t e i r
-H Duo to th e e a a p le x ity o f taaono-dc triiaractera, end m n y v l o w aa p ro sen ted by variou s a u th o rs. I t a earns propor to a In p H fy tive nonoMela tu ro ,
f o i l w i n g KtBiffiragmt S (1926) paper os nr neon tod to the IntarnaMonriL Conrress
of
l.a it x;lano©.
KSxiref03*0 In th is stu d y th e author vd.ll u se th o none as
s ta r te d by Llrmoous, r o o lm s d fle d by F r ie s follow liiG tire ty p ic a l descrtpticm
aa
Ivan by U verholte (191b ).
ICCtZDOHY OF IMS DISSAtlK
Fotaao L p d ariu a prodaoea a d ls o o lo r a tio n o f tlte wood imd th e sporophcros
(fru ltiat': b o d ies) vary aocordlry.; to th e h o s t .
S w a ia o and shape vary from
.4 ,"it lnchoa M de and fou r Iuohes ti ld e t o very em ail b od loa.
I t s e e th o se
f n d t l n s bod los th a t f i r s t a ttr a c te d a tte n tio n o f th e Myoolo la ta in Uuropo .
In g e n e r a l, the d is tr ib u tio n o f the d It;ease may be
• orth
4F«orlctt
i t occurs In A laska, Baxter and
Iven a s fo lio s® ;
In
adcaorth (1939); In variou s
p a rts ttf Ctmada, D u ller (1931); and In th e fo ilo td iL ; Pla s e e accordiiv- to
.Jdireidc and .ipauldii^ (1 9 0 9 );
.>urln#B-i, B r o z il,
r s e s tlr m , end
Europe from sn^land t o
and S t a in .
In d ia .
I s la n d ),
In Jouth ,uaerloa i t Ims boon w llo c t o d in
a ta out a .
I t i s p rev a len t tim»u,;;hout
u a a ih , and from Krmdinavia and !In la n d to I t a ly
In A sia i t I s known from
I t a ls o occurs in fDamaania,
l b s r l a , Japan, th e IM H p p ln ea , m d
us Aral I n , Java, >ow
e a le n d , v j 'i m lt y
d o r m Ioanm9 and *outh A frlon*
I t i s to be noted th a t thane l o c a l i t i e s embrace the fo u r quarter a o f
th e w orld,
rtecaoeo o f th e lack o f knowledge o f th e n^rcolc l e a l f lo r a o f
vvony enuntrl e e , no ot«ter e n t can be Brde as to th e ocoi rcnoo o f t h is A;ngps
in tii
■9-
tfhero t h is f
iis OOOitrs cxtenalvoJy nliaoBt th e on tir o sta n d o f
opulus
t ro’/ulol doa Ls fr e q u e n tly found ao badly dnma^^l by th e rdtlt o h e a r t-r o t
os t o bo
r u s t i c a l l y n o r th lo so .
In c exist in nreas o f deciduous f oroet In
the AdlrtmdtiOka In th e J ta to o f Hew York, ns p o in ted o u t by
Chrenk and
-peuldlag (1 9 0 0 ), w!teix) th o tlfthor woe CDM paratlvoly a mature sta n d , a ctu a l
counts allowed th a t from 90 to #5 p e r c e n t o f th e o th erw ise merchantable
tr e e s o f beech were rendered v a lu e le s s from th e a tta c k o f t h i s Aincu s .
jclirenk and ipanldln^ (1909) hove a ls o shown th a t th e a m o I s tru e to a
c e r ta in d ecree in th e r e d ono v^ore th o asj>en i s grown e x te n s iv e ly fo r
Ul
vsooi.
In th e
n JLanti
t n t o s , Oolorado, and Itiw t o x lo o I t is
n l m s t Im possible to f i n i h ealth y g ro v es o f aspen which Imvo a tta in e d ary
a g o , b ecause o f tlie extreme d o a tr to tlo n brou h t about by th o w hite h e a r tr o t.
In th e mature boodh sta n d s o f
Cxaa and L ou isian a, whom th e tr o e s
are ISO years old or mere, a very la r g e parcent«i»c a r c w holly decayed in
t o in t e r io r by t h is f;ar.ua.
Appalachian deciduoua f o r e s t s .
TJie uwm i s true o f ie n y o f th o tr a c ts cf tho
I t n»y bo s ta te d th a t th e wujunt o f damage
cau ses Iy th e v iiito —m t i s very g r e a t; and i t s sd.de d is t r ib u t io n , to g etiio r
with th o e ln o e t u n iv e r sa l s u e o ^ i t lb il lt y o f deciduous tra ce th e r e to , make
i t the w orst enoay o f th e se s e c io e , e s p e c ia lly during th e p eriod when they
are approaching m atu rity.
According to JoJroita and .Taekaon (1927) the fungus i s e Cmrion throughout
the e n tir e range o f Populus trom uloideo and evorywiiere o a oao heavy l o s s e s .
I t i s so n a tin a s a s s o c ia te d w ith Itnaae noplanatus F r i e s . , b u t th e author d id
not fin d t h i s fungus where th e m a ter ia l used fo r t h is stud y was c o lle c t e d .
10-
V orrall (1 9 3 7 ), wort:ln; in
'in noaota, found rtan a
oomon
throughout the s t a t e end th e eporophoroe v a ried aeoordlnss to the h o st on
ehioh i t was jrow iu'.
I t has been p oin ted o u t by .,ohrank and apaulding (1909) tim t Liew
as w e ll a s Colorado and
stan d s o f a sp en .
ew ; e x ic o , has no a p p recia b le a, ,od honlUiy
In Mumosotn th e aspen i s ono o f tho e o m o w s t tr e e e ,
Li{^ht f o o t (1777) made the fo llo w in g eta t€ » » n t in r e la t io n to iOrios
1»jt ia r I u s . "An ax o ello n t touehwood i s made from t h is fun/,us by f i r s t paring
o f f the ou ter r in d , then b o ilin g tlm rom ittder in l y e , and aiterw arde drying
and poundinp, with a hanoar, or o ls e pounding and b o ilin g i t up w ith s a l t ­
p e te r ,
The a m e fungus beaten in to s o f t CQtuve p lo eo s i s w e ll known to
aur oons by th o nm o o f <*aric, and M s boon rawh oolobrotod f o r atoppiiv'
th e b leed in g o f a r to r lo o ."
The fungus i s Cffirnsitle ond w i l l a tta ck th o liv in g t is s u e or srspisood,
e o n tin u in
i t s a o tl 1^Lty a f t e r th e h o st i s dead.
fin d f r u i t i n ' b od ies on o ld dead stenapa,
I t I s not imcamon to
For t h i s rooaon o ld e tumps and
b o le s o f th e tro o s are n ooaib le so u rces o f in f e c t io n ,
SOJHCiiJ OF m TSH U L
F x n lU m bod ies used in t h i s stu d y wore f i r s t ooI lo o tod by the w riter
in t h e f a l l o f 1939 from B u ffa lo Hem Crock, th e e x a ct lo c a tio n hoi Hg
TtsmsJtlp 8 so u th ,
a%@ 4
n e t , Jtartfc West & o f io ctia n S i .
( P i. I I , I . )
I t was Observed a t th e tin e o f c o l l e c t ! on th a t the in fe c te d a rea was near
the north w est boundary o f th e Yellow a to no r a r k , and th a t ;ano ooncontrnted
in t h is orod- bottom .
Many o f tho asp on tr e o o had boon pooled by the Iar er
.,•cm animnlo w h ile p e l l A ln g the I r an t ia r a .
I t l a not Uim wrrn to fin d
tr o e e w ith th o on t i r o phloora roylon eo n p lo to ly doatroyod and t i e z y lo a
r e g io n exposed due to tho p o ll ah Iip: o f on t ia r a ,
. j o w o l o f th e tr o e e wMch
ex' ib ito il title c o n d itio n had Iarjto apts-opitoroa.
Ctxia anI euiLo aloo e a t th e
yettrpi tr o e a .
The tr o e e which wero axm lnod cere
cr<*3k h o t to n , and v a r ied In
t o o t Iy co n fin ed to th e
diam eter from s i x to
tu o lv o lnc). « 2.
x iv o r a l a jorophoroe vore taken t o th e la b o ro to ry f o r oxtazti n a tio n .
,j«QO nea-o placed in tho r o fr lg o r a to r fo r fu rth e r atu dy.
in fe c te d tr o e e Hero aloo tok en .
i c r tlo n a o f nevornl
Fm montB o f th e ln feo to d wod-^vere placed
on Vilakoallafa A* ar* end produced sm a ll ity o e lla .
good r o o u lta na o n ly a spare© growth o f
1 syeellma
T his ap.ar d id not g iv e
sea form ed.
Fungoa grmm
on t h i s Fi car did e x h ib it , h-owovor, th e o le p connect I one e h a r o e te r la tie o f
t • !''-iycolium o f "oald texycotu s.
