Movement and population of the mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi Girard) in a small Montana stream
by James David McCleave
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE in Zoology
Montana State University
© Copyright by James David McCleave (1963)
Abstract:
Movement and population of the mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi Girard), excluding young-of-the-year,
were studied in Trout Creek, Gallatin County, Montana between 4 August 1962 and 10 March 1963,
and in the laboratory between 7 August 1962 and 21 December 1962. Fin-clipped fish were recaptured
at an average rate of 23.9 per cent (38.1-11.8 per cent) for the five censuses. About 50 per cent of the
recaptures were within the original section (average length 46.8 feet), and about 80 per cent were in an
original section or one of the two adjacent sections (average length 153.2 feet). Upstream movement of
all masked sculpins was 23.4 per cent greater than downstream movement, but downstream movement
of jaw-tagged sculpins was 16.6 per cent greater than upstream. No mass upstream migration occurred.
Home range was estimated to be less than 150 feet. Homing was not exhibited. About one-third of the
displaced sculpins homed, one-third did not move, and one-third moved away from home. The longest
upstream movement noted was 590 feet, and the longest downstream was 502 feet. Spatial isolation
and aggressive behavior were not observed in a laboratory experiment, which suggests a lack of
territoriality during the non-breeding season. Modified Petersen population estimates ranged from
474-555 sculpins in a 234-foot section over the five inventories, and Schumacher-Eschmeyer estimates
ranged from 480-492. MOVEMENT AND POPULATION OF THE MOTTLED SCULPIN f COTTUS BAIRDI GIRARD)
IN A SMALL MONTANA STREAM
by
JAMES DAVID McCLEAVE
A t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d to th e G r a d u a t e F a c u l t y i n p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e
of
•MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
Zoology
Approved:
ChaJmnan, Examining Committee
Dean, G r a d u a te D i v i s i o n
MONTANA STATE COLLEGE
Bozeman-, Montana
J u n e , 1963
Table o f C o n t e n t s
Page
A b s t r a c t . ' ............................
vi
I n t r o d u c t i o n •........................
I
Methods ........................
3
Acknowledgements
4
Movement .................................
5
S patial S ta b ility .
5
Home Range
. . . .
9
........................
10
I n t e r a r e a Movements
12
Homing
T erritoriality
. .
■ 13
Population . . . . . . . .
15
Summary
16
. ............................
L i t e r a t u r e Cited
18
iv
' L i s t o f Ta b le s
•Page
1.
P h y s i c a l and ch emical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f T r o u t Creek . . . . . .
3
2.
Movement o f s c u l p i n s •i n T r o u t C r e e k ........................................................
8
3.
Homing o f s c u l p i n s in T r o u t C r e e k ............................................................
LI
4;
I n t e r a r e a movements o f s c u l p i n s i n T r o u t Creek . . . . . . . .
12
5.
M od ifi ed P e t e r s e n and Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s o f popu­
l a t i o n numbers o f s c u l p i n s ( e x c l u d i n g y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r ) in
T r o u t Creek w i t h 95 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s . . . . . . . .
17
L i s t of F i g u r e s
T r o u t .Creek -study a r e a (T. IN, R. SE, 'S. 29, G a i l d t i n County,
Montana:);, showing s e c t i o n b o u n d a r i e s ...................................................
ABSTRACT
Movement and p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n ( C o t t u s b a i r d i G ir a r d ) ,
e x c l u d i n g y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r , were s t u d i e d i n - T r o u t Greek, G a l l a t i n County,
Montana between 4 August 1962 and 10 March 1963, and -in t h e l a b o r a t o r y be­
tween 7 August 1962 and 21 December 1962. F i n - c l i p p e d f i s h were r e c a p t u r e d
a t an a v e r a g e r a t e o f 2 3 . 9 p e r c e n t ( 3 8 . 1 - 1 1 . 8 p e r c e n t ) f o r t h e f i v e
censuses.
About 50 p e r c e n t of t h e r e c a p t u r e s were w i t h i n t h e o r i g i n a l
s e c t i o n ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 4 6 ;8 f e e t ) , - and a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t were in an
o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n or one of t h e two a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 15 3 .2
feet).
Upstream movement o f a l l masked s c u l pin's was 2 3 . 4 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r
tha n downstream movement, b u t downstream movement of j a w - t a g g e d s c u l p i n s
was 16. 6 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r th a n u p s tr e a m . No mass u p s tr ea m m i g r a t i o n oc­
curred.
Home r a n g e was .-estimated t o be l e s s th an 150 f e e t .
Homing was
not exh ib ited .
About o n e - t h i r d of th e d i s p l a c e d s c u l p i n s homed, onet h i r d d i d n o t move, and o n e - t h i r d moved away from home. The l o n g e s t up­
s tr e a m movement n o te d was 590 f e e t , and t h e l o n g e s t downstream was 502
feet.
S p a t i a l i s o l a t i o n and a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r were n o t ob se rv ed in a
l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t , which s u g g e s t s a l a c k of t e r r i t o r i a l i t y d u r i n g th e
n o n - b r e e d i n g s e a s o n . M o d if ie d P e t e r s e n p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s rang ed from
474-555 s c u l p i n s in a 2 3 4 - f o o t s e c t i o n over th e f i v e i n v e n t o r i e s , and
Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s rang ed from 480-492.
-1 -
' INTRODUCTION
A. s t u d y - o f t h e m ot th ed s c u l p i n ( C o t t us. b a d r d i G i r a r d ) was conducted
*
on T r o u t Creek- between 4 August 1962 and 10 M a r c h •1963'.
The o b j e c t i v e s
w e r e s i n v e s t i g a t e th e s p a t i a l s t a b i l i t y - o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , e s t i m a t e th e
s i z e of t h e home r a n g e , d e t e r m i n e t h e homing a b i l i t y , and e s t i m a t e the
p o p u l a t i o n o f a segment o f s t r e a m .
