A study of the effect of fertilizers upon the sugar content of apples, with special reference to a new
method of sugar analysis
by Cyril D Evans
A THESIS SuLmitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Master of Science in Chemistry at Montana State College
Montana State University
© Copyright by Cyril D Evans (1934)
Abstract:
1. The percent of sugars in apples increased rapidly during the period of growth.
2. In young apples practically all the sugars are present as reducing sugars.
3. The percent of total sugars increased consistantly over that of the reducing sugars during the period
of growth.
4. A close correlation was found to exist between reducing and total sugars during the period of
growth.
5. No consistant effect due to any fertiliser treatment was found during the growing period.
6. No relationship was found to exist between the fertilizer treatment and the breakdown of sugars
during storage.
7. Individual apples from the same plots were found to have a difference as high as 52.22 percent for
reducing sugars and 30.81 percent for total sugars. It should be remembered that the variation of
individual apples was not investigated until the apples had been in storage for three months and this
might be responsible for the wide variation.
8. The method developed for the determination of sugars was found satisfactory and is believed to be
an improvement over other methods in use. It is rapid, simple, convenient, and gave good results. A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS UPOH THE SUGAR CONTEtTT
OF APPLES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A NEW METHOD
OF SUGAR ANALYSIS
Dy
CYRIL D. EVAHS
A -THESIS
S u L m itte d t o th e G ra d u a te C om m ittee i n
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n t s
f o r th e D eg ree o f M a s te r o f S c ie n c e
i n C h e m is tr y a t M o n tan a
S t a t e C o lle g e
A pproved?
I n C harge o f M a jo r Work
I
C h airm an E x a m in in g C om m ittee
C h airm an G ra d u a te C om m ittee
Bozem an, M o n tan a
J u n e , 1934
5
^
3
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
In tro d u c tio n
3
C h em io al M eth o d s
6
S p e c i f i c a t i o n o f A d o p ted P r o c e d u r e
S o lu tio n s
7
R e d u c in g S u g a r
9
I n v e r t S ugar
A p p le C o l l e c t i o n and P r e s e r v a t i o n
12
26
P r e s e n ta tio n o f R e s u lts
G row ing P e r io d
31
S to r a g e P e r io d
36
Summary
44
L i t e r a t u r e C it e d
46
1
136304
’&
STUDY OF THE EFFEDT OF FERTILIZERS UPOH THE SUGAR OOHTMT
OF APPLES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A HEW METHOD
OF SUGAR ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
F o r a nunVber o f y e a r s w o rk h a s b e e n c a r r i e d on a t M o n tan a
E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n on t h e s t u d y , " I n f l u e n c e o f P l a n t F o o d s u p o n C h em ical
C o m p o s itio n , G ro w th , F r u i t i n g , and G e n e r a l P h y s i o l o g i c a l C o n d itio n o f t h e
A p p le T r e e " , an d th e w ork p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s p a p e r i s t h e r e s u l t o f p a r t o f
t h e a n a l y t i c a l w ork done b y th e a u t h o r u p o n th e above name p r o j e c t .
The am ount o f l i t e r a t u r e
d r a te s in p la n t m a te r ia ls .
i s v o lu m in o u s on th e s t u d y o f c a rb o h y ­
H o w ev er, m o st o f th e w ork i s
an d th e m e th o d s a r e q u i t e l a r g e l y t e n t a t i v e .
s t i l l e x p e rim e n ta l
Much o f th e d a t a i s d i r e c t l y
c o n f l i c t i n g an d s t i l l m ore can n o t be d u p l i c a t e d , w h ic h i t i s b e l i e v e d , i s
l a r g e l y due t o d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s , m e th o d s , and th e n o n -a g re e m e n t o f some
fu n d a m e n ta l v a l u e s .
T h is i s q u i t e s t r i k i n g o f th e v a l u e s one can o b t a i n
f o r t h e s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f th e d i f f e r e n t s u g a r s .
"When t h e s e v a l u e s , o f
s u c h a v a r i a n c e , a r e u s e d i n f o r m u la s o f o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n th e r e s u l t s when
w o rk ed i n t o p e r c e n t a g e s a r e d i s c o u r a g i n g .
A good ex am p le o f t h i s may be
h a d i n th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e
S u c ro s e i s t h e ohI y s u g a r i n
( s e e T a b le I ) .
w h ic h c o n s i s t a n t v a l u e s w ere fo u n d and f o r t h a t r e a s o n i t h a s b een o m i tte d
fro m th e t a b l e .
I t is
s e e n fro m lo o k i n g a t colum n 5 a p e r s o n c o u ld h a v e a
s o l u t i o n o f p u re g lu c o s e an d y e t g e t r e a d i n g s w h ich w o u ld g iv e v a l u e s v a r y ­
i n g a lm o s t tw e n ty p e r v .c e n t.
The same a p p l i e s f o r t h e r e s t o f th e s u g a r s
and u n d o u b te d ly t h e r e i s a s much e r r o r i n th e o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n o f o t h e r su b
s t a n c e s a s i s h e r e shown f o r th e f o u r s u g a r s .
_
T a b le I .
O p t i c a l R o t a t i o n o f D i f f e r e n t S u g a rs Found i n S ta n d a r d R e fe re n c e Works
I
d e g re e s
G lu c o se
L e v u lo s e
M a lto s e
In v ert
2
d e g re e s
( o c )D 3 5 2 .7 4
I!
90.72
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138.29
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20.02
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5
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138.39
1 8 .8 6
,
v20
T h ese v a l u e s a r e a l l f o r (tic )D i n a 10 p e r c e n t s o l u t i o n .
V a lu e s ta k e n fro m :
L a n d a l t , ]S'. O p t i c a l R o t a t i o n o f O rg a n ic S u b s ta n c e s ,
Column I .
5 9 2 . :2 nd E d . ( 1 9 0 2 ) .
Column 2 .
M a h in , E . G ., and C a r r , R. H.
1 s t Ed . ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
Column 3 .
A l l e n , A. H.
Column 4 .
K o s ty c h e v , S .
Column 5 .
I n te r n a tio n a l C r i t i c a l T a b le s ,
D iffe re n c e
d e g re e s"
9.95
2.56
1.39
1 .7 1
E r r o r b ased
on th e low
p e r cent
1 8 .7 4
2.82
1.02
9.07
p . 4 9 1 , 4 9 5 , 589,
Q u a n tita tiv e A g r ic u ltu r e A n a ly s is ,
p . 123
C om m ercial O rg a n ic A n a ly s is . p . 37 2, V o l. 2 , 5 th E d. ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
C h em ical P l a n t P h y s io lo g y . p . 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 , 1 s t E d, ( 1 9 3 1 ) .
p . 3 4 6 , 3 4 7 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 0 , V o l. 2 , 1 s t E d . ( 1928 ) .
/
•*This v a lu e o f (oc
= 6 2 .4 5 ° i s u n d o u b te d ly a t y p o g r a p h i c a l e r r o r , n e v e r t h e l e s s ,, th e
v a lu e i s t h e r e an d i t w o u ld be q u i t e e a s y t o u s e t h i s v a lu e i n a g r e a t d e a l o f w ork b e f o r e th e
e r r o r - w o u l d be n o t i c e d .
5
A n o th e r p o i n t t h a t i s v e r y o b v io u s t o a n y w o rk e r i n c a r b o h y d r a t e s
i s t h e l a c k o f some m odern s t a n d a r d w ork i n th e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e .
At p r e ­
s e n t th e b e s t w ork a v a i l a b l e i s th e " O f f i c i a l and T e n t a t i v e M ethods o f
A n a ly s is " o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f O f f i c i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m is ts .
it
i s n o t c o m p re h e n s iv e and i s l i m i t e d i n i t s
scope.
H o w ev er,
T h e re a r e a few g o o d
b o o k s i n E n g l i s h on th e d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s o f can e and b e e t s u g a r i n d u s t r y ,
b u t t h e s e a r e q u i t e l i m i t e d i n t h e i r sc o p e and a r e o f l i t t l e
v a lu e t o a n y
one n o t w o rk in g i n t h e can e o r b e e t s u g a r i n d u s t r y .
I n 1923 H ag ed o rn a n d .J e n s e n ‘S p r o p o s e d a m ethod f o r d e te r m in in g
r e d u c i n g s u g a r s i n w h ic h an a l k a l i n e
s o l u t i o n o f f e r r i c y a n id e i s u s e d .
The m e'thdduas f i r s t d e v e lo p e d was u s e d f o r b lo o d s u g a r , b u t i n r e c e n t
2 4
y e a r s h a s b e e n e x te n d e d t o i n c l u d e l a r g e r am o u n ts o f s u g a r . ?
B lis h
2
m o d if ie d th e m eth o d f o r d e t e r m in i n g t h e r e d u c i n g m a t e r i a l s i n w h eat f l o u r
an d o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s w h ic h i n d i c a t e d t h a t w ith c e r t a i n c h a n g e s th e same
p r o c e d u r e c o u ld be a p p l i e d t o b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d s .
A c c p r d in g ly an a t te m p t
h a s b e e n made i n th e p r e s e n t, i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o m o d ify th e m eth o d so t h a t i t
c o u ld be a p p l i e d i n m e a s u r in g th e r e d u c i n g s u b s t a n c e s i n a p p le e x t r a c t s .
The a n a l y t i c a l w ork done b y th e a u t h o r i n p r e v io u s y e a r s a lo n g
th is
same l i n e h a s g iv e n r e s u l t s w h ich w ere som ewhat d o u b t f u l .
The r e s u l t s
d e p e n d e d on in n u m e r a b le f a c t o r s t h e c o n t r o l o f w h ich w ere i n many c a s e s
o u t o f th e h a n d s o f th e a n a l y s t .
Many m e th o d s w ere t r i e d , some g i v i n g
r e s u l t s w h ic h w ere i n g o o d a g re e m e n t an d o t h e r s i n w h ic h i t was a lm o s t im­
p o s s ib le to d u p lic a te r e s u l t s .
P r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f t h e m e th o d s when u s e d
w i t h a p u re s o l u t i o n o f o n ly s u c r o s e and g lu c o s e gav e r e s u l t s w h ich c h e c k e d
c lo s e ly .
H o w ev er, when t h e s e same m e th o d s w ere t r i e d w i t h an a p p le e x t r a c t
th e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d v a r i e d w id e l y .
6
CHEMICAL METHODS
As h a s "been p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d th e a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u ­
t i o n w as t r i e d
o u t a s a s u i t a b l e r e a g e n t f o r th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u g a r
O
i n a p p le e x t r a c t . I n a r e v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e E id d o w so n 0 h a s a p p l i e d
t h e m ethod o f H ag ed o rn and J e n s e n f o r th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s m a ll q u a n t i ­
t i e s o f m ix ed r e d u c i n g s u g a r s an d i t s
d ro ly s is o f s ta rc h .
a p p l i c a t i o n t o th e p r o d u c ts o f h y ­
H an es^ e x te n d e d t h e o r i g i n a l m eth o d o f H ag ed o rn an d
J e n s e n t o a b o u t t e n ti m e s th e am ount o f s u g a r , n a m e ly , 3 .8 m gs. i n 5 go .
o f s o lu tio n .
B o th o f th e above m e n tio n d w o rk e rs u s e d q u i t e d i l u t e s o l ­
u t i o n ( 0.0111 f e r r i c y a n id e and. ,OlN so d iu m t h i o s u l p h a t e ) and o b ta in e d
r e s u l t s w h ic h w ere i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t.
H an es^ i n v e s t i g a t e d th e m eth o d f o r
m a lto s e an d g lu c o s e and g i v e s t a b l e s and g r a p h s o f h i s w o rk .
He a l s o g i v e s
d a t a a s t o t h e e f f e c t o f th e tim e o f r e d u c t i o n and e f f e c t o f d i s s o l v e d
oxygen,
W iddowson
8 h a s a p p l i e d th e m eth o d t o m i x tu r e s o f m a l t o s e , g l u ­
c o se , f r u c t o s e an d t o th e p r o d u c t s ' o f h y d r o l y s i s o f s t a r c h i n v ie w o f d e ­
t e r m i n i n g t h e s e S u g a rs i n y o u n g a p p l e s .
The e f f e c t o f u s i n g b a s i c l e a d
a c e t a t e and so d iu m p h o s p h a te a s c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t s i s g i v e n , and a l s o th e
e f f e c t o f b o i l i n g a s o l u t i o n o f th e d i f f e r e n t s u g a r s w i t h c h a r c o a l .