In tb a HUjmer o f 1940 e e v o r e l f i e l d tr ip e wore taken to v n r lm e sec ­
t io n s o f
a lia t in
N a tio n a l 'oroat and jpeeii «mo nore c o lle o t o d .
Lake, A lo h I s on the south end o f th e f oroat i s bordered i n m n y
by aspen.
oh an
p la ces
are th e lit fe e tlo n was found to be heavy.
Aspen t r e e s a t CAisel F a lls on the o n t h fo r k o f th e <ost Fcerk o f the
a lls tin
Iv e r ware a ls o fbund to b e l* f 0 0 t e d .
Aspan tr o e e In aovoral a r n ll
drainages In t h is area showed e a rly s i ns o f lttfo o tio n by iio r c io n t b o rit
Nearly a l l o f the tr e e ln f o o t ion dboanrod w o co n fin ed t o w ith in IOC- yards
o f th e crook b o tto m .
B la k o s lle f S Agsr
ogor agar
Paptone ( i t t o )
%
,oxtro»e
m
Dry F a it x tr a o t ( . f A.)
S° cm) _
I &n) 1 l i t e r
ao gn) !isP
2C ;5El) 939
0
.
In erero n t boriqga show th a t aranll t»*oea o f aspen e r e I z fa e te d , bat
have not produced sporophorou.
Xoeoi^tiLnc to ^ahronk end iipeuldtng (1006)
th e p oin t o f en trance ia u su a lly IndLeutod mmm years l a t e r hy tiie lo c a tio n
o f th e o ld e s t aporopiiores..
Aspen t r e e s in $Iaw u lch on to e north boundary or to e form at were found
to b e ln fo o to d and produoing oporophortta•
i e r e th e d istm ae had onessed a m -
o r a l tr e e s to bee h e bo badly dam ped th a t raany wore blown o v e r .
Arnln
lncroiaont borings showed t o a t a o a ll treea w ith ou t fru itin g; b o d ies had alread y
been I n fe c te d .
Q enslderable v a r ia tio n s i n Ibe g s n e m l appearanco o f f r u it in g b od ies
o f JtOnea I ;n iarlu e bnvo I o a j boon roeo ^nizeds na i s oh own by t i e oom on
r o o o 'h lU on o f to o v a r ie ty nif^rfeana F r i e s . , wMcii Ima been considered by
some as a d i s t i n c t a p o c ia e .
O verholts (1615) (jiveo t l o f o l i o I % (HfforMioea between to e ty p ic a l
For-ies Inni m i 'ia and to e v a r ie ty nlfy d c a n a .
F . l^ n la r lu a :
ttPiloua oonvoat or u n g u la te, 8 -1 0 x O-CO x
K-IC c . n . , greyish b lo ck or blaci , r a r e ly r lmoaa with m o; . • .
too older lsy a r a con sp icu ou sly wi I to«ut .ffo u or la c r u a to d , • • •
s e ta e
r e s e n t thou h a o a e tl -as r a r e .^
Var. ui/xricm.u:
(5 1 .
I I , f i g e . S -3 -4 * )
^ i Ioua plane to convex, S-IG x 5 - lb x
£ -7 c u n ., b laci;, aom otinea e liin i^ ; b la c k , t ie s i r fa c e < f ton
crack !a; in both d ir e c t io n s but n o t becoming; roughly rlm oso,
tubes d e c id e d ly W iite i n s ru sted ; . . .
• #
the s e ta e o f t e n ubundia\t. H
0.3-
I t ium aUy i s p o s s ib le to rsootiaiBo a t a ^ilenco A r u ltliy bod3 oa from
atiTX>a (P . trentxlotdm )*
1They e r e ms un i Iy sm a lle r Hum ttin ee flora other
b oots and Hie pore s u r fa c e o ft e n i s a t a grantor azyla froei th e h o r iz o n ta l.
( I . I i I , f i g s . 1 - 2 .)
TbB U na o f th e tube la y e rs does n o t e rvo uptmrd
a t the MBhglA ao str o n g ly as in Fw o s ^ j lanmtus .
TbB top eia'fiico ch eck s,
bu t i s oaldon rirroeo, probably c h ie f ly b eca m e tl® f r u it ir ^ bodioo soldtrt
l i v e Xonf; mou >h on eapen to o t t I n larj'O o iz o .
Kmovor, fr u itii> : b od ies
IH i a rln o n e top are oocaai o r a lly fouru! on Iarfre ospoil troott*
Tta c o lo rin g
o f a l l ap ocirae ns i s f a i r l y CO'a tan t , th e tube lesser boing ar-nie brotm ozcopt
f o r th e B k ite I no m a t a t Iono o r s t u f f in g s ; th e iacrsiin, Sudan brtwn the f i r s t
season and weathering throw ft v a r ioue ^raya t o b la c k ; th e pore su r fa c e , b u ff
y o llo n a t f i r s t , th en becoming ar ua brtmn a t m t u r i % .
(.'1I* H I , A s . 8 -3 -4 *
aTAOaa OF DSGAY
In th e e a r l i e s t a tap es o f necay tiro wood o f i jOpiijhis titagailoidea appears
to be 1Xird SDri A m , the only evid en ce o f a tta c k , i f any, beln^ a a l i g i i t to
marked c o lo r Change from th e ncnartl.
v a sio n a t n :e*
Ttds i s known ae th e in c ip ie n t or in ­
In fitre cnuea t ore io no in d ic a tio n o f in c ip ie n t decay*
Suci
a M dden s ta g e can bo d etected only by a i d e r o so o p ic o l o r c u ltu r a l d ia g n o sis.
This otHi’o o f decay i s dsngemua slnco i t i s e a s il y overlook ed .
m istaken fo r c o lo r mark!fig s,
I t i s a lso
Mten t h e wood i s used in t h is atajte i t s dura­
b i l i t y and str e n stii are
r o n tly reduced, r o t to ta cstiM secondary decays which
wi 31 In o v lta b ly f o llo w .
Bcr^Cti (1P38) s t a t e s th at the fungus hns r o t been
found decflying tim ber in storm >e yards or in s o r v ie e .
Tho in texw ed iato a ta e ln cln d ee a l l de/yreoa <€ c o lo r a tio n from straw to
cho co la to brown, but the wvj4 Is eypscrently a t i l ] ltard and A m .
Tho A r w l
-14-
st.«iS© Includes a l l s o f t , p:mky wood ir n o a p o c tlv e o f c o lo r .
-Iio wood Ie
Cbrwted In uppo&reaee ami str u c tu r e and Idte t is s u e s Imvo been com pletely
m o d ifie d .
The
o f th e .rood hue been so reduced Hiat I t can be Cmtmb-
Ied betw een tLo f in m s or e a s il y broken.
The d e a tr u c tion racy even to s o
f a r t h a t the h ea rt wood b re a k s down c o m p le te ly , le a v in g a la r t;o hollow space
in tho troo w ith on ly e r e la t iv e l y t h in la y e r of sap wood to s e r v o o s su p p o rt.
The d is e a s e o f deciduous tr e e s caused by th e f a ls e - t in d e r fun,;:us (Femes
I d iBTlua} hao bean c a lle d the "white h e a r t-r o t" .
I t is u s u a lly confined to
the ! •. artwood of tiro t r e e , in c Iudiz^ th e trunk und la r g e r branches, but i t
may a lso a f f e c t tlte aapwood.
Aa a r e s u lt o f tho a c tio n o f th e f a ls e - t in d e r
fuh :is the hanxtwood i s cium ;ed in t o a W hltlah, s o f t su b sta n ce, which d l f f e s l i t t l e in t!ie d if f e r e n t a o d e a o f b o a ts .
( I I . IX , b .)
A tr e e attack ed by th e fungus shows no jmirtio u lsr change in I t s g en era l
o x te r u a l a xtaranoe during tiro e a r ly ettq'oe o f tiie d is e a se ; in f a c t , i t i s
p r a c t ic a lly im p ossib le to r e c o g n ise « d ise a se d troo u n t il th e fi*ui tin g
b od ies o f to e flu*;us form on th e o u tsid e o f th e trunk.
i*iri*i; th e su rveys
made in t h e T a lla tin n a tio n a l F orest o n ly tr e e s which wore bearli^; erorophoroa
were ooiitii dared i n f e c t s , but numerous I neromnnt borings were me do to u o ta r mins whether th e d ie erne wna already in tiro tr o o .
There mas mddanoo o f (ULs-
c o lo r a ti on in n early e v a y tr o o , r e Etrdloaa o f the ag o .
Ourlr : th e I e t w
s ta g e s o f th e d is e a s e in fe c te d tr e e s can b e ra ce s iz e d by th e preaence of
t ie f r u it in g b od ies o f th e fu n g u s, o f iiie h th ere raoy b e f r m
on B s in g le tr o o , a t or nonr wounds, bmncti s tu b s , o r knot h o le s .
fS g* ! • )
When to eso f r u it in g bodice appear i t may be token f o r
to ten
(P i. V II I ,
ren ted th a t
th e d is e a s e has pro r is a e d w ith in th e trunk in botii d ir e c t io n s f o r sev e r a l
: • :T
.
