The effect of excess calcium with borderline and deficient phosphorus in the rations of steer calves
by James K Lewis
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Animal Industry
Montana State University
© Copyright by James K Lewis (1950)
Abstract:
The results of two experiments involving 77 steer calves individually fed for 105 and 120 days,
respectively, on rations containing adequate, borderline, or deficient phosphorus with normal or excess
calcium are reported. Rations were supplemented with vitamins A and D, and with iodine, cobalt,
copper, and manganese.
Feed consumed per 100 pounds body weight per day and average daily gains were reduced by
borderline or deficient phosphorus intakes, Excess calcium added to a ration of borderline phosphorus
content further reduced both feed consumption and rate of gain. However, when excess calcium was
added to a deficient phosphorus ration, feed consumption was decreased, but rate of gain was not
affected* The correlation coefficient between feed consumed per 100 pounds body weight and rate of
gain was /0,640.
The phosphorus plasma levels were related in a general way to the phosphorus intake, but the calcium
plasma level showed a characteristic fluctuation which was unaffected by treatments or by phosphorus
plasma levels. The carotene plasma levels were inversely proportional to the phosphorus plasma levels
and to the phosphorus intake and appeared to be directly proportional to the calcium intake. The
symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in the order of their appearance were: impaired feed utilisation,
reduction in rate of gain, poor feed consumption, depraved appetite, emaciation, rough hair coat,
stiffness of the hind legs, enlargement of the knees and hocks, and alteration of body conformation.
Depraved appetite was present In all lots and was partly attributed to the finely-divided state in which
the ration was fed. Steers wintered on inadequate intakes of phosphorus with either normal or excess
calcium made excellent gains on summer pasture and grain supplemented with phosphorus.
When phosphorus deficient steers were drenched with about 15 grams of phosphorus daily from
monosodium phosphate there was marked improvement In feed consumption, feed efficiency, weight
gains, vigor, and general appearance. A case of phosphate tetany in a steer is described which was
induced by drenching with 0.76 grams per kilogram body weight of nonosodium phosphate. A
digestion trial with lambs is reported which shows that the lignin used as a filler in the experimental
rations had no effect on their digestibility. THE EFFECT OF EXCESS CALCIUM WITH BORDERLINE AND DEFICIENT
FHOSjFHCRUS IN THE RATIONS OF STEER CALVES
by
JAMES K. LEWIS
A THESIS
S u tm ltte d t o th e G ra d u a te F laoulty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts
f o r th e d e g re e o f
M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n A nim al I n d u s tr y
at
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e
Approved*
H ead, M ajor D ep artm en t
C hairm an, E xam ining C o c m itte e
B o so ra n , M ontana
A u g u st, 1950
L S tftk
c ^ . 2-
—2«**
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................................
7
INTRODUCTION................................
9
REVISM OF THE LITERATURE............................................................................................................. 15
EXPERCENT I
M ethods and P ro c e d u re ....................................................................
20
R e s u lt s and D i s c u s s i o n ..............................................
25
N o tes and Comments ..................................................
25
V itam in A D e f ic ie n c y .......................................................................... .... . . .
27
Feed C onsum ption and R ate o f G a i n ................................................... . . . 2 9
C alcium and P h o sp h o ru s Plasm a L e v e ls . . . . .
.................................... 29
F o e d e r G rade and C o n d itio n S c o re ..................................................................... 31
31
S a l t C onsum ption ...........................................................
P h o to g ra p h ic S tu d ie s . ................................. . . . . .
............................ 31
EXPERIMENT 2
M ethods and P ro c e d u re ...................................................................................................... 40
R e s u lt s and D i s c u s s i o n .................................................................................................... 46
I
-i
;
N o tes and Comments. . . . . . . . . .
...................................................... 46
................................................... . . . . . . . .
48
R a te o f G a i n ................................................................................................. . . .
57
F eed C onsum ption . . .
E f f i c i e n c y o f Feed U t i l i z a t i o n ................................................... .... . . , 60
B lood C h e m i s t r y ....................................................................
C alcium and P h o sp h o ru s . .....................................
61
C a ro te n e ................................................................................................................
.6 1
F e e d e r G rade and C o n d i t i o n .......................................... ............................... . . .
!'I
LI
' -I
G6U16
65
-3 —
S a l t C o n s u m p tio n ............................ .... ........................................................... .... .69
P h o to g ra p h ic S tu d ie s . « . » ..................................................................... y y i
....................... 72
E f f e c t o f PJiosphato D ren ch in g
T o x ic E f f e c t o f O verdosage . ♦ » .
E f f e c t on P erfo rm an ce
...................
82
................................. e
L ig n in D ig e s tio n T r i a l ...................................................................................
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e e r s on P a s tu r e
................... . . 3 9
SWmRY AND CONCLOSIONS .......................................................................................................... .....
LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................................ ..
TABLES
T a b le
I,
Recommended N u t r i e n t A llow ances f o r Normal Growth o f
H e if e r s and S t e e r s ............................ .... .........................................20
T a b le
II.
C alcium and P h o sp h o ru s C o n te n ts o f Range G rass N ear
L i v in g s to n , M ontana a t D i f f e r e n t S ta g e s o f M a t u r i t y . i l
T a b le
III.
Feed and E s tim a te d C hem ical C o m p o sitio n o f R a tio n s
Fed i n E x p e rim e n t I . ..................................... .... ...................... 22
T a b le
IF .
C alciu m and P h o sp h o ru s C o n te n t o f C o n c e n tr a te Mix­
t u r e s and Hay Fed i n E x p e rim e n t I . . . . . . . .
,2 6
T a b le
V.
V ita m in A and C a ro te n e C o n te n t o f th e B lood Plasm a
o f t h e S t e e r s on E x p e rim e n t I ........................ .... . . . .
27
T a b le
T I.
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e o r s on E x p erim en t I a s Pfeasured
O ver E n t i r e P e rio d o f 105 Days .............................................. 28
T a b le
V II,
E f f e c t o f th e E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s on th e F e e d e r G rade
and C o n d itio n S c o re o f th e S te e r s i n E x p e rim e n t I . ,3 0
T a b le
V III,
E f f e c t o f th e E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s on th e S a l t Con­
su m p tio n o f th e S t e e r s on E x p erim en t I ............................ 32
T a b le
IX .
Feed and C hem ical C o m p o sitio n o f R a tio n s a s Fed i n
E x p e rim e n t 2 , ................... .... ...................................................... t /(|
T a b le
X,
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e e r s i n E x p erim en t 2 M easured Over
th e F i r s t 120 D a y s .......................................................................... ..
T a b le
X I,
T a b le
X II.
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 i n L o t I a s
M easured b y Weigh P e r io d s . . . . . .
........................ .5 0
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 i n L o t 2 a s
M easured by Weigh P e r io d s . ............................ ....
.5 1
T a b le
X III,
P erfo rm an ce o f S t e e r s on E x p e rim e n t 2 i n L o t 3 a s
M easured b y Weigh P e r io d s
................... . . . 5 2
T a b le
XIV.
P erfo rm an c e o f S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 i n L o t 4 a s
M easured b y Weigh P e r io d s . . . . . . . .
...................53
T a b le
XV,
P erfo rm an c e o f S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 i n L o t 5 a s
M easured by Weigh P e r io d s . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 54
T a b le
XVI,
E f f e c t o f th e E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s on t h e C a ro te n e
P lasm a L e v e ls o f th e S t e e r s on E x p e rim e n t 2 , . . .6 4
T a b le
X V II,
E f f e c t o f E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s on th e F e e d e r Grade
an d C o n d itio n o f th e S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 . . , .66
T a b le
X V III,
T a b le
XIX.
T a b le
XX,
XXI,
T a b le
T a b le
E f f e c t o f th e E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s on th e S a l t
C onsum ption o f th e S t e e r s on E x p erim en t 2 , (120
B a y s ) ................................................................. ....................................70
E f f e c t o f P h o sp h ate D ren ch in g on th e P erfo rm an ce o f
th e S t e e r s on E x p e rim e n t 2 i n L o ts 3 and 5 d u rin g
th e F i f t h Weigh P e r i o d .......................................... .... . . . 35
Feed M ix tu re s Fed i n th e L ig n in D ig e s tio n T r i a l
W ith Lambs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7
The E f f e c t o f L ig n in on th e A p p aren t D i g e s t i b i l i t y
o f R a tio n I b y Lambs .................................................................38
X X II, E f f e c t o f th e E x p e rim e n ta l R a tio n s Fed D uring th e
W in te r on W eight G ain s o f th e S t e e r s on Summer
P a s tu r e .................................* ...............................
.9 0
FIGlffiES
F ig u re 1 ,
The Known P h o sp h o ru s D e f i c i e n t A reas i n M ontana . . . .
F ig u re 2 ,
S e a s o n a l V a r ia t io n s i n t h e P h o sp h o ru s C o n te n t o f
P r i n c i p a l Range G ra s s e s o f E a s t e r n M ontana. . . . . .
F ig u re 3 ,
8
.1 2
S e a s o n a l V a r ia t io n s i n th e C alcium C o n te n t o f P r i n c i p a l
Range G ra s s e s o f E a s t e r n M ontana . . . . . . . . . . . 13
•5-
F lg u re 4 .
An S x e r c ls e L o t Used i n T hese S tu d ie s ..................................... 21
F ig u re 5«
I n d i v i d u a l F e e d in g S ta n c h io n s Used i n T h ese S tu d ie s » ,2 1
F ig u re 6 .
The M easu rin g C hute Used i n th e P h o to g ra p h ic S t u d i e s , ,3 4
F ig u re 7 ,
The P h o to g ra p h ic C hute i n O p e r a tio n .
A re S paced 6 In c h e s A p a rt
The S t e e l Rods
.3 4
F ig u re 8 .
R e p r e s e n t a ti v e S t e e r s From L o t I on E x p erim en t I B efore
and A f t e r T re a tm e n t ..................................................
35
F ig u re 9*
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s Frcan L o t 2 on E x p erim en t I B efore
and A f te r T re a tm e n t
.3 6
F ig u re 1 0 . R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s Ffctxa L o t 3 on E x p erim en t I B efore
and A f t e r T re a tm e n t ............................................................................... 37
F ig u re 1 1 . R e p r e s e n t a ti v e S t e e r s From L o t 4 on E x p erim en t I B efore
and A f te r T r e a t m e n t .......................
3&
F ig u re 1 2 . R e p r e s e n t a ti v e S t e e r s Ffctxn L o t 5 on E x p e rim e n t I B efore
and A f t e r T re a tm e n t . . . . . .
........................ . . . . .
.3 9
F ig u re 1 3 . W ood-chewing by a P h o sp h o ru s D e f ic i e n t S t e e r . . . . .
45
F ig u re 1 4 . The B arn W all P a r t i a l l y E a te n b y P hosphorus D e f ic i e n t
S t e e r s ..............................
.............................. .... ...................... 47
F ig u re 15* W ell-gnaw ed C o r r a l P o le s ...................................................
.» 4 7
F ig u re 16* Feed C onsum ption and W eig h t G ain s o f th e S t e e r s on
E x p e rim e n t 2 by Weigh P e r io d s . ............................ . . . . . 5 6
F ig u re 1 7 . P h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e and W eig h t G ain s o f th e S t e e r s on
E x p e rim e n t 2 by Weigh P e r io d s . . . . . .
..............................59
F ig u re 1 8 , P h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e and P h o sp h o ru s Plasm a L e v e ls o f th e
S t e e r s on E x p e rim e n t 2 by W eigh P e r io d s . ............................62
F ig u re 1 9 . C alcium and P h o sp h o ru s Plasm a L e v e ls o f t h e S t e e r s on
E x p e rim e n t 2 by Weigh P e r io d s . ...................................................63
F ig u re 2 0 . S t e e r 3 Fed R a tio n 5 Showing Poor Body C o n fo rm atio n
P roduced by Low P hosp h o ru s and E x cess C alciu m i n th e
R a tio n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
F ig u re 2 1 . S t e e r 3 Fed Rn t i o n 5 Shoxdng a V ery T y p ic a l S ta n c e o f a
P h o sp h o ru s D e f i c i e n t S t e e r .....................
68
F ig u re 22 ,
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s From L o t I on E x p erim en t 2
B e fo re and A f te r T r e a t m e n t ............................................................ 73
F ig u re 2 3 ,
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s From L o t 2 on E x p e rim e n t 2
B e fo re an d A f te r T rea taae n t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.7 4
F ig u re 2 4 .
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s From L o t 3 on E x p e rim e n t 2
B e fo re and A f te r T re a tm e n t . . . . . . . . .
...................75
F ig u re 2 5 .
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s From L o t 4 on E x p erim en t 2
B efo re and A f te r T re a tm e n t
.7 6
F ig u re 2 6 ,
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e S t e e r s From L o t 5 on E x p e rim e n t 2
....................... 77
B e fo re and A f te r T re a tm e n t. . . . . . . .
F ig u re 2 7 .
The
F ig u re 2 3 ,
The S t e e r s Fed
F ig u re 2 9 .
F ig u re 3 0 .
F ig u re 3 1 .
F ig u re 3 2 ,
F ig u re 3 3 .
S t e e r s Fed R a tio n
I a t th e End o f
E x p erim en t 2 . .7 8
R a tio n 2 a t th e End o f E x p e rim e n t
2 , ,7 3
The B hdrenched S t e e r s Fed R a tio n 3 a t th e End o f
E x p e rim e n t 2 . . . . .......................
.7 9
The D renched S t e e r s Fed R a tio n 3 a t th e End o f
E x p e rim e n t 2 . . . . . . .
..................................................
.7 9
Tho S t e e r s Fed
R a tio n 4 a t th e End o f E x p e rim e n t
2 . .3 0
The
Tfedrenched S to e r s Fed R a tio n 5 a t th e End o f
E x p erim en t 2 . . . . . .
................................
81
The D renched S t e e r s Fed I ia tio n 5 a t th e End o f
E x p erim en t 2 . . . . . . .
. ................... . . . . . . .
. 31
ABSTRACT
The r e s u l t s o f tw o e x p e rim e n ts in v o lv in g 77 s t e e r c a l v e s i n d i v i d u a l ­
l y f e d f o r 105 and 120 d a y s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , on r a t i o n s c o n t a in in g a d e q u a te ,
b o r d e r l i n e , o r d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al o r e x c e s s c a lc iu m a r e
r e p o r t e d . R a tio n s w ere su p p lem en ted w ith v ita m in s A and D, and w ith
i o d i n e , c o b a l t , c o p p e r , and m anganese.
Feed consumed p e r 100 pounds body w e ig h t p e r d ay and a v e ra g e d a i l y
g a i n s w ere re d u c e d by b o r d e r l i n e o r d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e s . E x cess
c a lc iu m added t o a r a t i o n o f b o r d e r li n e p h o sp h o ru s c o n te n t f u r t h e r re d u c e d
b o th f e e d co n su m p tio n and r a t e o f g a i n . However, when e x c e s s c a lc iu m was
ad d ed t o a d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n , f e e d co n su m p tio n w as d e c r e a s e d ,
b u t r a t e o f g a in was n o t a f f e c t e d . The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t betw een
f e e d consumed p e r 100 pounds body w e ig h t and r a t e o f g a in was / 0 , 640 .
The p h o sp h o ru s p la sm a l e v e l s w ere r e l a t e d i n a g e n e r a l way t o th e phos­
p h o ru s i n t a k e , b u t th e c a lc iu m p lasm a l e v e l showed a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l u c ­
t u a t i o n w hich was u n a f f e c t e d by tr e a tm e n ts o r by p h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l s .
The c a r o te n e p lasm a l e v e l s w ere i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r ti o n a l t o th e p h o sp h o ru s
p lasm a l e v e l s and t o th e p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e an d a p p e a re d t o be d i r e c t l y
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e c a lc iu m i n t a k e . The symptoms o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f ic ie n c y
i n th e o r d e r o f t h e i r a p p e a ra n c e w ere: im p a ire d fe e d u t i l i z a t i o n , re d u c ­
t i o n I n r a t e o f g a i n , p o o r f e e d c o n su m p tio n , d e p ra v e d a p p e t i t e , e m a c ia tio n ,
ro u g h h a i r c o a t , s t i f f n e s s o f th e h in d l e g s , e n la rg e m e n t o f th e k n e e s and
h o c k s , and a l t e r a t i o n o f body c o n f o r m a tio n . D epraved a p p e t i t e was p r e s e n t
i n a l l l o t s and was p a r t l y a t t r i b u t e d t o th e f i n e l y - d i v i d e d s t a t e i n w hich
th e r a t i o n was f e d . S t e e r s w in te re d on in a d e q u a te i n t a k e s o f p h o sp h o ru s
w ith e i t h e r n o rm al o r e x c e s s c a lc iu m made e x c e l l e n t g a in s on summer
p a s t u r e and g r a i n su p p lem en ted w ith p h o s p h o ru s .
When p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s w ere d re n c h e d w ith a b o u t 15 gram s
o f p h o sp h o ru s d a i l y from nonosodium p h o s p h a te t h e r e was m arked im prove­
m ent i n f e e d c o n su m p tio n , f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , w e ig h t g a i n s , v i g o r , and
g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e . A c a s e o f p h o sp h a te t e t a n y i n a s t e e r i s d e s c r ib e d
w hich was in d u c e d b y d re n c h in g w ith 0 .7 6 gram s p e r k ilo g ra m body w eig h t
o f n o n o s o d im p h o s p h a te . A d i g e s t i o n t r i a l w ith lsm b s i s r e p o r t e d w hich
shows t h a t th e l i g n i n u se d a s a f i l l e r i n th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s had
no e f f e c t on t h e i r d i g e s t i b i l i t y .
MO N T A N A
LlMCO
P H I L L I P S
,s
a
N D E R S
• FORT K R T i
^NERAp3 M,SSOULA
L
I
• MiSSOULA
IS E A V E R H E A O
BI G
HORN
ConlineniaI Divide
fig u re Z
The Know,
(a jie r W elch, 1950)
P h o sp h o ru s O e f ic ie n l A r e o e in M on lan a
-9 -
THE EFFECT OF EXCESS CALCIUM WITH BCRZERLIEE AND BEFICIEZiT PHOSPHORUS IN
THE RATIONS OF STEER CALVES
In tro d u c tio n
M ost o f M o n ta n a 's r a n g e la n d I i o s i n a n a r e a o f c a l c a r e o u s , a l k a l i n e
s o i l s w ith low a v a i l a b l e p h o s p h o ru s, and low p r e c i p i t a t i o n .
P hosphorus
d e f i c i e n c y i n c a t t l e h a s b een re c o g n iz e d on th e s e r a n g e s f o r many y e a r s .
The V e te r in a r y R e se a rc h D ep artm en t a t M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e a d v is e d f e e d in g
bone m eal t o p r e v e n t bone chew ing and o t h e r symptoms o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i ­
e n c y a s lo n g ag o a s 1 9 1 0 , (W elch, 1924)
N e v e r th e le s s , p h o sp h o ru s d e f ic ie n c y
re m a in s a s one o f th e c h i e f p ro b lem s i n many a r e a s .
The Icnoim p h o sp h o ru s
d e f i c i e n t a r e a s o f M ontana a s I n d i c a t e d by l i v e s t o c k r e p o r t s and a few
f o r a g e a n a ly s e s a r e shown i n f i g u r e I .
I M s n a p d o es n o t p o s i t i v e l y and
d e f i n i t e l y d e l i n e a t e a r e a s o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y , b u t r a t h e r i s a
c o m p o site o f r e p o r t s o f d e f i c i e n c y symptoms i n l i v e s t o c k r e c e iv e d by th e
V e te r in a r y R e s e a rc h L a b o r a to r y o v e r a p e r io d o f some 40 y e a r s .
P h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y I n th e f o r a g e may be due t o one o r more o f th e
f o llo w in g ;
1)
Lack o f a v a i l a b l e p h o sp h o ru s i n th e s o i l ,( B u r k e an d M o rris , 1941$
B ard , 1949)
2)
D ro u th , w hich re d u c e s th e p h o sp h o ru s c o n te n t o f th e f o r a g e and
d e c r e a s e s th e t o t a l volum e o f f o r a g e p ro d u c e d , l i m i t s th e p h o s­
p h o ru s i n t a k e o f t h e g r a z in g a n im a l by r e d u c in g b o th th e
p e r c e n ta g e o f th e m in e r a l i n t h e f o r a g e and t h e t o t a l pounds o f
fo r a g e consum ed.
The l a t t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , h o w ev er, i s n o t
v a l i d i f p r o p e r s to c k in g I e m a in ta in e d . ( C la rk e and T i s d a l e , 1945)
0 .0 -
TABLE I .
Bodv v t .
Ib e .
agOOMKBSaSD NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES POR NORMAL GROWTH OF HEIFERS AND
STEERS. I /
E x p e c te d
d a i l v <min
lb s .