P r e l i m i n a r y l a b o r a t o r y - o b s e r v a ti o n s on
t e r r i t o r i a l i t y were a l s o made.
B a i l e y (1952) n o t e d l i m i t e d movement o f t h e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n in a
Montana s t r e a m , and W i ll i a m s (1957) - r e p o r t e d r e s t r i c t e d movement of the
wooly s c u l p i n ( C l i n o c o t t u s a n a I i s j i n t h e i n t e r t i d a l zone o f f C a l i f o r n i a „
However S h e t t e r and Hazzard (1939) d i s c o v e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n s t a b i l i t y in
a p o p u l a t i o n of m o t t l e d s c u l p i n s and s li m y s c u l p i n s ( C o t t u s c o q n a t u s ) i n a
Michigan s t r e a m .
S t e f a n i c h (1952) found t h a t rainbow t r o u t ( Salmo q a i r d -
n e r i ), brown t r o u t (S.. t r u t t a ) , brook - t r o u t ( S a l v e l i n u s f o n t i n a l i s ),
m ou nt ain w h i t e f i s h ( Prosopium w i i ' l i a m s o n i ) , and w h it e s u c k e r s ( Catostomus
commersoni) e x h i b i t e d l i t t l e movement i n a Montana s tr e a m over a two ye ar
p e r i o d , and Holton (1953) found th e same f o r t r o u t i n th e s tr e a m used f o r
the p r e s e n t study.
M i l l e r (1957) r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r th e c u t t
t h r o a t t r o u t ( Salmo c l a r k i ) , a s d i d S h e t t e r (1937) f o r brook t r o u t and
Shuck (1945) f o r brown t r o u t .
Some of t h e more i m p o r t a n t p a p e r s on l i m i t ­
ed movement o f warm-water f i s h e s in s tr e a m s a r e t h o s e o f Funk (1957) on
s u n f i s h , G erk ing (1950, 1953) on s u c k e r s and s u n f i s h , and Wihn (1958) on
darters.
Using Hayne9S (1949) d e f i n i t i o n , Ge rking (.1953) e s t i m a t e d th e home
-2 -
r a n g e o f s u c k e r s and su n .f ish and d e f i n e d homing a s r e t u r n i n g to th e home
r a n g e r a t h e r tha n going to o t h e r e q u a l l y s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n s , when d i s p l a c e d
by n a t u r a l m i g r a t o r y - h a b i t s , a c c i d e n t , or e x p e r i m e n t a l m a n i p u l a t i o n (1959).
The wooly s c u l p i n h a s - b e e n shown t o r e t u r n t o a home ti d e p o o l ' a f t e r d i s ­
p l a c e m e n t ( W i l l i a m s , 1957).
S h a t t e r ( 1 9 3 7 ) , Shuck ( 1 9 4 5 ) / and M i l l e r
(1954') r e p o r t e d t h a t s t r e a m - d w e l l i n g t r o u t have th e a b i l i t y t o home a.s do
numerous warm-water s tr e a m s p e c i e s i n c l u d i n g l o n g e a r s u n f i s h ( Lepomis
m e g a l o t i s ) (G e r k in q . 1953; Gunning, 19 5 9 ), smallmouth b a s s (M l c r o p t e r u s
d o i o m i e u ) ( L a r i m o r e , 195 2) , and w a l l e y e ( S t i z o s t e d l o n v i t r e u m ). ( S t o u d t ,
1939; Eschmeyer and Crowe, 1955).
e e l i s w e l l known.
.The homing a b i l i t y o f t h e salmon and
T e r r i t o r i a l i t y a s d e f i n e d by Noble (1939) ha^s been
d e m o n s t r a t e d f o r many s p e c i e s i n c l u d i n g Jcamloops t r o u t ( SaTmo g a i r d n e r i
ka m lo o p s ) ( S t r i n g e r and Hoar, 1955) and g r e e n s u n f i s h ( G r e e n b e r g , 1947).
The m o t t l e d s c u l p i n has been r e p o r t e d common in t h e s t u d y str eam
( H o l t o n , 1953; Bo u ss u , 1954; and Wijdperman, 1963).
Most p o p u l a t i o n e s t i ­
m a te s on smal l s t r e a m s have been con du ct ed by d i r e c t e n u m e r a ti o n .
Shatter
and Leonard (1943) used t h i s method on t h e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n and brook t r o u t
i n a Michigan s t r e a m .
However Crossman (1956) and McFadden (1961) employ­
ed m a r k - a n d - tr e c a p t u r e p r o c e d u r e s in e s t i m a t i n g str eam p o p u l a t i o n s of
m us k el lu n g e ( Es ox ma sq ui n o nq y ) and brook t r o u t , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The p o r t i o n o f T r o u t Greek s t u d i e d i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 3 . 5 a i r m i l e s
n o r t h e a s t o f B el g r ad e ,,./Montana.
Thi s c r e e k o r i g i n a t e s m o s t l y from s p r i n g s '
and flows a b o u t 4 m i l e s t h r o u g h a f e r t i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a b e f o r e i t s
c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e -East G a l l a t i n R i v e r .
The str eam bottom i n th e s t u d y
-3 -
a r e a was composed o f mud and f i n e sand i n .the p o o l s and g r a v e l in th e
riffles.
Both o v e r h a n g i n g and a q u a t i c v e g e t a t i o n were s c a n t y .
p h y s i c a l and chem ical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e . g i v e n i n Tabl e I .
Ta b le I .
Some
The m o t t l e d
P h y s i c a l and' chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of T r o u t Creek.. Flow,
t e m p e r a t u r e , and c h e m i c a l - d a t a a r e from Wipperman (19 63 ).
Width ( f e e t ) .............................................................................................