. *•
UiuL
T j
Ti
'i: T
.
Vva tila m a e m y I n fe c t t r e e s a t m y t i n e .
In th e f i n a l stage® © f t t e
d lo o eae I t b rin s ah" f t a e m p ln to doatr;action of the heejrtaood o f th e t r e e ,
ao th a t I t boe<y’?« weckonod fait3 lia b le to be bnnicon o f f by wl nds to m a , tbiue
term inal} tr:, ®ie ex iflten co o f th@ a ffe c te d t r e e .
Jleooaed. tree© way a o m tlrio e
be r xx) ;nlzed by th© sound i-d tte d xaheat t!te trunk Ie pound©<1 on th e o u t s id e .
Whllo boo Ith y tr o e a /I vc a vib ran t aou ncl, treaa in tit a ln tu r &to, as a t t i e
d is e a se g iv e « n om <yr I as SsadaLed sound .
Thia Io o u p c d a lly t 2*u© where,
©mini to th e d e str u c tio n a t tiie dectnyod viood by in a e c to , h o le s have beeu
forraod*
as e
m o r a l r u le , 1 oeravta*, th e only e a fo way to Zeeol^ iiae a d is ­
eased t r e e is by ti>e pra*>onoo o f the conk or f r u it in g b o d ies on th e o u tsid e
a t the trunk.
hen out in t o , th e trunk o f a t r e e a ffe c te d w ith th e w h ite h e a r t-r o t
jaroiaonta an appearance as shown in P la t e IX which ropree n ta both th e ea rly
and l a t e s ta g e o f th e d lso m ie.
I t w i l l b e n otioed th a t the our to r o f the
tr e e hue been transformed in to a wMto mam having an Irsju^ular tr e illn e .
( P i. IX, b .)
Thle 'Tios i s d e f in it e ly lin it o d on th e o u ts id e by one ur o r e
narrow black la y e r s .
(P I. IX, o .)
o u tsid e o f th ese b lack la y e r s .
in saoo in sta n c e s tito wood Is d is c o lo r e d
One o f th e m a t e^i r n c ta p ie tic fe a tu re s o f
the dQOtw c f the trunk i s th a t th e decayed wood i s co n fin ed t o one la rro cen­
t r a l m ass, d if f e r in g in t h i s r o a m c t from th e p o c k e t-lik e d e str u c tio n bix>U(dit
about by a o v a ra l o th er
o od-doatrey i n
fu % l aidh as pomes ^plantttm s and
Femes fr a ^ ln o p h llu s (L .) U l l l .
Droao a tta ck ed by t h i s Aingus r a r e ly become h o llo w , f o r often* th e wood
has become thoroughly decayed by th e fungus i t remains in the in t e r io r as
a w h itish m ass.
-1 6 -
HBSSl
Tbo w hite h o a r t-r o t lhagiae La ,arobubly one o f th e
o a t tdl doily 6 l a t r l -
butod Toxna o f wood-deei troy Inf; fu n g i i i t occu rs on more d i f f e r m t opoolee
OP broed len f t r e e # then any o th e r s im ila r fhngne*
Among I Se host to a r e t o
be; found th e m ost im portant timber tro o a o f Ihe deoi dumo fo r o s te o f Ilaartt
s e r ie s .
u b ert (1 9 -1 ) p o in ts o u t tSiut t h i s diaoftso i s p r e v a len t on broad
I o e f sp ool o s and p o s s ib ly one o f th e moat oorsacn end ziI ek: o m o f th e most
d e o tr c t iv o H in g i.
u f a r as known to da t o , n ccoj'd n c to V-tihrcnk and
^ pau ldiry, t h e funfjua has boon found on th e fo llo w in g h o st Si o c io s :
booch
Feeua atrcptm icea ( n retu ) 5t.alv»rth), aapen (I1Opulua t r o m lo i daa ' i c i i r . ) t
inlm o f
llu a d (P . bnLamilfo r a L . ) , red iaaplo (Acor rubruti L . ) , ailvrrr
ranpit? ( . cu ccim rln m L. 5• s tr ip e d fiip le ( a, pormaylvt.ivlcrm L. ] , y ello w
b irch ( Itoirnln I te a
(,r
io h x .) , b u ttiv n u t (Jd, Inns cincare L . ) , black walnut
Ians n l m L .) . oeks (
urcus app . ) . a p p le ( ymm rmlus L . ) , booch
Gtoti La p tip y-ifora I nr a h . ) , ironwood (Oatiyn v ir ln ian n K. K o o h .), and
hickory ( Caryn c o r d lfo m is K. Coon.) .
In t h is country c e r ta in tij^ciat* a re alm ost u n iv e r s a lly n ffo o ted with
the White h o a r t - r o t , Ir r o sp o e tlv o Cf th e r e i o n whore they arc fhund.
e x c e lle n t exmaple i s th e asp en .
u o c io s o f f o r e s t treo in
n
TMs tr e e has th e w id e st rmngo o f
;u*tii America and i s m b je o t to t h e d is e a s e .
(I I . I .)
ddhronk and J p eu liln ,; (1919) have p o in te d o u t th a t in Itow York and ‘tow
Kngland th e boetii has boon fhund to b e th e m ost mrnmn h o s t of t h i s fungus*
Vdiorever any c onaidernblo an oust o f beech tim ber i s fou nd, w h ite h e a r t-r o t
is
ravalent*
in acme s e c t io n s as m a y a s 90 t o 95 per cen t o f th e beoch
tr e e s o f raorciu.ntfible e ia e
tavo boon found e f f e c t e d w ith th is d is e a s e .
Kot
'I?,
tiiQ b u tto m u t end t i e bh. ck w<aljiut ore fr o numtli' a f f e c t e d .
The oeka e r e
q u ite ,em o r a lly a f fo e to d , but mcro o a c s o ia lly th o se b o lo n ;ii|:; to th e block
oak {-roup.
A narked d iffe r e n c e in amio e p tih iI I t y ic occnai o n a lly f <xmd in c e r ta in
BpBVlua o f th e s ace .-enua.
;A illor (1909) has reported th a t ti e aspen Ie
more s e r io u a ly a ff e c te d in w estern Canndr ttmn I s th e Bnlm o f 'H o a d (IlQ pilus
hn lssa d fo r a )•
f u lt e
Among tti© rn p loe i t Isaa boon found tt a t th e s tr ip e d maple is
ons r a l l y attack ed i n th o se l o c a l i t l e e where th e d is e a se i s t z e s e n t in
t?.o san e v i c i n i t y upon o tiio rs of i t s h o st a p e d e s .
Aooordi% to .Mdtrenk end
dpeailding (1909) tiio s i l v e r m p le eeorae to be n ea rly m su sce p ti b le as th e
s tr ip e d a® Xe,
h i Ie th e red n ap le and su, ar msplB tire m tiie r r a r e ly a f f e c t e d .
0 » y ello w M roh I s even l e w fr e q u e n tly a tta ck ed titan a r e the red o r ea g er
m ap les.
HISTOLOalCXL STOlHSS
o o t ioral 20 n loron s i n titic k n e sa , wore c u t f r a
r a d ia l, te n e n t ln l,
and lo r ^ tid u n a l su r fa o e e from b lo c k s which fbm od a continuous a e r ie s ex­
ten d in g from the c e n tr a l portion o f th e r o tte d nree ou tin rd # r e e # the
f i n a l . In term ed iate and In o ipent sta g e s o f decay in to th e aisuti wood.
b lock s were as erotod i n EC g ly c e r in e .
ated in a s o lu t io n o f I
Ibt e . c . o f bot o r .
d is t o r t io n .
A ll
Jevn ral o f ttie b lo ck s wore asper­
-rmi o f chronic a c id , l . b grams o f n o e tic mold end
T his a o ln tio n k i l l e d th e mycelium and jirovoik tod any
I t i s n il to s a tis fa c to r y f o r work o f t h is n a tu re.
Various motitods o f s ta in in g thaue s e c tio n s woro used:
—
(1)
a s paratiBK
In fe c ted b lo ck s ( 3 /8 inch cubee) ware b o ile d In r e ta r
fo r 1 /2 hoar o r noro and soaked in g ly c e r in e a lc o h o l
(50 p arts g ly c e r in e tmd SO p a r te o f 70; a lc o h o l) fo r
fou r hours*
(2)
.
.zoess w ater was drained from t i e s e c t i o n s , vi Lclt
were th en flood ed w ith Bisrxtxk brown (£
in 70
s o lu tio n
a lc o lto l) fo r one or two m in u tes, according
to d e n s ity , th ick n o sn , and s ti^,e o f d e c e y ,
B*
,zcoikj s t a i n was drained and th« a o c t iarm mam
washed w itii d i s t i l l e d water#
Ce
.Jootions were flo o d e d tm m 2 to 5 Etinutos w ith a
s o lu tio n o f m ethyl tr io le t made by m ixing 4 p a rts o f
a sa tu r a te d aqueous s o lu t io n o f ; e t h y l v i o l e t v ith
12 T*t t s o f d i s t i l l e d water#
3*
xc os a s t a in was drained and th e s e c tio n s were
washed in d i s t i l l e d
E#
.a to r .