D a ily fe e d
p e r h u n d red
l b s . o f body w t.
lb s .
D ig e s t i b l e
n u trie n ts
in ra tio n
$
D ig e s ti b le
p ro te in
in ra tio n
%
400
1 .6
3 .0
53
7 .5
600
1 .4
2 .7
53
5 .7
300
1 .2
2 .4
50
4 .7
T a b le I .
Bndv w t.
lb s .
C ontinued*
C alcium
C alcium
d a ily p er
%
gram s
P h o sphorus
in ra tio n
%
P h o sp h o ru s
d a ily p er
gram s
400
0 .3 7
20
0 .2 3
15
600
0 .2 5
13
0.21
15
800
0 .1 9
16
0 .1 7
15
J / A dapted from N a tio n a l R e se a rc h C o u n c il, 1 9 4 5 .
-0 1 3)
S e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n th e p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t o f t h e p l a n t .
(S avage and H e l l e r , 1947J C la rk e an d T i s d a l e , 1945; W atk in s,
1943; S a r r l s , 1 9 41; Gordon an d Sampson, 1939; S ta n l e y and
H odgson, 1 9 38; H a r t , G u i l b e r t , an d G o ss, 1932)
F ig u re 2 shows th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p h o sp h o ru s c o n ta in e d I n th e t h r e e p r i n c i ­
p a l f o r a g e p l a n t s sam pled from A ugust th r o u g h December 1948 an d f r e e March
th ro u g h Decem ber 1949 a t t h e U. S . Range L iv e s to c k E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n a t
M ile s C i t y b y t h e A nim al I n d u s t r y and Range Management D ep artm en t o f
M ontana S t a t e C o l l e g e .( Payno, 1950)
The d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e p h o sp h o ru s
p e r c e n ta g e s f o r th e s e t h r e e g r a s s e s i n 1 9 4 8 , a y e a r o f ab o v e a v e ra g e
m o is tu r e c o n d i t i o n s , and i n 1 9 4 9 , a d r o u th y e a r , a r e q u i t e s t r i k i n g .
The
f o r a g e a t no tim e i n 1949 was a d e q u a te t o m eet th e N a tio n al. R e se a rc h
C o u n c il ro c o ra x a n d a iio n s f o r c a l v e s w e ig h in g l o s s th a n 300 pounds a s shown
i n T a b le I .
F ig u re 2 a l s o shows th e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n p h o sp h o ru s
c o n t e n t o f th e f o r a g e fro m a h ig h i n e a r l y May t o a w i n t e r lo w .
F ig u re 3
shows th e s e a s o n a l t r e n d i n t h e c a lc iu m c o n t e n t o f th e p r i n c i p a l ra n g e
g r a s s e s a t M ile s C it y fro m J u l y th ro u g h December 19 4 9 .
A s im ila r seasonal
change I n c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s i s shown b y a n a ly s e s o f rang® f o ra g e from
n o r th o f L i v in g s to n , M ontana i n T a b le I I . (L ew is and B u r k i t t , 1949)
TABLE II.
J u l y 1948
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF RANGE GRASS NEAR LIVINGSTON,
MQNT/NA AT DIPlOHENT STAGES OF MATuRITYi_(A i r - d r ? b a s i s ) ....
C alcium t o
one D hoachorus
P hosn h o ru s
C alcium
Si
%
3 .6 4
o .u
0 .5 1
S ep tem b er 1948
0 .4 4
0 .0 9
4 .9 0
Februarv 19A9
Q-16
0 .0 5
7.3Q
W cslern W h o a lg ra ss
Blue Grama
Needlo a n d T h read
Auo SepiOcl Nov D ecD ec.
//
F iq 2
IO 8 5
/946
'
3
31
M ar April MayJuneTulifAugSeplOctNw Dec.
26
23
2! /8 16 /3 IO 6 O 3
1649
S e a s o n a l Variation* in the P h o sp h o ru s C o n te n l o f P r in c ip a l F?anae G ra sse s o f E a s te r n
M o n ta n a
Sopl
Ocl
Nov
13
L u n io iO Q
Hg 3
! . U d O J e cJ
S e a s o n a l Variation InIheCaIci um Content
o{ P r in c ip a l R a n g e G ra sse s o f E astern M on tan a
-1 4 -
F ig u r e s 2 and 3 a l s o show t h a t a s th e s e a s o n a d v an c eS 5 th e c a lc iu m t o ph o s­
p h o ru s r a t i o s t e a d i l y w id en s ftrozn l e s s th a n 2 :1 a t th e p eak o f th e grow ing
s e a s o n t o more th a n 7 :1 d u r in g th e w i n t e r .
T h u s, th e s i t u a t i o n on many o f o u r M ontana r a n g e s i s one o f b o r d e r ­
l i n e o r d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s i n th e f o r a g e w ith s u f f i c i e n t o r e x c e s s
c a lc iu m ,
N e v e r th e le s s , m o st o f th e m in e r a l su p p le m e n ts f e d t o c o r r e c t
p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y I n t h i s a r e a c o n t a in in a d e q u a te am ounts o f p h o sp h o ru s
and a p p r e c ia b le q u a n t i t i e s o f c a lc iu m .
The l a t e s t M ontana C c ran e rcial F eed s
R e p o rt (G a in e s , 1948) l i s t e d 16 m in e r a l f e e d s s o ld i n th o s t a t e .
O nly one
o f th e s e c o n ta in e d a s much a s t e n p e r c e n t p h o sp h o ru s an d some c o n ta in e d
a p p r e c ia b le q u a n t i t i e s o f c a lc iu m ,
E c k le s and G u llicIcso n (1 9 3 3 ) c o n f r o n te d
by a s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n w ro te — "When c a t t l e a r e s u f f e r i n g from a la c k o f
p h o sp h o ru s t h e r e I s no o b j e c t i n f e e d in g a m in e r a l m ix tu re c o n ta in in g l a r g e
q u a n t i t i e s o f lim e and common s a l t .
I n f a c t , r e s u l t s from e x p e r im e n ta l
w ork i n d i c a t e t h a t i n c lu d in g lim e i n th e fo rm o f l i m e s t m e o r m a rl u n d e r
t h e s e c o n d i tio n s a c t u a l l y m akes th e t r o u b l e w o rs e ."
"M ierefo rc, t h i s e x p e rim e n t was d e s ig n e d t o s tu d y t h e e f f e c t on th e
p e rfo rm a n c e o f s t e e r c a l v e s o f f e e d in g b o r d e r l i n e o r d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s
r a t i o n s c o n t a in in g a d e q u a te o r e x c e s s iv e c a lc iu m .
»15-
BEVIEW OP LITERATimE
The l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o c a lc iu m an d t o p h o sp h o ru s compound 3
i n a n im a l n u t r i t i o n i e v o lu m in o u s ,
F o rb e s and K e ith (1914.) p u b lis h e d a
748 page re v ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e o f th e p h o sp h o ru s compounds i n an im a l
m e ta b o lis m ,
T h e i l e r and G reen (1932) re v ie w e d th e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e rn in g
p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y i n r u m in a n ts ,
F a ir b a n k s (1939) re v ie w e d t h e l i t e r a ­
t u r e c o n c e rn in g t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c a lc iu m -p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o o n th e u t i l i z a ­
t i o n o f c a lc iu m and p h o s p h o ru s,
T e re g and A rn o ld i n 1883 (F o rb e s en d K e ith , 1914) w o rk in g w ith do g s
s u g g e s te d t h a t
. & la c k o f p r o p o r ti o n b etw ee n th o s e e le m e n ts (c a lc iu m
and p h o sp h o ru s) r e s t r i c t s th e u s e f u ln e s s o f b o t h ,"
Du T o i t e t a l . (1933)
f e d 2 g ro u p s o f f o u r c a l v e s e a c h from 2 m onths t o U m onths o f ag e on
a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n s w hich v a r i e d o n ly i n th e am ount o f c a lc iu m
c a r b o n a te a d d e d .
The c a lc iu m t o p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o s o f th e 2 g ro u p s w ere
h e ld c o n s t a n t th ro u g h o u t t h e p e r io d a t r a t i o s o f 5 ,5 * 1 and 1 , 2*1 r e s p e c ­
tiv e ly ,
They fou n d no d i f f e r e n c e i n f e e d c o n su m p tio n , w e ig h t g a i n s , o r
a p p e a ra n c e o f th e s e two g r o u p s .
E c k le s an d G u llic k a o n (1933) fo d 2 cows w eig h in g a p p ro x im a te ly 800
pounds f o r 9 m onths on s i m i l a r r a t i o n s c o n t a in in g a p p r o x im a te ly 9 ,0 - 9 ,5
gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s p e r d a y .
p e r day re s p e c tiv e ly *
The cows r e c e iv e d 35 and 180 gram s o f c a lc iu m
The cow r e c e i v i n g a n o rm al c a lc iu m in t a k e showed a
s te a d y d e c l i n e i n th e p la sm a p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l t o 2 .6 2 mg. p e r 100 m l ,, b u t
d id n o t d e v e lo p p i c a o r e x h i b i t p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y s y m p to m .
However,
th e anim al r e c e i v i n g on e x c e s s o f c a lc iu m became u n t h r i f t y an d ro u g h i n
a p p e a ra n c e , showed p i c a a lm o s t c o n s t a n t l y , and th e p la sm a p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l
-USd ro p p e d t o 1*26 mg. p e r 100 m l.
T h e l l e r and G reen (1 9 3 2 ) e x p r e s s e d t h e o p in io n t h a t a n e x c e s s o f
c a lc iu m m ig h t h in d e r th e a b s o r p ti o n o f p h o sp h o ru s from th e I n t e s t i n e , b u t
t h a t th e r a t i o o f c a lc iu m t o p h o sp h o ru s I n t h e body m s o f l e s s ln p o r ta n c o .
S h o h l (1936) w o rk in g w ith r a t s f e d on v ita m in D f r e e r a t i o n s found
t h a t a d e q u a te am ounts o f b o th c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s w ere r e q u i r e d t o p r e ­
v e n t r i c k e t s r e g a r d l e s s o f th e r a t i o b etw een th em .
H owever, a t h ig h l e v e l s
o f e i t h e r n u t r i e n t , th e r e q u ir e m e n t o f t h e o t h e r was i n c r e a s e d .
Cox and Imboden (1 9 3 6 ) s tu d y in g th e e f f e c t s o f c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o r­
u s on r e p r o d u c tio n i n t h e r a t c o n c lu d e d t h a t I f a d e q u a te b u t n o t e x c e s s iv e
am ounts o f b o th n u t r i e n t s w ere s u p p lie d , s a t i s f a c t o r y p e rfo rm a n c e was
a tta in e d ir r e s p e c tiv e o f th e r a t i o .
H owever, when th e p h o sp h o ru s in ta k e
was h e ld c o n s ta n t a t a n a d e q u a te l e v e l (0 .2 4 5 gram s p e r d a y ) an d th e d a i l y
c a lc iu m I n ta k e I n c r e a s e d from 0.490 t o 1 .2 2 5 t o 2 .4 5 gram s p e r d a y , th e
" S u c c e ss R a tin g " I / d e c r e a s e d from 9 0 .4 t o 1 3 .2 t o 0*5 and t h e fe e d con­
su m p tio n d e c l in e d from 65*1 t o 62*7 t o 4 0 .5 c a l o r i e s p e r d a y r e s p e c t iv e l y *
B M rb an k s (1939) s t a t e d t h a t t h e im p o rta n c e o f th e c a lc iu m t o ph o s­
p h o ru s r a t i o on th e u t i l i s a t i o n o f th e s e m in e r a ls had b e e n o v e r r a t e d , and
t h a t t h e r e w ere 5 e q u a l l y I m p o r ta n t f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e i r u t i l i s a t i o n !
(1 )
The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s i n t h e r a t i o n .
( 2)
The c o n c e n tr a ti o n o f e a c h i n t h e r a t i o n ,
(3)
The p r e s e n c e o f v ita m in D o r u l t r a - v i o l e t i r r a d i a t i o n .
(4)
The r a t e o f fo o d co n su m p tio n and th u s th e r a t e o f g ro w th .
I / The S u c c e s s R a tin g was b a s e d on th e w e ig h t o f th e young a t 23 d a y s , th e
a s h c o n t e n t o f th e y o u n g , an d t h e n e t ch an g e i n th e body w e ig h t o f t h e
m o th e r.
.1 7 -
(5 ) The csJL clm t o p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o .
T l i e i l o r , D u T o it, an d K alan (1 9 3 7 ) f e d tw e lv e 15 m onth o ld F r ie s la n d
h e i f e r s on s i m i l a r r a t i o n s w ith th e f o llo w in g am ounts o f c a lc iu m and phos­
p h o ru s f o r 20 m o n th s:
1,
A dequate c a lc iu m (1 9 ,2 2 gram s d a i l y ) and. a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s
(1 0 ,4 7 gram s d a i l y )
2,
A dequate c a lc iu m (1 7 ,Od gram s d a i l y ) and low p h o sp h o ru s ( 4 .3 2
gram s d a i l y )
3«
E x c e ss c a lc iu m (4 3 .3 1 gram s d a i l y ) and low p h o sp h o ru s (3*01 gram s
d a ily )
4.
Low o a lc iu m ( 4*22 gram s d a i l y ) and Ioi-; p h o sp h o ru s ( 4 .6 2 gram s
d a ily )
5.
E x c e ss c a lc iu m (43*95 gram s d a i l y ) and a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s
(1 0 ,4 7 gram s d a i l y )
6.
Low c a lc iu m (3*93 gram s d a i l y ) and a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s (1 0 ,4 7
gram s d a l l y )
The a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l s u se d by th e s e w o rk e rs w ere a c t u a l l y
b o r d e r li n e l e v e l s o f p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e a c c o r d in g t o th e N a tio n a l R esearc h
C o u n c il (1 9 4 5 ),
The a n im a ls f e d r a t i o n 2 (a d e q u a te c a lc iu m -lo w p h o sp h o ru s)
w ere d i f f i c u l t t o k e e p on f e e d and c e a s e d t o g a in I n w e ig h t a f t e r 3 t o 4
m onths on e x p e r im e n t.
The p la sm a p h o sp h o ru s was v e r y lo w , th e bones w ere
w eak, and c a lc iu m an d p h o sp h o ru s r e t e n t i o n was v e r y p o o r a s com pared w ith
l o t I (a d e q u a te c a lc iu m -a d e q u a te p h o s p h o r u s ) .
The h e i f e r s i n l o t 3
( e x c e s s iv e c a lc iu m -lo w p h o sp h o ru s) consumed s l i g h t l y l o s s f e e d , made p o o r e r
g a i n s , h ad w eak er bone s t r u c t u r e , b u t showed th e same b lo o d p i c t u r e and had
-OSb e t t e r c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s r e t e n t i o n th a n th o s e i n l o t 2 (a d e q u a te
c a lc iu m -lo w p h o s p h o r u s ) .
The l o t 5 h e i f e r s , f e d e x c e s s c a lc iu m w ith ad e­
q u a te p h o s p h o ru s, showed no d e p r e s s io n i n p e rfo rm a n c e a s com pared w ith l o t
I (a d e q u a te c a lc iu m - a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s) e x c e p t f o r re d u c e d r e t e n t i o n o f
b o th m i n e r a l s .
B oth l o t s 4 (lo w c a lc iu m -lo w p h o sp h o ru s) and 6 (lo w c a lc iu m -
a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s) com pared f a v o r a b ly w ith l o t I e x c e p t f o r lo w ered
b r e a k in g s t r e n g t h o f th e bone and p o o r r e t e n t i o n o f b o th m i n e r a l s .
Tlm
p la sm a p h o sp h o ru s o f l o t 4 , ho w ev er, was s t i l l lo w e r th a n i n l o t 2 .
The
a u t h o r s c o n c lu d e d i n p a r t t h a t th e p o o r w e ig h t g a in s w ere duo p r i m a r i l y t o
p o o r f e e d c o n su m p tio n i n th e d e f i c i e n t l e t s and t h a t e x c e s s c a lc iu m was
w ith o u t e f f e c t on p e rfo rm a n c e a s lo n g a s t h e p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t o f th e
r a t i o n w as a d e q u a te .
B eeso n , B o lin , H ickm an, and Jo h n so n (1 9 4 1 )» I n s tu d y in g th e phos­
p h o ru s re q u ire m e n ts f o r g ro w in g and f a t t e n i n g s t e e r s , m a in ta in e d a c o n s ta n t
c a lc iu m i n t a k e w ith v a r y in g p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e , so t h a t th e c a lc iu m t o
p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o v a r i e d from 2 .2 * 1 t o 6 .3 * 1 ,
T hese w o rk e rs b e lie v e d t h a t
s in c e th e v ita m in D w as a d e q u a te and s in c e p r a c t i c a l farm r a t i o n s o f te n
c o n ta in e d w ide r a t i o s o f c a lc iu m t o p h o s p h o ru s , i t was b e t t e r n o t t o a d j u s t
th e c a lc iu m t o p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o f o r th e p u rp o s e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g th e phos­
p h o ru s r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r f a t t e n i n g s t e e r s .
G re e n b e rg , (1 9 4 7 ) re v ie w in g th e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e rn in g c a lc iu m and
p h o sp h o ru s m e ta b o lism c o n c lu d e d t h a t , a lth o u g h th e a b s o r p ti o n o f c a lc iu m
and p h o s p h a te a p p e a re d t o be l a r g e l y in d e p e n d e n t p r o c e s s e s , e x c e s s iv e
am ounts o f c a lc iu m d id o f f e r c o n s id e r a b le h in d e ra n c o t o p h o sp h o ru s
a b s o rp tio n .
•19-
H o rrla o n (1 9 4 3 ) s t a t e d t h a t " A p p a r e n tly , l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n need be
g iv e n t o th e r a t i o betw een th e am ounts o f c a lc iu m and p hospliorug I n f e e d ­
in g c a t t l e o r s h e e p , i f a n a d e q u a te am ount o f e a c h m in e r a l i s s u p p l i e d , “
Thus t h e r e a p p e a r s t o be some c o n f u s io n I n th e l i t e r a t u r e r e g a r d in g
th e e f f e c t o f a n e x c e s s o f c a lc iu m on th e u t i l i s a t i o n o f p h o sp h o ru s by
c a l v e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y u n d e r c o n d i tio n s o f b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e , su ch
a e f r e q u e n t l y p r e v a i l on M ontana r a n g e s .
-2 0 -
BXmiMBNT I
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
F o r ty s t e e r c a l v e s vrere o b ta in e d from th e C lim bing Arrow Ranch i n
t h e F a l l o f 1943 and w ere w in te r e d on tim o th y h ay and s a l t *
g a i n a v e ra g e d 0 .7 5 pound p e r h ead p e r d a y .
T h e ir w in te r
On A p r il 2 3 , 1949 th e s t e e r s
w ere a l l o t t e d I n t o 5 l o t s o f 8 s t e o r s e a c h 2 J on th e b a s i s o f w e ig h t,
p la sm a p h o sp h o ru s f e e d e r g ra d e 3 /# c o n d i t i o n , and p la sm a c a lc iu m .
s t e e r s w ere i d e n t i f i e d b y e a r t a g e and b y a p a i n t b r a n d .
The
The v a r io u s l o t s
w ere h o u sed i n s e p a r a t e b u t a d j a c e n t p en s w ith f r e e a c c e s s t o w a te r and
s a lt*
F ig u re 4 shows th e o u td o o r p en s an d f i g u r e 5 shows th e in d i v i d u a l
f e e d in g s t a l l s w hich w ere u se d i n b o th E x p e rim e n t I and E x p e rim e n t 2 ,
The
s t e e r s w ere w eighed and p la c e d on th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s shown i n
T a b le I I I [ J a t th e e v e n in g f e e d in g on May 3*
These r a t i o n s w ere I d e n t i c a l
e x c e p t f o r d i f f e r e n t am ounts o f c a lc iu m , p h o sp h o ru s and l i g n i n .
The l i g n i n
was u se d a s a f i l l e r an d was assum ed t o be I n e r t .
R a tio n I was c o n s id e r e d t o c o n t a i n a d e q u a te b u t n o t e x c e s s iv e am ounts
o f c a lc iu m and p h o s p h o ru s. ( N a tio n a l R e s e a r d i C o u n c il, 1945)
R a tio n 2 was
c o n s id e r e d t o b e b o r d e r l i n e i n p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t (B eeson e t a l . , 1941)
and c o n ta in e d th e same am ount o f c a lc iu m a s d id r a t i o n I ,
R a tio n 4 was th e
same a s r a t i o n 2 e x c e p t t h a t a n e x c e s s o f gypsum had b een a d d e d .