N o t h i n g p h o w e v e r, i s g iv e n a s t o th e e f f e c t o f b a s i c l e a d a c e t a t e u p o n
f r u c t o s e an d n o t h i n g i s s a i d o f u s i n g a n y o t h e r c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t and a p p a r ­
e n t l y t h i s p o in t h as been d is r e g a r d e d ,
S o b o tk a an d H e in e r
7
h av e u s e d th e a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e m ethod
f o r d e t e r m i n i n g th e r e l a t i o n o f r e d u c i n g pow er t o c o n f i g u r a t i o n .
fo u n d t h a t th e t i t r a t i o n
T hey
c u r v e s f o r f r u c t o s e , g lu c o s e an d g l a c t o s e , a r e
7
p r a c t i c a l l y a l l a s t r a i g h t l i n e , w h ic h i s n o t i n a c c o r d w ith th e f i n d i n g s
o f H anes
B lis h
2
h a s e x te n d e d th e m eth o d t o i n c l u d e 17 m gs. o f m a lto s e
i n 10 c c . o f s o l u t i o n , an d he su m m a rizes t h e m eth o d a s a s u p e r i o r one fro m
th e s ta n d p o in t o f a c c u ra c y , r e l i a b i l i t y ,
th e te c h n ic i a n .
s i m p l i c i t y , an d c o n v e n ie n c e t o
T h is s ta t e m e n t show s t h e r e s u l t s an d s a t i s f a c t i o n ob­
t a i n e d a t t h e N e b ra s k a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n .
P r e l i m i n a r y a t t e m p t s t o a p p ly th e a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n id e m ethod
o f H ag ed o rn an d J e n s e n t o s u g a r s i n a p p l e s g av e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t th e
m eth o d p o s s e s s e d many f e a t u r e s n o t em b o d ied i n o t h e r m e th o d s u s e d i n
common p r a c t i c e .
S o l u t i o n s o f t h e s t r e n g t h recom m ended b y B l i s h
2
w ere d e c id e d
u p o n and t h e m eth o d was s t a n d a r d i z e d a g a i n s t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s B u reau o f
S ta n d a r d s D e x tr o s e s a m p le .
The p u r i t y o f th e s a m p le 'w a s t e s t e d by gieans
o f t h e p o l a r i s c o p e and fo u n d t o be 9 9 » 4 6 7 $ .
E or th e s t u d y o f i n v e r t
s u g a r s a c o m m e rc ia l sam p le o f s u c r o s e w as u s e d and i t s
p u r i t y was fo u n d b y
t h e same m e th o d t o be 9 9 « 9 5 2 $ .
SPEG IEICATION OF ADOPTED PEOCEDUEE
A lk a lin e F e r r ic y a n id e S o lu tio n .
1 6 .5 g r s . o f p u re K ^F e( ON) ^
an d 22 g r s . o f C .P . a n h y d ro u s Na^CO^ w ere d i s s o l v e d i n 500 c c . o f d i s ­
t i l l e d w a te r an d l e t s t a n d f o r a few d a y s .
u p t o a 1000 c c .
The s o l u t i o n m a i n t a i n s i t s
s to r e d in d ark b o t t l e s .
a t e l y . N/20^'
I t was t h e n f i l t e r e d and made
s t r e n g t h q u i t e w e ll when
The above s o l u t i o n g iv e s a s t r e n g t h o f • a p p ro x im ­
8
N /2 0 Sodium T h i o s u l f a t e S o l u t i o n .
$ra2 S2 03 e
1 2 .4 1 g r s . o f O .P .
w ere d i s s o l v e d p e r l i t e r o f r e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .
I f s p e c ia l
p r e c a u tio n s a re u se d in th e p r e p a r a tio n o f t h i s s o lu ti o n i t w ill r e t a i n
i t s n o r m a l i t y f o r a lo n g t i m e .
as q u ite
commonly i t
H o w ev er, i t
s h o u ld he c h e c k e d o c c a s i o n a l l y
s lo w ly d e t e r i o r a t e s u p o n s t a n d i n g .
A c e t i c A c id B e a g e n t.
A s o l u t i o n was made u p t o c o n t a i n 200 cc„
o f O .P . g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d , 70 g r s . o f O .P . KOI, and 20 g r s . - o f
ZnSO^.
TH^O p e r l i t e r .
P o ta s s iu m I o d i d e .
A s o l u t i o n was made o f 50 g r s . O .P . K l p e r
100 c c . o f d i s t i l l e d w a te r and I d ro p o f c o n c e n t r a t e d HaOH t o p r e v e n t t h e
d e c o m p o s itio n o f th e KI an d th e l i b e r a t i o n o f I o d i n e .
I f th e s o lu tio n
becom es c o l o r e d a few d r o p s o f c o n c e n t r a t e d HaOH may he a d d e d and th e s o ­
l u t i o n s h a k e n o c c a s i o n a l l y and i t w i l l a g a i n become c o l o r l e s s .
The s o l u ­
t i o n m ust be c o l o r l e s s o r i t i s u n f i t f o r u s e .
S ta rc h S o lu tio n .
A 1$ s o l u t i o n o f s t a r c h was made up. u s i n g
L i t n e r ' s S o lu b le S t a r c h .
I t was fo u n d b e t t e r t o make u p a s m a ll am ount
o f s t a r c h s o l u t i o n and do i t
q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y th a n t o ad d ZnSO^, H aG l, and
n u m e ro u s o t h e r s a l t s t h a t a r e recom m ended i n th e l i t e r a t u r e .
A weak
s o l u t i o n o f s t a r c h , a p p r o x im a te ly I ^ , w as u s e d , o th e r w is e a more co n ce n ­
t r a t e d s o l u t i o n w i l l g iv e a c u r d le d e f f e c t and i t i s im p o s s ib l e t o r e a c h an
en d p o i n t .
The s t a r c h a p p a r e n t l y c u r d l e s a ro u n d some o f t h e io d i n e an d t h e
s o l u t i o n h a s a s p e c k le d a p p e a r a n c e .
H e u t r a l L ead A c e ta te S o l u t i o n .
A s o l u t i o n was made u p t o c o n t a i n
450 g r s . o f C .P . P b( C g H j(^)Z p e r l i t e r .
9
P o ta s s iu m O x a l a t e ,
A s o l u t i o n w as made u p t o c o n t a i n 240 g r s ,
o f C .P . IC^O^O^ p e r l i t e r ,
BEDUCIEO SUGAES
The p r o c e d u r e was c a r r i e d o u t i n t e s t t u b e s o f 22 mm, x 175 nrn,
T h ese t u b e s w ere th o r o u g h l y c le a n e d and f r e e fro m g r e a s e so t h a t none o f
th e s o l u t i o n w o u ld c o l l e c t i n d r o p s a lo n g th e s i d e s , ■ I n t o t h e s e t e s t t u b e s
w as i n t r o d u c e d 10 c c . o f a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u t i o n and an am ount o f ■s u g a r s o l u t i o n whose s t r e n g t h i s t o be d e te r m in e d .
I f t h i s s o l u t i o n was
n o t 10 c c . , w a te r w as ad d e d t o make u p t h a t v o lu m e.
H an es^ s t r e s s e s t h i s
p o i n t , b u t t h e w r i t e r h a s fo u n d no d i f f e r e n c e w ith Ef/20 s o l u t i o n .
Par
m ore e r r o r i s due t o d i r t y g la s s w a r e an d t o n o t m ix in g t h e tw o s o l u t i o n s .
I t i s a lw a y s a s'a fe p r o c e d u r e t o i n c l i n e th e t e s t tu b e an d r o t a t e i t .slo w ­
l y t h u s a c c o m p lis h in g a re m o v a l o f an y d r o p s c l i n g i n g t o t h e s i d e s o f t h e
tu b e .
A f t e r t h o r o u g h l y m ix in g t h e s o l u t i o n s i n th e t e s t t u b e s t h e y
w ere p la c e d i n a b o i l i n g w a te r b a t h f o r e x a c t l y 30 m i n u te s .
v e s t i g a t e d t h e r a t e o f r e d u c t i o n and fro m h i s w ork i t i s
H anes 4 h a s i n ­
shown t h a t f o r
s o l u t i o n s o f t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e r e d u c t i o n i s p r a c t i c a l l y c o m p le te i n
10 m i n u te s ,
p
B l i s h u s e d 20 m in u te s and s i n c e th e b o i l i n g p o i n t i s some­
w h at lo w e r a t th e a l t i t u d e a t w h ic h t h i s w ork was c a r r i e d on th e s o l u t i o n s
w ere h e a t e d f o r 30 m i n u te s .
Ho i n v e s t i g a t i o n was made a s t o any o t h e r
tim e f o r th e p e r i o d o f r e d u c t i o n s i n c e th e m ethod was t o be s t a n d a r d i z e d
and t a b l e s made f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r t e m p e r a t u r e .
B lis h
ti m e —te m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t and s p e c i f i e s t h e tim e e x a c t l y .
2
e m p h a s iz e s t h e
10
A f t e r re m o v a l fro m t h e b o i l i n g w a te r h a t h th e t u b e s w ere c o o le d
i n a s tr e a m o f r u n n in g w a t e r .
The t u b e s s h o u ld s t i l l h a v e a y e llo w t i n t and
i f th e y a r e w h ite a l l o f th e f e r r i c y a n id e h a s b e e n r e d u c e d , i n w h ich c a s e
t h e r e d u c i n g p o w er o f th e s u g a r h a s e x c e e d e d th e o x i d i z i n g c a p a c i t y o f th e
fe rric y a n id e .
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n m u st be r e p e a t e d u s i n g a s m a l l e r am ount
o f th e s a m p le .
A f t e r c o o l i n g , th e c o n t e n t s o f th e t e s t t u b e s w ere p o u r e d
i n t o 250 c c . e r le n m y e r f l a s k s .
The t u b e s w ere th e n r i n s e d o u t w ith p o r ­
t i o n s o f 2 5 <;ec» o f th e a c e t i c a c i d r e a g e n t u n t i l a t o t a l o f 25 c c . h ad
been ad d ed .
A s l i g h t te n d e n c y w i l l be n o te d h e r e to w a r d s t h e f o r m a t io n o f
P r u s s i a n b l u e , h o w e v e r, i t was n e v e r p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s t o
c a u s e t r o u b l e w ith th e en d p o i n t o f th e s t a r c h io d i n e c o l o r .
A fte r a l l o f
t h e t u b e s h a d b e e n w ash ed o u t , ( t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n was u s u a l l y ru n i n s e t s
o f s i x ) , t h e s o l u t i o n s w ere r e a d y f o r th e i o d i n e hypo t i t r a t i o n .
P o ta s s iu m i o d i d e was th e n ad d ed t o e a c h sam ple d i r e c t l y b e f o r e
t i t r a t i o n , th u s a v o i d in g an y l o s s o f i o d i n e by v o l a t i l i z a t i o n , a s was n o Q
t e d by W iddowson .
The i o d i n e f r e e d "was t i t r a t e d b y . 05H so d iu m t h i o s u l ­
p h a t e , u s i n g I c c . o f s t a r c h s o l u t i o n a s an i n d i c a t o r .
The am ount o f
so d iu m t h i o s u l p h a t e u s e d i n t i t r a t i n g th e i o d i n e r e p r e s e n t s th e e x c e s s
f e r r i c y a n i d e , o r th e am ount n o t r e d u c e d b y t h e s u g a r .
i n d i r e c t one an d d e p e n d s u p o n th e t i t r a t i o n
T h is m ethod i s an
o f th e e x c e s s f e r r i c y a n i d e , and
by s u b t r a c t i o n we o b t a i n t h e am ount o f f e r r i c y a n id e r e d u c e d b y th e s u g a r ..
T hus b y r u n n in g a b la n k d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f 10 c c . o f f e r r i c y a n i d e s o l u t i o n
an d 10 c c . o f w a te r i n th e same m an n er a s g iv e n p r e v i o u s l y , a v a lu e i s
o b ta in e d f o r th e b la n k .
H ence th e v a l u e o f th e s u g a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s
s u b t r a c t e d fro m th e v a lu e o f th e b l a n k , an d t h u s i s o b t a i n e d th e am ount o f
11
f e r r i c y a n id e a c t u a l l y r e d u c e d b y t h e s u g a r*
S in c e th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f th e s o l u t i o n s u s e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a ­
t i o n w ere n o t e x a c t l y „05N t h e y w ere a l l c a l c u l a t e d t o t h i s b a s i s f o r th e
p u rp o s e o f c o m p a ris o n .
The v a l u e s o b t a i n e d (T a b le I l ) w ere p l o t t e d i n a
c u rv e fro m w h ic h can be r e a d th e m i l l i g r a m s o f g lu c o s e p e r .1 c c . o f „05$T
fe rric y a n id e s o lu tio n (se e fig u re l ) .
The v a l u e s i n t e r p o l a t e d fro m t h i s
c u rv e w ere n o t c o r r e c t e d f o r th e e f f e c t o f a c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t and a r e
g iv e n i n T a b le I I I .
From p r e v i o u s w ork w ith l e a d a c e t a t e a s a c l a r i f y i n g 'a g e n t i t
w as fo u n d q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r g i v i n g a v e r y c l e a r s o l u t i o n and p r e c i p i ­
t a t i n g th e p r o t e i n s .