^ a ctio n s v«re em m ted in water and oxm inod fo r
deOth o f S ta in in ,;.
I f v i o l e t c o lo r was f a in t C.
aid 0# were repeated u sin g f u l l str en g th s t a in from
1/E to I m in ute.
I f owz Jitur a ta in was f e i n t •,# was
repeated#
?#
. -oetion s were deiiytbtitod in a lc o h o l s s r i o s , 5-10-4LG30-5C-70-90-1CGJ6
V,#
.Lylol v.aa added to t i e s e c t io n s , < ,id th ey
in b&Lsuta#
uro mcunt, I
-Iv -
TuiB s t e i n was Iaeiodt but i t did n o t ,'iv o as good r o o u lte as
(I
a o lu tio n In 9L
rytts rosl n
a lc o h o l) c lea r e d in olovo o i l emd mounted i n haI s m e
u cctlon a 80 m icrons in th ick n ess were sta in e d in i$> s- iuteous s a fr e in ln
s o lu t io n , w uded w ith water and coun to r a ta l nod wl Hi a n t lin b lu e and Pyrte
a d d (12-15 p e r t s ) e
grown on a ar (25
w atur,)
Uhls s t a in
,eve th e b e s t r e s u lt s t?hen the Kiycellti vero
rime o f a :a r , 20 , ;$tuiu o f m e lt e x tr a c t and IO(X) c . c . o f
A ll of Dieue H y celia ware k i l l e d in a s o lu tio n o f I greea o f chromic
a d d , 1*5 c . c . a c e t ic a c id and 150 c . c . o f waDs-.
Ivycclia woro e v id e n t in a l l th r e e s t a g e s o f D ie decayed wood, bu t i t
■aw in t e r e s t in g to n o tic e th e marked d if fe r e n c e in th e d e e o f A s hyphee.
1?io in c ip io n t ata g e produced hyphae which wore varying; in a i z e .
o s t hyphia Observed bein g I rdcron in d ia m eter.
many r y c o l i a , but o n ly em a il hyphae uro fou n d .
branch I x o fu se ly .
th e wood
IorKntti.
Hie a m U -
W e s t a g e o f decay produces
The by ilmo branch find r e ­
Tlimernne punctures were observed in Die r e d ia l w alla o f
Tfcia would Im U eats th a t th e fungus produces o o llu la n o
and 11 Iiuaa vdiiO. ;!Iu eolvo th e c a l l w a ll, corinoood mostly o f c e ll u lo s e end
U s n ln e
os te r aeo,
S d teA tz (1021) demonstratod t h e presence o f the fo llo w in g enzymes:
ia lta a e , la o tfis o , su o ra a c, K iff In ooe, d ia s D s e , ir a a a s e , c ellu ln a G ,
h o n ic o llu la s e , ',lucoaidaso, u r e a se , ren n et end c a ta la s e in
ones i ,n ia riu a .
Brcaa thymol b lu e v.-es t r ie d ae e a t a in , but did not prove s a t is f a c t o r y .
Inward from the in c ip ie n t s ta g e D o mycelium boeome -oro abundant, and
the hyphia are la r g e r in d lc ia e te r .
Tyloeeo ore s ta r te d I n D i e s ta g e and
con tin u es In to th e f i n a l s ta g e o f d eca y .
(I I . I x , e .
In tho v ic in it y o f th e black zone
Die D yeollun commonly ran herIaont a l l y In th o m edullary rays ar t
v e r t ic a l in th e flood f i b e r s .
Tfce d iffe r e n c e in th e a ls o o f th e f l l s e e n t s m y
-ac­
he due to n u tr itio n o r
roerth h a b it.
hen nrorm on tuytr f m n oixiroe th e rgro-
e llu r i ia canpoeod o f s m i l l hyphio n t f i r s t , and do not e x h ib it c lm n ecmnootlo n e or aopteiti orei, bu t in about t%vo tfee&a Hie eo n d lti one e r o reieam erl,
B u lle r , (1931) In M s stu d y Cf Oowlnua l a opua m a a b le to faHovj th e
cfmn^e o f h ap loid hy-phti.
Iio found th a t a s th e hypha brnnohod in a wide
tgi,-Io manner i t vrb e v id e n t fro® the cliB p o e ltion o f th e clman oonnoctlona
on I to brtmcii oa th a t i s voa im ciuroiir; d lp lo ld ia a tio n fro® I ta o ld er to I ta
your, -or p a r ts .
Iiia ho proved by wntahln^ a s i n I e liypha.
o o Ianp connoc-
tio n a aero ;;raa<tot on the yuun e e t brmiohee, b u t each o f th o throe o ld er
bra nohoe bora a n in 'lo elnnp con n oetia n .
J t a r watdiiinc th e hypha in a
o t r i diah co n tin u o u sly f o r fo u r hours and ton minutes ho was a b le t o observe
th e cimtf.Oe
Tbo hypha grew along U o su r fa c e o f tite agar end ttieroforo d id
not. dry up when opposed to t i e a i r .
He observed t a t « e yourg hypha did
n o t iiroduoe clamp c o n n e c tio n s, but ea th e hypha grew o ld e r , and spread o u t
th e clamp connection* became apparent*
In ohOttrviiK' r- "ico IgnierIuo tM ymaB hypha o r h lb lto d Qioeo anno p ro o r t i e e , but the a @ a t which f t ip lo id is a t io n took
I t was n o tic e d , howevt^’, th a t ymtn
la c e was not detmrmimd.
hypha did n o t iiave s e p t u t io n e , b u t a f t e r
eoTUiidtarobXe bnm ti ing and rebranching to e oIrerw uonnoctiona and e e p ta tic r s
vflKre e v id e n t.
Use nrosonoo o f a nyoolium diotr rba th e normal pliysioloi y o f a t r e e ,
bri:
in
about a veakonod fnuir-iOrk, Ian reaaiag tim nor t a l l e r o f c r o j-
pixiduciit wood, and c o u sin
in creased s u s c e p t i b ilit y to w in te r in ju r y .
I t i s no doubt p o s s ib le t o s t ty lo s e s in decayed o r p a r t ia lly decayed
aspen wood may I WTlmenee p e n e tr a tio n o f wood p r e s e r v a tiv e s .
I f ty lo s e s
—El*
Inoroit ioa tho roai atonco to pre>atsrwtl v oa,
be e a r e fu lly chosen*
ood lntcmded fo r treatm ent should
'Ihia i s e m m d a lly t m e o f r a ilr o a d t i e s , o r any aspen
wood ialildii i s to bo tr e a ted w ith a ponetrntlnf; preservati vo*
m e r e i s a ls o I Hl l e s t Ions t h a t the la c k o f water ocauktotion in wood
having such an abundance o f Iy lo a o s has a d ir e c t otmtr ib u ta r y toarin<’ on
the
hyoiolOf^Lc a l d ls tm b m o e s w ith in tiio t r e e .
Io v a m h t o f l i m i f l s i s
c u r t a ile d .
in th e f i n a l s t a g e o f docay the wood turns from I i h t bronvn t o b l c k .
Durin
tno clifm, a in c o lo r th o hypha bocorm more rar.urma and a ls o la r g e r .
CULTtJRlL CHAKACT h I o TI CS
whan grown on agar th e f mti-.ua w i l l b e w hite a t f i r s t , bu t w i l l turn
brown in about two weeks.
( P i . IV .)
mycQllun becona lm th o i* y .
C oncentric g r e r th r itt a ore
bedig.
This i s th e co lo r i t w i l l rem ain, and
h it© a t f i r s t end tu r n in ' brown w ith a g e.
pcaia a L tn iaxi ta
o s i l y d e te c te d ,
F le te 7 shows mycelium o f
. opulua t i-orul =duo m ftor is©v9ntj'*tv?o days.
ho rock! vsub
ca i-tifu lly a aleotofl fron a t r e e th a t showed no outward s i ns o f in f e c t io n ,
autoclaved fen? oao and one-ha3f hours and then lim ocu lotod with hyphae in
a s t e r i l e c u ltu r e room.
Juring t ’ o :,ortod o f seventy-tw o c'ryn HO c . c . <
d i s t i l l e d watdBf was ad.led by a s t a l l s p ip e t t e .
I t w ill be n o tic e d t
t
the w y c elia ore covering th e o n tiro b lo c k , and th a t th e coloi- i s ? c a tly
i t v , b u t i s turi-i ;■ brown.
, lot© TI allows tU H yoellu e o f To: :;© I, • la.1-- a on
which vse tr e a te d th e sera© way.
does not cover the
opulus IuiiaGi^ilfcra
I t la c lo -ff ly ovitv <r.* tr& t tu e f?u>y. s
r Mre b lo c k , b t %'m c o lo r e h ttg e Ie n early th e s<
.