5-20
Depth ( i n c h e s ) . ' ...........................................................................................
2-30
Normal flow ( c . f . s . ) ................................................... <
.
12-14
Temp era tu re r a n g e ( 0F . ' ) .......................................................................
32-62
p H .......................................... .........................................................................
7.9-8.2
D i s s o l v e d oxygen ( p e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n : ) •.........................
SSt IOO
T o t a l h a r d n e s s ( C a C O g ) .........................................., .................... ....
180-198
Total a l k a l i n i t y
(methyl o r a n g e ) •....................................................
168-224
s c u l p i n was t h e most ab u n d a n t s p e c i e s i n t h e s tu d y a r e a , and i s common in
a l l m a jo r Montana d r a i n a g e s e a s t of t h e C o n t i n e n t a l ^ D i v i d e .
Other s p e c i e s
o f f i s h found i n . o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g abundance were ra in b ow t r o u t , brown
t r o u t , and brook t r o u t .
Holton (1953) r e p o r t e d a few m o u n t a i n ' w h i t e f i s h ,
s u c k e r s .(Catostomus - s p . ) , and lon g no se dace (.'R h i n l c h t h v s c a t a r a c t a e ) in
a d d i t i o n , ahd. Wipperman (1963) a l s o c a p t u r e d a few m o u n t a i n 1w h i t e f i s h .
Methods
Sampling s e c t i o n s were p a r t i t i o n e d w i t h ' b l o c k n e t s t o p r e v e n t i n t e r s e c t i o n a l movement d u r i n g f i s h c o l l e c t i o n .
F is h were c a p t u r e d by the
d i r e c t e l e c t r i c a l c u r r e n t method w i t h power p r o v i d e d from a p o r t a b l e 900w a t t maximum o u t p u t (300 v o l t , 3 ampere) D.C. g e n e r a t o r .
Repeated shock­
in g p a s s e s were made th r o u g h each s e c t i o n u n t i l most s c u l p i n s were c a p t u r ­
ed.
S c u l p i n s d i d n o t r e a c t to e l e c t r i c a l c u r r e n t by a c t i v e l y swimming t o ­
ward t h e - . p o s i t i v e e l e c t r o d e a s d i d t r o u t , b u t l a y - p a r a l y z e d on t h e s tr ea m
—
4
—
bottom i n s t i l l w a t e r a r e a s or tumbled a l o n g th e bottom i n s w i f t w a t e r .
C ap tu r ed f i s h were r e t a i n e d i n l i v e c a r s i n q u i e t w a t e r away from the
s h o c k in g a r e a u n t i l s am pl ing o f t h e s e c t i o n was comp leted .
S c u i p i n s were a n e s t h e t i z e d a few a t a time w it h t r i c a i n e me thanes u l f o n a t e (M.S. 222) b e f o r e marki ng .
A s o l u t i o n s t r o n g enough to produce
a n e s t h e s i a i n 30-45 seconds' ■(a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1:10,000') was u s ed .
marked by -removing co m b in a ti o n s o f p e l v i c and d o r s a l f i n s .
F is h were
Some f i n -
c l i p p e d f i s h were l a t e r ta g ge d w i t h s t r a p t a g s ( 0 . 7 5 - in c h -long) on t h e
dentary bonei
A f t e r m a rk i n g , s c u l p i n s were r e p l a c e d i n l i v e c a r s u n t i l
c o m p l e t e l y r e c o v e r e d from t h e a n e s t h e t i c , a t which time th e y were r e l e a s e d
n e a r t h e .midpile o f an e x p e r i m e n t a l s e c t i o n )
A 1.1 p e r c e n t (19 f i s h ) im­
m e d i a t e m o r t a l i t y of. t h e 1674 s c u l p i n s h a n d l e d d u r i n g t h e s t u d y o cc u r r ed
pr es u m ab ly due t o s h o c k i n g , a n e s t h e t i z i n g , and marking.
Nine o f t h e s e
d i e d on one o c c a s i o n , p r o b a b l y from o v e r e x p o s u r e to t h e a n e s t h e t i c .
Acknowledgements
Thanks a r e due e s p e c i a l l y Dr. C. J . D. Brown, who d i r e c t e d the s tu d y
and a s s i s t e d w i t h t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t , and t h e w r i t e r ' s
w i f e , B a r b a r a , who gave c o n t i n u a l a s s i s t a n c e w it h th e f i e l d work.
The
m a jo r p o r t i o n of t h e s t u d y was con du ct ed w h i l e the w r i t e r was a f e l l o w of
t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s of H e a l t h .
Some funds were g iv e n by th e Montana
A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , and f i s h c o l l e c t i o n equ ipment was p r o ­
v i d e d by t h e Montana F i s h and Game De par tme nt.
-
5-
MQVEMENT
S p a t i a l ■S t a b i l i t y
The v a l i d i t y of a s p a t i a l s t a b i l i t y s t u d y r e s t s upon t h e ass um p ti o n
s t a t e d by G er k in g ( 1 9 5 9 ) s ” . . .
t h a t i f a marked f i s h i s c a u g h t two or more
t i m e s i n a r e s t r i c t e d a r e a , i t i s v e r y l i k e l y t h a t t h e f i s h has occupied
t h i s area for a s u b s t a n t i a l p erio d of t i m e . "
R e c a p tu r e o f many marked
s c u l p i n s w i t h i n a r e s t r i c t e d a r e a would d e m o n s t r a t e l i m i t e d movement, and
would i n d i c a t e home r a n g e s i z e .
The 2 3 4 - f o o t segment o f s t r e a m s e l e c t e d
f o r th e s t a b i l i t y ph as e c o n s i s t e d of . f i v e a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s .
These were
d e s i g n a t e d A th r o u g h E b e g i n n i n g a t t h e u p s tr e a m end, and were 63, 50, 41,
41, and 39 f e e t in l e n g t h , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( F i g u r e I ).