R a tio n 3
was d e f i c i e n t i n p h o sp h o ru s (B eeson e t a l , , 1941) and c o n ta in e d th e same
am ount o f c a lc iu m a s r a t i o n I ,
R a tio n 5 w as th e same a s r a t i o n 3 e x c e p t
2 J S t e e r 5 i n l o t 3 w as rem oved from th e e x p e rim e n t on May 5 b e c a u se o f
e x tre m e n e r v o u s n e s s ,
3 / S t e e r s w ere g ra d e d f o r f e e d e r g ra d e and c o n d i t i o n b y R , L , D a v is ,
W, H, B u r k l t t , and J . K, L ew is.
l j E x p e rim e n ta l r a t i o n s w are m ixed b y M isco M i l l s , B o se m n , M ontana,
2 !
Figured- A n E x e r c i s e L o i U s e d in These
Siu d ie s
Figure 5 I n d iv id u a l F eedin g Sianchions
U sed in T h e s e S iu d ie s
-2 2 -
TABLE I I I .
FEED AND ESTIMATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RATIONS FED IN
EXPERIMENT I .
RATION NO.
..................... ............. """", " l ' ,."n
T im othy
D rie d M o la sse s B e e t P u lp
O at S tra w
C om
Gane M o la sse s
B lood Meal
"T w o -six ty -tw o * I /
D e x tro s e 2 j
L ig n in y
I o d iz e d S a l t
Gypsum
M ono-sodium p h o s p h a te
TOTAL
C rude p r o t e i n
T .D .N , ( e s tim a te d )
C alcium
P hosphorus
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
i/
j/
lj
*/
%
20.0
II
" i l l .........
-------1------- — I ---------
IV
' V
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
3 3 .0
9 .8
3 3 .0
9 .8
3 3 .0
9 .3
3 3 .0
9 .3
3 3 ,0
9 .8
12,0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12,0
7 .0
5 .2
7 .0
5 .2
7 .0
5 .2
7 .0
5 .2
7 ,0
5 .2
1 .0
6 .0
1 .0
6 .0
1 .0
6 .0
1 .0
6 ,0
4 .7
0 ,3
5 .0
0 .3
5 ,2
0 .3
1 .0
6 .0
0 .2
0 .3
5 .0
0 .3
5 .0
0 .2
100,0
100.0
0 .5
100.0
... 0. J 2
100.0
100.0
1 3 .4 9
5 9 .9
0 .3 4 7
0 .2 4 3
1 3 .4 9
5 9 .9
0 .3 4 7
0 .1 7 6
1 3 .4 9
5 9 .9
0 .3 4 7
0 .1 3 1
1 3 .4 9
5 9 .9
1 .4 0 2
0 .1 7 6
1 3 .4 9
5 9 .9
1 .4 3
1 .9 7
2 .6 5
7 .9 7
1 0 .7 0
1,402
0 .1 3 1
U rea p ro d u c t o f E 1 I , DuPont do Nemours and. C o ,, I n c ,
By p ro d u c t from p r o d u c tio n o f m o d m o la s s e s , s u p p lie d g r a t i s by
F o r e s t P ro d u c ts L a b o r a to r y , U, S , F o r e s t S e n d e e , M adison, W isco n sin ,
C e r e lo s e , C om P ro d u c ts S a le s Ccmpanjr8 S t , P a u l, M in n e s o ta .
CoSc^ • TNpO was ad d ed a t th e r a t e o f 2 gram s p e r 1000 l b s . o f co n ce n ­
t r a t e m ix tu re t o a l l r a t i o n s .
4 o c . o f v ita m in JUD f e e d in g o i l , g u a r a n te e d p o te n c y 3000 I . U. o f A
and 400 I , U. o f D p e r gram was f e d on to p o f th e c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu re
e v e ry o t h e r d a y .
-2 3 -
t h a t a n e x c e s s o f gypsum h ad b e e n a d d e d .
R a tio n I was a c o n t r o l r a t i o n .
The e f f e c t o f a d d in g a n e x c e s s o f gypsum t o th e r a t i o n o f tiio s e c a lv e s was
s tu d ie d b y co m p arin g l o t s 2 an d 4 and l o t s 3 and 5 .
The r a t i o n s w ere
su p p lem en ted w ith 2 o c . p e r h e a d p e r d a y o f A-D f e e d in g o i l h a v in g a g u a r­
a n te e d p o te n c y o f 3000 I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n its o f v ita m in A and 400 I n te r n a ­
t i o n a l lf iilts o f v ita m in D p e r gram , b u t w h ich by a n a ly s e s c o n ta in e d from
4 1 0 -5 7 0 I n t e r n a t i o n a l lfa d ts o f v ita m in A p e r gram .
The s t e e r s w ere i n d i v i d u a l l y f e d a c c o r d in g t o a p j e t i t e f o r 105 d a y s
and t h e v e ig h b a e k r e c o r d e d .
A t 28 d ay i n t e r v a l s th e s t e e r s w ere w eighed
and 40 c c . o f b lo o d draw n from th e j u g u l a r v e i n f o r c a l c i m and p h o sp h o ru s
d e t e m i n a t l o n s . Jjj/ I n o r g a n ic p h o sp h o ru s w as determ ined, a c c o r d in g t o th e
m ethod d e s c r ib e d by F is k e and Subbarow (1 9 2 5 )*
R e a d ily l o n i z a b l e ca lc iu m
was I s o l a t e d a s c a lc iu m o x a l a t e by t h e m ethod o f Koch (1 9 3 7 ) and d e te rm in e d
c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y b y th e m ethod o f De L o u r e ir o and J a n z (1 9 4 4 ) .
C aro ten e
and v ita m in A w ere d e te rm in e d by th e a n a l y t i c a l p ro c e d u re o f B o y er,
P h i l l i p s , and S m ith (1944) •
A ll b lo o d a n a l y s e s w ere made on th e p l a s m .
I n d i v i d u a l p h o to g ra p h s w ere made i n a m e a su rin g c h u te a t th e b e g in n ­
in g and a t th e end o f t h e t r i a l .
The s t e e r s w ere g ra d e d f o r f e e d e r g ra d e
and c o n d i t i o n a t th e en d o f th e t r i a l . £ /
s h a v in g s .
A U l o t s w ere bed d ed w ith wood
Sem ples o f th e h a y and th e c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu r e s w ere ta k e n a s
th e y w ere f e d and a n a ly z e d a t t h e end o f t h e t r i a l f o r c a lc iu m , p h o sp h o ru s
and p r o t e i n .
The w eig h b ack from e a c h s t e e r was a n a ly z e d f o r m o is tu r e ,
B lood a n a ly s e s w ere made b y D r. K a rl S w in g le o f th e V e te r in a r y R e se a rc h
L a b o r a to r y .
f j S t e e r s w ere g ra d e d a t th e en d o f th e t r i a l b y E . P . O rc u tt , E x te n s io n
A nim al Husbandman.
mTJym
p r o t e i n , c a l c i n n , and p h o sp h o ru s* 2 /
A ll f e e d a n a ly s e s w ere made a c c o rd ­
in g t o s ta n d a r d A s s o c ia tio n o f O f f i c i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l C h m n lsts p ro c e d u re s
(1 9 4 5 ).
2/
Feed a n a l y s e s w ore made by D r, Io o n J o h n so n o f th e C h e m is try R e se a rc h
D e p a rtm e n t.
-2 5 -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
N o tes and Camraents
The c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n s o f th e r a t i o n s f e d i n t h i s e x p e rim e n t w ere
e x tre m e ly v a r i a b l e .
T a b le IV shows t h a t r a t i o n I , w hich was p la n n e d a s an
a d e q u a te C a lo itm 9 a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n was a c t u a l l y a p h o sp h o ru s
d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n f o r th e l a s t 29 d a y s o f th e t r i a l .
The s u p p o s e d ly n o rm al
C aloium 9 b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n f e d t o l o t 2 was a d e q u a te i n phos­
p h o ru s u n t i l t h e seco n d b a tc h o f h ay was f e d on J u l y 1 2 .
The d e f i c i e n t
p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n f e d t o l o t 3 was d e f i c i e n t f o r th e f i r s t 39 d a y s , a d e q u a te
f o r th e fo llo w in g 31 d a y s , b o r d e r l i n e f o r t h e n e x t 19 d a y s and d e f i c i e n t
f o r t h e l a s t 16 d a y s o f t h e e x p e r im e n t.
R a tio n 4» d e s ig n e d a s a h ig h c a l ­
c iu m - b o r d e r lin e p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n , was a d e q u a te i n p h o sp h o ru s c o n te n t u n t i l
J u l y 12 when i t became b o r d e r l i n e .
Thus t h e p erfo rm a n ce o f th e s t e e r s i n
l o t 4 may b e com pared w ith t h a t o f th o s e i n l o t 2 t o s tu d y t h e e f f e c t o f
th e e x c e s s gypsum ad d ed t o r a t i o n 4 .
R a tio n 5 , d e s ig n e d a s a h ig h c a lc iu m -
low p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n t o bo com pared w ith r a t i o n 3 , a c t u a l l y c o n ta in e d
n o rm al c a lc iu m and low p h o sp h o ru s f o r t h e f i r s t 33 d a y s o f t h e t r i a l .
T h e r e a f t e r i t d id c o n t a in e x c e s s c a lc iu m an d d e f i c i e n t p h o s p h o ru s .
The
a b i l i t y o f t h e s t e e r s t o s t o r e p h o sp h o ru s d u r in g p e r io d s o f ad eq u acy made
i t d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a te th e p erfo rm a n ce o f th e s t e e r s f e d r a t i o n s o f
v a r i a b l e p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t ,
A U s t e e r s i n a l l l o t s e x h i b ite d p i c a a f t e r a b o u t th e f i r s t 17 d a y s
o n t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s .
T h e i l e r e t a l . (1937) a t t r i b u t e d p ic a i n
t h e i r e x p e r im e n ta l a n im a ls f e d a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s t o a l a c k o f b u lk i n th e
ra tio n .
C ole ( E v e le th , e t a l , , 1949) n o te d th e same phenomenon i n sh eep
-
TABUS IV ,
26 -
CALCIUM AIfD HIOSPHORUS COIfIEHT OF CONCENTRATE MIXTII ES AND HAY
HSD IN EXPBRIMENT I ,
BAttCOH
NtEnbor o f
d a v s fe d
- Dates f ed
C alciu m
PhnemhevrnR
%
I
0 .4 2
0 .3 2
0 .3 1
0 .1 4
R a tio n 2 - F i r s t mix
Second m ix
May 3 - Ju n e 2
Ju n e 2 - Aug, 16
31
74
0 .4 5
0 ,6 1
0,20
R a tio n 3 - F i r s t m ix
Second m ix
T h ir d m ix
Iiay 3 - Ju n e 12
Ju n e 12 - Aug, I
Aug, I - Aug, 16
41
48
0 .3 3
0.12
0,61
16
0 .5 5
0 .1 9
0 .1 5
R a tio n 4 - F i r s t m ix
S econd m ix
T Iiird m ix
May 3 - Ju n e 11
Ju n e U - Aug, 4
40
53
1 ,5 5
1 ,7 7
12
0 ,1 7
0 .1 9
1.66
0.20
»
I
3
0 .5 3
I
37
39
29
VN
May 3 - Ju n e 9
Ju n e 9 - J u l y 18
J u l y 19 - Aug, 16
I
R a tio n I - F i r s t s i x
Second mix
T h ir d m ix
0 ,62
0 ,1 9
R a tio n 5 - F i r s t mix
Second m ix
T h ir d m ix
May 3 - Ju n e 4
Ju n e 4 - Aug* 11
Aug. 11 - Aug, 16
33
67
5
0 .5 3
1 .5 3
1 ,7 7
0 .1 3
0 .1 4
0 ,1 3
T im othy h ay
Tim otIiy h ay
May 3 - J u l y 12
J u l y 12 - Aug, 16
70
35
0 .5 3
0 ,4 0
0.20
0.11
-2 7 -
fo d f i n e l y f^round r a t i o n s .
I t i s p r o b a b le t h a t t h e p lo a o b s e rv e d i n th e s e
a n im a ls m s due a t l e a s t i n p a r t t o th e f i n e l y d iv id e d s t a t e i n w hich th e
r a t i o n s w ore f e d .
V ita m in A D e f ic ie n c y
A lth o u g h A-D F e e d in g O il m s f e d e v e r y o t h e r d a y , m ild symptoms
i n d i c a t i n g v ita m in A d e f i c i e n c y wore n o te d i n some s t e o r a b y J u l y 2 3 ,
A
n a z e t e s t a t d u sk showed one s t e e r e a c h from l o t s I , 3 , an d 4 t o bo n ig h t
b lin d .
The am ount o f A-D F e e d in g O il f e d m s d o u b le d .
An a n a l y s i s o f th e
o i l shoved a v ita m in A c o n t e n t o f o n ly 524 I . U, p e r gram i n s t e a d o f th e
g u a r a n te e d p o te n c y o f 3000 I , U, p e r gram .
B lood sam p les f o r v ita m in A
an d c a r o te n e d e te r m in a tio n s w ero ta k e n a t random from e v e r y o t h e r a n im a l
i n e a c h l o t on J u l y 28 an d on A ugust 1 6 .
The r e s u l t s r e c o r d e d i n T ab le V
show t h a t f o u r o f th e f i v e l o t s w ere n e a r o r below th e b o r d e r l i n e l e v e l
o f 16 meg. p e r 100 m l. r e p o r t e d by D av is an d Madsen (1 0 4 1 )•
TABLE V.
VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD PLuSMA OF THE STEERS
IN EXPERIMENT I .
L o ts
P lasm a v ita m in
P la a a a v ita m in
C a ro to n e p J u l y
C a ro te n e , Aug.
Ap J u l y 28
Ap Aug, 16
28
16
I
iacg,%
1 3 .7
22.0
5 3 .3
3 0 .0
2
m eg.^
1 6 .3
2 5 .3
5 3 ,3
4 6 .7
3
m eg.#
1 3 .0
1 8 ,2
5 0 .0
2 8 ,3
4
mog.%
1 4 .7
1 7 .5
5 2 .5
3 1 .2
5
meg. ^
1 3 .5
1 7 ,3
5 3 .3
3 2 .5
The d i f f e r e n c e s i n l o t m eans a p p e a r t o be d u e c h i e f l y t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e
in t a k e o f tim o th y h a y .
A c o m p ariso n o f l o t s 2 and 4» T a b le VI shows t h a t th e e x c e s s gypsum
ad d ed t o r a t i o n 4 re d u c e d f e e d co n su m p tio n , and c o n s e q u e n tly th e p h o sp h o ru s
-2 3 -
TABL5C V I.
PERmRMAMCE OF STEERS OH ^ l jSRlMSJfT I AS MRAStBtED OVKR 'OTIRE
P RIOD OF 105 DAYS (May 3-A ugitot 1 6 , 1 9 4 9 ).
it em s measured
I
II
III
IV
V
Number o f s t e e r s
3
3
7
3
8
P h o sp h o ru s I n th e r a t i o n , %
0.23
0 ,1 9
0 .1 7
0 .1 8
0 .1 5
C alcium i n th e r a t i o n , %
0 .5 3
0.56
0 .5 2
1 .3 7
1 .0 5
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
2 .2 5
3.00
3 .1 6
7 .4 9
7 ,0 7
P h o sp h o ru s in ta k e - ^ m m /lO O l b s .
body tr e ig h t/d a y
2 .5 1
2.12
1 .6 3
1.66
1.26
C a l o i m in tak e-g ram s/lC X ) l b s .
body w o lg h t/d a y
5 .6 4
6 .0 7
5 ,1 3
1 2 .4 6
3 .9 0
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
509
429
507
492
504
P eed c o n s iE ie d -lb e ,/1 0 0 l b s . body
w ig h t/d a y
2 .5 0
2 ,3 3
2 .1 6
2.00
2.22
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
1 .7 7
1.96
1 .3 3
0 .9 4
0 ,3 0
Food c o n s u m e d -lb s ./1 0 0 l b s , g a i n
796
723
934
1163
1272
10.1
11.6
1 1 .3
1 0.8
10.6
5 .3
4 .3
1 .7
5 .7
3 .4
T e rm in a l c a lc iu m p l a s m l e v e l
rag. %
T e rm in a l p h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l
rag, %
—29—
I n t a k e , re d u c e d t h e a v e ra g e d a l l y g a i n , an d d e c r e a s e d tlie e f f i c i e n c y o f
f e e d u t i l i s a t i o n w ith o u t a l t e r i n g th e b lo o d p i c t u r e .
Lack o f a p p e t i t e and p o o r f e e d c o n su m p tio n w ere th e m o st o u ts ta n d in g
symptoms o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y .
a n im a ls i n d i c a t e d s t a r v a t i o n s .
The g e n e r a l a p p e a ra n c e o f th e d e f i c i e n t
The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t b etw een fe e d
co n su m p tio n an d r a t e o f g a i n was 0*909»
N e v e r th e le s s , when a l l th e l o t s
w ere a d j u s t e d t o th e same f e e d c o n su m p tio n b y a n a l y s i s o f c o v a r ia n c e
(S n e d e c o r 9 1 9 4 6 ), th e d i f f e r e n c e s I n th e l o t means f o r r a t e o f g a in w ere
s t i l l s i g n if i c a n t a t th e I p e rc e n t l e v e l .
T h e r e f o r e , re d u c e d f e e d consump­
t i o n was n o t th e o n ly p rim a ry e f f e c t o f t h e l o t t r e a t m e n t s .
Salciiga and Riosnhorua Plasma Levels
The t e r m in a l b lo o d p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l s a f t e r s to r a g e h a s b e e n d e p le te d
p r i m a r i l y r e f l e c t t h e c u r r e n t p h o sp h o ru s I n t a k e and b e a r l i t t l e r e l a t i o n t o
t h e p r e v io u s p h o sp h o ru s n u t r i t i o n o f th e a n im a l.
T ab le IV shows t h a t th e
s t e e r s I n l o t 3 had t e e n o n d e f i c i e n t , a d e q u a te , b o r d e r l i n e , an d f i n a l l y
f o r t h e l a s t 15 d a y s o f th e e x p e r im e n t, on a d e f i c i e n t l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s
I n t a k e , y e t th e te r m i n a l p h o sp h o ru s p la sm a l e v e l was o n ly 1 . 7 mg. p e r 100
m l . , th e lo w e s t r e c o r d e d f o r an y l o t d u r in g th e e n t i r e p e r i o d .
Lot 4 ,
h o w ev er, w ith a p p ro x im a te ly th e same p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e p e r 100 pounds o f
body w e ig h t o v e r th e e n t i r e p e r io d , b u t w h ich had been on a b o r d e r li n e
p h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e f o r s e v e r a l w eek s, had a te r m i n a l p h o sp h o ru s plasm a l e v e l
o f 5 .7 mg* p e r 100 m l.
The c a lc iu m p la sm a l e v e l a p p e a re d t o t e in d e p e n d e n t o f th e c a lc iu m
I n t a k e a s h a s b een n o te d b y p r e v io u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s . ( M itc h e l, 1947;
TABIS V I I .
EFFECT OF THE EXF51BBGIJTAL RATIONS OH THE KSOER GRADE AND
CONDITION SCORE OF THE STEERS ON EXPERIMENT I .
LOT________
I
II
III
IV
V
F e e d e r G ra d e , A p r i l 4 , 1949 I /
8 .4
8 .9
3 .0
3 .1
3 .2
F e e d e r G ra d e , Aug, 2 0 , 1949 2 /
9 .9
9*5
1 0.0
1 0 .5
10.0
/1 .5
/ 0 .6
/ 2 .0
/2 .4
/1 * 3
C o n d itio n S c o r e , A p r il 4» 1949 I /
4 ,3
5*0
4 .3
4*6
4 ,8
C o n d itio n S c o r e , Aug, 2 0 , 1949
4 .3
3 .3
4 .2
7 .7
7 ,8
0
—1*7
- 0 .1
/3 .1
/3 ,0
Change i n F e e d e r G rade
Change i n C o n d itio n S c o re
2/
S t e e r s w r e g ra d e d b y Re L . D a v is , W. H. B u r k l t t , and J e K. W w ls on
tlie b a s i s o f e i g h te e n f e e d e r g rad es*
Fancy - I , 2 , 3*
C h o ice - 4 , 5 , 6 .
Good «• 7 , 3 , 9 ,
Medium - 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 .
Consumer - 1 3 , 14» 1 5 ,
In fe rio r - 16, 17, 13.
and n in e c o n d i tio n c la s s e s *
Good — I , 2 , 3»
F a ir - 4, 5, 6 ,
Poor - 7 , 3 , 9 ,
S/
S t e e r s w ere g ra d e d f o r f e e d e r g ra d e and c o n d i tio n by 3 , P , O r c u tt,
E x te n s io n Anim al Husbandman.
-3 1 -
T h e l l e r , e t a l . , 1937$ T h e i l e r and G re e n , 1932$ D u T o lt, e t a l . , 1931)
F e e d e r G rade and C o n d itio n S co re
The s t e e r s were r a t e d f o r f e e d e r g ra d e an d c o n d i tio n s c o r e by two
d i f f e r e n t ju d g e s .