-SE-
T ia
9 haid
l n i i c a t e th at , opulna tran.tloi'loa i s a b e tte r h o st t o tho ftU|/ u s•
esid
reA zees a h e a v ie r growth, o f f.^yceliun.
P la te VII oho'-* G block of IopiJLua t r p nuloidps which waa autoclaved f o r
one n?A o n o -lia lf huera, In m eu lo ta d w ith th e iayoeUa ctf"
ws
.idr iu a and
l e f t sian d in n a t room M oisture and teBpurature f o r slxtooeri Months and seven
days*
In w ater was a a led during t h i s tiio e , but tho
in> on tM bioel- o f wood,
Io n
h is ln d ie o te s th a t th e r y c o liu n can . row f o r a
p rio d o f tima wl thout a g r e a t d e a l o f w a ter.
e v id e n t, alth ou f* n e t o u tste n d i% •
cloei r ,
o io b r o ,
The brown c o lo r is
Imraaion lin o s o f in f e c t io n are not
lot. ton wan clamped around th e top
t'xj creehan a o f .*03 tmd
y o ellu m i s s t i l l grew*
06
th o jar in order to a I Ibw f o r
I o eoB tanittatlOB i s o v id e n t.
Shcn g se n on a^ar th e n y e e lim tu m e brown and a ft e r removing i t frocs
tho n nr i t
dry
via a spongy te x tu r e .
As Wioy g e t o ld er they hare a tendency to
nd s h r iv e l u p , but s t i l l r e t a in th o eems brown c o lo r , c h o r u c te r ls tic o f
th e younger nyoelitaa.
X1Iiomsmh op tmsm. m jfftui* ooou 1» ouiatsus
Fotoe I^nl ariua produces a iaetiiyl a i l l uyl a t e (w inter groan) odor when
. rov a on
Of
gar#
fh le odor la e s p e c ia lly s tr o n g ,
F r it s (It)H •) awing c u lt jree
Oi CS I ,.ia r lue from >'u ut> e&.oriwma. u s e e t i Ulmus ffw irierm s, JJmvtii,;
to tu la Xut e a ,
v i ■i n i r ■;>,
I c iix ,;
.ctola e l w . JUJ >cof attoci.urma. Jo,roll.; uitxyu
Kock,;
opuluti y a a d iu o n ta tn , < idhx#; autl
?I e ta u founa tlia t «11 ,.rotiuoed a
iHter$ roan odor on Ctaapek1O e y n tiietlc
, uut she do a : o t iam tlon i t un m alt
c u ltu r e s arc
o » ..lu s tr e m ilo id e e ,
4
« r , which al e a ls o used*
rown in II j o. c . OLsske tho odor
I- m
i l l r a m i n fo r a lo n g Lu 0 ,
aa compared to a ah a r t time when g r a m in a p e ta l dish*
^vapom tleei i s Io es
from t a I v O C e Ce f l a s k , and no doubt should account f o r t . e, Ionl ;or presence
o f t ue odor #
STiOkE I^eODDCTIOM
p ores are produced a t v e r lm s tin e a and w i l l vary uoooraiw t o th e
e le v a t io n smd lo e a tlo n e
(1908) found th a t Fonea jjariLartae predpe^l
aporea over a (x>rlod o f two mont e (J u ly , August w d t m f i r s t o f September)
In
tn lto b a ,
Ttie p i l e ! which he o W arred
ore jiro jo ciln g fn aa the trunks
of
opiilua trem uloldee in ttie m od s along ttie Hod Hlvor a t
innlpa^e
Ke
p la ced m icros COM s l i d e s on p la t *om» Just boloa tlto m ilol fo r th e purpose
o f c a tc h !iu: th e operas l;a iodlatmly a f t e r th a ir diactsarE^e.
wore f i r s t put out on A p ril 1 6 , 1 B 21.
heoe s lid e s
The hymen!a l taihoa o f the 1920 tube
la y e r were open, but n o !Iher n t th a t tim e nor subse u e n t ly d id they d i s OhHi- ;o any s p o r e s .
o o o ib ly th e tubes produced in one year are a c tiv e fa r
sev era l y ea rs.
I u llc r (1931) fu rth e r ah tot) ti a%tm Itay 8 7 , th e cen te r o f t i e f r u i t
bodies showed a dark brown conti.HK o f tho new hy#m o which wore to produce
a mw tube lo y o r .
Hy Juno 21 sir;ns of Qie m -odiotlon o f i* r e openings in
th e nee ;rowth uero e v id e n t, b u t up to t h a t tim e no aporoe hod been d l s chsr od.
E lid e s vitro not examined a :«4n u n t i l July 1 7 , and n t t i l l s t ir o
sp ores wore b o ln diooban ad in g r e a t numbers.
Tiius tit© ex a ct date a t wMcl
t i e (hyncnon) o f sp o re S lsoh ari e bo#;nn in 1921 was u n fo rtu n a tely not d e te r ­
m ined, but i t jsuat have been between June 81 end July 1 7 .
about J u ly I ."
probably i t woo
"Spare d isch a rg e o o n tlm od u n t i l th e b^ ^ nnlng o f ^aptaebvrm IXsrlng
th e f i r s t o f Sfl|’)tei* « r o n ly e few S iw e a were U berotetU
#w* two f r u it
bo.il CR ot^sorved tiio reftfre, had a a-i ir e tttaohar o p eriod In ItiLl o f about
two mnti-.a d u ra tio n .
bei
I t waa observed th a t th e qpare dlacleai o wou ld w r y ,
;:W E ler seme days than o th e r .
Fos?er aporeu s* r e lib e r a te d on e o o ler
or rainy p e r io d s."
T oats In d icate t h a t about th e s a m maiber o f sp a r es a re AisoharKod
Airl n
ti:e tn olvo h#?ur period (#$00 a . a . to BiUO p ^ a.) ea during ti.e tw elve
hour ni h t period (8:30 p^a. to 8:30 a « s u ).
v ld e n tly here a s e th e r
o ly -
paraceao and the IIyaenm ycl te e K en era lly 1 the pro duct! on mid lib e r a tio n o f
s ores fro?.i mature f r u i t bodloa la n o t a ffo ctu .i by l l : h t .
AillMP (1631} a ls o found th a t a roa#',h count o f th e spas-os o f tills funrus
dOpGQltod on a s l i d e durliv a 84 hour p e r io d ,
u uat E -3, 1 981, f J * f a
t o t a l o f about 83,100 avoree per sm e r o » r fi. (dbaut ICC S jx r e s nor I 1LOC
avo-.-e
icron o f s l i d e in on avers,-•.» do x in it, t-i
d e p o sit t nin. one or t* o
ln y o rs doef? and p r o c tic l l y oovarl:,; p o rtio n s i# th e s l i d e } .
si zed f r u i t body
Ti s about 3
h lch
The medium
m Aiced t i e sp o r es fra® which title count was nude
s w ire e . i u in cron .
Ith fa v o r a b le oonfiitlfn® f o r ei cro d l s -
Ciiar ;e , t e r o f c r o , i t probably llb e m te d nbrut MOeOCX1CtX sp o r es In 84
to u r s .
Ihore arc about 1 ,8 0 0 hymmrd.nl tubes per sa m r e cen tim o ter o f each
tubo-1 vyor.
.ach tu b e , t w t f o r e , m y U b w s t e ubcxit 4,t>-
sp a res pur d ay.
From ! t i l l e r ’s (1909) in v e s tig a tio n I t Ie e v id e n t th a t /ocaoe lc n ia r iu a
atoducos q now tube la y e r the f i r s t p a r t o f th e s a m e r , th a t spores e r e d in c s r -od fo r about t-«o raontii d u ra tio n , mud a o u iesco n t period fo llo r /s In t i e
a u tiu si, rlntua* a id s p r lp g .
-2 5 -
V e ra ll (1984) nor kin.
In m n m e o ta , tbuM th a t tho p eriod o f sporo
d ls ohor- a wos ULmltod to two woales ( /Vwnmt 6-21) in 19152.
GBfMW, ULiMZkkilvn
Table I altowo the number o f ti'oes idilch wore bearing aporophcroe.
(P I . I I , e . )
T his lncludoa on ly the tr e e s Iim t produced f r u it in g b od ies in
the e n t ir e gu lch w ith in tho boundary o f th e
a l l n t l n BnfctemdL Forcet .
wore 346 tr o e e growing on th e aouto oapoBiro o f th e
Ihoro
e a t D ivide in th e
Strldger U is t r ic t and 27 tr o e e growing on tho n o r # exposure o f the West
4 v id e .
I h la makes a t o t a l o f 373 tr e e s w ith in th e fo r e s t cm th e w est a id e
o f the B rldger Mountains.
Of th e t o t a l number o f tr o e o , Ifi imro produclse
sporophcres or .0 4 peer c m t .
Tfiere w tro no doubt m v mere o f th ose troow
in f e c t e d , but e s y e t wore n ot piTutiolng finilM ng bodioti.
you r i l l ob serve th a t one troo M d 10
in eb ee in Al w e t a r .