The e x c e s s l e a d i s rem oved b y so d iu m o x a l a t e and no
d i f f i c u l t y was e x p e r i e n c e d i n f i l t e r i n g t h e p r e c i p i t a t e d l e a d o x a l a t e .
The e f f e c t s o f l e a d a c e t a t e an d p o ta s s iu m o x a l a t e u p o n s u g a r s o l u t i o n s
w ere i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e s e s a l t s ( s e e T a b le s
IV and V ) .
The r e s u l t s i n T a b le IV a r e fro m g lu c o s e s o l u t i o n s o f tw o d i f f ­
e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w ith v a r i e d am o u n ts o f p o ta s s iu m o x a l a t e and p o t a s s ­
ium a c e t a t e ,
The f i g u r e s show t h a t v e r y l i t t l e
e f f e c t i s due t o p o ta s s iu m
Q ix a la te and i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y a l l due t o th e p o ta s s iu m a c e ta te ." * -
The e f f e c t
o f t h e s e r e a g e n t s i s s e e n t o i n c r e a s e w i t h t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n , so a v e r y
d e fin ite
am ount t o be u s e d a s a c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t m ust be a g r e e d u p o n .
The
am o u n t, h o w e v e r, m u st a l s o be s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e c i p i t a t e t h e p r o t e i n s an d
g iv e a c l e a r s o l u t i o n .
From a num ber o f t r i a l s
on s a m p le s o f a p p le e x ­
t r a c t s o l u t i o n i t was fo u n d t h a t 1 -2 c c . o f th e l e a d a c e t a t e s o l u t i o n o f
450 g r s . p e r l i t e r was s u f f i c i e n t t o g iv e a c l e a r s d l u t i o n .
m ore fo u n d t o be n e c e s s a r y .
I n no c a s e w as
H ence i t was d e c id e d t o u s e 2 c c . o f t h i s
12
s o lu tio n f o r a l l fu tu re
c l a r i f i c a t i o n s and th e c o r r e c t i o n o f „07 c c . o f
„051 f e r r i c y a n id e w o u ld he a p p l i e d t o a l l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .
o f .0 7 o c . was a r r i v e d a t fro m a s tu d y .o f T a b le s I T and V„
i n T a b le I I I t h a t „07 c c . o f f e r r i c y a n i d e
The c o r r e c t i o n
I t w i l l he s e e n
s o l u t i o n e q u a l s I mg. o f g l u ­
c o s e , h e n c e t h i s am ount m u st he s u b t r a c t e d fro m e a c h d e t e r m i n a t i o n .
In a
num ber o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n s i t w i l l be e a s i e r t o c o n s t r u c t a new t a b l e h a v in g
t h e c o r r e c t i o n a p p l i e d and t h e n r e s u l t s may be r e a d d i r e c t l y .
T a b le I I I
i s g iv e n w ith o u t an y c o r r e c t i o n s b e in g a p p l i e d b e c a u s e i f i t i s fo u n d n e c ­
e s s a r y t o u s e d i f f e r e n t am o u n ts o f th e c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t o r an e n t i r e l y
new c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t th e c o r r e c t i o n s f o r t h e s e can t h e n be a p p l i e d .
H T E E T SUGAR
-i* '■ I
I n v e r t s u g a r s w ere t o be d e te r m in e d an d a f t e r i n v e r s i o n th e
same m ethod w as u s e d a s t h a t f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g th e g lu c o s e c o n v e r s io n
ta b le .
S am p les o f s u c r o s e fro m I mg. t o 12 m gs. w ere u s e d and t h e i r
w e ig h t c a l c u l a t e d t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t w e ig h t o f i n v e r t s u g a r w h ich was i n
t u r n u s e d a s t h e b a s i s t o p l o t t h e c u rv e o b t a i n e d i n f i g u r e 2»
The r e ­
s u l t s w ere c a l c u l a t e d t o th e b a s i s o f .OfjU f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u t i o n .
The r a p i d m eth o d o f i n v e r s i o n ^ was u s e d w h ich i s a s f o l l o w s :
50 c c . p o r t i o n o f th e l e a d f r e e f i l t r a t e
f l a s k and t h e n 25 o c . o f w a te r a d d e d .
little
A
w as p i p e t t e d i n t o a- 100 c c .
10 c c . o f HGl w ere th e n ad d ed a
b y l i t t l e , w h ile r o t a t i n g t h e f l a s k ,
(HCl sp„ g r„ 1 .1 0 2 9 a t 2Q0/ 4 ° ) .
A w a t e r . b a t h was h e a t e d t o 7 0 ° C an d t h e b u r n e r r e g u l a t e d so t h a t th e tem p­
e r a t u r e o f t h e b a t h re m a in e d a p p r o x im a te ly a t t h a t p o i n t .
The f l a s k was
p l a c e d i n t h e w a te r b a t h , an d a th e rm o m e te r i n s e r t e d , an d i t was th e n
13
'T a b le I I .
The O x id a t io n o f G lu c o se b y A l k a l i n e
F e r r ic y a n id e S o lu tio n
Sam ple
num ber
Hypo .
titre e
CO.
S u b tra c tio n
f r o m r b la n k
cc.
C o n v e rte d
t o 0 . 05H
GO«
I
13.925
9.7
0.7
9.59
9.26
2
11.936
2.06
2 .1 0
8.21
9.93
3
9.946
3.40
3.40
6.89
6 .6 5
4
7.957
COOO
O XO
W eig h t o f
G lu c o se
' mg. .
’
5.44
5,25
5
5.968
6,18
6.18
4.11
3.96
6
3.978
7.58
7.58
2.71
2.62
7
. 1.989
8.95
8.94
1.34
1 .3 0
8 ( b liank)
10.29
1 0 .2 9
M o r m a lity o f hypo = 0 . 0 4 8 2 8 8
M ethod o f c a l c u l a t i o n s
1 0 .2 9 - 0 . 7 0 = 9 . 59 c c .
0.0482889 . 5 9 3"0.0500
9 . 2 6 CO.
Ce. o f .0 6 h/ f e j- t/c y q /t/d e . S o / u t t o * ^
f
~
Cut rVZ* o A lbirttsf
/>foff/ft9 M 'fttjrzM S o f y / u c o s t s 4 $ 4 //is i~
Cu6/c C dtrtbi c f ir s o f .OSfiJ / e » / c y So lu fio ri,
15
T a b le I I I ,
0 .0 5 H
F errgi= "
c y a n id e
re d u c e d
CO,
G lu c o se
e q u iv a ­
le n t
. mgs..
0,1
0.2
0 .3
0 .4
0.5
0.6
0 .7
0.8
0 .9
1 .0
1 .1
1.2
1 .3
1 .4
1 .5
1 .6
1 .7
1 .8
1 .9
2.0
2 .1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2 .5
2.6
2 .7
2.8
2.9
3 .0
3 .1
3 .2
3.3
0 .1 5
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.85
0.90
1.05
1.20
1 .3 5
1 .5 0
1 .6 5
1.80
1.95
2.10
2.25
2.40
2.55
2.70
2.85
3.00
3.15
3.30
3.45
3.60
3 .7 5
3.90
4.05
4.20
4.35
4.50
4.65
4.80
4.95
G lu c o se C o n v e rs io n T a b le
0 .0 5 H
F e rric y a n id e
' re d u c e d
•QC.
•
3.4
3.5
3.6
3 .7
3 .8
3.9
• 4 .0
4 .1
4.2
■ ■4 . 3
4 .4
4 .5
4 .6
4.7
4,8
4,9
5.0
5 .1
5.2
5 .3
5 ,4
5.5
5 .6
5 .7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6 ,1
6.2
6 .3
6 .4
6 .5
6.6
G lu c o s e
e q u iv a -.
le n t
m gs.
5.10
5.25
5.40
5.55
5.70
5.85
6.00
6 .1 5
6.30
6.45
6 .6 0
6.75
6.90
7.05
7.-20
7 .3 5
7.50
7.65
7,80
7.95
8 .1 0
8.25
8.40
8.55
8.70
8.85
9.00
9.15
9.30
9.45
9.60
9.75
9.90
0 . 0 5 $T
F e rric y a n id e
red u ce d
CO,
G lu co se
' e q u iv a ­
le n t
m gs.
6 .7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7 .1
7,2
7 ,3
7 .4
7 .5
7 .6
7 .7
7 .8
7.9
8.0
8 .1
8.2
.8. 3
8.4
8.5
8 .6
. 8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9 .1
9.2
9.3
9 .4
9.5
9.6
9 .7
9.8
9.9
10.05
1 0 .2 0
10.35
10.50
1 0 .6 5
10.80
10.95
1 1 .1 0
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .4 0
1 1 .5 5
1 1 .7 0
1 1 .8 5
1 2 ,0 0
1 2 ,1 5
1 2 .3 0
12.45
1 2 .6 0
12.75
12.90
13.05
13.20
1 3 .3 5
13.50
■ 1 3 .6 5
13.80
13.95
1 4 .1 0
14.25
1 4 .4 0
14.55
_____
____
-
16
T a b le IV .
The E f f e c t o f H e u t r a l L ead A c e ta te a s t h e C l a r i f y i n g
A g en t on th e D e te r m in a t io n o f G lu c o se
G lu c o s e
CO,
P o ta s s iu m
o x a la te
CO.
P o ta s s iu m
a c e ta te
cc.
0 .0
0.0
I!
0.0
0.5
I!
0.0
1.0
Il
0.0
CM
O
Il
0 .5
0.0
Il
0 .5
1 .0
Il
0.5
2.0
1 .0
0 .0
4
0.0
0 .0
Il
0.0
0 .5
11
0.0
1 .0
11
0.0
'2.0
Il
0.0
6.0
Il
0 .5
0.0
Il
1 .0
0.0
It
2.0
0 .0
6 .0
0.0
Il
0.5
1 .0
Il
0.5
2.0
0 .5
6.0
8
Il
M
Il
•
Hypo
titre
OC4>
4.84
4.84
4.84
4.85
4.84
4.82
4.80
4.82
4.84
4.84
4.82
4.82
4.78
4.78
4.85
4.85
7 .3 5
7.35
7.30
7.30
7.30
7 .3 0
7.30
7.30
7.20
7.22
' 7.35
7 .3 5
7.35
7 .3 5
7.33
7 .3 3
7.30
7.30
7 .3 0
7.30
7.28
7.28
7.20
7 .2 0
D iffe re n c e
in t i t r e
CO,
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.0?
——
0.05
0.05
0.05
- 0.14
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.10
- .
17
T a b le V.
The E f f e c t o f N e u t r a l L ead A c e ta te a s t h e O l a r i f y i n g
A g en t on t h e D e te r m in a t io n o f L e v u lo s e
L e v u lo s e
P o ta s s iu m
o x a la te
C O .
4
0 .0
Il
0 .0
0 .5
0.0
1 .0
Il
0 .0
2.0
Il
0.0
6.0
It
0 .5
0.0
H
1 .0
0.0
Il
2.0
0 .0
IT
6 .0
0 .0
11
•0 .5
1 .0
11
0 .5
CM
Il
0 .5
6.0
it
O
C O .
O
O
P o ta s s iu m
a c e ta te
cc.
Hypo
titre
cc.
7 .4 0
7.40
7.40
7 .4 0
7.377.3&
7 .3 6
7:35
7.25
7.25
7.40
7.40
7 .4 0
7 .4 0
7.38
7.38
7.35
7.35
7.38
7.38
7.33
7.33
7.30
7.25
D iffe re n c e
in t i t r e
C O .
———
0,035
0.05
■0 . 1 5
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.125
18
T a b le ITT.
The E f f e c t ' o f H y d ro g e n -1 on C o n c e n t r a t i o n u p o n th e
A l k a l i n e P e r r i c y a n i d e T i t r a t i o n R e s u l t i n g fro m th e U se
o f D i f f e r e n t I n d i c a t o r s i n N e u t r a l i z i n g t h e A c id
E e q u ire d f o r I n v e r s io n
Sam ple
num ber
I
E e d u c tio n o f 0 .0 5 D . P e r r i c y a n i d e b y s u g a r s
A
B
C.
CO
CCC
CO
9.05
9.05
8.30
8.40
8.05
8.05
2
7.45
7 .3 5
6.95
6.85
6.85
6.85
3
9 .1 0
9.25
8.25
8.25
7.95
7.95
'
.
A - M e th y l o ra n g e i n d i c a t o r u s e d i n n e u t r a l i z i n g th e a c i d .
B - M e th y l r e d i n d i c a t o r u s e d i n n e u t r a l i z i n g th e a c i d .
C - P h e n o l p h t h a l e i n i n d i c a t o r u s e d i n n e u t r a l i z i n g th e a c i d .
\
19
T a b le Y I I .
The O x id a tio n o f I n v e r t S u g a r "by A l k a l i n e
F e rrio y a n id e S o lu tio n
W eig h t o f
su c ro se
m gs.
W eig h t o f
in v e rt
su g a r"
m gs.