The ju d g e who r a t e d th e s t e e r s a t th e en d o f th e t r i a l
d id n o t h e l p w ith th e r a t i n g a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e t r i a l .
T a b le V II
i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l l o t s w ere p o o r e r i n f e e d e r g ra d e a t t h e c l o s e o f tlia
e x p e rim e n t w ith l o t s 3 an d 4 show ing th e g r e a t e s t d e c l i n e .
d e c r e a s e i s o n ly from a v e ra g e good t o h ig h medium,
H owever, t h i s
TIiere was no a p p r e c ia b le
change I n th e c o n d i tio n s c o r e o f l o t s I , 2 , and 3 , b u t l o t s 4 and 5, fe d
a d d i t i o n a l c a lc iu m , showed a d e c l i n e i n c o n d i t i o n o f one f u l l c l a s s —
from f a i r t o p o o r .
S a l t C onsum ption
The s a l t co n su m p tio n o f th e v a r io u s l o t a i s g iv e n i n T a b le f i l l .
H ow ever, th e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f t h e r a t i o n s f e d t o th e v a r io u s l o t s
was so e x tre m e ly v a r i a b l e t h a t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s a l t c o n su m p tio n t o
e x p e r im e n ta l tr e a tm e n t i s o b s c u r e ,
P h o to g ra p h ic S tu d ie s
I n d i v i d u a l p h o to g ra p h s o f ea c h s t e e r w ere made s h o r t l y a f t e r th e
b e g in n in g o f th e t r i a l on Jtm e 23 and a g a i n n e a r th e end o f th e t r i a l on
A ugust 1 7 ,
The p h o to g ra p h s w ere made i n th e m e asu rin g c h u te shown i n
f i g u r e 6 , w hich i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t need b y G u i l b e r t e t a l , ,
(1 9 4 4 ).
The
l a t t i c e was made o f o n e - f o u r th in c h s t e e l r o d s , s p o t-w e ld e d a t th e i n t e r ­
s e c t i o n s , and s e t i n a n a n g l e - i r o n fram e*
a p a r t m easu red from c e n t e r t o c e n t e r .
o p e ra tio n .
The s t e e l r o d s o r e s i x in c h e s
F ig u r e 7 shows th e c h u te i n
'32.
TABLS V I I I .
EFKiOT OF THE EKFERIMliMTAL RATIONS ON THE SALT CONSUMPTION
OF THE STEERS ON EXPERIMENT I ,
I
II
S a l t consumed ad l i b ,
o z ./h e a d /d n y
2 .1 8
2 ,9 2
S a l t consumed i n r a t i o n ,
o z ./h e a d / d a y j /
2 .2 5
T o t a l s a l t consigned,
0 3 ./h m a d /d a y
WP
A verage w e ig h t f o r th e
p e rio d , l b s .
S a l t conaum ed -o s,/1 0 0 0 l b s ,
body w t./d a y
i/
IV
V
3 .7 3
3 .3 6
2 .9 8
2 .2 7
1 .9 9
1 .7 3
1 ,6 3
4 .4 3
5 .1 9
5 .7 2
5 .0 9
4 .6 1
602
596
577
541
546
7 .3 6
3 .7 1
9 .9 1
9 .4 1
3 .4 4
.......I l l
The c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu re c o n ta in e d I p e r c e n t s a l t .
•33-
The p h o to g ra p h s b e f o r e and a f t e r tr e a tm e n t o f s t e e r s 4 and 6 i n e a c h
l o t o re d is p la y e d i n f i g u r e s 8 th ro u g h 1 2 ,
The s t e e r s i n a l l l o t s w ith th e
p o s s i b l e e x c e p tio n o f l o t 5 in c r e a s e d i n d e p th o f b o d y , th i c k n e s s o f f l e s h ­
i n g , and q u a l i t y o f h a i r c o a t ,
I h e l o t 5 a n im a ls in c r e a s e d i n d e p th o f
bo d y , b u t n o t a s much a s th e o t h e r s .
The s t e e r s w hich r e c e iv e d norm al
c a lc iu m w ith v a r y in g am ounts o f p h o sp h o ru s i n th e r a t i o n ( l o t s I , 2 , and 3)
w ere s u p e r i o r i n f l e s h i n g q u a l i t y and d e p th o f body t o th o s e w hich r e c e iv e d
a n e x c e s s o f c a lc iu m I n th e r a t i o n ( l o t s 4 and 5 ) ,
34
Fiqure 6 Pholoqraphic Chule Used
ii2 STEER 5
2aS5T!
7 Pholocjrap h ic
as
.r
R gu re
Chule in O perah on
IB illll BI
a a g a a sa —
H B k
I
1
E
3
I
■ a r ^ F D !0 P !
-5'
L a iI S ie e rd
June 2 3 , / 9 4 9
toil
S/eer4
A u y /7, /94-9
/
B B S B b gSSaBPn
Lo-/f S / e e r 6 J u n e
2 3 , / 9 4 -Q
L o i I S /e e r
6 Aag- / 7 ,19 4 9
Co
Ol
S
^ 5 c:
u
U
i
Cd ^
i
r
i P
m
s
i m
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E B U l IBBI
n
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m
El
"H S *
TER 4
i K fl I
R ^
W
f
j& e r^ z
Ju n e
2 3 , /6 ^ 2 9
L o j 2 S j e e r J j A u c y . / V 1/ Q 4 - Q
iS B B B B B I
/ o / 2 S je e r G
June 2 3 , I Q 4 -9
L o j 2 S j e e r G A u c f I V t 194 - Q
If
i' an
i F m m m m m m m
S o
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TFEfl 4
■ ■ O I M
O CO
L o i 3 S / e e r 4-
June 2 3 ^ 1 9 4 - Q
L o i 3 S i e e r 4- Aucj. / Y1 / 9 4 Q
Ir
m ft)
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Co
Xl
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j
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mam
Loi 3 Siee f G June. 2 3 }/94-Q
L o i 3 S i e e r G A u c/- IV, i 9 4 - 9
0) v LofA- S i e e r A
K
ft
June 23. / 9 AQ
(b
1
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Loi 4- Sieer 4- A u ^ ^ J 9 4 9 \
Cu
Q
Bi
Y^^^lSfee r 6 Jun'e 23, IQA 9
m
s L
L oi A S i e e r 6
A\ucf- / 7 , /Q A Q
d
Q 1 2 H e p r e s e n i a i n / e S f e e r s From L o f S
r i m e n i I B e f o r e ancf s u f f e r F r e a i m e n
a w
—
EMI
@1
Iy
Loi 5 Sieer 6
L oi S S ie e r S
Loi 5 S i e e r June 2 3 1!94-Q
June 2 3 , / QJ-Q
Wk
R K lB
Loi 5 Sieer 4
Auy.
/Z 1
/94-9
Co
CO
m
m
Li!
M
m
n m
m
m
m
m
/ V, / 9 4 Q
-4 0 -
EXiWMENT 2
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
F o r ty s t e e r c a l v e s w ere ran d o m ly s e l e c t e d from th e t o s t loerds o f th e
U, 3* Range L lv esto clc E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n a t M ile s C ity i n th e F a l l o f 19 4 9 .
E a s t e r n M ontana e x p e r ie n c e d a d r o u th i n 1949 s u f f i c i e n t l y s e v e r e t o re d u c e
b o th th e p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t o f th e f o r a g e ( f i g u r e 2) and th e volum e o f
f o r a g e p ro d u ced t o v e r y low l e v e l s .
Those s t e e r c a lv e s a r r i v e d i n Boaoman
by r a i l O c to b e r 29 w ith c l i n i c a l p h o sp h o ru s and v ita m in A d e f i c i e n c y .
F o u r c a lv e s had v ita m in A p l a s m l e v e l s b elow 10 n c g , p e r 100 m l. and
t h r e e c a l v e s h ad p h o sp h o ru s p l a s m l e v e l s below Z mg. p e r 100 m l.
The
b lo o d p la sm a d e t e r m in a tio n s a v e ra g e d 17*7 m eg, and 3 .2 mg. p e r 100 m l. o f
v ita m in A and p h o sp h o ru s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The c a l v e s w ere g iv e n f r e e a c c e s s t o s a l t and tim o th y Iiay c o n ta in in g
0*17 p e r c e n t p h o s p h o ru s.
g ra d e and c o n d i tio n
On November 14 t h e s t e e r s w ere g ra d e d f o r f e e d e r
and 50 c c . o f b lo o d w ere drawn from th e j u g u l a r
v e i n f o r p lasm a c a lc iu m , p h o s p h o ru s, c a r o te n e and v ita m in A d e t e r m in a tio n s *
The s t e e r s w ere a l l o t t e d i n t o 5 l o t s o f 3 s t e e r s e a c h on th e b a s i s o f
w e ig h t, p la sm a p h o s p h o ru s, f e e d e r g r a d e , c o n d i tio n s c o r e , p la sm a c a lc iu m ,
p lasm a v ita m in A and p lasm a c a r o t e n e .
th ro u g h th e l o t s a s e v e n ly a s p o s s ib le *
The s i r e g ro u p s w ore d i s t r i b u t e d
S t e e r s w ere d eh o rn ed and number
b ra n d e d w ith a h o t i r o n f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
The s t o e r s w ere h a n d le d and acc u sto m ed t o t h e i r s t a l l s f o r s e v e r a l
w eek s.
<2/
They w ere w eig h ed an d p la c e d on th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s shown
F . S , R a ls to n , E x te n s io n A nim al Husbandman, g ra d e d th e c a l v e s a t th e
b e g in n in g and a t th e en d o f th e e x p e r im e n t.
-^41TABLB IX .
PTvID AKD OHSMICAL CCMPOSITIOH OF RATIONS AS FOD IN EXPKRIMKMT 2 .
RATION NO.
T im othy
B e e t P u lp 2 /
W heat S traw
C om
B lood Meal
"Tw o-Sixty-Tw o" 2 j
D o x tro ae 5 /
S a lt U
Monosodlum P h o sp h ate
L im esto n e
" L ig n in "
TOTAL
C rude P r o t e i n
T .D .N . ( e s tim a te d )
C alcium
Iiio sp h o ru s
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
J/
2j
2/
Lj
£/
I
II
III
%
%
i
20.00
40.00
IV
V
I
HT
2 0 .0 0
4 0 .0 0
9 .3 0
1 2 .0 0
5 .2 0
1 .0 0
6 .0 0
0 ,3 0
0 .1 5
5 .0 5
20,00
40.00
2 0 .0 0
4 0 .0 0
9 ,3 0
1 2 .0 0
5 .2 0
1 ,0 0
6 .0 0
0 .3 0
0 ,4 0
2 0 .0 0
4 0 ,0 0
9 .8 0
1 2 .0 0
5 .2 0
1 .0 0
6 ,0 0
0 .3 0
0 .1 5
4 ,3 0
1 0 0 .0 0
5 .0 5
1 0 0 .0 0
5 ,2 0
1 0 0 ,0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
5 ,0 5
0 .1 5
1 0 0 .0 0
1 2 .9 2
6 0 .5 0
0 .4 5
0 ,2 1
1 2 .9 2
6 0 .5 0
0 .4 5
0 .1 6
1 2 .6 3
6 0 .5 0
0 .4 9
0 .1 3
1 2 .3 4
6 0 .5 0
2 .1 3
0 ,1 6
1 3 .0 5
6 0 .5 0
2 .1 1
0 ,1 3
2 .1 4
2 .3 1
3 .7 7
1 3 .6 2
1 6 .2 3
9 .3 0
1 2 .0 0
5 .2 0
1 ,0 0
6 .0 0
0 .3 0
—
_ _ _
9 ,3 0
1 2 .0 0
5 .2 0
1 .0 0
6 .0 0
0 ,3 0
A p p ro x in a te ly 25% b e e t m o la s s e s had b een in c o r p o r a te d i n t o th e b e e t
p u lp by G re a t W estern S u g ar Company, B i l l i n g s , M ontana,
U rea p ro d u c t o f 3 . I , D upont De Nemours and Company, I n c .
wC e r e l o s e " , C om P ro d u c ts S a le s Company, S t , R au l, M in n e s o ta .
The f o llo w in g t r a c e m in e r a ls w ere added t o e a c h 10 l b s , o f s a l t a t
th e f o llo w in g r a t e s : Mnr O^ • AHgO, 5 5 ,2 gram s; CuSO^ • 5HgO, 1 7 ,3
g ram s; C0CO5 , 1 ,0 g ram s. F i f t y gram s o f l i g n i n w ere ad d ed t o
f a c i l i t a t e m ix in g .
B y -p ro d u c t from p r o d u c tio n o f wood m o la s s e s , s u p p lie d g r a t i s by
F o r e s t P ro d u c ts L a b o r a to r y , U, 3 , F o r e s t S e r v ic e , M ad iso n , W isc o n sin ,
B orden’ s B ospro was f e d e v e r y o t h e r d a y o n to p o f th e c o n c e n tr a te
m ix tu re t o s u p p ly c a , 3 ,5 0 0 I . U, o f v ita m in A p e r d a y from J a n u a ry 2 0 ,
1950 - J a n u a ry 2 3 , 1 9 5 0 , T h e r e a f t e r , B oepro was f e d t o s u p p ly c a .
4 ,2 5 0 I . U. o f v ita m in A p e r d a y , B oapro was s u p p lie d g r a t i s by The
Bordon Company, C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s ,
i n T a b le IX Q / a t th e e v e n in g f e e d in g on December 2 7 , 1 9 5 0 ,
These r a t i o n s
w ore i d e n t i c a l e x c e p t f o r d i f f e r e n t am ounts o f c a lc iu m , p h o sp h o ru s and
lig n in .
The l i g n i n was u se d a s a f i l l e r an d was assum ed t o be i n e r t ,
A
d i g e s t i o n t r i a l c o n d u c te d i n A p r il 1950 c o n firm e d t h i s a s s u m p tio n , 1 0 /
R a tio n I was c o n s id e r e d t o c o n t a in a d e q u a te b u t n o t e x c e s s iv e am ounts o f
c a lc iu m and p h o s p h o ru s, ( N a tio n a l R e s e a rc h C o u n c il, 1945}
R a tio n 2 was
c o n s id e r e d t o be b o r d e r l i n e I n p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t (B eeson e t a l . , 1941)
and c o n ta in e d th e same am ount o f c a lc iu m a s n a t i o n I ,
R a tio n 4 was th e
same a s r a t i o n 2 e x c e p t t h a t a n e x c e s s o f lim e s to n e was a d d e d .
R a tio n 3
was d e f i c i e n t i n p h o sp h o ru s (B eeson e t a l . , , 1941) and c o n ta in e d th e same
c a lc iu m a s r a t i o n I ,
R a tio n 5 was th e same a s r a t i o n 3 e x c e p t t h a t an
e x c e s s o f lim e s to n e was a d d e d .
L o t I s e r v e d a s a c o n tr o l*
The e f f e c t
o f a d d in g a n e x c e s s o f lim e s to n e t o th e r a t i o n o f th o c a lv e s was s tu d ie d
by com paring l o t s 2 an d 4 an d l o t s 3 and 5 ,
The r a t i o n s w ere su p p lem en ted w ith a p p ro x im a te ly 1 7 ,0 0 0 I , U, o f
v ita m in A and 4*760 I , D, o f v ita m in D p e r h ead fe d e v e r y o t h e r d ay on to p
o f th e c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu re from J a n u a ry 20 t o J a n u a ry 23 i n th e form o f
B o rd e n 's B ospro 1 1 / . a d r y s t a b i l i s e d v ita m in A-D su p p lem en t w ith a
g u a ra n te e d p o te n c y o f 1 2 5 ,0 0 0 I . U, o f v ita m in A and 7 0 ,0 0 0 I , H. o f
v ita m in D p e r pound, b u t w ith a c la im e d e f f e c t i v e p o te n c y o f 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 I . U.
A and 7 0 ,0 0 0 I , U, D p e r pound due t o th e a d d i t i o n o f N o o -p h o sp h a tin ( a
s p e c i a l l y p re p a r e d l e c i t h i n made by The B orden Company).
2/
10/
11/
Those s t e e r s
The e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s w ere M x e d i n a 1000 pound b a tc h m ix e r a t
th e P o u ltr y Farm , u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n o f e x p e rim e n t s t a t i o n p e r s o n n e l,
u s in g i n g r e d i e n t s o f known c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n ,
The d e t a i l s o f t h i s d i g e s t i o n t r i a l a r e g iv e n on page 3 6 ,
B o rd e n 's B ospro was s u p p lie d g r a t i s b y The Borden Company,
-4 3 -
w r e B upplom ented on th e b a s i s o f th e e f f e c t i v e p o te n c y .
From J a n u a ry 28
u n t i l th e end o f th e t r i a l , a p p r o x im a te ly 3 ,5 0 0 I . U. o f A an d 2 ,3 3 0 I , U.
o f D p e r h ead w ere s u p p lie d e v e r y o t h e r d a y ,
A U r a t i o n s w ere su p p lem en ted
w ith m anganese, c o p p e r and c o b a l t a s shown I n T ab le K , t o g u a rd a g a i n s t a
p o s s i b l e d e f i c i e n c y o f an y o f th o s e e le m e n ts .
The s t e e r s w ere i n d i v i d u a l l y f e d a c c o r d in g t o a p p e t i t e f o r 120 d a y s
and th e wolg h b a o k r e c o r d e d .
A t 23 d ay i n t e r v a l s th e s t e e r s w ere w eighed
and 50 o c . o f b lo o d draw n from th e j u g u l a r v e in f o r c a lc iu m an d p h o sp h o ru s
de te rm in a tio n s ,
P lasm a v ita m in A and c a r o te n e d e te r m in a tio n s w ere made
a t th e b e g in n in g and p la sm a c a r o te n e d e t e r m in a tio n s w ore made a t th e end
o f th e e x p e rim e n t, 1 2 /
I n d i v i d u a l p h o to g ra p h s w ere made i n a m e asu rin g
c h u te a t th e b e g in n in g an d a t th e en d o f th e t r i a l .
F e e d e r g ra d e and
c o n d i tio n w ere d e te rm in e d a t th e end o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
bedded w ith wood s h a v in g s .
A U l o t s w ere
Sam ples o f th e c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu r e s w ere ta k e n
a s th e y w ere f e d an d a n a ly s e d e a c h 23 d a y s f o r p r o t e i n , c a lc iu m , and phos­
p h o ru s.
Hay sam p les w ere ta k e n a s th e h a y w as fe d and a n a ly z e d a t th e
m id d le and end o f th e t r i a l f o r p r o t e i n , c a lc iu m , p h o sp h o ru s and c a r o t e n e .
The welg h b a c k □ wore p o o le d w i t h i n e a c h l e t and th e l o t w elg h b ack a n a ly s e d
e a c h 23 d a y s f o r m o i s t u r e , p r o t e i n , c a lc iu m an d p h o sp h o ru s.
The s t e e r s w ere c o n tin u e d cm t h e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s a s u s u a l from
A p r i l 23 u n t i l May 26 (2 3 d a y s ) w ith t h e e x c e p tio n t h a t t h r e e s t e e r s from
b o th l o t 3 an d l o t 5 w ere g iv e n a d a i l y d re n c h o f a b o u t 15 gram s o f phos­
p h o ru s s u p p lie d from 59 gram s o f mono sodium p h o s p h a te d i s s o l v e d I n w a te r
t o make 12 o u n ces o f s o l u t i o n .
12/
F o r c o n v e n ie n c e th e s e s i x s t e e r s w ere
The v ita m in A d e t e r m in a tio n s w ere s p o i l e d .
•-44*“
p la c e d i n l o t 5, a lth o u g h m a in ta in e d on t h e i r san e r a t i o n s , an d th e un­
d re n c h e d s t e e r s , f e d t h e i r u s u a l r a t i o n s w ere g ro u p ed i n l o t 3 «
The s t e e r s w ere rem oved from th e f e e d in g t r i a l on May 26 and w ere
accu sto m ed t o a r a t i o n o f b a r l e y , b e e t p u l p , and co m *
On Ju n e I th e s t e e r s
w ere p u t o u t on a 15 a c r e i r r i g a t e d p a s tu r e s e e d e d t o m o d ified . H u n tle y
m ix tu re w ith f r e e a c c e s s t o a m in e r a l su p p lem en t c o n t a in in g 16 p e r c e n t
p h o sp h o ru s 1 3 / and t o a s e l f f e e d e r c o n t a in in g o n e - t h i r d b a r l e y , o n e - t h i r d
b e e t p u lp and o n e - t h i r d c o m .
The o n ly s a l t s u p p lie d f o r t h e f i r s t 56 d a y s
on p a s tu r e was th e 10 p e r c e n t c o n ta in e d i n th e m in e r a l s u p p le m e n t.