Frcri th e ta b le
and t h is troo was s i x
i;vid on tly once a tr e e s t a r t s to produce fr u it in g bodloe
I t ctm I n fe c t I t s e l f o r surrounding tr e e s because tiio s i z e o f tlmae b od ies
v a ried g rea tly ,
'our Cf tho eitjhteon t r e e s which were producing f r u it in g
b o d ies Imd boon In fected in th e l e n t l c o l e .
Table I shows th a t #22 per cen t
o f th e ln f o o tio n s had token p la c e In th e l o u t l c o la , and th e r Oualndcr worn
in o ld branch s c a r s .
n tu r a l prt« I r : o f the t r e e s nakos each branch sea r a
p o s s ib le sou rce of I n fe c tio n .
A l l o f th e tr o e e in t h is canyon wore w ith in
IOG yards o f th e crook hot to n , and v a ried in diommtur from one t o fo u rteen
Inch a s .
«26-
TAflBLS I
Date C o lle cted
ib. o f
Treea
Area
#
#
ti
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
to ta ls
18
may 3 , 1941
P o tte r nuloh
ft
#*
#
ft
#
W
m
W
H
ti
i*
t»
m
'11w LfcSr Vii1-S '.,,!imT'Ji. S %%!.!« SA.,
Jo. o f
JporopHore
branches
6
I
I
6
2
2
I
I
2
4
3
I
I
2
10
L w ttic e ls
2
4
3
I
I
2
10
2
2
2
2
5
I
I
I
5
I
47
42
I
I
6
&3L„««.&,«..,SL'T T % 3»«' ■■Si
i l a t e V I U t F i uro I aha e a uyorophoro Wsere tl«J y w % branch won
produced.
I n fb c tl on no doubt took p la c e a t t h i s poin t*
This a how th a t
i n f o c tl on can take p la c e wtiero brnnohee tare, and th a t ti;e tr o e i s not a b le
to sroperly h e a l l t o l f n ;ninut p o s s ib le
Xbiooa o f in v a sio n *
Frcm th e r m -
bor o f t oroa wMch a r e lib e r a te d par fiporddiore i t i e e v id e n t th a t th e IUngue
can in f e c t many tr e e s even i f o n ly a sm a ll iioreentege fin d a evil ta b le host*
-2 7 -
T BU II
Date G ollocted
Area
Hay 2 0 , 1941
Paae Crock
ft
ft
ft
ft
!totals
ND, o£
lSrooa
No, o f
apoiophore
Hranchea L o ittic e ls
I
I
I
I
I
8
7
I
3
I
8
7
I
3
5
20
20
I
Table I I eho»e 18;o numbcxr o f tr e o e bearing sporophoroe in Paas Creek,
(I I* I I* c ,}
Aciala t h is i noliid ea o n ly tiie t r e e s e it liin th e
a tio n a l F cro et.
Cf th e iSi7 tr e e s found in t h i s crock bottom o n ly 5 were producing sporophoroe
or .C l par c e n t .
A ll o f thg f r u i t Ih'. b o d ies wore found on old branch s c a r e .
The in fe c te d tr a c e produced on an evorn e of*
4
fr u it in g bod i
o h
par trooi,
One trtio in t h i s group had o l h t eparophoa*aa, but wee Oipjit in ch es in d ia ­
m eter as compared to Ttoble I in Which one t r e e s i x lncboe in d im e t e r had
10.
p>ese t r e e s were a ls o con fin ed to ad th in ICC yards of the w e e k hot to. ,
And v a r ied f r m I to 16 inclioo in dinm otor.
This canyon i s on th e vtm t s id e
o f th e iM d.-or Mcwalelne and w e ll toward the north und o f U e d i s t r i c t .
ho
in f e c te d t r e e s wore con fin ed to w ith in one hundred yards o f th e d iv id e be­
tween p ass Greek on th e w est o f th e JSri dgcr ?*«mtains and th o douth Folk o f
J ixtoon
l i e Greek on th e o a e t.
The e i o v a tio n hero o u ld in d ic a te tlm t th e
wind lias ample opportunl t y to d ie s ami n atc th e aporos to the eirrcuttding
nrone.
The m ount o f dee tr a c tio n cauuod by t h i s fu u .u s in th e Forth /anorlcan
f o r e s t s i s beyond com putation, because o f botli tit© wide oooia^enco o f the
fungus
tiie la rg o nanbea* o f h ost a to o l os upon i*iioh i t grow s.
Co aed thoroby ilif fo r s oonsidorably w ith tf e Jocnlitj,
Vise l o s s
M ti o h o st sjjo c lo s.
The (rreateBt lo s o o e a r e brought abou t in room o r l o s s d e f i n i t e l y llm lto d
I o o a L itio s .
T-'ioro are d i s t r i c t s which aro badly o f fo e tod w ith t h is d is e a s e ,
and o th ere which a r e com paratively f r e e from i t .
This f a c t may In d ic a te th a t
i t should bo p o a a ib le to e f f e c t i v e l y prevent th e d e s tr u c tiv e a c tio n o f t h i s
ftincua i f wo Cfin a s c e r ta in the reasons f o r th e freedom from t h is d ise a se in
c e r ta in a r e a s.
Trees found on areas which a r e w e ll watered or r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e t o a
or-iok bottom are found to produce more sporophoreo.
This troy moan th a t a
c o r r e la tio n e x la to between water and in f e c t io n o f t i e t r e e .
Trees grovd)*.;
on areas a ecreator d is ta n c e from crook b o tto m and M * e r on th e ridgoa are
not found to be no badly in f e c t e d .
In view o f th e f a c t th a t iopulua tronu-
lo id e a does r o t produce a heavy pi tell they do not have tl e aclvanta os th a t
o th er t r e e s i«$vo to c CBbat p o s e ib le p o in to o f en tra n co .
I t io shown In
T ables I end I I th a t tr e e s growing In a m o ist h a b ita t aro more h e a v ily in ­
fe c te d than t r e e s growing In d r ie r aroa s .
I t la OVidEtit from Tfoblea I and I I th a t th e m ajority o f sporophoros a r c
foul I on branch s c a r s .
( P i. IX .)
Fran a th e o r e t ic a l p o in t o f v ie w , ovary
brunch sc a r la a p o s s ib le a a ir c c o f iit fo c t lo n .
I t l a , Iictrevm', in i*>st cnooo
lm osm lb le to detm -sdne the exact mode o f e n tr y o f th e fu n ,tie .
T his i s par­
t ic u la r ly tr u e whmi th e mere advanced s to r e s o f decay aro co near nod, and
Cben o l iOst every branch acer W ivocb o i% a f r u i t ! n; body o f i
i
,nleai ius.
On o ld e r t r e e s from one t o ton f r u it in g b od ies o f t h i s fungus on a a iu s lo
tr e e are not a t a l l uncomann.
SB-
JBleld oboervatione show tlsat f i r e a o a re, branch aca ra , hb<1 non as a r e
p o o eib le so-arcos o f i n f e c t io n .
sears
Kshmitz find Jeckeon (192?) found th a t f i r e
ero Ti? y itopertant p oin t# o f en trance o f th e fu ngp#.
Thqy Geldw
found e t r e e o f any nr-e w ith f i r e sca rs tiia t d id not show th e f i n a l s ta g e
o f decay.
I e n t i c e l s are a ls o jtoasib le so u rces o f lK fo o tio n a# et:ovn in
Tables I and I I .
hare
aroe co n cen tra te f o r th e w inter nontiua sucii as Oloiieil creek bot­
to m throughout th e Y ellow atone N stio n n l
tr e e s were in fe c te d «1 th th e fungus*
ark* i t oaa found th a t very young
rChla l a caused* no doubt, by th e f a c t
th a t d o er, roooee, and o ik broweo on t h is t r e e .
Titon to fu r th e r Incroawe th e
p o s s i b i l i t y o f in f e c t io n they p o ll sit too I r a n tle r s on th e tr e e in th e sp rin g
o f toe y ea r and r<smro too bark, th u s exposing i t to I B foet l on*
en te c ia lly n o tlo eo b lo a t Jsiffa lo
lorn Greek, tdiere e m o o f th e f i r s t m a teria l
wen e o lle o to d fo r th is stu d y in 1939.
are a I bo in fe c te d by th e fuague*
This i s
The t r e e s mt th e game farm n t Cerdlnetr
On th e north «md o f th e B rtdger 'O im tains
no :ano had coneeantmto d , y e t th e tru ce were bearing spororhoros in le r g e
Mimbere.
Thie would in d ic a te th a t G e gene I s only tin added aouroo to p o s-
e l b i l l t i e s o f in f e c t io n .
Krors th e increm ent W rlngB th a t woro taken i t appears
th a t in f e c t io n ta k es p la ce from a vary e a r ly date and c o n tin u e s u n t i l th e
sioat ia
nr tin U y d l s e i i t d g a te d .
a l l are s u b je c t to th e funRUB*
Ttda means th a t no n ;o c Ituiu Ie ovaded,
o ld t r e e s w ith r « tu r e eporoiihoroa o f i « as
I, iilariu a are no doubt p oatiible aom cea o f in f e c t io n to th e youn, or Iro o a .