S ectio n boundaries
were chosen t o c o r r e s p o n d w i t h n a t u r a l r i f f l e - p o o l d i v i s i o n o f t h e s tr e a m
a s s u g g e s t e d by Ge rk ing (1953').
on 4-5 August 1962.
The s t u d y s e c t i o n s were i n i t i a l l y shocked
A ll s c u l p i n s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 . 2 5 i n c h e s i n l e n g t h were
gi ve n a f i n - c l i p code c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c a p t u r e s e c t i o n and r e t u r n e d t o
th at section.
A ll f i v e s e c t i o n s p l u s a 1 0 1 - f o o t segment above A and a 6 5 -
f o o t segment below E were shocked on 26 August 1962 and 29-30 September
1962.
On each o c c a s i o n t h e f i n - c l i p code,, s e c t i o n of c a p t u r e , and number
o f s c u l p i n s ta k e n were r e c o r d e d .
S c u l p i n s c a p t u r e d f o r t h e f i r s t time i n
t h e fi,ve s t u d y s e c t i o n s were T i n - c l i p p e d .
A ll c a p t u r e d f i s h , i n c l u d i n g
th o s e ta k en o u t s i d e t h e i r o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n , were r e l e a s e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l
capture sectio n .
S c u l p i n s r e c a p t u r e d d u r i n g th e n e x t two sh o ck in g s (17
November 1962 and 8 J a n u a r y 1963) i n a r e a s n o t c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e i r ' f i n c l i p were j a w - t a g g e d and r e l e a s e d in t h e s e c t i o n of c a p t u r e r a t h e r than b e -
—6 —
FEET
Figure I.
T r o u t Creek s tu d y a r e a ( I . IN, R. SE, S. 29, G a l l a t i n County,
Montana ), showing s e c t i o n b o u n d a r i e s .
-7 -
being r e tu r n e d to the o r i g i n a l s e c tio n .
These f i s h were t h e r e a f t e r i n ­
cl u d e d w i t h f i s h o r i g i n a l l y p r e s e n t i n t h e r e c a p t u r e s e c t i o n .
This was
done t o g i v e a more a c c u r a t e movement e s t i m a t e , s i n c e t h e home r an ge may
have o v e r l a p p e d s e c t i o n b o u n d a r i e s .
A f i n a l i n v e n t o r y was made on 9 March
1963.
Movement by m o t t l e d s c u l p i n s was i n f r e q u e n t and t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d
was smal l f o r both, f i n - c l i p p e d and j a w - t a g g e d f i s h (Ta b le 2 ) .
The marked
f i s h were r e c a p t u r e d a t an a v e r a g e r a t e o f 2 3 . 9 p e r c e n t f o r t h e f i v e i n ­
v e n t o r i e s , however t h e p e r c e n t a g e f e l l s t e a d i l y from t h e f i r s t to the l a s t
sh o ck in g ( 3 8 . 1 - 1 1 . 8 p e r c e n t ) even though t h e number a v a i l a b l e i n c r e a s e d .
Th is d e c r e a s e was p r o b a b l y due to m o r t a l i t y from sh ock ing and h a n d l i n g .
S t e f a n i c h (1952) and Holton (1953) r e p o r t e d ' s i m i l a r d e c r e a s e s i n r a t e of
marked t r o u t r e c a p t u r e from one cen su s t o t h e n e x t .
The movement r e s u l t s
o b t a i n e d from t h e c e n s u s e s showed r e m a r k a b l e u n i f o r m i t y .
About o n e - h a l f
o f t h e r e c a p t u r e s were w i t h i n th e o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 46 .8
f e e t ) , and a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t were e i t h e r i n t h e o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n or one of
t h e two a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 153 .2 f e e t ) .
Average movement
o f i n d i v i d u a l l y ta g ge d f i s h was n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l w ith t h a t o f a l l marked
fish.
B a i l e y (1952) r e p o r t e d t h a t 15 o f 21 r e c a p t u r e d m o t t l e d s c u l p i n s were
w i t h i n 150 f e e t o f t h e o r i g i n a l c a p t u r e p o i n t , which i s i n ag ree me nt w i t h
th e p r e s e n t s t u d y , and W i ll i a m s (1957) r e p o r t e d t h a t th e wooly s c u l p i n
mpved o nl y s h o r t d i s t a n c e s i n and o u t , o n incoming and o u t g o i n g t i d e s , r e ­
spectively.
In c o n t r a s t S h e t t e r and H az zar d (1939) found t h a t 8 6 . 4 -1 0 0
Tabl e 2.
R e c a p tu r e
date
Movement o f s c u l p i n s i n T r o u t Creek ( P e r c e n t a g e s in p a r e n t h e s e s ) .
Days s i n c e
last
sh ock ing
T o t a l number
marked f i s h
Number
recaptured
Number
recaptured
in o r ig i n a l
section
Number
recaptured
in o r ig i n a l
or a d j a c e n t
section
Number
moving
upstream
Number
moving
downstream
6/26/62
21-22
239
9 1 ( 3 8 .1 )
52(57.1)
78(85.7)1/
26(28.6)
1 3 ( 1 4 .3 )
9/29/62
9/30/62
34-35
335
1 2 6 ( 3 7 .6 )
65(51.6)
95(75.4)1/
40(31.7)
21(16.7)
I 1/17/62
48-49
396
93(23.5)
42(45.2)
74(79.6)2/
30(32.2)
21(22.6)
1/8/63
53
429
78(18.2)
40(51.3)
66(84.6)!/
23(29.5)
1 5 ( 1 9 .2 )
3/9/63
60
448
53(11.8)
27(50.9)
41(77.4)
1 3( 2 4. 5)
1 2 ( 2 2 .6 )
1847
441(23.9)
226(51.2)
354(80.3)
132( 29 .9)
82(18.6)
Totals &
averages
R e c a p t u r e s in o t h e r than o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n r e t u r n e d t o o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n .