The
s t e e r s w ere w eig h ed on Ju n e 29 and J u l y 2 7 , and a r e t o be c o n tin u e d on
g r a i n and g r a s s w ith m in e r a l s u p p le m e n ta tio n u n t i l f a l l , t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t
o f th e v a r io u s r a t i o n s f e d d u r in g th e w i n t e r on th e summer p e rfo rm a n ce o f
th e s e a n im a ls .
Feed and m in e r a l c o n su m p tio n , 23 d ay w e ig h ts , f i n a l g ra d e
and c o n d i t i o n , and s e l l i n g p r i c e w i l l be r e c o r d e d f o r e a c h a n im a l.
The
d a t a o b ta in e d d u r in g th e f i r s t two w eigh p e r io d s a r e r e p o r t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s .
13 /
M isco m in e r a l s u p p lie d g r a t i s by th e M isco M ills d i v i s i o n o f C e n te n n ia l
F lo u r in g M i l l s , C o ., Bozeman, M ontana.
d5
(jure
/3
\A/oocJ C h e w i ng L y a P h o s p h o r u s
O eficien i
S ieer
RESULTS AHD DISCUSSION
N o tes and Ci
its
The s t e e r s f e d r a t i o n s 3» 4# and 5 w ore d i f f i c u l t t o g o t on f e e d .
M inute am ounts o f g ro u n d a n i s e se e d w ore ad d ed t o th o s e r a t i o n s a t I n t e r ­
v a l s t o In d u c e b e t t e r c o n su m p tio n .
c o n c e n tra te , o w n r o ll e d o a t s .
S t e e r 4 I n l o t 5 r e f u s e d t o e a t an y
S t e e r 4 i n l o t 3 was v e r y slo w i n s t a r t ­
in g on f e e d and was Im rd t o k e e p on f e e d ,
He c o n s i s t e n t l y r e f u s e d e v e ry ­
th i n g e x c e p t s m a ll am ounts o f r o l l e d o a t s and h ay a f t e r F e b ru a ry 2 7 ,
BotIi
s t e e r s w ere rem oved from t h e l o t s March 2 5 , a f t e r a l l e f f o r t s t o g e t them
on f e e d had f a i l e d .
T h e ir r e c o r d s w ere n o t c o n s id e r e d i n a n y o f th e
ta b u la tio n s .
Wood chew ing was o b s e rv e d i n a l l l o t s a f t e r 27 d a y s on th e e x p e r i­
m e n ta l r a t i o n s .
F ig u re 13 shows a l o t 3 s t e e r p e r s i s t e n t l y chew ing a p o le .
F ig u r e s 14 and 15 p r e s e n t m ute e v id e n c e o f d e p ra v e d a p p e t i t e i n l o t 3 ,
OucIi
e a r l y a p p e a ra n c e o f p ic a was p ro b a b ly due t o th e f i n e l y d iv i d e d s t a t e i n
w hich th e r a t i o n s w ere f e d , ( T h a l l e r e t a l . , 1937? F v e l e t h , 1949)
However,
p i c a was n o t a s p ro n o u n ced i n l o t s r e c e i v i n g a d e q u a te an d b o r d e r li n g
p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al c a lc iu m a s i t was i n th e o th e r l o t s .
L o ts r e c e iv in g
d e f i c i e n t l e v e l s o f p h o sp h o ru s w ore e s p e c i a l l y p e r s i s t e n t p o le ch ew o rs.
B eeso n , B o lin , H ickm an, and Jo h n so n (1 9 4 1 ) d id n o t e n c o u n te r d e p ra v ­
e d a p p e t i t e u n t i l a f t e r 112 d a y s on a p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n .
S lig h t
s t i f f n e s s o f th e h in d l e g s was n o te d i n th e l o t s f e d e x c e s s iv e am ounts
o f lim e s to n e a f t e r 57 d a y s on th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s .
on F e b ru a ry 23 and was o b s e rv e d u n t i l e a r l y i n A p r i l .
s w o lle n and th e k n e e s e n l a r g e d .
I t was f i r s t n o te d
The h o c k s became
The s t i f f n e s s g r a d u a l ly d is a p p e a r e d w ith
47
/ zIgure /4). The B a r n W a l l P a r i i a Hg Eolen
b y P h o s p h o r us- O e f i c i e n i S l e e r s
th e a d v e n t o f v n zrrar w e a th e r and moro s u n s h in e and was n o t n o ti c e d a f t e r
A p r il 1-4.
tria l.
However, t h e h o c k s and k n e e s rem a in ed e n la r g e d th r o u g h o u t th e
A few o f th e s t e e r s i n l o t 3 w ere s t i f f d u r in g t h i s p e r io d , b u t
w ere n o t a f f e c t e d a s b a d ly a s th o s e i n l o t s 4 an d 5*
Edema o f th e ho ck s
and k n e e s was d e t e c t e d i n l o t 3 a f t e r a b o u t 70 d a y s cm th e e x p e r im e n ta l
ra tio n s .
A ll o f th e s t e e r s w ere q u i t e h e a v i l y i n f e c t e d w ith l i c e an d w a r b le s .
They w ere s p ra y e d w ith r o te n o n e by t h e Entom ology D ep artm en t on March 1 5 ,
19 5 0 .
S t e e r 6 i n l o t I h ad f e v e r o f u n d e te rm in e d o r i g i n and w as o f f fo o d
from A p r il 3 u n t i l A p r il 14«
The s t e e r r e c o v e r e d w ith o u t tr e a t m e n t .
S te e r
3 i n l o t I w ent o f f f e e d on May 2 and d e v e lo p e d s e v e re i n c o o r d i n a ti o n w h ich
c o n tin u e d u n t i l he w en t o n to p a s t u r e «
The s t e e r r e c o v e re d on D astu ro and
mad© s l i g h t l y b e t t e r th a n th e a v e ra g e g a i n f o r th e l o t d u r in g b o th p e r i o d s .
Tho t e r m in a l c a r o te n e p lasm a l e v e l w as 105 M c r o g r a n p e r 100 ml*
However,
t h e r e c o r d s o f t h i s s t e e r w ere n o t u se d i n t a b u l a t i n g th e d a t a f o r p e r io d
5 o r i n com pu tin g th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e s t e e r s on p a s t u r e .
Ifeqfl G w s w t i o n
The c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n o f th e r a t i o n s f e d i n E x p e rim e n t 2 was v e r y
c o n s ta n t th r o u g h o u t t h e p e r io d (T a b le s X I-J(V ),
However, th e c o n c e n tr a te
m ix tu re was n o t p e l l e t e d an d d id n o t c o n t a in an y b in d in g a g e n t su ch a s
m o la s s e s w hich c o u ld hav e p ro v e n te d th e s t e e r s from s e p a r a t i n g o u t th e
u n p a l a ta b l e m a t e r i a l .
D u rin g th e l a s t tw o w eig h p e r io d s th e s t e e r s i n
l o t s 4 and 5 h ad v e r y p o o r a p p e t i t e s and w ere a b le t o s e p a r a t e th e lim e ­
s to n e o u t o f th e m ix tu r e and le a v e i t i n th e w eig h b ac k .
T h ese w eig h b ack s
-4 9 —
TABiis x.
m nF m m cfc o f steess m E X i m m B n r 2 m & sm m c m m ? m first
1%) DAYS ( D eco ab er 2 7 , 1949 t o A p r il 2 3 , 1950)
ITEIIS INSURED
I
II
I-OT
III
IV
V
Hutaber o f s t o o r s
8
8
7
3
7
P h o sjiio ru a I n r a t i o n , %
0 .2 0
0 .1 6
0 .1 4
0 .1 6
O .U
C alcium i n r a t i o n , %
0 .4 7
0 .4 6
0 .5 0
1 .5 6
1 .4 1
P o r ta c a l c i u n t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
2 .2 7
2 .8 0
9 .9 2
1 0 .3 4
Rhoaphorua in ta k o -g ra n a /lO O
l b s . body v t . / d e y
3 .6 3
f
2 ,0 4
1 ,6 5
1 .2 7
1 .4 0
1 .1 5
C a lc iu n in tatce -g ram s/lO O l b s .
body v t . / d a y
4 .6 3
4 .6 2
4 .6 1
1 3 .9 4
1 1 .9 1
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
314
301
302
311
316
Feed consuncd/lO Q I b e . body
w t ./ d a y
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 .0 1
1 .9 6
1 .3 7
A verage d a i l y g a i n , I b o .
1 .4 1
1 .0 7
0 .4 0
0 ,6 8
0 .4 5
F eed p e r 100 I b o . g a i n , I b o .
623
763
1993
1051
1472
1 0 .2
1 1 ,0
1 1 .1
1 0 .8
1 0 .9
6 ,4
3 .1
2 ,5
3 .0
2 .6
T e rm in a l c a lc iu m plam na l o v e l ,
mg, %
T e rm in a l p lio sp h o ru s p l a s m
l e v e l , Hg. %
TABLE XI*
ITEMS
EiRFOR ^HCE OF STEERS OW S X F S B iSWT 2 IlJ LOT I AS MEASURED BT
WEIGH EmiODS
SURRD
, .I
II
PERIODS
III
IV
V
Number o f s t e e r s
3
8
3
3
7
P h o sp h o ru s I n r a t i o n , %
0 .2 0
0 .2 1
0 .2 1
0 ,2 0
0 .2 1
C elelu m I n r a t i o n , %
0 .4 9
0 .4 7
0 .4 5
0 ,4 5
0 .4 2
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
2 .5 1
2 .2 4
2 .1 2
2 .2 1
1 .9 9
P h o sp h o ru s In to k o -g ra m s/lO O
lb s * body v t , / d n y
2 .0 6
2 .3 3
2 .1 3
1 ,3 1
1 .3 3
C a l c i m I n t^ o - g r a m s /lO O
l b s , body v t . / d a y
5 .0 5
5 .2 2
4 .5 3
4 .0 0
3 .6 4
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
314
349
390
433
473
Feed conaumod/lOO l b s , body
XTt , / d a y
2 .3 1
2 .4 4
2 .2 3
1 .9 7
1 .9 1
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
0 .9 7
1 .4 6
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .4 6
Feed p e r 100 l b s , g a i n , l b s .
916
653
613
566
649
C a l c i m p la sm a l e v e l mg. %
3 .9
9 .3
3 ,3
1 0 .2
1 1 .7
P h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l mg, %
5 .3
6 .0
5 .6
6 ,4
6 ,5
■51-
TABLE X I I .
PEBFOBMASCE OF STBEBS ON EXPERIKEIW 2 IN LOT 2 AS MEASURED BY
WEIGH PERIODS
ITEMS MEASURED
I
Number o f s t e e r s
3
P h o sp h o ru s I n r a t i o n , %
III
IV
V
3
8
8
8
0 ,1 6
0 ,1 5
0 ,1 5
0 .1 9
0 .1 5
C a lc itsa I n r a t i o n , %
0 ,4 3
0 ,4 6
0 .4 5
0 .4 3
0 .4 0
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p o r t
p h o sp h o ru s
3 .0 3
2 ,9 8
2 .9 7
2 .2 5
2 .6 2
Iiio sp h o ru s in ta k e - g r a n s /lO O lb s *
body w t ./ d a y
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .4 0
1 .5 5
1 .1 4
C alcium in to k e -g ro ra s/lO O l b s .
body w t ./ d a y
5 .2 1
5 .1 4
4 .1 6
3 ,4 9
3 ,0 3
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
301
346
381
410
429
Food c o n su m ed -lb s » /100 I b o ,
body w t ./ d a y
2 .3 3
2 .4 8
2 ,0 2
1 ,7 3
1 ,6 6
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1 .0 1
0 ,6 8
1 ,2 1
F e o d - I b s ,/1 0 0 I b a , g a in
624
790
1110
1197
612
C alcium p la sm a l e v e l mg. %
3 .3
1 0 ,2
9 .2
1 1 .0
1 2 .2
P h o sp h o ru s plasm a l e v e l mg, %
3 .9
3 .7
3 .2
3 ,1
3 .5
. ..... I I
TABI3 X I I I .
HSRFOEHABCE OF STEERS OH EXPERIfSSST 2 IN LOT 3 AS MEASURED BY WEIGH RRIODS
----------- —
PIRIOD
ITEMS MEASURED
V
I
II
M m ber o f s t e e r s
7
7
7
7
4
3
P ho sp h o ru s i n r a t i o n , %
0 .1 4
0 .1 3
0 .1 4
0 .1 4
0 .1 4
0 .4 6
C alcium i n r a t i o n , %
0 .4 8
0 .4 5
0 .6 0
0 .4 8
0 .4 1
0 .4 4
I9J ir ts c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
3 .3 5
3 .4 5
4 .4 2
3 .5 3
3 .0 3
0 .9 4
P h o sp h o ru s in ta k e - g r a m s /1 0 0
l b s . body w t ./ d a y
1 .5 5
1 .3 3
1 .0 1
0 .9 1
0 .9 4
3 .3 7
C alcium i n t a k e - g r a n s /1 0 0 l b s .
body w t./d a y
5 .2 0
4 .5 8
4 .4 7
3 .2 3
2 .3 5
3 .6 5
320
345
365
332
341
403
Pbed c o n s u n e d - lb s ./lQ Q l b s .
body v /t./d a y
2 .3 7
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
1 .4 8
1 .5 4
1 .8 4
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
0 .7 0
0 .7 1
0 .5 9
- 0 .5 2
1 .0 8
3 .0 4
F e e d - lb s ./I(X ) l b s . g a in
1341
1184
1961
506
271
C alciu m p lasm a l e v e l mg. %
9 .3
1 0 .4
9 .2
1 1 .1
1 2 .4
1 2 .2
P h o sp h o ru s p l a s m l e v e l rag. % 3 .0
2 .9
2 .5
2 .5
2 .3
7 .1
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
I/
. IX I
IV
d re n c h r i l /
T hese s t e e r s w ore d re n c h e d w ith a b o u t 15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s d a i l y from nonesodium
p h o s p h a te .
TABLE XIV.
PERFORMANCE OF STEERS ON EXl' IRDf INT 2 IN LOT 4- AS MEASURED BY
WEIGH PERIODS
ITEMS M^ASURICD
- J
,
II
PERIODS
III
IV
V
Number o f s t e e r s
3
3
3
S
3
P h o sp h o ru s I n r a t i o n , %
0 ,1 6
0 .1 5
0 .1 5
0 ,1 6
0 .1 6
C alcium i n r a t i o n , %
1 .4 5
1 .7 9
1 .3 3
1 .6 6
2 .4 2
P a r t s o a lo lu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
9 .0 9
1 1 .7 0
3 .6 3
1 0 .2 2
1 5 .0 6
P h o sp h o ru s in to k e -g ra m s /lO O l b s .
body w t . / d a y
1 ,7 0
1 .5 4
1 .1 6
1 .0 9
1 .0 4
1 5 ,3 9
1 3 .1 2
1 4 .4 6
1 1 .2 6
1 5 .3 6
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, lb s *
311
334
362
334
392
Feod consuzned-lbs ./1 0 0 I b e .
body w t./d n y
2 .3 4
2 .2 2
2 .0 2
1 .4 9
1 .4 3
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
0 .6 2
1 .0 0
0 .7 9
0 .2 6
0 .7 4
1853
794
325
1312
777
C alcium p la sm a l e v e l rag. %
9 .1
1 0 .9
9 .3
1 0 .3
1 2 .4
I h o s ^ io r u a p la sm a l o v e l rag, %
3 ,0
3 .6
2 .9
3 .0
3 .0
CalciiBa in ta k o -g ra ia s/lO O l b s ,
body w t . / d a y
P e o d - I b s ./1 0 0 l b s , g a in
TABLE XV,
PERFORMANCE OF STEERS ON EXFSRDENT 2 IN LOT 5 AS MEASURED BY WEIGH PERIODS
-I
-I
ITEMS : EASTJR--D
I
II
N m ber o f s te e r s
8
3
8
8
4
3
P h o sp h o ru s i n r a t i o n , %
0 .1 4
0 .1 3
0 .1 3
0 .1 3
0 .1 3
0 .4 5
C alciu m i n r a t i o n , %
1 .5 0
1 .8 4
0 .8 6
1 .1 6
2 ,1 2
2 .3 2
1 0 .3 7
1 3 .3 0
6 .5 9
3 .3 9
1 6 .0 7
5 .1 3
1 .5 0
1 .2 3
0 .9 0
0 .3 3
0 .7 1
4 .0 0
1 5 .4 7
1 7 .6 2
6 .0 0
7 .7 1
1 1 .5 2
2 0 .5 2
316
329
356
361
351
396
Foed c o n s im o d -lb s ./1 0 0 l b s .
body v t . / d a y
2 .2 3
2 .1 1
1 .5 2
1 .4 3
1 .1 9
1 .9 5
A verage d a i l y g a i n , l b s .
0 .3 6
0 .9 6
0 .1 7
0 .3 2
0 .4 5
2 .1 2
F o o d - lb s ./lO O l b s . g a in
1456
833
1769
2377
956
392
C alcium p lasm a l e v e l mg. %
9 .3
1 1 .4
9 .2
1 0 .9
1 2 .3
1 2 .2
P h o sp h o ru s p l a s m l e v e l mg. % 2 .7
2 .9
2 .5
2 .6
2 .6
7 .2
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one p a r t
p h o sp h o ru s
P h o sp h o ru s in ta k e -g ra x a s /1 0 0
l b s . body v t . / d a y
C alcium in ta k e - g r a m s /1 0 0
l b s . body v t . / d a y
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
2/
.
. i n
IV
Tiiese s t e e r s vrere d ro n ciied w ith a b o u t 15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s d a i l y from monosodium
p h o s p h a te .
■55-
w sre p o o le d and a n a ly s e d b y l o t s .
S in c e t h e r e w ere no I n d i v i d u a l m easu re­
m ents o f c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e when f e e d was welr h o d b a d : , no
s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f c a l c i m an d p h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e
w ere p o s s i b l e .
F ig u re 16 shows th e s u b o p tim a l f e e d co n su m p tio n o b ta in e d on th e s e
s im p lifie d r a ti o n s .
Feed co n su m p tio n d e c l in e d a f t e r 64 d a y s on e x p e rim e n t
I r r e s p e c t i v e o f th e t r e a t m e n t .
Those s t e e r s f e d n o rm al c a lc iu m w ith a d e ­
q u a te o r b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s I n th o r a t i o n a t e more d u r in g t h e second
p e r i o d , b u t t h e i r c o n su m p tio n d e c lin e d t h e r e a f t e r ,
A c o m p ariso n o f f i g u r e
16 w ith T a b le I shows t h a t a t no tim e d i d th e co n su m p tio n c l o s e l y a p p ro a c h
th e recom m en d atio n s o f th e N a tio n a l R e s e a rc h C o tm c ll,
T h is p o o r fe e d
in t a k e may hav e b een due t o th e p h y s ic a l c o n d i tio n o f th e r a t i o n o r t o
u n p a la ta b ility .
R educed f e e d co n su m p tio n was e s p e c i a l l y s t r i k i n g I n th o s e s t e e r s f e d
r a t i o n s 3» 4 , an d 5 ,
T a b le X shows th e f e e d consumed p e r 100 l b s , body
w e ig h t p e r d a y b y th e v a r io u s l o t s d u r in g th e f i r s t 120 d a y s on e x p e rim e n t.
The a n im a ls i n l o t 2 r e c e i v i n g a b o r d e r l i n e l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s (0.16:5) w ith
n o rm al c a lc iu m consum ed a s much fe e d p e r u n i t o f w e ig h t a s d id th o s e a n im a ls
fe d a r a t i o n w hich was a d e q u a te i n b o th c a lc iu m and p h o s p h o ru s .
The e x c e s s
lim e s to n e f e d t o th e l o t 4 s t e e r s re d u c e d t h e i r fe e d co n su m p tio n 10.9% a s
com pared w ith th e l o t 2 s t e e r s .
The re d u c e d f e e d co n su m p tio n was p ro b a b ly
p a r t l y due t o th e re d u c e d p h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e r e s u l t i n g from re d u c e d fe e d
c o n su m p tio n .
The e x c e s s lim e s to n e i n r a t i o n 5 d e p r e s s e d th e f e e d consump­
t i o n 7.0% a s com pared w ith l o t 3 fo d a n o rm al c a l c i u m - d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s
ra tio n .
The low p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n f e d t o l o t 3 low ored th e fo o d co n su m p tio n
56
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O OA
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F e e d Consum plion and W o ig h l G a in s o f
ihe S te e r s on F xperim enl F bij Weigh Periods
-5 7 8 , 2 p e r c e n t a s com pared w ith l o t I ,
T hese d a t a show t h a t a p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y re d u c e d th e fo o d consump­
tio n ,
The a d d i t i o n o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e t o th e d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n a c c e n tu a te s
fche re d u S t l o n ,
% e a d d i t i o n o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e t o a r a t i o n b o r d e r li n e
i n p h o sp h o ru s c o n t e n t c a u s e s a r e d u c t io n I n f e e d co n su m p tio n w hich i s n o t
due t o th e b o r d e r l i n e l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s i n th e r a t i o n .