I*
11.994
1 2 .6 2 5
1.24
1 .2 4
9.05
8 .7 7
2
9.995
1 0 ;5 2 1
2.88
2 .8 8
7 .4 1
7 ,1 9
3
7.996
8 .4 1 7
4.28
4 .2 8
6.01
5.82
4
5.997
6 .3 1 2
5.66
5 .6 8
4.63
4.49
5
3.998
4 .2 0 8
7 .0 0
7 .0 4
3.27
3 .1 7
6"
:1?999
221104
8 .5 6
8.50
1.76
1.706
7 '
0.999
1 .0 5 2
9.36
9.36
0.93
0.903
Sam ple
n u m ber
'
b la n k
Hypo
titre
CO.
S u b tra c tio n
fro m b la n k
oc.
C o r r e c t e d t o v a lu e
t o p i p e t t e and t o
0 ,0 5 N s o l u t i o n
CO.
10:29
1 0 .2 9
N o r m a lity o f hypo => 0 .0 4 8 2 8 8
*N o te e r r o r o f 0 . 1 5 c c . . T h is f i g u r e was n o t; u s e d i n c o n s t r u c t i n g
fig u re 2 o r ta b le V I I I ..
M eth o d o f c a l c u l a t i o n s
1 0 .2 9 - 1 .2 4 = 9 .0 5 CO.
0 .0 4 8 2 8 8
9 .0 5 x o .5 0 0
1 0 .0 0
8 .7 4 x 9 . 9 6 2
=.
8 .7 4 oc
8 .7 7 o c .
I
^
in v e r t S u g n v
5 r
X
X
X
6 I-
to
O
■
I_ _ _
uT
c c . <y-. o J y f e m e j u n t c h *>outton*
FfJUlKr X
~
Curve OdfointA by />fotf/tij »i//ityras«s C l/- Z^^rtSctyqif JJI,n~ r
c vX c CCMlintTtrs of.os/v feyricyatude. so /c /t/o jf
ft
21
T a b le V I I I .
0 .0 5 H
F e rrio y a n id e
re d u c e d
CO,
0 .1
0.2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0 .7
0 .8
0 .9
1 .0
1 .1
1 .2
1 .3
1 .4
1 .5
1 .6
1 .7
1 .8
1 .9
2 .0
2 .1
2:2
2 ,3
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .7
2.8
2 .9
3 .0
3 :1
3.2
3.3
■
In v e rt
e q u iv a ­
le n t "
m gs.
0:08
0.20
0.32
0.40
0 .5 3 0.65
0.76
0:88
1 .0 0
' 1 .1 1
1 .2 3
1 .3 7
1 .4 9
1.61
1.74
1.86 '
1.99
2:14
2 .3 0
2:48
2.60
2.71
2.87
3.03
3 :1 9
3:35
'3.51
3.67
3.84
4 .0 0
4 .1 6
4:31
4.47
I n v e r t S u g a r C o n v e rs io n T a b le
0.05 H
F e rric y a n id e
re d u c e d
CO.
3.4
3.5
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
3 :9
4.0
4 .1
4 ,2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4 .6
4 .7
4.8
4 .9
5:0
5 .1 ’
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5 :6
5 .7
5:8
5.9
6:0
6:1
6.2
6 .3
6:4
6 .5
6.6
In v e rt
e q u iv a Ie n t"
m gs.
' 4 .6 3
4 .7 7
4.93
5.09
5.24
5.40
5.55
5.71
5 .8 6
6.02
• 6 .1 7
6 .3 3
6 .4 8
6 .64
6.79
6.95
7 .1 0
7.26
7 .4 1
7 .5 7
7.72
7:88
8:04
' 8:19
8,35
8.50
8 ,6 6
8.82
8:97
9 .1 2
9.27
9:43
9.59
.
0 .0 5 H
F e rric y a n id e
re d u c e d
CO.
6 .7
6.8
6.9
7 .0
7 .1
7.2
7 .3
7 .4
7 .5
7.6
7 .7
■ 7 .8
7:9
8 .0
8 .1
8.2
8.3
8,4
8 .5
8.6
8.7
8:8
8.9
9:0
9:1
9:2
■ 9.3
9:4
9.5
9 ,6
9.7
9:8
9.9
In v e rt
e q u iv a ­
le n t '
m gs.
9.74
9.89
10.05
10 .2 0 ,
10.35
1 0 .5 1
10.66
. 1 0 .8 1
1 0 .9 7
1 1 .1 2
1 1 .2 7
1 1 .4 2
11:58
1 1 .7 3
11.88
1 2 .0 4
12.19
12.35
12.50
12.65
1 2 .7 1
12:906.
1 3 :1 2
13.27
1 3 .4 2
13:58
13:73
13.89
1 4 .0 4
14.19
1 4 .3 5
————
22
h e a t e d w ith c o n s t a n t a g i t a t i o n u n t i l t h e th e rm o m e te r i n t h e f l a s k i n d i c a t e d
67°0.
T h is p r e l i m i n a r y h e a t i n g p e r i o d s h o u ld r e q u i r e 2 ^ -2 3 /4 m i n u te s .
From
t h e moment t h e th e rm o m e te r i n th e f l a s k i n d i c a t e d SrJ0O, th e f l a s k w as l e f t
i n t h e h a t h f o r e x a c t l y 5 m in u te s l o n g e r , d u r in g w h ich tim e th e te m p e r a t u r e
s h o u ld r i s e t o a b o u t 69.5°C »
The f l a s k l a s a t once p lu n g e d i n t o c o ld w a t e r ,
t h e th e rm o m e te r rem oved fro m th e f l a s k an d r i n s e d , and t h e f l a s k l e f t t o
c o o l.
F o r u s e i n th e f e r r i c y a n id e m e th o d \the a c i d u s e d f o r i n v e r s i o n m u st
be n e u t r a l i z e d an d t h i s was a c c o m p lis h e d by n e u t r a l i z i n g w i t h O .P . UaOH
s o l u t i o n u s i n g m e th y l r e d a s an i n d i c a t o r .
A f t e r t h e f l a s k h a d c o o le d , tw o
d r o p s “o f m e th y l r e d i n d i c a t o r w ere ad d e d and a r a t h e r c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u ­
t i o n o f UaOH ad d ed u n t i l m o st o f th e a c i d h a d b een n e u t r a l i z e d , b u t l e a v ­
i n g th e s o l u t i o n s t i l l a c i d t o m e th y l r e d .
d e t e r m in e d .
T h is p o i n t w i l l h av e t o be p r e ­
The f l a s k was a g a i n c o o le d an d when c o ld th e n e u t r a l i z a t i o n
w as c o m p le te d w i t h . a d i l u t e
s o l u t i o n o f O .P . EFaOH.
The f l a s k was a llo w e d
t o s t a n d f o r some t i m e , o r u n t i l i t h a d a t t a i n e d room t e m p e r a t u r e ,■ a f t e r
w h ic h i t w as f i l l e d
t o th e m ark and m ix ed w e l l .
T a b le VI show s th e im p o r ta n c e o f th e i n d i c a t o r u s e d an d th e d i f f ­
e r e n c e i n t h e am o u n ts o f s u g a r fo u n d by u s i n g th e v a r i o u s i n d i c a t o r s . . The
m eth o d o f i n v e r s i o n a s p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d w as u s e d , u s i n g m e th y l r e d a s
an i n d i c a t o r .
The d a t a o b t a i n e d i s g iv e n i n T a b le V I I .
The w e ig h ts o f s u c r o s e u s e d w ere c a l c u l a t e d t o r e a d i n w e ig h ts o f
i n v e r t s u g a r w h ic h i s - - - i - — ----' 3 4 2 .1 8
ti m e s w e ig h t o f s u c r o s e .
T a b le V I I I w as o b t a i n e d fro m a c u r v e , s i m i l a r t o f i g u r e 6 , b u t
l a r g e r , b y i n t e r p o l a t i o n an d r e a d s i n m i l l i g r a m s o f i n v e r t s u g a r p e r .1 c c .
o f .0 5 U f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u t i o n .
The v a l u e s i n t e r p o l a t e d fro m th e c u rv e
23
w e re n o t c o r r e c t e d f o r a c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t „
The e f f e c t s o f l e a d a c e t a t e a n d
p o ta s s iu m o x a l a t e a s c l a r i f y i n g a g e n t s w ere i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r le v u l o s e an d
g lu c o s e ( s e e T a b le s IV an d V ).
The e f f e c t i s p r a c t i c a l l y th e same f o r "both
s u g a r s a t h u s t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f .07 c c . m u st be a p p l i e d a s a c o r r e c t i o n t o
e i t h e r th e t i t r a t i o n ,
o r a new t a b l e
c o n s t r u c t e d w ith t h e
.07 c c . s u g a r
e q u i v a l e n t c o r r e c t i o n a p p lie d ^
A n o th e r f a c t o r o f g r e a t im p o r ta n c e i n t h i s m eth o d i s t h e e f f e c t
o f im p u re so d iu m c a r b o n a te u p o n th e a l k a l i n e
f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u t i o n .
T h is
e f f e c t was d i s c o v e r e d a c c i d e n t a l l y u p o n t h e m ak in g u p o f tw o new s o l u t i o n s
o f fe rric y a n id e =
S o l u t i o n s A and B ( s e e en d o f T a b le IX f o r d e s c r i p t i o n
and c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) w ere made u p an d t h e b la n k s ch e c k e d e x a c t l y .
H o w ev er,
when ru n w ith 10 c c . o f g lu c o s e s o l u t i o n 9 - 3 6 c c . o f f e r r i c y a n i d e was r e ­
d u c e d f o r s o l u t i o n a , and o n ly 8 .5 1 c c . o f s o l u t i o n B, a d i f f e r e n c e o f
.8 5 c c . w h ic h i n te rm s o f m i l l i g r a m s o f s u g a r i s e q u a l t o 1 .2 8 m gs.
A
m ix tu r e o f e q u a l p a r t s o f s o l u t i o n s A an d B was tr ie d ! ,, ( s o l u t i o n s A an d B ,
T a b le I X ) , b u t th e r e s u l t s w ere n o t i n t e r m e d i a t e a s e x p e c t e d .
T h re e m ore s o l u t i o n s w ere t h e n made u p ( s e e b o tto m o f T a b le X ) »
S o l u t i o n s C an d D w ere made u p a s i d e n t i c a l a s p o s s i b l e .
S o l u t i o n E w as
made u p u s i n g a d i f f e r e n t b r a n d o f so d iu m c a r b o n a te and t h e r e s u l t s o f
t h e s e t h r e e s o l u t i o n s a r e shown i n T a b le X.
From th e r e s u l t s g iv e n i n
T a b le X thel a g re e m e n t i s q u i t e c l o s e and t h e e r r o r shown i n t a b l e IX i s due
t o an im p u re sam p le o f so d iu m c a r b o n a t e .
It
so h a p p e n e d t h a t a l l o f th e
sam p le o f B a k e r 's r e a g e n t g r a d e o f so d iu m c a r b o n a te was u s e d i n m ak in g u p
s o l u t i o n B, so t h a t no o t h e r c h e c k c o u ld be made on i t .
H o w ev er, tw o s o l u ­
t i o n s o f M erck s Ph-B 1898 g r a d e and M erck s C .P . g r a d e , c o n fo rm in g t o
24
T a b le IX .
The E f f e c t o f Im p u re Sodium C a rb o n a te u p o n A lk a l in e
E e rric y a n id e S o lu tio n
K3F6 ( CH)5
s o lu tio n
IG rlucose
C O .
C O .
10 - A
11
O
I
U
10
6
M
2
IO -B
0
11
10
11
6
Il
2
10 - A+B
0
M
10
Il
6
It
2
Hypo t i t r e
cc.
1 0 ,2
1 0 .2
9 .8 4
6 .8 4
4 .4 5
4 .4 0
8 ,3 0
8 .3 3
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
.1 .6 9
1 .6 9
5 .2 0
5 .2 0
8 :5 0
8 .5 2
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 .0 0
0 :9 5
4 .6 0
4 .6 0
8 .2 8
8 .2 8
S u b tra c tio n
fro m b la n k
cc.
9 .3 6 .
5 .7 7
1 .8 8
8 .5 1
5 .0 0
1 .6 9
9 .2 2
5 .6 0
1 .9 2 '
Q u a n t i t i e s f o r one l i t e r o f s o l u t i o n s
S o l u t i o n A - I 6 ,5 g r a n s K3Fe(CH) 6 M ercks p u re c r y s t a l s ,
22 g ram s EagCO3 a n h y d . B a k e rs r e a g e n t g r a d e .
S o l u t i o n B - 1 6 . 5 gram s K3Fe(GH)/- M ercks p u re c r y s t a l s .
22 g ram s EagGOr a n h y d . A m ix tu r e o f B a k e rs
r e a g e n t g r a d e an d M ercke1 Ph-B 1 8 9 8 ,
S o l u t i o n A+B - ^O p a r t s o f A. ,
50 p a r t s o f B.