R e c a p t u r e s in o t h e r than o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n j a w - t a g g e d , l e f t in s e c t i o n of r e c a p t u r e , and i n ­
cl ud ed w i t h f i s h o r i g i n a l l y p r e s e n t in s e c t i o n .
-
9-
p e r c e n t o f th e m o t t l e d and slim y s c u l p ! n s moved from 1 0 0 - f o o t s e c t i o n s of
a Michi gan s tr e a m i n one month.
S t e f a n i c h (1952) took 444 of 816 ( 5 4 / 4
p e r c e n t ) r e c a p t u r e d brown t r o u t , 211 o f 390 (54.-1 p e r c e n t ) rainbow t r o u t ,
all
(15) brook t r o u t , a l l
(7) moun ta in w h i t e f i s h , and 33 o f 35 ( 9 4 .2 p e r
c e n t ) w h i t e s u c k e r s i n t h e o r i g i n a l 1 5 0 - f o o t s e c t i o n s of s t r e a m over a two
year period.
M i l l e r !( 1957) r e p o r t e d t h a t 67 p e r c e n t o f r e c a p t u r e d 'cut­
t h r o a t t r o u t were l e s s t h a n 200 y a r d s from t h e home pool d u r i n g a t h r e e
year period.
G er k in g (1953) r e c a p t u r e d a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e s u c k e r s
a.nd sun f i s h i n t h e same p o o l from one y e a r t o th e n e x t , .and some i n th e
same pool, f o u r y e a r s i n s u c c e s s i o n .
Ge rk ing (1950) took 75 p e r c e n t of
re c a p tu re d f i s h in t h e i r o r i g i n a l lo c a t i o n s following a f l a s h flood.
Upstream movement o f a l l marked s c u l p i n s was 2 3 . 4 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r
th a n downstream movement.
Records of i n d i v i d u a l l y ta gg ed f i s h showed 16.6
p e r c e n t g r e a t e r downstream movement, however th e smal l sample may a c c o u n t
for t h i s discrepancy.
No i m p o r t a n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e movement o f s c u l p i n s
was o b s er ve d among t h e ce n s us p e r i o d s , b u t t h e r e was s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d
downstream movement i n s u c c e s s i v e c e n s u s e s .
ment o c c u r r e d .
No e x t e n s i v e u p str eam move­
This would have been d e t e c t e d a s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of marked
f i s h i n t h e segment above S e c t i o n <A where movement was b lo c k e d by an i r r i ­
g a t i o n d i v e r s i o n dam.
Any m i g r a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w it h r e p r o d u c t i o n would
n o t have been d i s c o v e r e d , s i n c e t h e s t u d y was conducted d u r i n g th e non­
breeding season.
Home Range
S i n c e a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t of t h e s c u l p i n s r e c a p t u r e d were i n t h e o r i g i ­
-1 0 -
n a l s e c t i o n or one o f t h e two a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s , t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e under
t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t i s t h a t t h e m o t t l e d s c u i p i n has a home
r a n g e o f l e s s t h a n 150 f e e t .
However t h e home r a n g e i s p r o b a b l y c o n s i d e r ­
a b l y l e s s b ec a u se t h e r e m a i n i n g 20 p e r c e n t o f th e r e c a p t u r e s was composed
o f f i s h whose home r a n g e o v e r l a p p e d s e c t i o n b o u n d a r i e s a s w e l l a s t h o s e
t h a t moved-.
Th is e s t i m a t e i s c r u d e , s i n c e home r a n g e s i z e may be i n f l u ­
enced by many f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g s tr ea m w i d t h , r i f f l e - p o o l development-, and
food abundance.
Ger'king .(195'.9) s t a t e d : " . . . a n y q u a n t i t a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n
a b o u t th e s i z e o f th e home r a n g e and t h e d e g r e e of s t r a y i n g d e s c r i b e s th e
t e c h n i q u e s o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r as much a s t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e f i s h . "
M i l l e r (1957) a f t e r t h r e e y e a r s s t u d y conc lu ded t h a t t h e home ran ge
of c u t t h r o a t t r o u t was only- a b o u t 20. y a r d s i n l e n g t h .
G er k in g (1953) d i ­
v i d e d s u c k e r s and s u n f i s h into-: t h o s e w i t h a 100—2 0 0 - f o o t home r a n g e — '
g r e e n s u n f i s h -(Lepomls c y a n e l l u s ), l o n g e a r s u n f i s h , and r o c k b a s s ( Amblop l i t e s r u p e s t r i s ) : t h o s e w i t h a 2 0 0 - 4 0 0 - f o o t home r a n g e — smaIlmouth b a s s ,
s p o t t e d b a s s (Mlcropvterus p u n c t u l a t u s ). n o r t h e r n hog s u c k e r ( Hypentelium
n i g r i c a n s ) . and g o ld e n r e d h o r s e (Mgxostgma e r v t h r u r u m ) .
Homing
I f s c u l p i n s e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d i s p l a c e d u p s tr ea m and downstream a r e
s u b s e q u e n t l y . r e c a p t u r e d a t t h e i r o r i g i n a l c a p t u r e s i t e , i t can be con cluded
t h a t th e y homed.
Three a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s (F, G, and H) were chosen be­
g i n n i n g 130 f e e t below S e c t i o n E ( F i g u r e I ) .
f e e t long, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
These were 100, 25 , and 100
On 14 October 1962, 33 s c u l p i n s from S e c t i o n F,
n i n e from G, and 64 from H were c a p t u r e d , marked-, and r e l e a s e d in th e
-1 1 -
m i d d le s e c t i o n (G).