The re d u c e d fe e d
c o n su m p tio n on th e h ig h lim e s to n e r a t i o n s may be e x p la in e d on th e b a s i s o f
u n p a l a t a b l l l t y , i n t e r f e r e n c e w ith p h o sp h o ru s a b s o r p tio n o r m e ta b o lism , o r
by th e e f f e c t o f th e c a lc iu m i t s e l f on th e a p p e t i t e .
B a te o f G ain
The r a u ; o f g a i n a c h ie v e d i n t h i s t r i a l i s i n no way co m p arab le t o
u s u a l io e d l o t p e rfo rm a n c e .
Tho r a t i o n u s e d was s t r i c t l y a n e x p e r im e n ta l
r a t i o n d e s ig n e d t o prom ote n o rm al g ro w th b u t n o t t o f a t t e n (com pare T a b le I
and T a b le I X ) ,
T h is r a t i o n was a s i m p l i f i e d r a t i o n w hich c o n ta in e d s e v e r a l
i n g r e d i e n t s w hich a r e n o t p a l a t a b l e t o c a t t l e .
a c h ie v e d ev en by th e c o n t r o l a n im a ls .
Pbor f e e d co n su m p tio n was
A ls o , th e f r e q u e n t h a n d lin g and th e
n e rv o u s n e s s in d u c e d b y p e r i o d i c b le e d in g w ere n o t c o n d u civ e t o th e b e s t
g a in s .
T a b le X sum m arise b th e w e ig h t g a i n s b y l o t s f o r t h e f i r s t 120 d ay s
o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
The a v e ra g e r a t e o f g a i n o f th e v a r io u s l o t s by w e ig h t
p e r io d s i s shown i n f i g u r e s 16 and 1 7 , 2 4 /
The g a in s made b y th e c o n t r o l
a n im a ls w ere o n ly s l i g h t l y belo w th e e x p e c t a t i o n s f o r n o rm al g ro w th
(T a b le I ) .
24/
Tho b o r d e r l i n e l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s f e d t o l o t 2 re d u c e d th e
The d a t a e n t e r e d i n f i g u r e 16 and 17 f o r l o t s 3 and 5 f o r May a r e from
u n d ren ch e d a n im a ls o n ly .
-5 3 -
a v n ra g o d a i l y g a i n 2 4 p e r c e n t w ith o u t a f f e c t i n g th e fe e d co n su m p tio n .
T hese a n im a ls c a r r i e d j u s t a s much f i n i s h an d w ore j u s t a s H y p e y n a s th o s e
i n l o t I , (T a b le XVIIj
I f th e s e s t e e r s had n o t been com pared w ith th e
c o n t r o l s , i t i s p r o b a b le t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n - c u t t i n g o f f s e t o f th e b o rd e r­
l i n e p h o sp h o ru s in t a k e w ould n o t hav e b e e n d e t e c t e d ,
aho
e x c e s s lim e s to n e f e d t o th e l o t 4 s t e e r s re d u c e d t h e a v e ra g e
d a i l y g a in 36 p e r c e n t a s com pared w ith l o t 2*
Tho h ig h c a lc iu m , d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n f e d t o l o t 5 d id n o t
d e p r e s s th e w e ig h t g a in s an y f u r t h e r th a n t h e norm al c a l o iu m - d e f ic ie n t
p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n f e d t o l o t 3 .
a s much a s th e c o n t r o l s .
f o u r t h p e rio d *
T hese 2 l o t s g a in e d o n ly a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t
A ll o f th e l o t 3 s t e e r s l o s t w e ig h t d u r in g th e
H ow ever, d u r in g th e f i f t h p e r i o d , th e u n d re n c h e d a n im a ls
i n l o t 3 g a in e d a n a v e ra g e o f one pound p e r h ead p e r d a y .
F ig u ro 16 i n d i c a t e s a f a i r l y c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een r a t e o f g a in
and f e e d co n su m p tio n .
The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t betw een f e e d consumed
p e r 100 pounds body w e ig h t p e r d a y and a v e ra g e d a i l y g a in i s / 0 . 6 4 0 .
When
a l l l o t s w ere a d j u s t e d t o a c o n s ta n t f e e d in t a k e by c o v a r ia n c e , th e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e l o t m eans f o r r a t e o f g a i n w ere s t i l l s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e
I p e r c e n t l e v e l . (> n o d e o o r, 1946)
A much s t r o n g e r r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een
f e e d co n su m p tio n an d r a t e o f g a in was i n d i c a t e d i n E x p e rim e n t I .
However,
th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t u d i e d i n E x p erim en t I was betw een t o t a l f e e d consumed
o v e r th e p e r io d and t o t a l g a i n o v e r th e p e r i o d .
S in c e th e s t e e r s t h a t
g a in e d th e m ost had t h e h i g h e s t a v e ra g e w e ig h t and g e n e r a l l y consumed th e
m o st f e e d , a h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een t o t a l f e e d i n t a k e an d g a i n was
o b t a in e d .
59
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R a l~7. Phosphorus In take an d W eiqhi Gains of
ihe Steers on Experiment 2 hy Welqh Periods
-60»
The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p h o sp h o ru s I n ta k e said a v e ra g e d a i l y g a in i s
in d ic a te d g r a p h ic a lly by l o t s in f ig u r e 1 7 ,
m ade.
No s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s w ere
The i n c r e a s e s i n r a t e o f g a in shown f o r t h e m onth o f May i n f i g u r e s
16 and 17 f o r a l l l o t s e x c e p t th e c o n t r o l l o t # i s u n e x p la in e d .
T hese d a t a show t h a t a b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y .may s e r i o u s l y
re d u c e th e r a t e o f g a i n ,
Tlie a d d i t i o n o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e t o a r a t i o n w ith
b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s in t a k e c a u s e d a f u r t h e r r e d u c t io n I n r a t e o f g a i n .
P h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y re d u c e d th e r a t e o f g a in a s much a s 70 p e r c e n t .
The
a d d i t i o n o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e t o a p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n c a u s e d no
f u r t h e r r e d u c t io n i n t h e r a t e o f g a i n .
E f f i c i e n c y o f Feed U t i l i s a t i o n
T h is e x p e rim e n t was n o t d e s ig n e d t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t o f th e v a r io u s
tr e a t m e n t s on th e e f f i c i e n c y o f f e e d u t i l i z a t i o n , b e c a u se th e a n im a ls i n
t h i s e x p e rim e n t w ere f e d a c c o r d in g t o a p p e t ite # and th e f e e d co n su m p tio n
v a r i e d w id e ly .
H owever, th e a n im a ls i n l o t s I and 2 consumed e s s e n t i a l l y
t h e same am ount o f fe e d p e r 100 pounds o f body w e ig h t d u r in g th e f i r s t 120
d a y s o f th e t r i a l (T a b le X ).
Seven h u n d re d s i x t y t h r e e p o unds o f tli©
b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n w ere n eed ed t o p ro d u ce 100 p o unds o f g a in
w h e re a s o n ly 623 pounds o f th e a d e q u a te p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n w ere r e q u i r e d .
T a b le X a l s o shows t h a t th e s t e e r s f e d th e e x c e s s lim e s to n e i n r a t i o n 5
a t e l e s s and g a in e d s l i g h t l y more th a n t h e s t e e r s i n l o t 3 .
The fe e d
e f f i c i e n c y o f l o t s 3 an d 5 , w hich d i f f e r i n f e e d co n su m p tio n p e r 100 pounds
o f body w e ig h t by o n ly 7 p e r c e n t a r e 1993 pounds and 1472 pounds p e r 100
pounds g a in r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T a b le s XI th r o u g h XV i n d i c a t e t h a t f e e d e f f i c i ­
e n c y was n o t a f f e c t e d u n t i l a f t e r 6 4 d a y s on th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s .
T hese d a t a hav e n o t b een t e s t e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n o o .
B lood Chemistry
Calcium itnd Phosnhnr^p
T,.te c a lc iu m an d p h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l s a r e shown I n T a b le s XI-XVr
by l o t s and By w eig h p e r i o d s .
g ra p h ic a lly .
F ig u re 19 g iv e s th e atone In f o r m a tio n
F ig u re I S shows th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een p h o sp h o ru s In W c e
s a d jdkusm P h o s p h o ru s .
T hese d a t a show t h a t t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n -
s h i p betw een p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e and p h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l .
However, th e
e x c e s s lim e s to n e ad d ed t o r a t i o n s 4 an d 5 re d u c e d th e p h o sp h o ru s in ta k e
w ith o u t m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t i n g th e p la sm a p h o s p h o ru s.
Tho e x c e s s ca lc iu m
i n th e r a t i o n lo w ered th e p e rfo rm a n ce o f l o t 4 a s com pared w ith l o t 2 , b u t
th e e x c e s s c a lc iu m I n r a t i o n 5 d id n o t d e p r e s s th e p e rfo rm a n ce o f l o t 5
a s com pared w ith l o t 3 .
I t h a s been commonly th o u g h t t h a t c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s w ere I n
e q u i lib r i u m i n th e b o n es and I n th e b lo o d s tr e a m , and t h a t a lo w e rin g o f
tn e p lasm a p h o sp h o ru s w ould c a u se a n i n c r e a s e i n th e p l a s m c a lc iu m .
( B e s t and T a y lo r 19 4 5 ; D ukes, 1947)
T h ese d a t a show t h a t th e c a lc iu m
p la sm a l e v e l was l a r g e l y in d e p e n d e n t o f th e p h o sp h o ru s p l a s m l e v e l and
was a f f e c t e d v e r y l i t t l e by th e l o t t r e a t m e n t s .
F ig u re 19 shows th e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a t t e r n o f f l u c t u a t i o n o f p la sm a c a lc iu m i n a l l l o t s by
w eigh p e r i o d s .
T h is c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n o f f l u c t u a t i o n , in d e p e n d e n t o f l o t
t r e a t m e n t s , i s u n e x p la in e d ,
Sarffifena
T able XVI shows th e re s p o n s e o f th e p l a s m c a r o te n e t o v a r i a t i o n s i n
c a l c l u n and p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e .
A ll l o t s r e c e iv e d a p p ro x im a te ly 8 ,5 0 0 I , U.
62
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2 2 S'
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200
Phosphorus I n i a k r ----I7S
P/Q.smQ Fh I
/5 0
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I OO L h 5
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h e .6 .
M c ir
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55
5-5
4 5
3-5
A p r i!
M ay
F/g /8 Phosphorus J n fa k e and Phosphorus
PIosma Levels of fhe Steers on Eypehment E bu
W e ig h P e rio d s
63
/2 0
± n o
5
s o
! pgpna
-r>/a Srn o / C i/ct u / r j * '
5- 5 P
4-5
0
M ar.
I. /9. Calcium and Phosphorus R asm a
L evels
o f fhe S te e rs on E xperim ent 2 b y W eigh P e rio d s
TABLE XVI.
SFFSCT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS ON THE CAROTENE PLASMA LEVELS OF THE STEERS QN
EXPERIMENT 2 .
III
III
u n d ren ch ed d re n c h e d I / IV
LpTS
I
II
Number o f s t e e r s
7
3
3
3
V
V
u n d ren ch e d d r e n c h e d !/
8
4
3
C a ro te n e consumed d u r in g
p e r i o d , m g s ./h e a d /d o y
1 0 .0 7
9 .3 7
9 .5 0
1 0 .7 7
9 .3 7
9 .3 3
1 0 .7 7
P h o s p h o rts i n t a k e - f p s . /
100 l b s . body w t ./ d a y
d u r in g Hay
1 .8 3
1 .1 4
0 ,9 4
3 .3 7
1 .0 4
0 .7 1
4 .0 0
6 .5
3 .5
2 .3
7 .1
3 .0
2 .6
7 .2
7 3 .6
6 1 .2
6 8 .3
6 6 .7
4 3 .8
5 3 .8
5 5 .0
3 5 .7
1 0 1 .2
9 1 .7
7 3 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 1 1 .2
6 8 .3
/1 2 .1
/3 2 .9
/2 3 .4
/1 1 .6
/5 3 .7
/5 7 .4
/1 3 .3
P la sm a p h o sp iio ro s, f e y 2 6 ,
I3g. %
PlaKTia c a r o te n e F e b rtta ry
1 s t , meg. %
IrIa sa a a c a r o te n e Hay 2 6 ,
ncg. %
Change i n p la sm a c a r o te n e
m eg. %
2/
T hese s t e e r s v e r e d re n c h e d w ith a b o u t 15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s d a i l y from r c n o o o d im p h o s jjm te
-6 5 -
o f v ita m in A p o r h e a d e v e r y o t h e r d a y i n th e form o f B o r d e n 's B o sp ro .
Those
s t e e r s w hich had th e h i g h e s t p h o sp h o ru s in t a k e a l s o consumed th e m o st c a ro ­
te n e i n th e form o f h a y .
H ow ever, th e c a l v e s w hich r e c e iv e d a d e q u a te o r
more th a n a d e q u a te l e v e l s o f p h o sp h o ru s showed s m a lle r i n c r e a s e s i n p lasm a
c a r o te n e th a n d id th e s t e e r s on d e f i c i e n t i n t a k e s o f p h o s p h o ru s .
The s t e e r s
w hich w ere d re n c h e d w ith l a r g e am ounts o f p h o sp h o ru s d u r in g th e month o f
May showed a b o u t th e same i n c r e a s e I n p lasm a c a r o te n e a s d id th e c o n t r o l
s te e rs in l o t I ,
T h is i n d i c a t e s e i t h e r t h a t th e l a r g e d o s e s o f p h o sp h o ru s
w ere n o t c o n tin u e d lo n g enough t o f u l l y d e p r e s s th e c a r o te n e o f th e p l a s m
o r t h a t a d e q u a te an d e x c e s s iv e l e v e l s o f p h o sp h o ru s d e p r e s s th e plasm a
c a r o te n e t o t h e some d e g r e e .
E x ce ss c a lc iu m i n th e r a t i o n a p p e a r s t o bo
a s s o c i a t e d w ith h ig h e r c a r o te n e b lo o d l e v e l s i n a d d i t i o n t o i t s p h o sp h o ru s
re la tio n s h ip s .
The p la sm a c a r o te n e o f l o t s 4 and 5 showed a s i m i l a r r e ­
sp o n se e v e n th o u g h t h e p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e was 32 p e r c e n t lo w e r i n l o t 5
d u r in g th e m onth o f May,
T hese d a t a show t h a t d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s i n th e
r a t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith a g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e i n p lasm a c a r o te n e th a n ad e­
q u a te p h o s p h o ru s .
An e x c e s s o f c a lc iu m i n t h e r a t i o n seem s t o be a s s o c i a t ­
e d w ith h ig h e r p l a s m c a r o te n e v a l u e s .
T h ese f in d i n g s a r e i n ag ree m en t
w ith th o s e o f R oss and G a llu p (1949) who r e p o r t an i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p
b etw een p h o sp h o ru s and c a r o te n e i n th e p l a s m o f c a t t l e .
F e e d e r Grado and C o n d itio n
T hese d a t a a r e b a s e d on v i s u a l a p p r a i s a l o f th e c a l v e s by th e anno
man on o c c a s io n s s i x m onths a p a r t .
The d i f f e r e n c e s i n d i c a t e d i n T ab le X V II,
a lth o u g h s m a l l, a r e q u i t e s u g g e s tiv e .
T hose c a l v e s w ere p h o sp h o ru s and
v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t when th e y w ere g ra d e d on H overiber 1 4 .
D u rin g th e
—66—
TiiBIE X H I .
EFFSCT OF EXffiRIMEIJTiU, RATIONS ON THE FEBIER GRADE AND CONDI­
TION ] / OF THE STEERS ON EXffiRIMENT 2 g /
LOTS
..........I ..... ........I I
III
IV
V
F e e d e r G rad e, Nov. 14
9 ,3
9 .2
9 .6
9 .3
1 0 .0
P b e d e r G rad e, May 22
7 .1
7 .0
3 .9
9 .2
1 1 ,4
- 2 ,2
—2 ,2
- 0 ,7
—0 .6
/1 * 4
C o n d itio n S c o r e , Nov, 14
4*7
4 .4
5 ,1
4 .3
4 .9
C o n d itio n S c o r e , May 22
5 .0
5 .1
6 .7
7 .4
6 .9
/0 .3
/0 .7
/1 ,6
/2 .6
/2 .0
Change i n F e e d e r G rade
Change i n C o n d itio n S co re
I/
S t e e r s w ere g ra d e d on th e b a s i s o f e i g h t e e n F e e d e r G ro d esi
Fancyr
I,
2, 3.
C hoice
4,
5» 6 .
Good
7,
3, 9.
Medium
10, 11, 12.
Common
1 3 , 14* 15*
In fe rio r
16, 17, 13,
and n in e C o n d itio n C la s s e s :
Good
I,
2 , 3*
F a ir
4,
5* 6 ,
P oor
7,
8, 9.
i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e U, S , D. A, s ta n d a r d s o u t l i n e d i n Iow a A gr. E xp,
S t a , B u i. P . 9 9 .
2/
The s t e e r s w ere g ra d e d b y P . A, R a l s t o n , E x te n s io n A nim al Husbandman,
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e ,
-6 7 e x p o r in o n t th o s e s t e e r s f e d a r a t i o n a d e q u a te o r b o r d e r l i n e i n p h o sp h o ru s
w ith n o rm al c a lc iu m c o n t e n t ( l o t s I and 2 ) im proved i n f e e d e r g ra d e from
Icnr good r,o h ig h g o o d .
The s t e e r s w hich r e c e iv e d a d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s
r a t i o n ( l o t 3 ) showed no c h a n g e .
The l o t 4 s t e e r s f e d a b o r d e r l i n e phos­
p h o ru s r a t i o n w ith e x c e s s lim e s to n e re s p o n d e d t h e eazno a s d id th e phos­
p h o ru s d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s i n l o t 3 ,
Those a n im a ls i n l o t 5 , f e d a r a t i o n
w ith e x c e s s iv e c a lc iu m and d e f i c i e n t p h o s p h o ru s , become s l i g h t l y p o o r e r i n
fe e d e r g ra d e .
T hese d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t a p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y n a y a l t e r
body c o n fo rm a tio n t o p ro d u ce a n a rro w e r a n im a l w ith a s h a llo w e r b o d y .
T h is e f f e c t i s a c c e n tu a te d b y th e p r e s e n c e o f e x c e s s c a lc iu m i n t h e r a t i o n .
S o u th A f r ic a n w o rk e rs ( T h e i l c r and G roen, 1932) r e p o r te d t h a t th e b e e f
b r e e d s d id n o t re m a in t r u e t o ty p e on p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t v e l d t b u t
showed a te n d e n c y t o “become h ig h e r on th e f r o n t l e g s , lo n g e r o f head and
c r o u p , n a rro w e r o f c h o s t , and s m a lle r o f h e a r t g i r t h . "
F ig u r e s 19 and 20
show a n a n im a l whose body c o n fo rm a tio n h a s boon a l t e r e d b y p h o sp h o ru s
d e f i c i e n c y . (Compare w ith th e earns s t e e r i n f i g u r e 25)
T a b le XVII a l s o shows th e ch an g e s i n c o n d i tio n s c o r e a s a r e s u l t
o f t h e v a r io u s t r e a t m e n t s ,
l o t s I and 2 f e d a d e q u a te o r b o r d e r l i n e phos­
p h o ru s w ith n o rm al c e lc ltx n i n th e r a t i o n c a r r i e d th e same am ount o f f i n i s h
a s a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e t r i a l , w h ereas th e p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s
i n l o t s 3 and 5 changed i n c o n d i tio n from a v e ra g e f a i r t o p o o r p lu s *
The
c a l v e s f e d b o r d e r l i n e p h o sp h o ru s w ith e x c e s s lim e s to n e i n th e r a t i o n
c a r r i e d t h e l e a s t f i n i s h o f a n y o f th e l o t s and showed th e g r e a t e s t d e c l in e
i n c o n d i tio n s c o r e .
H ow ever, when th e s e a n im a ls w ere g r a d e d , 3 s t e e r s
e a c h from l o t 3 and l o t 5 h ad r e c e iv e d a d a i l y p h o sp h o ru s d re n c h f o r 3
68
S l e e r 8 F e d Halion S Showinq
ConformaFon P r o c J u c e d b y Low
Phosphorus and Excess Ca/cium in Lhc Poi/on
F rI g u i r e £ 0
F\>or Body
Figure El SLeer 8 F e d FaLi on 5 Showing a
Very Typical SLance of a Fhosphorus Ueficienf
SL e e r
«"6*9"»
w eek s, w ore c a r r y i n g a l a r g e f i l l , and had g a in e d san e i n c o n d i t i o n .