TSw old stumps are a ls o found t o boar f r u it in g bodice which means they con
i n f e c t th e young tr a c e .
As siepem reproduce la r g e ly by m e n s o f u ickorB, th e $x>euiblliigr o f In­
f e c t io n Diro=-Jb the
oUior root needs eotB>i d eration *
After an nspen tr e e
hew boon o u t , t h e s tu*qp doe^ya very r a p id ly fmd as h e a r t-r o t exten d s in to
t ie stunp t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y hos been c o n sid e re d ,
wpen smy sprout from th e
sturq), but t h is method o f roproduotl on i s co ip s m tiv e ly unimportant as in d i­
cated by th o work o f Bdker (1 9 2 5 ).
Jurlr^ th e ir cou rse o f work in K tanssota
Schmitz and Jackson (1987) found th a t i n t h ir t y sturww the doc ay did not
extend in to th e ro o t sy ste m .
lDtoy a ls o found thuro was no evidence to in ­
d ic a te Utat th e decay caused by Forwa ig n ia r iu a extends any ap =Jreci able
d iatcn oo out in tho r o o t a y c te n , or th a t the su ck ers a re In fe c te d throw h
th e iMiront ro o t o f th e oM riothor a tump.
F ioa tho aurvoya rmde by th e author in 1930, 194C and 1941 i t i s appar­
ent th a t Fonoo I p ilariu o la found t f ir ^ -h e u t th e e n t ir e O a lln tin fictio n a l
F oroot.
( I. II.)
f o r e s t to
From rob-on Lake (B i. I I , J .) on th e utwD end o f tho
mi Gulch ( P i. I I , a . ) on th o north f r u it in g eporophoree w i-e
found, whlo>i i s d e f in it e evidance th a t th e fun^;ua has covered Dio e n t ir e
fo r e et.
Tfm so v e r ity o f in f e c tio n i s co n fin ed to Vw crook bottom s, and i t
l a hero D a t th o tra ce (P . ti-oriuloidoa) reads th o ir boot g r w * .
onco V o
fUngus p a in s entrance t o th e troo i t w i l l continue to r e in f e c t th e eiaao
tr a e and th o se which surround i t .
s i z e o f th e fr u itU fc b otU es.
This i s
( P i. I I I . )
tare oon i u ly found on the so e t r e e .
u i t o OVidant aa shows by ti c
G em llBfiorophcree end l « i , o or«:-
I t i s q u ite p oaalb lo th a t am # s i z e
v a r ia tio n i s due to n u t r it io n , but narked d iffe r e n c e s arc p r e s e n t .
Is it
p o a alb lo f o r the ea&o in f e c t io n to ham; produced t h is Iarpo v u r ie ty o f f r u i t in- b o d ies'
•n.bece-ae th e fungus r,es in to th e
up and down in th e tr o o .
m r t wood and then tm v td s
I t dooa not cone to th e s u r fa c e , e x cep t a t th o
-3 1 -
DOint o f e n tr y , u n t i l th e aupwood haa betm i ?arly daetm yoft,
The fun ua
oortinnnti !ta A c tiv ity a fte r the hout ia deml, an', ii-ius in a b le to i i f o c t
tlie aurrountlimi m-oa.
dporopharao o r f r u i t In,; bodies aro n ot produced fo r
e o v er a l years aftoa' I n fe c tio n t tikes p la ce*
m e r e in f e c t io n took p la c e .
Thtdr a t bo in d ic a te s titey occur
The fun-;ua d e str o y s Uie cen ter o f Uio tr e e and
produces a d is c o lo r a tio n narked by con con tii c rin . ,8 nhloh vary in c o lo r
from b lo ck to brown.
I t i a -ioeerly Imi o std b le to obam v e th e in f e c tio n in
th e ln o ip la e t sto,;a bocfnso no outward sLyu* are jrootiiit.
Ieoraaen t borings
w i l l ahtrt tlm t Gte treo Ima been attnduod, and th a t no e g e oJUms ia fr e e
frets in f e c t io n .
I t Ie apparent, however, th a t th e o ld er tr e e s produce more
apor’o:-' ores and coneoi'uontly produce lo s e v alu ab le
broken down more o f the
ood.
-lie fiutRie >»s
oartwood.
; o .,Llua trermiloldee ia used f o r rvd.no t i n t e r a , lumbar, fe n c e p o sts and
numerotia s n a i l u se s in th e J to to o f tkm tana, as Iiaa boon anonn Ity th e out !or
e a r li e r in t h i s paper.
I t s a e s t h e tic v a lu e la very Jiard to determ ine, but
ia e Xtnwae Iy g r e a t a s I t i s tiio most Chnmo to r Is t i c tr e e in t h is s t a t e .
Its
v a lu e to w ild l i f e ia a lso hard to d sts v a in n , but i t i s evldm t th at game
a n ij o ls e a t the youi^ treoa during th e w in ter and sp rl% m onths,
p lo t s on th e jacaa area in Y ellow stone n a tio n a l
xparim ental
ark have shown tlm t e lk e e t
th o tr o o from te e very sm a ll s ta g e up to tiio t ir e they a r e two o r th ree
inch ns in di m o t o r .
As y o t i t has not been detm m ined i f th e tr o o i s a nec­
e ssa r y part o f t e o ir d i e t .
toting o f th e s e tro ea irmy be tie to la ck o f o th er
fo o d .
Ecolo l e a l Iy the tr e e (P . t r o m lo id e a ) ia lnortutsinf, i n acorn e each
year and i s furttita* b ein g zm sisted by unwlao c u t t l e and t e e in ju d ic io u s u se
-3 £ -
o f AU .
IM s i s o sp o o ia U y tru o in tiio C ta llstin Iia tie n e l Fcroat o f Fontana.
The aut o r has obaorved th a t r . trotmiloidoa is in cro a o li<: in acorti^o through­
out tie fo r e s t.
I t i s g a lnliag most in m oist a r e a s.
,<t th e p r e s e t tliM©
t>;oro a r e few e x te n s iv e areas o f aspen in th e f o r e e t .
stmida a r e C ouflnod to th e m oist s e c t io n s .
Hoot o f th e se I a r o
They d lse o n in a to th e ir seed in
'ay rind June end ■.4 ticI y g e m in a te in s o i l made f e r t i l e by f i r e .
Iirf'B grow r a p id ly in oapoaed a l t o s .
The s e e d -
Thcrro a r e very few drnim^.oti a t th e
p resen t tim e on the e n t ir e O allaM n Jlational FOrest Which do n o t have s m s
sta n d s o f j_. treaiuloidoB in th oa.
1B iis means tinat w ith fa v o ra b le c o n d itio n s
th e tr e e can in c r e a se i t s moorage r a p id ly .
I t should e v e n tu a lly p la y an
important p a rt in ira ter sh ed , a e s t h e t ic , lnmbm 1% and gaoe rm m paaent in
ttila s t a t e *
U nfortu nately i t s u se i s l i t t l e recogn ized and th ere i s pre­
ju d ic e s a g a in st the wood a t th e p resen t tim e .
I f I t la Tla ced on a sh o r t
r o ta tio n o f 50 y ea rs i t can bo -roim w ith sane s u c c e s s .
rHo prevent t o
trtxis from boconin.; In fe c te d M U r e q u ir e core in th a t a l l ctmnda w i l l need
to bo
r o t e c tod or
ein to d
4 th aom d i s i n f o c t m t .
fungus from nttecdkin,; tiio tr u e .
This v d ll j rovont t o
SBMttAHr
A Btinly was inode o f th o w irio u s stnndo o f i w u ln a tro rjilo ld o e In th e
L iallfitln N ation al F o rest o f
Iu o«
on tana ahmring tfie d is tr ib u tio n aC I'oews ltn lm r -
fl® irT(;ort 2inco and prof-roaslve d o v o lo ^ e n t a t tiie Isea rt-ro t o f fopulus
tr'onuloldoa c m ood by /Oriai I;^niarlus was stu d ie d with s p e c ia l raforcmeo to
th e p o s s ib le fo o t e r s p red isp osin g i t s In fe c tio n *
C on sid eration was g iv e n to
tho p o s s ib le o ff© o t o f t l » browalng and e th e r o o t iv lt io a o f game anim als as
con trib u tory to I n f o c t lon by t h i s fun
a.
The m raalto waa I s o la te d HiKt
r;> it in pure C u ltu rosp end th e elm ractoi-let ic e o f tlio ee c u ltu r e s record ed .
Ih e ooolo yr o f th e h o s t,
o x.lua tn a n d o id e u . vma a ls o s tr e s s e d .
« « ir a a «
I.
Tha d is tr ib u tio n o f £ . I g n la r lu s exten d s th rou h o u t tho on t i r o C n lla tln
N ation al 'orost o f
2«
The fungus I s found moot abundantly In th e r ore m o ist p a r ts of t v»
atanSu a t
5,
o n ta m ,
. tx-annloidc.},
ura c u ltu r e s o f th o A r, us vroro fotjid to be more . r o l i f l c on F . t r m a lo id e a tiitm on P_* b tilam ilfora.