The s e c t i o n s were r e s h o c k e d on 3 November 1962 and IQ
March 1963 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e number showing homing.-, no movement, and move­
ment away from home.
Each f i s h was r e p l a c e d ' i n i t s c a p t u r e s e c t i o n .
Homing a b i l i t y was n o t e x h i b i t e d by t h e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n - i n t h i s ex­
p e r i m e n t ( T ab l e 3 ) .
Tabl e 3.
Averages show a b o u t o n e - t h i r d of t h e r e c a p t u r e s r e -
Homing o f s c u l p i n s i n T r o u t Greek ( P e r c e n t a g e s i n - p a r e n t h e s e s ) .
BaVs
osirtce
last
sh o ck in g
1 1 / 3/62
3 /1 0 /6 3
20 ■
127 -
106
106 .
—
212
T o t a l s and
averages
Number
showing
no
movement'
Number
homing
35(63:0'-))
1 3 ( 1 2 .3 )
15(42;9)
4 (3 0 :8 )
14(40.0)
3 ( 2 3 .r)
8 (2 2 .9 )
6 (4 6 .2 )
4 8 (2 2 .6 )
1 9 (3 9 .6 )
17(35.4)
1 4 (2 9 .2 )
Total
number
Number
marked
■re­
f i s h . captured
R e c a p tu r e
date
Number showing
movement away
from home
mained i n t h e m i d d le ■section , o n e - t h i r d r e t u r n e d ■to t h e o r i g i n a l s e c t i o n ,
and o n e - t h i r d moved away from home.
S c u l p i n s d i s p l a c e d downstream homed no
b e t t e r t h a n - t h o s e d i s p l a c e d u p s tr ea m .
However i t i s n o t s a f e t o conclude
from t h i s e x p e r i m e n t t h a t t h e y do n o t home-, s i n c e th e s e c t i o n s chosen were
to o s m a l l .
Thus s c u l p i n s t r a n s p o r t e d from p a r t s of S e c t i o n s -F and H t o G
may.have been w i t h i n t h e i r home r a n g e . .
N e v e r t h e l e s s i f homing had been
e x h i b i t e d , a l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e of r e c a p t u r e s i n t h e homing c a t e g o r y would
have been e x p e c t e d , s i n c e s c u l p i n s from t h e ex tremes of t h e s tu d y -area
were d i s p l a c e d f r o m . t h e i r home r a n g e .
x.
W i ll i a m s (1957) s t a t e d t h a t wooly s c u l p i n s as smal l a s 11 mm r e t u r n e d
a t low t i d e to a home -tidepool from d i s t a n c e s up t o . 40 m.
G erking (19-53')
-12-
found 26 o f 35 r e c a p t u r e d l o n g e a r s u n f i s h i n t h e i r home.pool a f t e r a 100ya rd up s tr ea m d i s p l a c e m e n t , and Larimore (1952) . r e p o r t e d - t h a t 17 o f 32
smallmouth b a s s t r a n s p o r t e d between 0 . 1 and 0 . 8 m i le r e t u r n e d home.
M iller
(1954) and Gunning (1959) ob se rv ed t h a t c u t t h r o a t t r o u t and l o n g e a r sunfish.,- r e s p e c t i v e l y , homed b e t t e r when d i s p l a c e d downstream th a n ups tream .
I n t e r a r e a Movements
On 12 August 1962, 101 s c u l p i n s were c a p t u r e d , marked, and r e l e a s e d i n
a 1 7 5 - f o o t s e c t i o n im m e d i a te l y below t h e homing s t u d y a r e a ( S e c t i o n I-,
F i g u r e I ).
Thi s s e c t i o n p l u s t h e two s t u d y a r e a s i m m e d i a t e l y upstream
gave 865 f e e t o f s t r e a m i n t o which v a r i o u s l y marked s c u l p i n s were p l a c e d
and r e c a p t u r e d d u r i n g an e i g h t month p e r i o d .
movements were o b t a i n e d ( T ab l e 4 ) .
Tabl e 4.
Longer u p str eam t h a n downstream move-
I n t e r a r e a movements o f s c u l p i n s i n T r o u t -Creek.
(Distances
measured from m i d d le of o r i g i n s e c t i o n to m id dl e o f d e s t i n a t i o n
section. )
Time i n t e r v a l
i n days
70
113
70
90
90
149
49
7
34
146
97
Records o f 13 i n t e r a r e a
Number
fish
I
I
2
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
D i s t a n c e moved ups tr e a m i n f e e t
• D i s t a n c e moved downstream in f e e t
325
325
326
326
365
410
462
502
508
508
590
me nts were n o t e d , b u t t h i s - i s p r o b a b l y n o t s i g n i f i c a n t due t o g r e a t e r c o l ­
l e c t i n g e f f o r t i n th e upp er 400 f e e t ( s t a b i l i t y -study a r e a ) .
The l o n g e s t
-13-
down s t ream movement t h a t co ul d have been d e t e c t e d was 644 f e e t and t h e
l o n g e s t u p s tr e a m 726 f e e t .
The- l o n g e s t movements a c t u a l l y n o te d were 502
f e e t downstream and 590 f e e t up str ea m .
B a i l e y (1952) s t a t e d t h a t the
g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c e any r e c o v e r e d m o t t l e d s c u l p i n moved was 470 f e e t .
T erritoriality
S i n c e o b s e r v a t i o n of a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r of - i n d i v i d u a l s c u l p i n s was
not p o s s i b le in the f i e l d ,
l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s were p er f o r m e d t o d e t e r ­
mine i f t h e s c u l p i n e x h i b i t s t e r r i t o r i a l i t y .