T h is
tr e a tm e n t gave th e s e s t e e r s a n a d v a n ta g e o v e r th o s e i n l o t 4«
T hese d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t a n im a ls c a r r y l e s s
f i n i s h th a n n o rm al a n im a ls , and t h a t t h e f e e d in g o f e x c e s s c a lc iu m a c c e n tu ­
a t e s t h i s e f f e c t o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y ,
S a l t C onsum ption
The s a l t co n su m p tio n o f th e s t e e r s on th e v a r io u s tr e a tm e n ts i s
shown i n T a b le XVTII.
A ll l o t s consumed l a r g e am ounts o f s a l t .
T h e H e r,
G reen , and D vffoit (1 9 2 7 ) c o n c lu d e d t h a t f o r g row ing c a t t l e th e d a i l y
r e q u ir e m e n ts a r c o n ly 1 ,5 gram s o f sodium an d 5 g ra n s o f c h l o r i n e ,
S ta n le y
(1933) r e p o r t e d an a v e ra g e d a i l y s a l t co n su m p tio n p e r cow o f 3 o unces i n
th e w i n t e r and s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n on© ounce I n th e summer, o r a y e a r lo n g
a v e ra g e o f 1 ,6 8 o u n c e s .
Knox and N eale (1 9 3 7 ) re c o rd e d a n a v e ra g e d a ily -
s a l t c o n su m p tio n b y ra n g e c a t t l e i n New M exico v a ry in g fro m 1 .0 6 t o 1 ,2 1
o u n ces p e r h ead p e r d a y ,
Lantow (1933)» a l s o i n Hew M exico, r e c o rd e d
In ts J re s o f s a l t ra n g in g from 2 .3 9 t o 3 ,6 4 o u n c e s p e r h ead p e r d a y .
M o rriso n (1 9 4 3 ) recommends a s a l t a llo w a n c e o f 2 ,0 - 2 ,5 pounds p e r head p e r
m onth ( 1 .0 7 t o 1 ,3 3 o u n ces p e r h ead p e r d ay ) f o r b e e f c a t t l e .
T h u s, th e s e s t e e r s consumed a b o u t tw ic e th e n o rm al am ount o f s a l t
f*om th e s a l t b o x , in d e p e n d e n t o f t h a t c o n ta in e d I n th e c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu r e .
T h is ab n o rm al a p p e t i t e f o r s a l t n a y i n d i c a t e a n u n s u s p e c te d m in e r a l
im b a la n c e , e s p e c i a l l y I n v ie w o f th e f a c t t h a t th e c o n t r o l a n im a ls a t e
much l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s th a n d id th e o t h e r l o t s ,
I h e s t e e r s f e d b o r d e r li n e
and d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al c a lc iu m i n th e r a t i o n in g e s t e d an
i n t e r m e d i a te am ount o f s a l t .
The s t e e r s f e d e x c e s s lim e s to n e a t e l e s s s a l t
-70-
TABLE XVTII.
EFFECT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RATIONS OH THE SALT CONStJMPTIOH
OF THE STEERS ON EXPERIMENT 2 (120 B ays)
.........I ..........
II
in
IV
V
S a l t consum ed ad l i b , o s . /
h e a d /d a y
1 .5 7
0 .9 6
1 .0 7
0 .3 7
1 .0 3
S a l t consumed i n r a t i o n ,
oz ./h e a d / d a y j /
1 .4 0
1 .2 8
1 .1 1
1 .1 0
1 .0 2
T o t a l s a l t consum ed, o s , /
h o a d /d a y
2 ,9 7
2 .2 4
2 ,1 3
1 .9 7
2 .0 5
399
365
344
351
343
7 .4 4
6 ,1 4
6 .3 4
5 .6 1
5 .9 3
A verage w e ig h t f o r th e
p e rio d , l b s .
T o t a l s a l t consum ed, o s . /
1000 l b s . body w t* /d a y
2/
Tho c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu re c o n ta in e d I p e r c e n t s a l t .
-7 1 :'--a n th e o t h e r s .
I f o n ly th e am ount consumed from th e s a l t box I s c o n s id ­
e r e d , th o s e r e c o r d s s u g g e s t t h a t p h o sp h o ru s d e f ic ie n c y d e c r e a s e d th e s a l t
co n su m p tio n an d t h a t th e e x c e s s iv e l l m e t o n o f e d t o l o t 4 d e p r e s s e d th e
s a l t co n su m p tio n t o th e l e v e l o f th e d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s i n l o t 3*
T h is
o b s e r v a ti o n im p lie s t h a t m ix in g p h o sp h o ru s su p p le m e n ts w ith s a l t t o in d u c e
co n su m p tio n may b e an i n e f f i c i e n t p r a c t i c e , e s p e c i a l l y w here p h o sp h o ru s
d e f i c i e n c y i s p ro n o u n c e d ,
The d a t a a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e h ig h c a lc iu m
o f r a t i o n 5 re d u c e d th e co n su m p tio n from th e s a l t box below th e l e v e l o f
th e l o t 3 s te e r s .
H io to g ra T h lc S tu d ie s
I n d i v i d u a l p h o to g ra p h s o f e a c h s t e e r w ere made n e a r t h e b e g in n in g o f
th e t r i a l on
-e b m a ry 6 and a g a in on May 2 3 , j u s t b e f o r e th e s t e e r s were
rem oved from e x p e r im e n t.
The p i c t u r e s w ere made i n th e c h u te shown i n
f i g u r e 6 and d e s c r ib e d on page 31*
F ig u r e s 22 th ro u g h 26 show r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t e e r s from e a c h l o t
b e f o r e and a f t e r tr e a t m e n t .
T h ese p h o to g ra p h s show sa n e s t r i k i n g d i f f e r e n c e s I n th e re s p o n s e o f
th e s t e e r s t o d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s .
t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n le n g th o f b o d y .
d u r in g th e p e r i o d .
The c o n t r o l s t e e r s b o th made s u b s ta n ­
S t e e r 2 i n l o t I grew 6 in c h e s i n le n g th
The a n im a ls r e c e i v i n g a r e s t r i c t e d p h o sp h o ru s in ta k e
in c r e a s e d i n h e i g h t a s much a s th e c o n t r o l s ( a b o u t two and o n e - h a l f i n d i e s )
b u t d id n o t make an y d e f i n i t e g row th I n l e n g t h .
T h is h e i g h t g ro w th i n th e
d e f i c i e n t a n im a ls a p p e a r s t o be due p r i m a r i l y t o an in c r e a s e I n th e le n g th
o f th e lo n g b o n es o f th e l e g , th u s p ro d u c in g on u p s ta n d in g a n im a l w ith a
s h a llo w b o d y .
The d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s a r e a l s o n a rro w e r th a n th e c o n t r o l s a s
-72-
l n d i o a t e d t y th e n a rro w h ead o f s t e e r 8 i n l o t 5 ( f i g u r e 2 6 ) , and su b ­
s t a n t i a t e d by o b s e r v a ti o n ,
Tlie l o t 2 s t e e r s r e c e i v i n g a b o r d e r l i n e l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s w ith
n o rm al c a lc iu m d id n o t grow a s much I n l e n g t h a s th e l o t I a n im a ls and d id
n o t have a s much bloom .
The s t e e r s i n l o t 4 w hich r e c e iv e d a b o r d e r li n e
p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n w ith e x c e s s c a lc iu m w ere s h a g g ie r i n a p p e a ra n c e and lo w e r
i n c o n d i tio n th a n th e a n im a ls i n l o t 2 , b u t th e y d id n o t show any o u ts ta n d ­
in g ch an g e s i n body c o n fo rm a tio n *
The p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s i n l o t
3 became more u p s ta n d in g and s h a llo w e r o f body d u r in g t h e t r i a l , b u t , th e
a l t e r a t i o n i n ty p e was n o t a s ex tre m e a s t h a t p ro d u ced i n l o t 5 by a r a t i o n
d e f i c i e n t i n p h o sp h o ru s w ith a n e x c e s s o f lim e s to n e .
The o n ly grow th
d e t e c t e d i n th e s e c a l v e s was i n th e l e n g th o f th e lo n g b o n es o f t h e l e g .
T hese p h o to g ra p h s i n d i c a t e t h a t p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y r e s t r i c t s
g ro w th and i n ex trem e c a s e s c o n f in e s g ro w th t o th e le g b o n e , th u s a l t e r i n g
th e c o n fo rm a tio n .
The p i c t u r e s a l s o show t h a t rou g h h a i r c o a t an d low erod
c o n d i tio n i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith low p h o sp h o ru s r a ti o n s *
E x c e ss lim e s to n e
a c c e n tu a t e s th e s e e f f e c t s o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y .
F ig u r e s 27 th ro u g h 33 show th e s t e e r s by l o t s a t th e c o n c lu s io n
o f th e t r i a l .
The d re n c h e d and u n d ren ch e d s t e e r s i n l o t s 3 and 5 a r e
shown s e p a r a t e l y .
The d re n c h e d s t e e r s a p p e a r more a l e r t and show more
bloom th a n th e u n d ren ch e d a n im a ls .
E f f e c t o f P h o sp h ate D ro n c h in r
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s t e e r s from l o t s 3 and 5 w ere d re n c h e d w ith p h o sp h o r­
u s d a l l y i n o r d e r t o t e s t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t th e p o o r f e e d co n su m p tio n o f
t h e s t e e r s i n l o t s 3 , 4 , and 5 was due t o th e u n p a l a t a b i l i t y o f t h e i r
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77
^^ZoVS S i e e t
I
78
/rrZqure 2 ~7 l~he Sieers Fed Haiion I
ai ihe E n d of Experimenl 2
Ezgure 2 8 Ehe S ieers E e d FRoiion 2 ai
ihe End o f E x p e r i m e n i 2
~79
Figure 3 0
Tlhe Drenc he d Sleers Fee/
Ralion 3 a!ihe—
Eln d of Fxperimenl 2.
60
Fi g u r e 3 ! l~he S i e e r s F e d F o i i o n Aa i ih e F n d o f F x p e n m e n i 2.
6/
Figure 32. 7~he Undrenchec/ Sieers Fed
Raiion S ai ihe E nd of Exper i m en i 2
Figure 33 Ehe Drenched Sieers Fed
Raiion 5 af ihe End of Expe-Irimeni
-32-
ra tio n s ,
On A p r il 2 3 , 3 s t e e r s w e n s e l e c t e d from e a c h o f l o t s 3 and 5 and
q u a r te r e d i n th e l o t 5 p e n .
th o s e re m a in in g i n l o t 3»
ra tio n s .
The s t e e r s fro m l o t 5 w ere q u a r t e r e d w ith
A U s t e e r s w ere k e p t on t h e i r same p re v io u s
The 6 s t e e r s s e l e c t e d from th e two d e f i c i e n t l o t s w ere i n d i v id ­
u a l l y g iv e n a c c e s s t o c a r e f u H y m easured q u a n t i t i e s o f monosodium p h o sp h a te
and s a l t .
C onsum ption w as v e r y i r r e g u l a r .
On May I , th e re m a in in g m in e r a l
was rem oved, d r i e d and w e ig h ed , and th e s t e e r s d ren ch ed w ith 113 gram s o f
.Tonosodlnm p h o s p h a te d is s o lv e d i n w a te r t o r a k e o n e - h a l f p i n t o f s o l u t i o n .
T h is d re n c h p r o v id e d a b o u t 30 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s and was t o be g iv e n
e v e ry o t h e r d a y .
T o x ic E f f e c t o f O verdoaage
W ith in 4 h o u rs a f t e r th e f i r s t d re n c h was a d m in is te r e d s t e e r 5 i n
l o t 5 was down w ith c o n v u ls io n s .
a tio n ,
T h ree o t h e r s t e e r s showed m ild in c o o r d in ­
The e n t i r e g ro u p was u n s te a d y and s to o d w ith t h e i r b a c k s a r c h e d .
S t e e r 5 was s t i l l a b l e t o w alk when f i r s t n o t i c e d , b i t w ould stu m b le and
fa ll.
I n a n o t h e r h o u r h e w as u n a b le t o r i . s e .
The s t e e r g r u n te d and ground
h i s t e e t h a s th o u g h i n p a i n , th e e y e b a l l s p r o tr u d e d , an d when d is tu r b e d
he th r e s h e d a b o u t on th e g ro u n d a i m l e s s l y ,
A b lo o d sam ple w as ta k e n and
200 c c , o f a 20 p e r c e n t c a lc iu m g lu c o n a te s o l u t i o n w hich c o n ta in e d no
p h o sp h o ru s was g iv e n in t r a v e n o u s l y , 1 5 /
As soon a s th e e n t i r e 200 c c ,
had b een a d m in is te r e d , th e s t e e r g o t up w ith no a p p a r e n t d i f f i c u l t y and
w alk ed aw ay.
15/
The a n im a l shook v i o l e n t l y from th e e f f e c t o f th e c a lc iu m
D r, Lee S e g h e t t i o f t h e V e te r in a r y R e s e a rc h L a b o ra to ry to o k th e b lo o d
sam ple and made th e in tr a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n .
-8 3 -
g lu o o n a te i n j e c t i o n , b u t no lo n g e r showed an y s ig n s o f in c o o r d i n a ti o n o r
p a in .
The t e t a n y d id n o t r e c u r .
The b lo o d a n a ly s e s sh o v ed n p l a s m c a lc iu m and p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l o f
3 ,3 mg, p e r c e n t and 1 2 ,3 mg. p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
T hroe d a y s p r e v io u s ly
t h e p l a s m l e v e l s w ere 1 0 ,3 mg, p e r c e n t and 2 ,3 mg. p e r c e n t f o r c a lc iu m
and p h o sp h o ru s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A lth o u g h th e c a lc iu m p la sm a l e v e l was n o t
e x c e p t i o n a l l y lo w , th e p lasm a p h o sp h o ru s was a b n o rm a lly h i g h , an d th e
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e e le m e n ts i n th e b lo o d s tre a m was a lm o s t r e v e r s e d .
S h o h l (1936) s tu d y in g th e e f f e c t o f low c a lc iu m —h ig h p h o sp h o ru s d i e t s i n
th e p r o d u c tio n o f r i c k e t s and t e t a n y i n th e r a t r e p o r te d t h a t "T etan y i s
fo u nd a s s o c i a t e d w ith low c a lc iu m and h ig h p h o sp h o ru s I n th e seru m .
A lth o u g h su ch b lo o d v a l u e s w ere p r e s e n t i n th e a n im a ls made r i c i t e t i c on
h ig h p h o sp h o ru s— low c a lc iu m d i e t s , th e y sh o v ed o n ly m o d e ra te t e t a n y .
B ut
th e some b lo o d p i c t u r e i s p r e s e n t when a n im a ls w ith low p h o sp h o ru s r i c k e t s
o r ev en n o rm a ls a r e ch anged t o h ig h p h o sp h o ru s d i e t s .
T hese a n im a ls
re s p o n d w ith t e t a n y o f su ch v io le n c e a s o f t e n t o be f a t a l .
T h is i s p r e ­
sum ably due t o th e r a p i d change i n th e b lo o d from low p h o s p h a te t o h ig h
p h o s p h a te w ith th e r a p i d d e p o s i t i o n o f c a lc iu m p h o sp h a te i n th e b o n e s ."
B e s t and T a y lo r (1 9 4 5 ) s t a t e d t h a t th e In tr a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f 0 ,5
gram p e r k ilo g ra m o f body w e ig h t o f a c i d p h o s p h a te w ould p ro d u c e t e t a n y .
S t e e r 5 was d re n c h e d w ith 0 ,7 6 gram s p e r k ilo g ra m o f body w e ig h t o f sodium
a c i d p h o s p h a te .
The t e t a n y p ro d u c e d , h o w ev er, was n o t duo t o th e lo w ered
c a lc iu m p lasm a l e v e l a lo n e b e c a u se on March 3 0 , th e l o t I s t e e r s a v e ra g e d
o n ly 3 .3 mg. p e r c e n t c a lc iu m i n th e p la sm a .
T hese d a t a show t h a t e x c e s s p h o sp h o ru s s u p p lie d a s a d re n c h w i l l
p ro d u c e t e t a n y I n r u m in a n ts , t h a t t e t a n y i n ru m in a n ts may o c c u r w ith th e
" r e a d i l y lo n l z a b l e c a lc iu m " o f th e p lasm a a s h ig h a s 3 ,8 mg, p e r c e n t w hich
i s b a r e l y below th e minimum n o rm al v a lu e o f 9 ,0 mg. p e r c e n t a c c o r d in g t o
Dukes (1 9 4 7 ),
The d a t a a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e peak o f a b s o r p ti o n o f a
p h o sp h a te d re n c h i s from 4 t o 6 h o u rs a f t e r d re n c h in g .
E f f e c t on B srfo rm an ce
A f t e r th e s p e c t a c u l a r e f f e c t o f t h e 30 gram p h o sp h o ru s d r e n c h , th e
s t e e r s w ere d re n c h e d d a i l y w ith 59 gram s o f monosodium p h o s p h a te d is s o lv e d
i n w a te r t o make 12 o u n ces o f s o l u t i o n .
T h is d re n c h s u p p lie d a p p ro x im a te ly
15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s o r th e f u l l d a l l y re q u ire m e n t o f th e s e c a l v e s .
Two
d a y s a f t e r th e f i r s t d r e n c h , th e s t e e r s a t e e v e r y th in g w hich was o f f e r e d
t o them and l i c k e d th e t r o u g h s .
d o u b le d i n 10 d a y s .
The f e e d co n su m p tio n o f th e s m a lle r s t e e r s
By th e en d o f th e 28 d ay w eigh p e r io d th e d ren ch e d
s t e e r s w ere consum ing a s much o r s l i g h t l y more th a n th e a n im a ls i n th e
c o n tro l l o t .
T a b le XIX shows th e p e rfo rm a n ce o f th e d re n c h e d and t h e u n d ren ch ed
s t e e r s from l o t s 3 and 5»
The d re n c h e d s t e e r s i n l o t 3 consumed 16 p e r c e n t
more f e e d p e r u n i t o f body w e ig h t and g a in e d a lm o s t tw ic e a s much a s th e
um dronched s t e e r s .
The d re n c h e d s t e e r s i n l o t 5 a t e 39 p e r c e n t more f e e d
and g a in e d n e a r l y 5 tim e s a s much a s th e u n d re n c h e d .
The d re n c h e d s t e e r s
I n l o t s 3 and 5 g a in e d 3 ,0 4 and 2 ,1 2 pounds p e r h ead p e r d a y r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
A p o r t i o n o f t h i s g a i n was due t o f i l l .
N e v e r th e le s s , t h e r e s u l t s I n d i c a t e
t h a t th e p h o sp h o ru s d re n c h im proved th e a p p e t i t e , th e e f f i c i e n c y o f fe e d
u t i l i z a t i o n , and c o n s e q u e n tly th e w e ig h t g a in s *
These r e s u l t s show t h a t
p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y and n o t th e p o l a t a b i l l t y o f th e r a t i o n was th e l i m i t -
TABLE XDC.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE DRENCHING OM THE PT5RF0RHANCE OF THE STEERS
ON EXFERBEiTP 2 IN LOTS 3 AND 5 DURING THE FIFTH WEIGH PERIOD
TREATMEiTT
Lot 3
>
U ndrencIted
D r e n c h o d i/
Lot 5
.
T W ronched
D rencS tedj/
!
Number o f s t e e r s
4
3
P h o sp h o ru s i n th e
ra tio n , %
0 .1 4
0*46
C a lo im in th e r a t i o n , %
0 .4 1
0 .4 4
P a r t s c a lc iu m t o one
p a r t p h o sp h o ru s
3 ,0 3
0 .9 4
P h o sp h o ru s in ta k e - g r a m s /
100 l b s , body w t./d a y
0 ,9 4
3 ,3 7
C alcium in t a k e - g r a m s /
100 l b s , body w t./d a y
2 ,8 5
4
3
0 ,1 3
0 ,4 5
2 .1 2
2 .3 2
1 6 ,0 7
5 .1 3
0 .7 1
4 .0 0
3 .6 5
1 1 .5 2
2 0 .5 2
341
403
315
396
Feed c o n su m o d -lb s./lO O l b s .
body w t . / d a y
1 ,5 4
1 .3 4
$
1 .1 9
1 .9 5
1 .0 3
3 ,0 4
:
0 .4 5
2 ,1 2
506
271
i
956
392
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
A verage d a l l y g a i n , l b s .
F s e d - I b s ,/1 0 0 I b e , g a in
C a lc lm p la s m l e v e l,
mg. $
P h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l ,
mg. t
C a ro te n e p l a s m l e v e l ,
meg, %
2/
i
5
$
S
8
1 2 .4
1 2 .2
2 .8
7 .1
9 1 .7
7 8 .3
:
1 2 .8
1 2 .2
2 .6
7 .2
1 1 1 .2
6 3 .3
Those s t e e r s w ere d re n c h e d w ith a b o u t 15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s d a i l y
from rnonosodium p h o s p h a te .