25
T a t l e X.
The E f f e c t o f Im p u re Sodium G a rh o n a te u p o n th e A lk a lin e
F e rric y a n id e S o lu tio n
IC3F e(G E )6
s o lu tio n
CO.
IO -C
L e v u lb s e
cc.
0
It
10
It
6
H
2
10 - D
0
It
10
It
6
It
2
IO -E
0
It
10
It
6
It
2
i
Hypo t i t r e
CO.
10:3
1 0 .3
3.55
3.56
6 .1 8
6 ,2 0
8:89
8.90
1 0 .3
1 0 ,3
3.55
3:55
6 .2 0
6:20
8.89
8.88
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
3.42
3:46
6.10
6.03
8:70
8.70
S u b tra c tio n
.from b la n k
cc,
6.75
4.10
2.40
6.75
4.10
2,42
6.76
4.13
2.50
Q u a n t i t i e s f o r one l i t e r o f s o l u t i o n s
S o l u t i o n C an d 33'- (made u p o f s e p a r a t e w e ig h in g s )
l 6 „ 5 g ram s E3Fe(G H )6 M erck s p u re c r y s t a l s .
22 g ram s HagOO3 a n h y d . M erek s G.P.
S o l u t i o n E - I 6 . 5 g ram s K-^Fe(CH)6 M ero k s p u re c r y s t a l s .
22 gram s HagGiO3 B a k e rs G .P . a n a ly z e d .
26
S ta n d a r d s o f M u r r a y , w ere made i n th e same c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s i n th e a l k a l i n e
f e r r i c y a n id e s o l u t i o n , o r t h a t o f 22 g r s . p e r l i t e r .
D u p l i c a t e sa m p le s
w ere r u n a d d in g t h e s e s o l u t i o n s i n i n c r e a s i n g § . 5 cc„ p o r t i o n s t o th e
a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e s o l u t i o n w ith th e f o ll o w i n g r e s u l t s s
T a b le X I .
The E f f e c t o f A dding. D i f f e r e n t Sodium C a rb o n a te
to
0051 P e r r i c y a n i d e S o l u t i o n .
HagCO^ s o l u t i o n o f
22 g r s / l i t e r ad d ed
Sam ple
I
2
3
4
5
I t is
.5 CO.
i;0
1 .5
2.0
2 ,5
D i f f e r e n c e i n t i t r e o f .0 5 1 f e r r i c y a n i d e
s o l u t i o n from s t a n d a r d s u g a r t i t r a t i o n ,
M erck s P h -B "
. M erck s C .P .
.0 5 0 CO.
.0 2 5 o c .
.1 3 0
;oo5
.00 5
.145
.220
-»-005}
,2 4 0
.015
s e e n fro m T a b le XI t h a t t h e e f f e c t i s due t o t h e Ph-B g ra d e
o f sodium c a r b o n a te and t h e e f f e c t i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e am ount
added.
The tim e wa s q u i t e l i m i t e d when t h i s e f f e c t was f i r s t n o te d an d no
f u r t h e r a t t e m p t s w ere made t o f i n d o u t w h at im p u r ity w as g i v i n g th e '^ r o u b l e .
APPLE IhYESTIGATIONS
-:
C o l l e c t i o n an d P r e s e r v a t i o n o f M a t e r i a l s .
The a p p l e s u s e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w ere c o l l e c t e d fro m th e
t r e e s g ro w in g i n t h e E l g i n H e ig h ts O rc h a rd n e a r S t e v e n s v i l l e i n th e B i t t e r
E oot V a lle y .
Ten p l o t s o f tw o row s o f t h r e e t r e e s e a c h w ere l a i d o u t w i t h a
g u a r d row s e p a r a t i n g e a c h p l o t .
The f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t t h a t e a c h p l o t h a s r e c e i v e d i s a s
27
fo llo w s ;
Eows 2 and 3 , a r e c h e c k s o r u n t r e a t e d ro w s .
Bow Ai i s a g u a r d row .
Eows 5 and 6 , so d iu m n i t r a t e
2 I h s . an d ammonium s u l p h a t e 2 I h s . w ere a d d e d
t o e a c h t r e e fro m 1928 t o 1 9 3 2 .
I n 1 9 3 3 , 3 I h s . o f so d iu m n i t r a t e
and
2 I h s . o f ammonium s u l p h a t e w ere a d d e d .
Eow 7 , i s a g u a r d ro w .
Eows 8 and 9 , s i x I h s . o f w h ale m eat p e r t r e e w ere ad d e d i n 1 9 2 8 .
S ix I h s .
o f w h a le m eat and h o n e , an d 6 I h s . s u p e r p h o s p h a te p e r t r e e w ere ad d ed i n
1929.
S ix l b s . s u p e r p h o s p h a te p e r t r e e w ere ad d ed fro m 1930 t o 1 9 3 3 ,
in c lu s iv e .
Bow 1 0 , i s a g u a r d ro w .
Bows 11 and 1 2 , tw o I h s . o f p o ta s s iu m c h l o r i d e p e r t r e e w ere ad d ed fro m
1928 t o 1 9 3 3 , i n c l u s i v e .
Eow 1 3 , i s a g u a r d row.,
Bows 14 and '15, a r e c h e c k s o r u n t r e a t e d ro w s .
Bow 1 6 , i s
a g u a r d row .
B o w s'17 an d 1 8 , tw o l b s .
o f so d iu m n i t r a t e , 2 I h s . so d iu m s u l p h a t e , 3 I h s .
w h a le m eat an d h o n e , and 3 I h s . s u p e r p h o s p h a te p e r t r e e w ere ad d ed i n 1926#
From 1929 t o 1 9 3 2 , i n c l u s i v e , e a c h t r e e r e c e i v e d 2 l b s .
so d iu m n i t r a t e ,
2 l b s . ammonium s u l p h a t e an d 3 l b s . o f s u p e r p h o s p h a te .
I n 1933 th e so d iu m
n i t r a t e was i n c r e a s e d t o 3 l b s . p e r t r e e .
Bow 1 9 , i s a g u a r d row .
Bows 20 and 2 1 , tw o l b s . so d iu m n i t r a t e , 2 l b s . ammonium s u l p h a t e , 3 l b s .
w h a le m eat and h o n e , Ig- l b s . s u p e r p h o s p h a te an d I l b . p o ta s s iu m c h l o r i d e
28
w ere ad d e d p e r t r e e i n 1 9 2 8 .
From 1929 t o 1 9 3 2 , i n c l u s i v e e a c h t r e e r e ­
c e i v e d 2 ITds . so d iu m n i t r a t e , 2 l b s . ammonium s u l p h a t e , 3 lh s » s u p e r p h o s p h a te
an d I l h . o f p o ta s s iu m c h l o r i d e .
I n 1933 so d iu m n i t r a t e was i n c r e a s e d t o
3 lh s » p e r t r e e an d s u p e r p h o s p h a te was i n c r e a s e d t o 5 l h s . p e r a c r e „
Eow 22 i s a g u a r d ro w .
Bows 23 and 2 4 , i n 1 9 2 8 - 2 9 - 3 0 , 6 l h s o f w h a le m eat and h o n e and 2 l h s
p o ta s s iu m c h l o r i d e w ere ad d e d p e r t r e e .
I n 1 9 3 1 -3 2 , l | r l h s sodium n i t r a t e ,
1-2 l h s ammonium s u l p h a t e an d 6 l h s s u p e r p h o s p h a te p e r t r e e w ere a d d e d .
In
'
1 9 3 3 , 3 l h s o f so d iu m n i t r a t e , 2 l h s o f ammonium s u l p h a t e an d 12 l h s o f
s u p e r p h o s p h a te p e r t r e e w ere a d d e d ,
Eow 2 5 , i s
a g u a r d ro w .
Eows 26 and 2 7 , fro m 1928 t o 1 9 3 2 , i n c l u s i v e , e a c h t r e e r e c e i v e d 2 l h s
so d iu m n i t r a t e , 2 l h s ammonium s u l p h a t e a n d . I I h p o ta s s iu m c h lo r id e - .
1933 t h e so d iu m n i t r a t e was i n c r e a s e d t o 3 l h s p e r t r e e .
In
The am ounts o f
o t h e r f e r t i l i z e r s re m a in e d t h e s a m e ,.
Eow 2 8 , i s a g u a r d ro w .
. .
Eows 29 and 3 0 , a r e c h e c k s , o r u n t r e a t e d ro w s .
The s u p e r p h o s p h a te u s e d w as th e o r d i n a r y 17 t o 18 p e r c e n t p h o s p h o r ic a c i d
(P O ) .
2 ,5
The w h a le m eat and hone r e f e r r e d t o c o n t a in e d 2 ,5 9 p e r c e n t N a s
H O , , 7=70 p e r c e n t a s EH1 an d 2 . 0 3 p e r c e n t a s o r g a n ic n i t r o g e n . ■ The t o t a l
3
3
■■
P O q was 8 .9 3 p e r c e n t , o f w h ich 0 .4 3 p e r c e n t was w a te r s o l u b l e , and 4 .4 3
p er cent re v e rte d .
The K^O c o n t e n t w as 9 .0 0 p e r c e n t .
T h ese t r e e s w ere s a m p le d on J u n e 2 5 , 1 9 3 3 , A u g u st 1 8 , 1 9 3 3 ,
S e p te m b e r 7 , 1 9 3 3 , and S e p te m b e r 2 6 , 1 9 3 3 .
The a p p l e s c o l l e c t e d f o r
c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s w ere s l i c e d a s so o n a s p ic k e d and s t o r e d i n 95 p e r c e n t
29
a l c o h o l f o r s h ip m e n t t o th e l a b o r a t o r y .
I t was a t te m p t e d t o o b t a i n a sam p le
o f a p p l e s w e ig h in g b e tw e e n 50 an d 60 g r s , a s t h i s . w e i g h t w o u ld g iv e n an a l ­
c o h o l i c s o l u t i o n o f a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t w h i c h 'i s th e am ount s p e c i f i e d f o r
s t o r a g e o f p l a n t s a m p le s .
At t h e tim e o f s a m p lin g a p o r t i o n was ta k e n
fro m e a c h a p p le an d p la c e d i n tw o t a r e d j a r s t o serv e, a s a d e t e r m i n a t o r o f
t h e a v e ra g e m o i s t u r e i n a l l s a m p le s .
At t h e d a t e o f t h e l a s t s a m p lin g , w h ic h was th e tim e o f p i c k i n g
o f th e
c r o p , a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y o f a p p l e s was ta k e n fro m e a c h p l o t f o r
s t u d i e s t o be c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g th e w i n t e r .
T h ese a p p l e s w ere p a c k e d and
s h ip p e d t o Bozeman w here t h e y w ere p l a c e d i n s t o r a g e a t a te m p e r a t u r e o f
2 o- 3 ° 0 .
F o r th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u g a r s t h e sam p le was e x t r a c t e d
f o u r tim e s w i t h 200 c c . p o r t i o n s o f 80 p e r c e n t a l c o h o l .
The e x t r a c t i o n s
w ere c a r r i e d o u t i n a h o t w a te r b a t h m a in ta i n e d a t a t e m p e r a t u r e t o h a v e a
s lo w b o i l i n g o f t h e a l c o h o l .
new p o r t i o n o f a l c o h o l .
B ach e x t r a c t i o n was r u n o v e r n i g h t w ith a .
Ho CaOO^ o r p r e c i p i t a t e d c h a l k w as ad d ed t o t h e s e
s a m p le s e i t h e r d u r i n g e x t r a c t i o n o r s t o r a g e , a s e a r l i e r w o rk c a r r i e d o u t i n
th e E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n show ed t h a t t h e c h a l k h ad a te n d e n c y t o d e s tr o y ,
p a r t o f th e s u g a r.
A num ber o f s e c o n d e x t r a c t i o n s w ere c a r r i e d o u t fro m
tim e t o tim e an d no s u g a r c o u ld be fo u n d i n th e s e and i t w as assum ed t h a t
c o m p le te e x t r a c t i o n h a d ta k e n p la c e i n e v e r y c a s e .
A f t e r e x t r a c t i o n th e s a m p le s w ere made u p t o 10Q0 c c , an d m ixed
w e l l and a 50 c c . p o r t i o n o f t h i s was u s e d i n a n a l y s i s .
It
i s w e ll t o a n ­
a l y z e t h e same a s so o n a f t e r e x t r a c t i o n a s p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e o f a slo w
ch an g e t a k i n g p la c e i n th e s u g a r s .
S am p les s t o r e d o v e r a . p e r i o d o f f o u r
30
m o n th s show ed a ch an g e o f , 4 mg i n 5»56 mgs o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r .
D u p lic a te
s a m p le s s t o r e d w ith p r e c i p i t a t e d c h a lk show ed p r a c t i c a l l y t h e same c h a n g e ;
I n th e a n a l y s i s o f th e e x t r a c t f o r s u g a r a l l s a m p le s w ere ru n
in d u p lic a te s .