The as s u m p ti o n was t h a t i f
t e r r i t o r i e s were e s t a b l i s h e d , s c u l p i n s p r o v i d e d w it h a d e q u a t e cover
t h r o u g h o u t a l a b o r a t o r y t r o u g h would become s p a t i a l l y i s o l a t e d from one
a n o t h e r and would be found r e p e a t e d l y i n t h e same l o c a t i o n .
The l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t e d of an 1 1 . 3 - f o o t - l o n g - , 1 . 1 - f o o t
wide f i b e r g l a s s f i s h t r o u g h f i t t e d w i t h v e r t i c a l l y mov able, gang o p e r a t e d
s c r e e n s a t one f o o t i n t e r v a l s .
Rocks were a r r a n g e d i n t h e t r o u g h i n
v a r i o u s ways p r o v i d i n g com ple te co ver f o r s e v e r a l s c u l p i n s i n each u n i t .
C o l d , d e c h l o r i n a t e d w a t e r was k e p t a b o u t 3 - 4 i n c h e s deep and a flow of
1 . 3 - 2 . 0 g a l l o n s ' p e r m i n u te m a i n t a i n e d .
e x c e p t f o r s h o r t p e r io d s ' .
L i g h t s - i n t h e room were, k e p t dim-,
S c u l p i n s used were c o l l e c t e d w i t h a s ho ck er
from p o r t i o n s of T r o u t Creek n o t i n v o l v e d i n t h e f i e l d s t u d i e s , and were
h e l d i n l a b o r a t o r y t r o u g h s f o r 2- 24 days b e f o r e us e.
The f i s h were a n e s ­
t h e t i z e d and f i n - c l i p p e d or i n j e c t e d d o r s a l ! y w ith 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 cc of c o l o r e d
li q u id la te x for in d iv id u a l identification-.-
During th e e x p e r i m e n t s
s c r e e n s were h e l d i n t h e r a i s e d p o s i t i o n t o a l l o w s c u l p i n s f r e e a c c e s s t o
the e n t i r e trough.
At o b s e r v a t i o n ti m e th e s c r e e n s were s u d d en ly lowered
-1 4 -
t o c o n f i n e t h e s c u l p i n s t o t h e one s q u a r e f o o t u n i t s .
Three e x p e r i m e n t s were co nd u ct ed .
In th e f i r s t , which r a n .from 7
August 1962 t o 30 August 1962,' o b s e r v a t i o n s were made a t i n t e r v a l s r a n g i n g
from 18-90 h o u r s .
The e i g h t f i s h used were n o t f e d .
The second e x p e r i ­
ment r a n from 4 O ct o be r 1962 t o 31 O ct o b er 1962, and o b s e r v a t i o n s were
made a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 4 - h o u r i n t e r v a l s .
The 11 f i s h were o c c a s i o n a l l y
gi v e n t u b i f i c i d s i n a l l s e c t i o n s o f th e t r o u g h .
The t h i r d ex p er i m en t was
con duc te d from 27 November 1962 t o 21 .'December 1962, and was t h e same as
t h e second e x c e p t t h a t s c u l p i n s were fed each day.
N e i t h e r a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r nor s p a t i a l i s o l a t i o n was observed-, which
s u g g e s t s t h a t th e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n does n o t d ef en d a t e r r i t o r y d u r i n g the
n o n - b r e e d i n g season-.-
As many a s s i x s c u l p i n s were c a p t u r e d a t one t i m e i n
a one s q u a r e f o o t u n i t , and f i s h were o f t e n seen l y i n g - i n c o n t a c t w it h one
a n o t h e r or h i d i n g un der one a n o t h e r .
t o be random.
Movement w i t h i n t h e t r o u g h app ea red
In a l l e x p e r i m e n t s combined-, s c u l p i n s v i s i t e d an av e r a g e of
a t l e a s t 8 .7 of the T l s e c tio n s ;
Only seven f i s h were r e c a p t u r e d in t h e
same s e c t i o n over- 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e t i m e , and only one was i n t h e same
l o c a t i o n over 75 p e r c e n t .
Although n o n - b r e e d i n g t e r r i t o r i e s a r e h e l d by some s p e c i e s of f i s h ,
most a p p a r e n t l y have none.
i s common however-.
T e r r i t o r i a l d e f e n s e d u r i n g t h e b r e e d i n g se as on
Hann (.1927) and Simon and Srown (.1943) me n tio n t h a t
t h e male s c u l p i n g u a r d s t h e n e s t , b u t B a i l e y (1952.) f e e l s t h a t -the male
o nl y a t t e n d s t h e n e s t w i t h o u t d e f e n d i n g i t .
-15-
POPULATION
M o t t l e d soul-pin p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s were made e x c l u d i n g y o u n g - o f t h e - y e a r u s i n g two -m ar Jc -a n d- re ca p tu re m e t h o d s s a P e t e r s e n e s t i m a t e w it h 95
p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e - l i m i t s m o d i f i e d f o r sm al l p o p u l a t i o n s u s i n g formu las
2 , 3, and 5 of t h e ' I n s t i t u t e f o r - ' F i s h e r i e s R es ear ch ( i 9 6 0 ) , and a Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e i n i n v e r t e d form w i t h 95 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e
l i m i t s u s i n g f o r m u l a s 3.18-, 3 . 1 9 , and 3 . 2 0 of R ic k e r ( 1 9 5 8 ) .
Values of t
used i n computing c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s on t h e Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s
were o b t a i n e d from Wilks (1958j .
M a r k - a n d - r e c a p t u r e d a t a were from
p r e v i o u s l y - d e s c r ib e d s p a t i a l s t a b i l i t y experiments-.
Assumptions u n d e r l y i n g th e s e - m e t h o d s a r e giv en by L a g l e r (19 56 ).
No
l o s s of marks o c c u r r e d , a s f i n - r e g e n e r a t i o n was s l i g h t and e a s i l y - i d e n t i ­
fied.