4.
On J_. troratdoidaa t h e v e g e ta tiv e mycaUma i s able to grow under reduced
m oisture c o n d itio n s .
5.
Tho f u a :us hyphae in pure c u ltu r e s a re it’l l to a t f i r s t and turn brown
w ith A re.
This i s tr u e idwa tho fu n ; us i s grown on s t e r i l e b lo ck s o f
wood as i n 3 above, and a ls o when grown on n u tr ie n t a g a r .
6.
th e aoroa,je o f aspen i s In crea sin g in ttie ;^ a lla tin N a tio n a l F orest o f
Montana,
-3 4 -
LrnsuTORs a v a s t
, . .
■■.
ItiiUi I .
. 8.
iia x to r, Oow V. and
A. AjvJ*. B e l l . 1 201.
atiom rth, F . Ii. 1039.
Fi'V’jji . jc . ,
.
Ta m
ItSciiT MD
- YiKi.:
vao: 7.
u n lv . M oh . ohoo l o f Fotqhtr y and C onom untion,
B u ll. o . 9 .
Bogreoa J . . 1 9 3 8 . FC . i : I AM U .T.
H l l l O o., OW York.
H e,
. . . ii; j.
& 0 >p.
I <; rmr-
mmsom m m a*
Lo%?xa»a,
roon ? C o., Lo don.
Lony tm a,
1931. Hm AitCl 3 8 ti
reen K C o., lx>ndon.
... .
i*™
.: ' r m t5i 9 pp *
F r it * , C lara. 1923. C LT., vl C e T , JA FOH
OF UOD-UMtffiOYfIin TWQU 191-8HB pp .
:oo. Jnn.
MoTMiOTItiI
iTan. Hoy.
;a b o r t . .4. 36. 1031. Ol'TU;® OF IflilS T -rCT OUiGY.
John I l e y & don, I W Yoxk.
S t e f f i n e . Ce .
SCI MCK.
' 9 . imRHATIOHAL CtBfflBBa OT ILABT
2:1609-1672.
OverholtB, L. v . 1911). TKS POLXPOH
U ItT J JffAT >.
u d i. Vnlv . Vtudlea
Lle^Iitfn o t, J .
F lore J o o tion ,
L loyd, C. . 1909-1912.
C in c in n a ti, Ohio.
L loyd, C. :.
5415 pp.
1906.
2 ;1 0 3 4 , 1777.
IYVOlO LA HO: M.
YCOLL I k
3:3-9B .
870 pp.
KJTiM.
J d iia ltz , . and Juckaon, L* . R. 1 927. !UAHTDT OF AJPHL
V iiw SPECIAL m g n s s s m to r m .? m a m m x m m
2 V TMCt .
Inn.
>r. -tp t. ^ tn . Tech. i l l . 60:
1 -4 3 .
. 1 2 1 . JMtUI i I
COD JiSCAY (I AT 11 CM Y Ii
ACTION III ! MLYi'C : , V; LVATVt* H iCK, AND FOLiiS lOXlAuIUS
(L .) ( U ^ F ), " Jaun.“ ^m Thy. 3:796-60* .
-2 5 -
jch ren k ,
, von «td pauldlm i , H» 19C)t?, uia.:>.ui F i :C:;U0i 3
f OKiSdT BtEJSd. V* Sm D. A* BUT. P lim t XM . B u ll*
Ho. 1 4 9 . CS) p p .
V o r a lle v. F . 1937. VAvLtTIUI I i f J BP ■ I' . U n iv .
ULnn. - r . x p t . . t a . v o tii. t i l l * 117. 41 pj).
.Intilowe C. P . 1941.
267 p p .
JUUiELX FO UTliT*
V o l. 3 9 ,
o. 2.
-O O -
DssseniFneri w PM tBa
Ii to I .
ThlB mif) ShORB tlio d is tr ib u tio n o f glQj-Ulus trsn u lo id o a in th e S u ited
J t a t o s , and you ’4 1 1 n o tic e th a t i t crosaoa th e cmll r e e o n tln o n t, being
con fin ed m ostly t o th e lmrduood aroo and tiie i n d f i o Coast rot,Ion.
IW
tr e a t J la in a areo i s only sp a r se ly oovurwl w ith t h is t r o s .
P la te H e
ThI* raep shows th e ai’oao w ith in Ilto G a lla tin
were in fe c te d and rtK koliti sporophoreu.
a tio n a l l>ta*€»t th a t
F rm Iiehgen la k e on th e , tjtb
o f tite f o r e s t to Haw Gulch on tiie !forth in fe c te d artma hmre been t o nd.
P la t s H I#
F i;lir e I shows r eitorophcre o f For-oa op ,ligintim on b eech , t -i
fig u r e s 2 , 3 , and 4 show i^ioroj)!tores o f Fomaa I ^niaxdu s #
I t wi l l bo
noted on fiis'ure 3 th a t ti e sporophore Itaa rown around a Lrtinch.
A
lic h e n ia a ls o p r e se n t•
P la t o IV,
TIiiB ran t h e concert t r i o growti; r in g s o f th e n y cu li -M on agar*
This oulb ro i s too weeks o ld .
The * i t o arena t r e th e ya.u^oat and
gra d u a lly turn brown -Siti"! il;q .
P la te V,
T his was mycelium growing on JjQpujJtB trtrm loidep fo r V; d ays,
Tho
xihlto iiyeeliuia a r e th e young e a t and tite brown m yceliun are the o ld e s t ,
Tiie u n tir o block o f wood ia f u l l y c cm trod w ith th e Btyoelium,
Ifoforo
ttto block o f Votatlua trainiI o id ea tma in ocu ln ted with th e n y co liu i. i t
wee au toclaved f o r one and one - hal f hour# and dll«w ed t o o o o l.
Dnrlag th e 72 dey period 20 c . c , o f d i s t i l l e d w ater were added by a
s t o r l l e p ip e t t e .
i- la to V I.
Ttile BliOWQ th e iayoalluia t rzx>wlit: on : opsilua bo la e n if f g n which wea
tr e a te d In e x a c tly the aissc mammir na i l a t e V#
fun, pie dooa not grow as v e i l on t h is a p eela a .
I t i a ev id en t tlia t
Jtoro wood Otm be seen
and a sun I Iur r,rowth o f th e fungus.
P la te V II.
Thle shows tixo ^rovtii o f the fu% ue on a block o f JaOifttlue tret—
u lo ld o a a t the n^o o f s ix te e n rmerttia and novan d a y s.
I t vns tr u ste d
in t h e ear. e manner as P ln te e V and VI ex cep t no rrtvtor wee added.
The
furv'us Ib s t i l l growing on th e wood, find f r m tfiis i t i a uvldtmt th a t
l i t t l e m oisture Ie i*e uirod f o r th e growth o f th e A ingue.
Ootton vao
p ieced over th e top o f the jar in order to a llo w f o r th e exchange o f
m o istu r e , taap eratu re and g a s e s .
P la te V II I .
F igure E shows an o ld e xiro,,lioro which has occtffBilotod I l m
and i Toe i t a w h itish c o lo r .
c o lo r .
I t w i l l e v e n tu a lly Loooiod black i a
F igure S shows a young aporophora which i s m- u s Lrotm in
c o lo r and very e e t iv o .
Figuro 4 shows a eporophoro
Iiee both
th e argue brosari c o lo r and the l i g h t c o lo r &*e to ik;o.
la t a IX.
On th e l e f t o f t h i s p la te is the Sperophore ( a .) which u ipurently
s ta r te d i t s growth a t an o ld brand' acar and hue then gone to th e contur Cf th e tr o o .
Dark colored l i n e s ( b .) alioa the in v a sio n s ta g s and
IfcsS th e sap weed ( d .) I s r e l a t i v e l y fr e e f r m any In feotL tin.
The co n -
Ior o f th e tr e e has boon turned to a w h itish punky m o o (Ti.) .
I t is
e v id e n t from th is p ic tu r e th a t th e sporoplua-o i s produced on th e o u tsid e
o f th e troo end i s connected d im c t ly to th e heart wood.
Itie fun, us has
e tondod I t e in f e c tio n both up and down In th e c en te r o f ti -i tr o o .
I le te I
AS REN
/ 3Oy^uZus Zrem u/o/cZes
i-!
|—
« x ..
M ap b«
f o r i ! U I S 'T f t B M I J L O l b f t H M H M A t f t
AUA \
OA
P la te I I
P la te I I I
F ig . 3 . —F . Itaiiariua F r ie s , on Aspen.
”
F ig . 4 . —F . ig n ia r iu s f r i e s ,
on Aspen.
P la te IT
Iaxe
I l e t e VIl
-
P la te V IlI
p ig . 3 , —youngest sporajahores
F ig . 4 .
-
1
P la te IX
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
ig n ia r iu s on Populus
65117
N 376
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ce> f^