Two 50 c c . p o r t i o n s o f t h e e x t r a c t w ere p i p e t t e d i n t o a
s u c t i o n f l a s k an d 50 c c . o f d i s t i l l e d w a te r ad d ed t o e a c h .
The f l a s k s
w ere th e n p l a c e d i n a h e a t e d w a te r h a t h and t h e a l c o h o l d r i v e n o f f a t
r e d u c e d p r e s s u r e and th e volum e w as lo w e r e d t o 25 c c .
The f l a s k w as t h e n
rem oved and th e s i d e s w ash ed down an d 2 c c . o f le a d a c e t a t e ad d ed t o p r e ­
c i p i t a t e t h e p r o t e i n s and c l a r i f y th e s o l u t i o n .
th e p r e c i p i t a t e
The f l a s k w as s h a k e n an d
a llo w e d t o s e t t l e b e f o r e f i l t e r i n g .
t e r e d and w ash ed w ith h o t w a t e r s e v e r a l t i m e s .
The s o l u t i o n was f i l ­
The l e a d was p r e c i p i t a t e d
b y th e a d d i t i o n o f 2 c c . o f p o ta s s iu m o x a l a t e s o l u t i o n a f t e r w h ich i t was
w e l l s h a k e n and t h e l e a d o x a l a t e a llo w e d t o s e t t l e .
t e r e d i n t o a 200 c c , v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k .
The s o l u t i o n was f i l ­
I f c a r e i s t a k e n t o d e c a n t some o f
th e s u p e r n a t a n t l i q u i d on t o t h e f i l t e r p a p e r f i r s t no t r o u b l e w i l l be e x ­
p e rie n c e d in f i l t e r i n g th e le a d o x a la te .
The s o l u t i o n w as made u p t o v o l ­
ume and m ix ed an d a 50 c c . p o r t i o n ta k e n f o r i n v e r s i o n an d a n a ly z e d f o r
t o t a l su g a rs.
T h is m eth o d o f th e i n v e r s i o n u s e d i s g iv e n on page 12 an d -
i t w i l l n o t be r e p e a t e d h e r e .
A s e c o n d p o r t i o n o f th e s o l u t i o n was t a k e n
f o r a n a l y s i s o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r s and a volum e o f e i t h e r 5 o r 10 c c . was
u s e d d e p e n d in g on th e am ount o f s u g a r p r e s e n t .
The c o m p le te d e t a i n s o f
t h i s m e th o d a r e g iv e n i n th e d i s c u s s i o n o f R e d u c in g S u g a r s , on page 9 V
31
PEESMT ATI OF OE RESULTS
The c h e m ic a l d a t a s e c u r e d fro m t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d
i n t a b u l a r an d g r a p h i c fo rm s a s p e r c e n ta g e o f s u g a r on w et b a s i s .
T h is
seem ed d e s i r a b l e , s i n c e i t w ould e x p r e s s t h e r e s u l t s on a t r u e r b a s i s o f
e x is tin g c o n d itio n s .
On t h i s p l a n m o i s t u r e w as n o t t a k e n f o r e a c h s e t o f
p l o t s , b u t a c o m p o site fro m a l l p l o t s a t e a c h tim e o f s a m p lin g .
The p e r c e n ta g e o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r i n a p p l e s d u r in g t h e g ro w in g
p e r i o d i s g iv e n i n T a b le X I I , a n d , p r e s e n t e d i n g r a p h i c fo rm i n f i g u r e 3«
The c u r v e s show a te n d e n c y t o f o l l o w e a c h o t h e r w i t h f a i r r e g u l a r i t y .
The
l a r g e g ap b e tw e e n th e lo w e r c u rv e an d t h e o t h e r tw o i s due t o th e e l a p s e o f
f i f t y f i v e d a y s b e tw e e n t h e s a m p lin g s , w h ile th e p e r i o d b e tw e e n th e tw o
u p p e r c u r v e s i s o n ly tw e n ty d a y s .
The h i g h e s t p e r c e n t s o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r s
shown a t th e f i r s t d a t e o f s a m p lin g a r e b o th fro m p l o t s r e c e i v i n g h ig h n i ­
tra te
fe rtilis e rs
( p l o t s 2 an d 3 , an d 26 an d 2 7 ) ,
T h is same l e a d i s m a in ­
t a i n e d a t t h e s e c o n d d a t e o f s a m p lin g w i t h a p p r o x im a te ly t h e same i n c r e a s e
o v e r th e o t h e r p p l o t s .
I n lo o k i n g a t f i g u r e 4 w h ich g i v e s t h e t o t a l s u g a r s
o v e r th e same p e r i o d , th e same g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u r s t h e r e , th e
n itra te
p l o t s sh o w in g a h i g h e r p e r c e n ta g e i n th e f i r s t tw o d a t e s o f
s a m p lin g .
A t th e t h i r d d a t e o f s a m p lin g , S e p te m b e r 7<, 1 9 3 3 ? t h e p l o t s r e ­
c e i v i n g p o ta s s iu m c h l o r i d e show ed t h e g r e a t e s t p e r c e n ta g e o f b o th t o t a l and
re d u c in g s u g a r s .
T h is f a c t w as e x p e c te d a s many a u t h o r s h av e shown t h a t
p o ta s s iu m i s n e c e s s a r y f o r ys u g a r f o r m a t io n and t h a t t h e u s e o f p o ta s s iu m
c h l o r i d e i n c r e a s e d t h e am ount o f s u g a r i n s u g a r b e e t s , t o m a to e s , p o t a t o e s ,
7
an d g r a p e s .
The e f f e c t o f p o ta s s iu m on t h e sa m p le s c o l l e c t e d on
32
S e p te m b e r Yj 1933? was v e r y p ro n o u n c e d a s i s s e e n i n f i g u r e s 3 and 4»
S uch r e s u l t s w ere lo o k e d f o r i n l a t e r s a m p lin g s , h u t t h i s e f f e c t d id n o t
show u p a l th o u g h an i n c r e a s e i n s u g a r o c c u r e d i n a l l s a m p le s .
The c u r v e s f o r r e d u c i n g an d t o t a l s u g a r s i n f i g u r e s 3 an d 4
f o l l o w e ac h , o t h e r w ith c l o s e r e g u l a r i t y .
I t i s s e e n t h a t th e t o t a l s u g a r s
a t th e tim e o f t h e f i r s t s a m p lin g a r e p r a c t i c a l l y th e same a s t h e r e d u c i n g
s u g a r o r i n o t h e r w o rd s a l l t h e s u g a r s p r e s e n t i n th e y o u n g a p p l e s a r e
p r e s e n t a s re d u c in g s u g a rs .
The am ount o f t o t a l s u g a r s i n c r e a s e d r e g u l a r l y
o v e r th e r e d u c i n g s u g a r u n t i l th e tim e o f m a t u r i t y ( f i g u r e s 3 , 4 j an d 5)«
S am p les c o l l e c t e d ;a t th e tim e o f h a r v e s t , S e p te m b e r 2 6 , 1 9 3 3 j
( g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g u r e 5 ) j w ere a c o m p le te r e v e r s a l a s t o th e i n d i ­
c a t i o n s g iv e n b y th e t h r e e p r o c e e d in g s a m p l in g s .
P l o t 23 an d 24 s to o d o u t
a s h a v in g a b n o r m a lly h ig h s u g a r c o n t e n t b o th f o r r e d u c i n g and t o t a l s u g a r s .
T h is p l o t h a d r e c e i v e d a v a r i e d t r e a t m e n t o f f e r t i l i z e r s fro m 1928 t o 1932$
b u t i n 1 9 3 3 j 12 p o u n d s o f s u p e r p h o s p h a te , 3 p o u n d s o f
so d iu m n i t r a t e
and
2 p o u n d s o f ammonium s u l p h a t e w ere a d d e d w h ic h c o n s t i t u t e d a h e a v y f e r t i l i ­
z e r t r e a t m e n t an d t h i s may p a r t i a l l y a c c o u n t f o r t h e h ig h s u g a r c o n t e n t .
Why t h i s a b n o rm a l jump i n s u g a r s s h o u ld h a p p e n i n a c o u r s e o f 19 d a y s w i t h
no p r e v i o u s i n d i c a t i o n i s h a r d t o e x p l a i n . -
I n th e jbhree p r e v io u s s a m p le s
t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e a p p l e s fro m t h i s p l o t was t h a t o f an a v e ra g e
s a m p le .
The r e s t o f t h e s a m p le s show ed n o t h i n g s t r i k i n g o r i n d i c a t i v e
w ere a l l . q u i t e s i m i l a r .
and
T a b le X I I .
The P e r c e n ta g e S u g a r i n A p p le s E x p re s s e d a s G lu c o se
and I n v e r t S u g a r s .
Row
n u m b ers
( On
R e d u c in g s u g a r s a s g lu c o s e
T o ta l su g a rs as in v e r t su g a r
r e d u c in g s u g a r
re d u c in g s u g a r
w e ig h t o f
i n te rm s o f
i n te rm s o f
s a m p le s
g lu c o s e
su g ar
in v e rt su g ar
sugar
rags.
mgs
p er cent
mgs
p er cent
A p p le s sam p led J u n e 25 , 19 3 3 .
1 0 1 ,0 0
2 - 3
3 .4 9
5 - 6
1 3 0 .7 5
5 .4 5
5 .0 6
1 6 8 .7 5
11 - 12
1 6 3 .0 0
5 .4 5
5 .0 6
14 - 15
1 9 7 .7 5
17 - 13
4 .3 0
2 0 5 .7 5
20 - 21
2 1 8 ,2 0
7 .0 3
23 - 24
2 3 7 .5 0
8 .9 9
26 - 27
7 .4 2
1 7 6 .2 5
29 ~ 30
6 .6 4
2 2 1 .2 5
A v erag e m o is tu r e 8 7 .6 p e r c e n t
3 .4 6
3 .4 7
4 .1 7
5 .4 5
3 .0 0
5-41
5 .6 0
3 .3 4
2 .5 6
6 .2 1
6 .2 1
2 .0 9
3 .2 1
9 .6 7
3 .7 9
4 .2 1
8 .1 4
3 .0 0
6 .8 6
A p p le s sam p led A ug. 18 , 19 3 3 .
8 .6 0
2 -3
1 0 9 .2 5
5 -6
1 0 5 .0 0
8.81
8 -9
8.81
1 3 0 .5 0
1 2 6 .7 5
1 4 8 .0 0
9 .5 9
17 - 18
1 4 1 .2 5
20 - 21
1 4 7 .0 0
10.22
23 - 24
9 .9 8
1 2 6 .7 5
26 - 27
1 1 6 .2 5
29 - 30
8 .3 3
1 2 8 .7 5
A v erag e m o is tu r e
7 .8 7
8 .3 9
6 .7 5
7 .2 6
6 .4 8
6 .7 5
7 .8 7
8 .4 2
6 .4 7
3 .4 4
4 .1 7
3 .2 1
3 .4 4
3 .1 4
3 .0 2
3 .3 5
4 .0 7
4 .6 2
3 .1 0
8 5 .2 8 p e r c e n t
9 .8 6
1 0 .7 7
1 1 .3 8
1 0 .8 4
1 1 .4 7
8 .7 9
9 .2 7
1 1 .7 5
1 2 .1 5
8 .2 1
8 .4 0
1 1 .8 7
8 .6 3
1 2 .6 9
1 2 .6 9
1 0 .0 1
12.61
1 0 .8 5
1 0 .7 7
8 .3 7
RH
I e s sam p led S e p t . # . 1933
2 - 3
4 .1 6
5 8 .1 2 5
6 1 .2 5
4 .6 7
5 - 6
8 - 9
3 .4 6
4 7 .7 5
11 ■ 12
5 .0 6
5 8 .7 5
6 2 .5 0
4 .0 9
14 ■ 15
17 ■ 18
6 3 .1 2 5
4 .4 5
20 • 21
5 8 .8 5
4 .6 4
23
4 .6 7
5 7 .% )
26
27
4 .1 6
3 8 .7 5
30
4 .3 6
29
6 0 .6 2 5
2
5
.3*6 .
8
:
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
|t
j-fv
v::
. :
,
4 .7 4
7 .4 3
5 .9 0
6 .2 1
6 .5 9
6 .5 9
6 .1 3
6 .1 8
2
5
8
11
14
17
- 3
- 6
- 9
- 12
- 15
- 18
23 - 2 4
26 - 27
29 - 30
6 0 .0 0
8 7 .1 2 5
■ 9 1 .5 0
8 2 .5 0
8 6 .0 0
8 0 .0 0
8 6 .2 5
8 8 .0 0
9 1 .8 7 5
A p p le s sam p led J a n .
2 - 3
" 6 7 .7 6
5 -6
7 5 .6 2 5
7 0 .8 7 5
11 - 12
8 3 .7 5
14 - 15
9 3 .7 5
17 - 18
9 0 .6 2 5
20 - 21
8 2 ,5 0
23 - 24
7 4 .3 7 5
26 - 27
8 7 .0 0
29 - 30
7 3 .3 7 5
■dJ.