-3 6 In g f a c t o r I n d e te r m in in g th e f e e d co n su m p tio n o f th e s e s t e e r s b e f o r e
d r e n c h in g .
The p lasm a c a lc iu m was n o t a f f e c t e d b y th e d re n c h e v e n th o u g h th e
p h o sp h o ru s i n th e p l a s m I n c r e a s e d from a b o u t 2 ,6 mg, p e r c e n t t o o v e r 7 mg.
p e rc e n t.
The p h o sp h o ru s d re n c h d i d , h o w ev er, lo w e r th e p la sm a c a r o te n e i n
l o t s t h r e e and f i v e , 15 p e r c e n t an d 39 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s com pared
w ith th e undronchod s t e e r s i n e a c h l o t ,
L ifm in D ig e s ts ,pn T r i a l
I n A p r il 1950 a d i g e s t i o n t r i a l was c o n d u c te d w ith lam bs t o t e s t th e
h y p o th e s is t h a t th e l i g n i n w hich was u s e d a s a f i l l e r i n th e e x p e rim e n ta l
s t e e r r a t i o n s h ad no e n e rg y v a l u e .
The r a t i o n s fe d a r e shown i n T ab le XX,
R a tio n I was th e same a s th e r a t i o n I f e d t o th e s t e e r s e x c e p t t h a t tim o th y
h ay made up 30 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l r a t i o n r a t h e r th a n 20 p e r c e n t .
R a tio n
2 was th e same a s r a t i o n I e x c e p t t h a t t h e l i g n i n was o m itte d from th e
c o n c e n tr a te m ix tu r e w hich was c o n s e q u e n tly f e d a t th e r a t e o f 6 p e r c e n t
l e s s p e r pound o f body w e ig h t.
T h u s, i f l i g n i n had no f e e d in g v a lu e , th e
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f th o d r y m a tte r o f th e two r a t i o n s
w ould be th e sam e.
S ix lam bs w ore f e d on e a c h o f t h e tw o r a t i o n s d u r in g a 20 d ay
p r e li m i n a r y p e r io d and a 10 d a y c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d *
The f e e d in t a k e was
s ta n d a r d iz e d a t 1 0 .0 1 gram s p e r pound o f body w e ig h t.
The f o c a l c o l l e c ­
t i o n b eg s w ere e m p tie d tw ic e d a i l y and a 20 p e r c e n t a l i q u o t ta k e n and
d r i e d i n s a c k s o v e r a steam r a d i a t o r .
The r e s u l t s a r e g iv e n i n T ab le XXI
and show t h a t th e l i g n i n u s e d a s a f i l l e r i n th e s e s t e e r r a t i o n s had no
e f f e c t on th e d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f th e s e r a t i o n s a s t e s t e d w ith la m b s.
37.
TABLE XX.
FEED MIXTURES FKD III TIE IJGNIN DIGESTION TRIAL WITH UKBS
:
RATION 2 ___________________
RATION I ___________________
I
O o n c o n tr a te m ix tu r e
Pounds
C o n c e n t r a te m ix tu r e
rounds
$
B e e t P u lp
50.00
B e e t P u lp
50.00
VIheat S tra w
1 2 .2 5
C o rn
1 5 .0 0
i
W heat S tra w
1 2 .2 5
C orn
1 5 .0 0
i
:
B lo o d I ie a l
6 .5 0
U rea
1 .2 5
B lo o d M eal
6.50
U re a
1 .2 5
D e x tro s e
7 .5 0
S a lt
1.00
M onosodlttm P h o s p h a te
0 .5 0
i
s
D e x tro s e
7 .5 0
S a lt
1 .0 0
i
:
Iionosodlum P h o s p h a te
0 .5 0
J
L l g n ln
6 .0 0
T o ta l
9 4 .0 0
I
T o ta l
100.00
i
R oughage
T im o th y Iiay
P ounds
30.00
t
R oughage
T im o th y h e y
Pounds
30.00
TABLR XXI.
CV
Lazab
No.
$
R a tio n I (C o n ta in e d 6% l l e n i n )
I
R a tio n
Focos
R a tio n
C o e ffic ie n t $
Constmed
V oided D ig e s te d
o f A p p a re n t :
i/
D
lf r e s tib l H t v :
2/
.... 2 J .....
g ra n s
gram s
gram s
p e rc e n t
i
I
I
TRSAT
MBHT
THE EFFECT OF LIGIfIM ON TIE APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION I BY LAMBS
R a tio n
Consumed
2/
gram s
F eces
V oided
2/
gram s
no l i t m l n ) ! /
R a tio n
C o e ffic ie n t
D ig e s te d
o f A p p aren t
DitmFitl M U t v
2/
gram s
p e rc e n t
I
1 2 ,3 6 0 .0
3 ,2 7 5 .5
9 ,0 3 4 .5
7 3 .5
:
1 0 ,2 9 7 .5
2 ,7 2 5 .0
7 ,5 7 2 .5
7 3 .5
2
1 0 ,5 7 0 .0
2 ,3 4 0 .5
7 ,7 2 9 .5
7 3 .2
$
1 0 ,1 9 6 .0
2 ,6 7 6 .0
7 ,5 2 0 .0
7 3 .8
3
1 0 ,6 3 0 .0
3 ,0 0 2 .0
7 ,6 7 3 .0
7 1 .9
i
1 0 ,6 1 9 .0
3 ,0 1 0 .0
7 ,6 0 9 .0
7 1 .7
4
1 0 ,5 7 0 .0
2 ,3 1 2 .0
7 ,7 5 3 .0
7 3 .4
t
9 ,6 6 3 .0
2 ,7 3 0 .5
6 ,9 3 2 .5
7 1 .7
5
1 0 ,3 5 0 .0
2 ,5 6 4 .5
7 ,7 3 5 .5
7 5 .3
1 0 ,0 3 6 .0
2 ,6 2 5 .5
7 ,4 6 0 .5
7 4 .0
6
1 1 ,0 1 0 .0
3 ,0 2 1 .0
7 ,9 3 9 .0
7 2 .6
:
9 ,3 7 4 .5
2 ,6 3 5 .0
7 ,2 3 9 .5
7 3 .3
T o t a l 6 5 ,5 4 0 .0
1 7 ,5 1 5 .5
4 3 ,0 2 4 .5
4 3 9 .9
t
6 0 ,7 3 6 .0
1 6 ,4 0 2 .0
4 4 ,3 3 4 .0
4 3 3 .0
7 3 .3
$
Iiean
7 3 .0
X/
R a tio n 2 m s f e d a t th e r a t e o f 6 p e r c e n t l e s s p e r pound o f body m i g h t th a n was r a t i o n I .
2J
TIiese f i g u r e s a r e a i r d r y m i g h t s .
-3 9 -
P c r f o r m n c o o f S t e e r s on P a s tu r e
A f te r th e f e e d in g t r i a l was co m p lete d th e s t e e r s w ere p la c e d on
i r r i g a t e d p a s tu r e w ith f r e e a c c e s s t o a p h o sp h o ru s su p p le m e n t and t o g r a i n
i n o r d e r t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t o f th e r a t i o n s f a d d u r in g th e w i n t e r on t h e i r
summer p e rfo rm a n c e .
The s t e e r s w ere rem oved from th e f e e d in g t r i a l o n May 26 and w ere
accu sto m ed t o a r a t i o n o f b a r l e y , b o o t p u lp , an d c o m .
On Ju n e I th e s t e e r s
w ore p u t o u t on a 15 a c r e i r r i g a t e d p a s tu r e se e d e d t o a m o d ifie d H u n tle y
m ix tu re w ith fr e e a c c e s s t o a m in e r a l su p p lem en t c o n ta in in g 16 p e r c e n t
p h o sp h o ru s 1 6 / and t o a s e l f f e e d e r c o n t a in in g o n e - t h i r d b a r l e y , o n e t h i r d b e e t p u lp and o n e - t h i r d c o m .
The o n ly s a l t s u p p lie d f o r th e f i r s t
56 d a y s on p a s tu r e was t h e 10 p e r c e n t c o n ta in e d i n th e m in e r a l s u p p le m e n t.
The s a l t was so r e s t r i c t e d i n o r d e r t o in d u c e g r e a t e r co n su m p tio n o f
p h o s p h o ru s .
The s t e e r s w ere w eighed on Ju n e 29 and J u l y 2 7 , and a r e t o
be c o n tin u e d on g r a i n and g r a s s w ith m in e r a l s u p p le m e n ta tio n u n t i l f a l l t o
s tu d y th e e f f e c t o f th e v a r io u s r a t i o n s f e d d u r in g th e w in te r on th e
summer p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e s e a n im a ls .
Feed and m in e r a l c o n su m p tio n , 23
d a y w e ig h ts , f i n a l g ra d e and c o n d i t i o n , and s e l l i n g p r i c e w i l l be r e c o r d e d
f o r e a c h a n im a l and r e p o r te d e ls e w h e r e .
The d a t a o b ta in e d d u r in g th e
f i r s t two w eig h p e r io d s a r e r e c o r d e d i n T a b le X V II,
T hese r e s u l t s show t h a t th e s t e e r s w h ich had a h ig h f e e d co n su m p tio n
and made good w e ig h t g a i n s i n d r y l o t g a in e d more s lo w ly d u r in g th e f i r s t
p e r io d on p a s tu r e th a n d id t h e o th e r s t e e r s , p a r t l y b e c a u se th e in c r e a s e d
1 6 / M isco m in e r a l s u p p lie d g r a t i s by th e M isco M ills d i v i s i o n o f C e n te n n ia l
M i l l s , Bozeman, M cmtana.
TABLE XXII.
EFFECT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RATIOiTS FED DURING THE WIITTER OH WEIGHT GAIKS OF THE
STEERS ON SUK-ZSR PASTtffiE
I
II
TREATMENT
III
U n d ren cted .D ren c h ed !/
IV
Undrenohed
V
D re n o h a d l/
H m ber o f s te e r s T j
6
3
4
3
B
3
3
I n i t i a l w e ig h t, l b s .
542
435
335
512
440
399
433
A verage d a i l y g n in - J u n e ,
lb s .
1 .9
2 .2
2 .3
2 .4
2 .5
3 .2
2 .4
A verage d a i l y g n i n - J u l y ,
lb s .
3 .0
2 .7
3 .3
2 .6
2 .9
3 .2
3 .5
A verage d a i l y g a i n - P e r i o d ,
lb s .
2 .4
2 .4
3 .0
2 .5
2 .7
3 .2
3 .0
M in e ra l su p p lem en t
consumed
1 3 0 .2 5 l b s . ( 5 .3 gram s p h o s ^ io r u s p e r head p e r d a y )
G m in eonsim od k J
1 9 ,2 0 0 l b s . ( 3 .9 l b s . p e r head p e r d ay )
l/
These s t e e r s w ere d re n c h e d w ith a b o u t 15 gram s o f p h o sp h o ru s from monosodium p h o s p h a te d a i l y
from May I t o May Tb9 1 9 5 0 .
Tj
The p a s tu r e was s to c k e d w ith 33 s t e e r s d u r in g Ju n e and 39 i n J u l y .
y
42 l b s . o f 15$ p h o sp h o ru s su p p lem en t m ixed a t th e S t a t i o n was f e d . The re m a in d e r (1 3 8 .2 5
l b s . ) o f th e su p p le m e n t fe d was M ixco M in e ra l (16$ p h o sp h o ru s) f u r n is h e d by M isco M i l l s ,
Bozeman, M ontana.
fj
M ix tu re o f l / 3 c o m , 1 /3 b a r l e y , 3 /3 b e e t p u lp .
f i l l o f tii© d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s was t a b u l a t e d a s g a i n .
a n im a ls im proved d u r in g th e seco n d p e r i o d .
The g a i n s o f th e s e
I f g a i n o v e r b o th w eigh
p e r io d s o f o n ly th e u n d ren ch e d s t e e r s i s c o n s id e r e d , th e d a t a i n d i c a t e
t h a t th e r a t e o f g a in on p a s t u r e i s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e phos­
p h o ru s I n ta k e d u r in g th e w in te r u n d e r th e c o n d i tio n s o f t h i s e x p e rim e n t.
Good co n su m p tio n o f m in e r a l ( 5 ,3 gram s p h o sp h o ru s p e r h ead p e r d ay )
and h ig h f e e d co n su m p tio n ( 8 ,9 l b s , p e r h ead p e r d ay ) w ere a c h ie v e d ,
l o t s made e x c e l l e n t g a in s *
AU
/
4
/
—02"»
SUMMARY Aim CONCLUSIONS
Tho r e s u l t s o f tw o e x p e rim e n ts I n w hich a t o t a l o f 77 s t e e r c a lv e s
w ere I n d i v i d u a l l y f e d a c c o r d in g t o a p p e t i t e f o r 105 and 120 d a y s r e s p e c ­
t i v e l y on s i m p l i f i e d r a t i o n s c o n ta in in g a d e q u a te , b o r d e r l i n e , o r d e f i c i e n t
p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al o r e x c e s s c a lc iu m a r e r e p o r t e d .
A ll r a t i o n s w ere
su p p le m e n te d w ith v ita m in s A and D and th e t r a c e m in e r a ls i o d i n e , c o b a l t ,
c o p p e r, and m an g an ese.
Tho f o llo w in g m easu rem en ts w ore made:
d a i l y fe e d
c o n su m p tio n , 2 3 -d a y w e ig h t, 2 3 -d a y p lasm a c a l c i w t and p h o s p h o ru s , i n i t i a l
and t e r m in a l p l a s m c a r o t e n e , i n i t i a l an d te r m in a l p h o to g r a p h s , and t o t a l
s a l t co n su m p tio n .
The e f f e c t o f d re n c h in g p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t s t e e r s
w ith monosodium p h o sp h a te s o l u t i o n s was s t u d i e d .
A d i g e s t i o n t r i a l was
c o n d u c te d w ith lam bs t o t e s t th e h y p o th e s is t h a t l i g n i n h ad no f e e d in g
v a lu e .
A g r a z in g e x p e rim e n t was c o n d u c te d i n w hich th e 1950 e x p e r im e n ta l
s t e e r s wore p la c e d t o g e t h e r on i r r i g a t e d p a s t u r e w ith f r e e a c c e s s t o g r a i n
and t o p h o sp h o ru s su p p lem en t t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t o f th e w i n t e r r a t i o n s on
t h e i r summer p e rfo rm a n c e ,
Tho fo llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s seem w a r r a n te d on th e b a s i s o f th e r e s u l t s
o b ta in e d i n th e s e e x p e r im e n ts t
1.
U nder th e c o n d i tio n s o f th e s e e x p e r im e n ts , w ood-chew ing was n o t
due s o l e l y t o a p h o s p h o r o s is , b u t may have been due t o th e f i n e l y
d iv id e d s t a t e i n w hich th e r a t i o n s w ere f e d .
2.
The f i r s t e f f e c t o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y d e t e c t e d by th e
m easu rem en ts u se d i n th e s e e x p e rim e n ts was th e re d u c e d e f f i c i ­
en c y o f f e e d u t i l i s a t i o n w hich b eg an d u r in g th e t h i r d w eigh
p e r i o d , a f t e r a t l e a s t 64. d a y s on th e e x p e r im e n ta l r a t i o n s .
•93-
:3*
The f e e d consumed p e r IDO pounds o f body w e ig h t was re d u c e d by
la c k o f p h o sp h o ru s and was f u r t h e r re d u c e d by th e a d d i t i o n o f
e x c e s s li m e s to n e .
The p o o r fe e d co n su m p tio n o f th e s t e e r s fe d
r a t i o n s d e f i c i e n t i n p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al o r e x c e s s iv e c alciu m
was n o t due e n t i r e l y t o th e u n p a l a t a b i l i t y o f t h e r a t i o n ,
b e c a u se when th e s e s t e e r s w ere d re n c h e d w ith p h o sp h o ru s t h e i r
f e e d co n su m p tio n e q u a lle d t h a t o f th e c o n t r o l s t e e r s .
4,
I n t h i s e x p e rim e n t th e f e e d in g o f a r a t i o n c o n ta in in g a b o rd e r­
l i n e l e v e l o f p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al c a lc iu m t o s t e e r s red u ce d
th e a v e ra g e d a i l y g a in 24 p e r c e n t a s com pared w ith th e c o n t r o l s ,
w ith o u t r e d u c in g th e fe e d c o n su m p tio n .
P h o sp h o ru s d e f ic ie n c y
re d u c e d th e g a in s 70 p e r c e n t , h o w ev er, th e fe e d co n su m p tio n was
a ls o re d u ce d ,
5.
The f e e d in g o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e w ith b o r d e r li n e p h o sp h o ru s i n
th e r a t i o n re d u c e d th e r a t e o f g a in 36 p e r c e n t a s com pared w ith
s t e e r s f e d n o rm al c a lc iu m and b o r d e r l i n e p h o s p h o ru s.
However,
t h e f e e d in g o f e x c e s s lim e s to n e w ith a d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s
r a t i o n d id n o t d e p r e s s th e g a i n s an y f u r t h e r th a n a p h o sp h o ru s
d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n w ith n o rm al c a lc iu m ,
6,
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een fe e d consumed p e r 100
pounds body w e ig h t and r a t e o f g a in was / 0 , 6 4 0 ,
7 . v A f te r s to r a g e h ad b een d e p l e t e d , th e p h o sp h o ru s p lasm a l e v e l s
w ere r e l a t e d t o th e p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e i n a g e n e r a l way o n ly and
d id n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t th e p r e v io u s p h o sp h o ru s n u t r i t i o n
o f th e a n im a l.
- 948.
TJie c a lc iu m p l a s m l e v e l s w ere u n a f f e c t e d by th e e x p e rim e n ta l
tre a tm e n ts .
R a is in g and lo w e rin g o f th e p lasm a p h o sp h o ru s
c a u se d no d e f i n i t e c o rre s p o n d in g ch an g e i n th e p la sm a c a lc iu m ,
9.
The c a r o te n e p l a s m l e v e l s w ere i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e
p lasm a p h o sp h o ru s l e v e l s and t o th e p h o sp h o ru s i n t a k e .
E x cess
c a lc iu m i n th e r a t i o n was a s s o c i a t e d w ith a h ig h e r p e r c e n ta g e
o i c a r o te n e i n th e p la sm a .
T h is a s s o c i a t i o n a p p e a re d t o be
in d e p e n d e n t from th e in f l u e n c e o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y ,
10,
P ro lo n g e d p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y a l t e r e d th e body c o n fo rm a tio n ,
a p p a r e n tly by r e s t r i c t i n g g ro w th o f th e s k e le t o n p r i m a r i l y t o
tn e lo n g b o n es o f t h e l e g s , and so p roduced u p s ta n d in g a n im a ls
w ith s h a llo w b o d ie s .
T h is c o n d i tio n was e s p e c i a l l y w e ll
d e v e lo p e d i n one s t e e r f e d a d e f i c i e n t p h o sp h o ru s r a t i o n w ith
e x c e s s c a lc iu m .
E x c e ss c a lc im c a c c e n tu a t e s t h i s e f f e c t o f
p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y ,
11,
The symptoms o f p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n c y o b se rv e d i n t h i s e x p e r i­
m ent w ere:
im p a ire d fe e d u t i l i z a t i o n , r e d u c t io n i n r a t e o f
g a i n , p o o r f e e d c o n su m p tio n , d e p ra v e d a p p e t i t e , e m a c ia tio n ,
ro u g h h a i r c o a t , s t i f f n e s s o f th e h in d l e g s , e n la rg e m e n t o f th e
k n e e s and h o c k s , and a l t e r a t i o n o f body c o n fo rm a tio n .
12,
A c a s e o f p h o s p h a te t e t a n y i n a s t e e r i s d e s c r ib e d w hich was
in d u c e d by d re n c h in g w ith 0 .7 6 gram s p e r k ilo g ra m o f body
w e ig h t o f monosodium p h o s p h a te .
13 ,
The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a p h o sp h a te d re n c h t o p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t
s t e e r s , fe d r a t i o n s d e f i c i e n t i n p h o sp h o ru s w ith n o rm al and
-95-
e x c e s s o n lc iu m , c a u s e d a m arked Im provem ent i n f e e d consump­
t i o n , f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , w e ig h t g a i n s , v i g o r , and g e n e r a l a p p e a r­
ance.
The a p p e t i t e o f th e a n o r e x ic s t e e r s re s p o n d e d t o th e
d re n c h w i t h i n AB h o u r s ,
1 4 . L ig n in hod no e f f e c t on th e a p p a r e n t d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f th e s e
s t e e r r a t i o n s a s t e s t e d w ith la m b s ,
1 5 . S to o r a w in te r e d on p h o sp h o ru s d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n s w ith no rm al
o r e x c e s s iv e c a lc iu m made e x c e l l e n t g a in s on summer p a s tu r e
when p r o p e r ly su p p le m e n te d .
-96-
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