S i n c e -the f i n - c l i p p e d f i s h were r e p l a c e d - i n f i v e s e c t i o n s of th e
s t u d y a r e a , t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of marked s-culpins i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n was
e s s e n t i a l l y r a n d o m . • E m i g r a t i o n l o s s of-marked f i s h a t each ce ns us was
compensated by a n e g a t i v e c o r r e c t i o n . f a c t o r of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12 p e r c e n t o f
t h e marked f i s h a v a i l a b l e based on movement d a t a o b t a i n e d .
R e c r u i tm e n t
due t o growth was n o n - e x i s t a n t , s i n c e y o u n g - o - f - th e - y e a r d i d n o t r e a c h th e
s i z e l i m i t o f ma rk in g .
movement r e s u l t s .
I m m ig r at io n was b e l i e v e d s l i g h t on t h e b a s i s of
Loss of m a r k e d . f i s h due t o m o r t a l i t y may have been a
s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r , b u t co ul d n o t be e s t i m a t e d .
V u l n e r a b i l i t y -to c a p t u r e
of marked -and unmarked f i s h w a s ' p r o b a b l y a b o u t e q u a l .
P o p u l a t i o n - e s t i m a t e s (' P e te r s e n and Schumacher-Eschmeyer) of t h e
m o t t l e d s c u l p i n i n t h e 2 3 4 - f o o t s tr ea m segment were i n c l o s e agree ment b o th
-1 6 -
between methods and among th e f i v e c e n s u s e s w i t h th e e x c e p t i o n of th e f i n a l
P e t e r s e n e s t i m a t e (Ta b le 5 ) .
The r a n g e of P e t e r s e n e s t i m a t e s was 203-237
p e r 100 f e e t of s t r e a m , and t h e r a n g e o f Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s was
2 0 5 - 2 1 0 ' p e r 100 f e e t .
These e s t i m a t e s a r e h i g h e r th a n t h o s e of S h a t t e r and L e o n a r d -(1943'),
who found 32 m o t t l e d s c u l p i n s p e r 100 f e e t o f a Michigan stream., a n d
B a i l e y (1957, 1 95 9 ) , who r e p o r t e d 0 . 7 - 2 . 4 s li m y s c u l p i n s p e r 100 f e e t o f a
Montana s tr e a m over t h r e e y e a r s .
SUMMARY
1.
Movement and p o p u l a t i o n of t h e m o t t l e d s c u l p i n .(■e x c l u d i n g young-
o f - t h e - y e a r . ) were s t u d i e d i n T r o u t Creek between 4 " A u g u s t' 1962 and 10
March 1963, and i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y between 7 August 1962 and 21 December
1962.
2.
F i n - c l i p p e d f i s h were r e c a p t u r e d a t an a v e r a g e r a t e of 2 3 . 9 . p e r
c e n t ( 3 8 . 1 - 1 1 . 8 p e r c e n t ) f o r th e f i v e c e n s u s e s .
3.
About 50 p e r c e n t of th e r e c a p t u r e s were w i t h i n t h e o r i g i n a l s e c ­
t i o n ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 4 6 . 8 f e e t ) , and a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t were i n t h e o r i g i n a l
s e c t i o n or one o f t h e two a d j a c e n t s e c t i o n s ( a v e r a g e l e n g t h 15372 f e e t ) .
4-.
Upstream movement o f a l l marked s c u l p i n s was 2 3 . 4 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r
th a n downstream movement, b u t downstream movement of j a w - t a g g e d f i s h was
1 6 . 6 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r tha n up s tre am .
5.
No mass u p s tr ea m m i g r a t i o n o c c u r r e d .
6.
Home range- was e s t i m a t e d t o be l e s s th a n 150 f e e t .
7.
Homing a b i l i t y was n o t e x h i b i t e d , however th e -experiment was n o t
Ta b le 5.
Mo dif ie d P e t e r s e n and Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s of p o p u l a t i o n numbers of s c u l p i n s
( e x c l u d i n g y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r ) in T r o u t Creek w i t h 95 p e r c e n t co n f id e n c e l i m i t s .
Date of Marked f i s h
estim ate a v a ila b le
Sample
Lower
lim it
Recaptures
E s ti m a t e
Upper
lim it
Confidence
ran ge
8/26/62
218
187
83
Petersen
Schumacher-Eschmeyer
422
—
488
491
587
-
165
-
9/29/62
9/30/62
311
179
117
Petersen
Schumacher-Eschmeyer
429
371
474
481
534
684
105
313
11 /1 7 / 6 2
332
113
78
Petersen
Schumacher-Eschmeyer
427
463
479
481
550
500
123
37
1/8/63
363
87
66
Petersen
Schumacher-Eschmeyer
427
471
477
480
544
490
117
19
3/9/63
389
66
46
Petersen
Schumacher-Eschmeyer
480
469
555
492
666
516
186
47
:
-
conclusive;
18
- '
About o n e - t h i r d of t h e d i s p l a c e d - s c u l p i n s homed, . o n e - t h i r d
d i d n o t move-, and o n e - t h i r d moved away from home.
8.
The l o n g e s t -upstream movement n o t e d was -590 f e e t , and th e l o n g ­
e s t downstream 502 f e e t .
.9.
S p a t i a l i s o l a t i o n and a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r were . n o t ■ob se rv ed i n a
l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t , which s u g g e s t s a l a c k of t e r r i t o r a T i t y d u r i n g th e
non-breeding season.
10.
M o di fie d P e t e r s e n p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s - r a n g e d from 474-555 s c u l ­
p i n s ( e x c l u d i n g y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r ) i n a 2 3 4 - f o o t s e c t i o n over th e f i v e
i n v e n t o r i e s , and Schumacher-Eschmeyer e s t i m a t e s ranged from 480-492.
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'
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Job co m p le ti o n r e p o r t , Montana F i s h and Game D e p a r t ­
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