:__
5 5 ,8 3
6 .8 7
7 .4 9
7 .7 1
6 .8 6
7 .1 9
7 .2 3
7 .3 6
7 .2 1
7 .6 4
9 .5 1
1 0 .8 2
9 .9 3
12.65
9 .4 4
9 .8 4
1 5 .8 2
IO .1 9
A v erag e m o is tu r e 8 4 .3 p e r c e n t
8 .6 3
1 2 .9 1
8 .1 5
8 ,1 5
8 .6 ?
1 2 ,9 6
8 .0 5
6 .3 7
1 4 .0 9
8 .6 4
7 .8 9
1 4 ,5 1
7 .8 7
8 .3 6
1 3 .5 9
7 .7 9
9 .0 5
8 .2 9
9 .1 1
1 4 .4 3
9 .4 2
1 0 .1 2
8 .7 1
9 .1 3
1 5 .4 4
8 .4 2
1 4 .8 7
6 .8 3
2%
8
11
14
17
20
23
'
1933.
5 .5 7
5 .4 5
4 .7 8
4 .7 0
4 .8 4
5 .0 8
5 .2 3
5 .8 9
5 .1 5
5 .0 0
1 0 .7 4
7 .1 9
8 2 .7 p e r c e n t
5 .5 3
A p p le s sam p led N ov. 4 , 1933. A v erag e m o is tu r e 8 1 ,1 p e r c e n t
- 3
" "8 1 .2 5
1 0 ,9 5
6 .4 9
7 .9 9
8 .4 2
9 3 .6 2 5
1 2 .9 2
8 .9 9
8 .3 6
- 9
1 0 3 .3 7 5
8 .5 7
6 .9 7
- 12
8 .4 2
8 .5 8
9 8 .1 2 5
6 .5 6
1 0 5 .6 2
9 .1 6
- 15
8 .6 7
6 .9 7
- 18
6 .9 0
9 .0 5
9 .2 3
- 21
1 0 .0 1
1 0 3 .2 5
1 0 .3 4
7 .2 8
- 24
9
.7
6
7 .2 8
8 1 .3 7 5
1 1 .9 9
1 2 .5 6
9 .7 8
1 2 8 .3 7 5
8 .9 8
- 30
7
.8
2
8 .7 1
8 9 .7 5
5 .7 5
2
P
A p p le s sam p led S e p t. 2 6 ,
3
6 8 .3 7 1
6
6 6 . 75
9
5 7 .1 2 5
12
5 4 .3 7 5
6 1 .5 0 0
15
18
6 5 .2 5 0
21
6 3 .1 2 5
6 2 .5 0 0
24
27
5 9 .1 2 5
30
5 9 ,3 7 5
7 .1 6
7 .6 2
7 .2 5
3 .6 1
6 .5 4
7 .0 5
7 .8 8
1 1 .3 8
1 0 .7 8
8 .4 3
8 .3 2
8 .3 6
9 .0 4
8 .5 3
8 .1 9
8 .3 2
1 3 .4 8
1 3 .8 0
1 3 .4 8 *
1 3 .3 7
1 3 .2 0
1 4 .0 8
1 4 .1 0
1 7 .8 9
1 3 .9 9
1 2 .8 1
p ¥*3 I W il V
8 .1 1
B B
8 .7 1
1 3 .6 6
1 2 .6 0
H .4 6
1 3 .2 8
1 2 .1 5
1 1 .4 4
1 2 .2 3
1 1 .9 6
1 2 .6 9
5 , 1934. A v erag e m o is tu r e 8 3 .9 p e r c e n t
6 .2 2
9 .1 8
9 .8 4
7 .9 0
1 0 .8 8
1 0 .4 5
6 .7 1
9 .4 7
9 .9 6
7 .8 2
9 .3 4
1 1 .7 1
7 .9 0
8 .4 3
1 2 .6 7
7 .9 7
1 2 .6 9
8 .7 9
9 .0 1
1 0 .9 2
1 2 .4 6
1 0 .4 2
1 0 .8 6
7 .7 5
8 .7 8
IO .0 9
1 3 .8 4
6 .9 4
9 .4 6
1 1 .2 0
* F o r c a l c u l a t i n g th e p e r c e n t o f t o t a l s u g a r s o f r e s t o f a p p l e s
c o l l e c t e d N ov. 4 , u s e o n e - h a l f th e w e ig h t g iv e n i n colum n 2 .
1 3 .4 4
1 4 .3 0
1 4 .1 8
1 3 .5 9
1 4 .1 1
1 4 .5 2
1 4 .3 9
1 4 .0 5
1 3 .9 8
1 3 .5 1
1 4 .0 0
1 5 .1 0
1 5 .9 1
1 5 .2 6
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£94 30
36
STOEAGE ih t e s t ig a t t o m s
I t i s w e l l known t h a t a p p l e s c o n tin u e t o r i p e n i n s t o r a g e .
The
n a t u r e o f t h i s r i p e n i n g d e p e n d s on th e tim e o f h a r v e s t i n g an d th e te m p e r ­
a t u r e and h u m id ity o f s t o r a g e .
A s t u d y o f th e b reak d o w n o f th e s u g a r s w as
made w ith a p p l e s fro m e a c h p l o t t o f i n d o u t i f an y c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t e d b e ­
tw e e n f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t and th e b reak d o w n o f s u g a r s .
S am p les ta k e n ' fro m t h e t e n p l o t s w ere s t o r e d i n an, e l e c t r i c - r e ­
f r i g e r a t o r a t a te m p e r a t u r e m a in ta i n e d b e tw e e n 2 0- 3 ° 0 .
The ' r e f r i g e r a t o r
w as s m a ll and u p o n o p e n in g th e d o o r th e h u m id ity w o u ld ch an g e r a p i d l y and,
no. a t t e m p t s we r e made t o c o n t r o l o r ta k e h u m id ity r e a d i n g s , a lth o u g h i t
b e l i e v e d t h e h u m id ity w as q u i t e h i g h .
is '
The sa m p le s w ere p l a c e d i n s t o r a g e
S e p te m b e r 2 6 , 1 9 3 3 ? and s t u d i e s w ere t o be made o f t h e s e a t m o n th ly
in te rv a ls .
E ach s a m p le . w as w e ig h e d a t th e tim e o f s t o r a g e an d re m a rk s r e ­
c o rd e d a s t o t h e s i z e ,
firs t
c o l o r , and sh a p e o f t h e a p p l e s .
At th e tim e o f t h e
s a m p lin g , E ovem ber 4 j 1 9 3 3 , th e s a m p le s w ere a g a in w eig h e d and n o t e s
t a k e n a s t o th e c o n d i t i o n o f th e a p p l e s .
F o u r o r ■f i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
a p p l e s w ere ta k e n fro m e a c h s e t f o r a n a l y s i s .
E ach a p p le was q u a r t e r e d and
some, s l i c e s w ere ta k e n fro m e a c h q u a r t e r and s t o r e d i n a l c o h o l .
T h is
sam p le was t h e n e x t r a c t e d and r u n f o r s u g a r s i n t h e same m an n er a s g iv e n
p re v io u s ly .
The r e s u l t s a r e g iv e n i n T a b le XIT and X I I I , an d p l o t t e d i n
f i g u r e s 5 an d 6 .
T a b le X I I I .
The l o s s i n w e ig h t o f sa m p le s 'w h ile i n s t o r a g e i s g iv e n i n
The s a m p le s a l l show ed a b o u t th e same l o s s i n w e ig h t o v e r t h e
t h r e e m o n th s s t o r a g e p e r i o d and s i n c e t h e s a m p le s w ere s m a ll and s t o r e d o v e r
37
a r a t h e r s h o r t p e r i o d , i t was n o t a d v i s a b l e t o b a s e any c o n c l u s i o n s on t h e
r e s u l t s o b ta in e d h e r e .
I t i s s e e n i n f i g u r e 5 t h a t th e t o t a l s u g a r s a r e p r a c t i c a l l y th e
same a s a t th e tim e o f s t o r a g e e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f t h e l a s t t h r e e p l o t s .
P l o t 23 and 24 show ed an i n c r e a s e o f 1 .7 0 p e r c e n t , w h ile p l o t 26 and 27
d e c r e a s e d 1 .4 5 p e r c e n t , an d p l o t 29 and 30 d e c r e a s e d 2 .0 6 p e r c e n t .
T h is
i n c r e a s e an d t h e n a d e c r e a s e i s h a r d t o a c c o u n t f o r s in c e - b o th p l o t s
23 and 2 4 , an d 26 and 2 7 , h a d p r e v i o u s l y shown h ig h r e s u l t s .
The r e d u c i n g
s u g a r s f o r t h i s same p e r i o d show ed an i n c r e a s e a f t e r b e i n g i n s t o r a g e and
i n o n ly tw o c a s e s w ere t h e y a f r a c t i o n o f a p e r c e n t lo w e r .
The r e d u c i n g
and t o t a l s u g a r s s t i l l f o llo w e d a b o u t th e same c u rv e a l th o u g h a g r e a t e r
v a r i a t i o n w as s e e n th a n i n an y p r e v i o u s s a m p lin g .
' R e s u l t s o f s t o r a g e s a m p lin g s on D ecem ber 5? 1 9 3 3 , an d J a n u a r y 5 ,
1 9 3 4 , a r e g iv e n i n T a b le X II and shown g r a p h i c a l l y i n f i g u r e 6 ,
The v a r ­
i a t i o n i s f i r s t i n one d i r e c t i o n and t h e n i n a n o t h e r an d no c o n c lu s io n c a n
be d ra w n .
The r e d u c i n g s u g a r s i n t h e s e tw o s a m p lin g s f a i l e d a lm o s t com­
p l e t e l y t o f o l l o w th e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f th e t o t a l s u g a r s .
The q u e s t i o n a r o s e i f a s a m p le o f f o u r o r s i x a p p l e s w ould be
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e en o u g h o f t h e l o t t o g iv e c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s . ■ At th e tim e
o f t h e f i r s t s a m p lin g e i g h t e e n t o tw e n ty a p p l e s w ere u s e d and a s t h e y b e ­
came l a r g e r th e nu m b er o f a p p l e s p ic k e d w as d e c r e a s e d .
t h r e e s a m p lin g s t h e t r e n d o f th e s u g a r s was c o n s i s t a n t .
W ith th e f i r s t
H ow ever, a t th e
tim e o f h a r v e s t i n g , when th e num ber o f a p p l e s p e r sam p le w as d e c r e a s e d ,
r e s u l t s b e g a n t o show u p w h ic h w e r e .n o t e x p e c te d an d t h e r e w as some e v i ­
d e n c e t h a t t h e e r r o r i n s a m p lin g m ig h t be c a u s in g th e d i f f e r e n c e .
W ith
38
t h i s i n m ind i t w as d e c id e d t o u s e th e r e s t o f th e s a m p le s and a n a ly z e th e
i n d i v i d u a l a p p l e s f o r t o t a l and r e d u c i n g s u g a r s .
The same m eth o d o f e x ­
t r a c t i o n and a n a l y s i s was u s e d h e r e a s p r e v i o u s l y and r e s u l t s a r e g iv e n i n
T a b le X IV 9 w i t h a s h o r t summary i n T a b le XV.
The r e s u l t s show a v a r i a t i o n
o f s u g a r i n i n d i v i d u a l a p p le s - fro m th e same p l o t a s h ig h a s 5 2 .2 2 p e r c e n t
f o r r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , an d 3 0 .8 1 p e r c e n t f o r t o t a l s u g a r s .
w as b a s e d on t h e a v e r a g e o f f o u r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .
o n ly 4 o r 5 a p p l e s , i t
T h is p e r c e n ta g e
T h u s , i n a sam ple o f
can be s e e n t h a t s u c h a g r e a t v a r i a t i o n i n s i n g l e
a p p l e s w o u ld m ask an y s m a ll e f f e c t due t o f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t .
The
am ount o f w ork done on th e v a r i a t i o n o f s u g a r i n i n d i v i d u a l a p p le s i s n o t
c o m p le te en o u g h t o show a t w h at s t a g e o f m a t u r i t y s u c h a g r e a t v a r i a t i o n
o c c u r s , and b e c a u s e o f t h i s th e num ber o f a p p l e s u s e d i n a sam p le w i l l
h a v e t o v a r y w i t h t h e d a t e o f s a m p lin g .
S in g le .a p p le s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t
s t a g e s o f g ro w th and m a t u r i t y w i l l h av e t o be a n a ly z e d t o f i n d o u t when th e
e r r o r i n s a m p lin g w o u ld be l a r g e en o u g h t o s e r i o u s l y e f f e c t th e r e s u l t s
o b t a i n e d b y th e u s e o f a s m a ll sam p le f o r th e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u g a r s .
The
a u t h o r d o e s n o t f e e l t h a t s u f f i c i e n t w o rk h a s b e e n done t o driaw an y c o n c lu ­
s i o n s a s t o th e p ro b a b le / e r r o r r e s u l t i n g fro m th e u s e o f s m a ll s a m p le s .
39
T a b le X I I I ,
Eow
n u m b ers
P e r c e n ta g e L o ss i n W eig h t o f A p p le s i n S to r a g e .
(A p p le s : s t o r e d S e p te m b e r 2 6 , 1 933)
D ate o f
H um ber o f
P e r c e n ta g e
s a m p lin g
A p p le s
l o s s i n w e ig h t
2 an d 3
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber' 5
J a n u a ry 5
15
11
7
4.97
5,00
4.88
5 and 6
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
Jan u ary 5
18
14
10
4 .5 1
4.56
7.06
8 and 9
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber' 5
J a n u a ry 5
18
14
10
'3.97
3.68
3.88
11 and 12
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
J an u a ry 5
18
14
'8
2.91
4.39
3.91
14 and 15
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber' 5
Ja n u a ry 5
18
14
8
4.07
3:19
4.63
17 and 18
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
J a n u a ry 5
18
14
10
4.39
3u6Q
4.46*
20 and 21
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
J an u a ry 5
18
14
10
3.88
4.18
5.08
23 and 24
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
Jan u ary 5
18
14
8
4.09
4.16
4.80
26 and 27
H ovem ber 4
De cembe r 5
Jan u ary 5
18
14
8
29 and 30
H ovem ber 4
D ecem ber 5
Jan u ary 5
18
14
8
X
is
' t ■
2 :9 4 ' ,
'' 4.07
4.33
'
4.28
4.45
-4 .5 3
*Some a p p l e s w ere ta k e n fro m t h i s s e t and th e p e r c e n ta g e
o n ly a p p r o x im a te .
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L eg en d dates of sarnphn y
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Z f *30
'TaM e XIV.
D i f f e r e n c e i n th e ^ P e rc e n ta g e S u g a r i n i n d i v i d u a l
A p p le s S am pled J a n u a r y 6 , 1934
S in g le
a p p le
from
row s
- 3
'
M
tl
(On w et b a s i s )
R e d u c in g s u g a r s a s g lu c o s e
r e d u c in g s u g a r
s a m p le s ______g lu c o s e ________ s u g a r
_____ i n v e r t s u g a r ______s u g a r
mgs
mge
per cent
tags
per cent
.
4 8 .0 0
5 8 .2 5
5 9 .0 0
4 .;8
4 .3 9
6 8 .3 7 5
Il
II
11
6 2 .2 5
- 9
Ii
I!
Il
6 5 ,1 2 5
7 0 .2 5
6 4 .5 0
II
Il
Il
M
M
Il
M
■
- 21
M
Il
(I
- 24
it
H
H
8 .3 7
9 .1 5
8 .0 5
8 .5 1
7 .0 3
7 .1 1
1 2 .7 7
1 3 .8 8
1 2 .0 ?
1 2 .0 5
5 .6 8
5 .7 5
8 .3 1
9 .3 1
1 0 .0 4
1 0 .0 0
8 .6 7
9 .3 9
8 .7 6
1 2 .1 8
1 4 .0 4
1 5 .0 8
1 4 .2 7
5 .8 9
3 .5 0
5 .6 8
9 .0 4
7 .8 3
8 .6 1
-
5 ,0 2
6 1 .2 5
7 1 .2 5
6 7 ,7 5
7 0 .0 0
1 2 .4 3
3 .0 3
9 .0 0
8 .8 0
9 .1 6
1 3 .1 1
1 2 .6 3
1 2 .9 9
1 3 .0 9
B S g E
9 .4 5
1 0 .3 6
9 .0 1
9 .7 6
1 2 .6 2
1 2 .5 6
1 3 .6 3
1 2 .6 3
9 .1 2
7 .9 5
8 .3 5
6 .7 2
8 .2 9
7 .5 6
8 .5 2
9 .2 0
1 4 .0 5
1 2 .3 4
1 3 .0 1
9 .3 7
8 .3 6
9 .7 7
9 .9 6
8 .9 3
8 .4 0
8 .6 4
8 .3 3
1 3 .2 5
5 .8 7
5 .9 5
1 4 .1 9
1 3 .0 9
7 .3 6
5 .6 0
6 .1 4
6 .3 4
7 .6 7
9 .4 1
8 .5 5
8 .2 9
9 .3 1
1 4 .1 9
1 1 .7 1
1 2 .7 0
1 5 .9 1
9 .6 1
9 .3 4
1 1 .2 6
5 ,5 7
5 .9 0
7 4 .8 7 5
8 2 ,5 0
6 6 .1 2 5
7 7 .2 5
5 .4 5
6 .1 4
7 .8 5
,: SI; 62?’
5 .3 8
4 .8 7
5 .6 0
6 5 .5 0
6 9 .3 7 5
6 7 .3 7 5
7 0 .2 5
7 3 .0 0
6 5 .2 5
5 8 ,5 0
- 30
H
it
6 6 .6 2 5
6 3 .1 2 5
9 .0 9
8 ,3 6
8 .7 1
9 .0 6
7 .4 4
6 7 .1 2 5
6 4 .7 5
6 .2 2
5 .6 6
9 .5 0
1 0 .0 9
8 .7 7
1 2 .4 7
H .0 4
1 4 .3 0
1 4 .1 5
1 4 .5 9
8 .1 7
9 .2 3
8 .7 1
1 2 .9 5
1 4 .3 3
1 3 .7 5
1 3 .4 5
7 .2 2
6 5 .5 0
6 .9 9
8 .0 3
8 ,7 6
8 .2 4
0 .1 7
- 27
ii
ii
T o ta l su g a rs as in v e r t s u g a r
I
TaTale XVe
A v erag e S u g a r C o n te n t and D i f f e r e n c e i n . I n d i v i d u a l A p p le s
S am pled J a n u a r y
Eow
n u m b ers
A v erag e o f
re d u c in g
su g a rs
1934.
^Summary o f T a b le XIV)
P e r c e n ta g e
A v erag e
d iffe re n c e
to ta l
in av era g es
V a ria tio n
su g a rs
V a ria tio n
P e r c e n ta g e
d iffe re n c e
i n a v e ra g e s
1.83
1 4 .1 2
1 .7 3
1 8 .3 7
13.89
2.90
2 0 .8 8
8.55
1 .2 1
1 4 .1 5
12.50
0 .4 5
3.60
11 - 12
8 ,8 1
0.73
8.29
1 2 .4 6
0.48
3.85
14 - 15
8.79
4.59
52.22
1 2 .8 6
1 .0 1
7.85
17 - 18
8.59
2 .4 0
27.93
13.17
■1.71
1 2 .9 8
20 - 21
9.37
1 .6 0
1 7 .0 7 '
1 3 .1 5
2 .1 2
1 6 .1 2
23 -T 24
9.45
3.17
33.54
1 3 .6 3
4 .2 0
3 0 .8 1
26 ™ 27
9.52
0 .2 7
2.8 4 -
14.44
0.54
7 .4 0
29 - 30
9.36
1 .3 2
.14.10
1 3 .6 2
1.38
1 0 .1 3
5 - 6
9.42
8 - 9
H
0
12.69
8.52
H
12.91
2 —3
'
.
44
SUMMAEY
1.
The p e r c e n t o f s u g a r s i n a p p l e s i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y d u r in g th e
p e r i o d o f g r o w th .
2.
I n y o u n g a p p l e s p r a c t i c a l l y a l l th e s u g a r s a r e p r e s e n t a s
re d u c in g s u g a r s .
3.
The p e r c e n t o f t o t a l s u g a r s i n c r e a s e d c o n s i s t a n t l y o v e r t h a t
o f th e r e d u c i n g s u g a r s d u r in g th e p e r i o d o f g ro w th . ■
4.
A c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n was fo u n d t o e x i s t b e tw e e n r e d u c i n g and
t o t a l s u g a r s d u r i n g th e p e r i o d o f g r o w th .
5»
Ho c o n s i s t a n t e f f e c t due t o an y f e r t i l i s e r t r e a t m e n t was
fo u n d d u r i n g th e g ro w in g p e r i o d .
6.
Uo r e l a t i o n s h i p was fo u n d t o e x i s t b e tw e e n th e f e r t i l i z e r
t r e a t m e n t an d t h e b reak d o w n o f 's u g a r s d u r i n g s t o r a g e .
7.
I n d i v i d u a l a p p l e s fro m th e same p l o t s w ere fo u n d t o h av e a
d i f f e r e n c e a s h ig h a s 5 2 .2 2 p e r c e n t f o r r e d u c i n g s u g a r s an d 3 0 .8 1 p e r c e n t
fo r to ta l su g a rs.
I t s h o u ld be rem em bered t h a t t h e v a r i a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l
a p p l e s was n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d u n t i l t h e a p p l e s h a d b e e n i n s t o r a g e f o r t h r e e
m o n th s and t h i s m ig h t be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e w ide v a r i a t i o n .
8.
- The m eth o d d e v e lo p e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u g a r s was fo u n d
s a t i s f a c t o r y and i s b e l i e v e d t o be an im p ro v em en t o v e r o t h e r m eth o d s i n
use.
I t i s r a p i d , s im p l e , c o n v e n i e n t, an d g av e good r e s u l t s .
45
AOMOILBDGMMT
The a u t h o r w is h e s t o ta k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e ­
c i a t i o n t o P r o f e s s o r Bdmund B u r k e , D r. W. M. M a r t i n 9 and M r. J e s s e G reen o f
t h e M o n tan a A g r i c u l t u r e E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n 9 an d t o D r. 0 . E . S h e p p a r d 9
D r. B. L„ J o h n s o n , and P r o f e s s o r P . 0 . G a in e s o f th e C h e m is tr y D e p a rtm e n t
o f M o n tan a S t a t e C o lle g e f o r t i m e , a s s i s t a n c e , an d a d v ic e g iv e n him d u r in g
t h e y e a r w h ile t h i s w ork was B e in g c o m p lete d #
46
LITERATURE CITED
I.
A l l e n , A 0 EL
A l l e n 's C om m ercial O rg a n ic A n a l y s i s .■ V o l= I , p 3 8 6 , 5 th EcL
P . B l a k i s t o n 's Son an d C o ., P h i l a d e l p h i a .
(1 9 2 3 )
2.
B l i s h , M, J .
An Im p ro v e d M ethod f o r th e E s t i m a t i o n o f F lo u r D i a s t a t i c
V a lu e . C e r e a l C hem ., 1 0 , 1 8 9 -2 0 2 , (1 9 3 3 )
3.
H a g e d o rn , EL C ., and J e n s e n , B. EL
Z u r M ik ro h estim m u n g d e s B l u t z u c k e r s M i t t e l s F e r r i c y a n i d .
B io c h em . Z. 1 3 5 , 4 5 - 4 8 , ( 1 9 2 3 ) . C .A . 17. 2721 ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
4.
H a n e s , C. S .
An A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e M ethod o f H ag ed o rn an d J e n s e n t o th e
D e te r m in a t io n o f L a r g e r Q u a n t i t i e s o f R e d u c in g S u g a r s .
B io ohem. J . 2 3 , 9 9 - 1 0 6 , ( 1 9 2 9 ) .
5.
H a r t w e l l , B» L .
I n f l u e n c e o f F e r t i l i z e r s on C rop Q u a l i t y .
S e c tio n 2 , P ro ­
c e e d in g s o f t h e 8 t h A n n u al C o n v e n tio n o f N a t i o n a l F e r ­
t i l i z e r A s s o c i a t i o n . ' N a t i o n a l F e r t i l i z e r A s s n . , Wash­
i n g t o n , D. C. ( 1 9 3 2 ) .
6.
O f f i c i a l an d T e n t a t i v e M eth o d s o f A n a l y s i s o f th e A s s o c i a t i o n o f
O f f i c i a l 'A g r i c u l t u r a l 'C h e m i s t s .
A ssn , o f O f f i c i a l A g r i.
C h e m is ts . W a s h in g to n , D= C. ( 1 9 3 0 ) .
7.
S o h o tk a , H „ , and R e i n e r , M.
The H a g e d o r n - J e n s e n M e th o d ' A p p lie d t o V a rio u s S u g a r s «,
B io c h e m ic a l J . 2 4 , 3 9 4 -3 9 9 ? ( 1 9 3 0 ) .
8.
W iddow son, E . M.
,
A M ethod f o r t h e D e te r m in a t io n o f S m all Q u a n t i t i e s o f M ixed
R e d u c in g S u g a rs an d I t s A p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e E s t i m a t i o n o f
t h e P r o d u c ts o f S t a r c h "by T a k a - D i a s t a s e . B io c h e m ic a l
J . 25., 8 6 3 - 8 7 9 , ( 1 9 3 1 ) .
Montana
statc j
____
3 1762 10013649 6
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l3 6 2 g if