The determination of the beta-carotene and vitamin A content of Montana butter from different areas at
various seasons and after storage
by John L Brence
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Committee in partial fulfullment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Dairy Industry at Montana State College
Montana State University
© Copyright by John L Brence (1944)
Abstract:
Fifteen samples of Montana butter produced in the Lewistown, Miles City, Havre, Ronan and Boseman
areas in the late spring, fall and late winter seasons were studied, The micrograms of beta-carotene and
vitamin A per gram of butterfat were determined on one sample from each area in each season by the
method outlined by the Technical Committee on Vitamin Research on butter and the International
Units per pound of butter (81 percent butterfat) was calculated from the beta-carotene and vitamin A
values.
The beta-carotene and vitamin A values of the butter were determined on each sample from each area
in each season, when fresh, after holding for 30 days at 40°F. and after storage for 90 days and for 180
days at 0°F.
The beta-carotene content of the fresh butters produced in the late spring was the highest of the three
seasons studied, regardless of the area in which they were produced. She vitamin A content was more
uniform in the spring season than in the other two seasons studied. This was attributed to the green
grass pastures that were prevalent in all the areas in this season.
The calculated vitamin A potency of the spring butter averaged 22,830 International Units per pound.
The ranges for the fall butter were from 20,611 to 15,908 International Units per pound and for the late
winter butter from 25,498 to 15,504 International Units per pound.
The butters showed no appreciable changes in the beta-carotene or vitamin A values when stored at
0°F. for 90 days. When stored for 180 days at this temperature, the beta-carotene values were not
noticeably changed, but the vitamin A tended to show decreases in value. This tendency was
particularly marked in the butter samples produced in the fall season.
Butter held for 30 days at 40°F. showed no significant changes in the beta-carotene content, The
vitamin A values were higher in most of the samples thus held. . fas
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Submitted to th e W aduate QoBimittee
'Sb p a rtia l fulfillm ent of the Uequisements
fo r the degree of
Master of Science in M ixy Industry
'Si Montana Stht# QollegO
Appsot.eds
TM
H Graduate QommittOO
Boseman, Montana
May, 19% ■
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TABLTi OF COSTS NTS
Page
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Llet of Tables
3
List of Figures
3
Abstract
U
Introduction
5
Review of Literature
7
Procedure
13
Sampling Procedure
16
Experimental Procedure
IS
Results
28
Discussion of Results
36
Summary and Conclusions
39
Literature Cited
Ua
Aoknowledgment
45
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Um- Of EABlBS
Pag®
faU e
I,
II.
ill.
She Beua-Gas-oteQe and Vitamin 4 Goateht of Weeh Shtte??
and Sntteh Stoyed for 90 Bays # O0W 6 Expressed la
Hiorosrams per Oram of' Bntterfat „ International W its
per Oram o f Butterfat and International "Gaits per Pound
of Butter (81.0 pendent fat content) „ Worn Hre Areas
in Montana and from three Seasons of the fear
30
the leta-Garotene and Vitamin A Gonteht of fresh Butter
and Butter Stored for 180 days At O0F.*» !p ressed in
Mlorograms per Gram of Butterfat, International units
per Gram of Butterfat and International Units per Pound
o f Butter (81*0 percent fat content)» from Fir® Areas
in Montana and Worn Shree Seasons of the fear
33
She Beta-Garotene and Vitamin A Goatemt of Fresh Butter
and Butter Held for 30 days at Uo0F .». Bspressed in
Micrograms per Gram of Butterfa t. International Units
per Grm of Butterfat and International Units per Pound
of Butter (81.0 percent fa t content), From Five Arens
in Montana and Worn Shree Seasons
t
33
'
I.
g.
3.
BI 85* OF PSGGRBS
Reference curve f o r "beta-carotene in Skellysolve B solu­
tio n , constructed "by p lo ttin g the colorim etric B 440
readings (expressed as 8-log G values on the abscissa)
against the respective concentrations o f beta-carotene .
in Gkellysolvo B solution (expressed as micrograms per
m illilite r on the ordinate)
80
Reference curve fo r beta-carotene In chloroform solution»
constructed by p lo ttin g the colorimetric I WG readings
(expressed as 2-log G values on th e abscissa) against
th e respective concentrations of beta-carotene in
chloroform solution (expressed as mlerograms per m illi­
l i t e r on the ordinate)
22
Reference curve fo r vitamin A, constructed by p lo ttin g
the colorim etric B 620 readings (expressed, as 2-log G
values on the abscissa) against the respective concen­
tra tio n s of vitamin A alcohol In chloroform solution
(expressed as micrograms per m illilite r on the ordinate)
24
Jt-
fifte e n aaaplee of Montana W W prodacod In the B w isto w »
Milas Oltyfr Hawe, Sonan and Boseman areas In the la te spring* fa ll
and la te winter seasons Wre studied, She migfggrams o f Beta-carotene
and vitamin A per gram of W tte rfa t vere determined on one sample from
each area in each season hy the method outlined hy the Technical Goamitts© on Vitamin Research on h a tte r and the international B hlts par
pound o f Butter (SI percent B utterfat) -tins calculated from the Betacarotene and vitamin A values*
fhe Beta-carotene and vitamin A values of the B utter were deter­
mined on each sample from each area in each season* when fresh* a fte r ■
holding f o r 30 days a t Uo0Fe and a fte r storage fo r $0 days and for ISO
days at O0F*
The Beta-carotene content of the fresh Butters produced in the
la te spring was the highest of the three seasons studied, regardless
of the area in thick, they were produced, The vitamin A content was
more uniform In the spring season than in the other two seasons studied.
This was attributed to the green grass pastures that were prevalent in
a l l the areas in th is season.
The calculated vitamin A potency of the spring Butter averaged
22*350 international Units per pound. The ranges fo r the f a l l Butter
were from 20*611 to 15,906 international Units per pound and fo r the
la te winter Butter from 25*^93 to I5 ,50h international Units per
pound*
The Butters showed no appreciable changes in the Beta-carotene
or vitamin A values when stored at O0F* fo r 90 days. VJhan stored fo r
ISO days a t th is temperature* the Beta-CBrotene values were not
noticeably changed* But the vitamin A tended to show decreases in
value. This tendency was p a rtic u larly marked-in the Butter samples
produced in the f a l l season.
B utter held fo r 30 ,days a t W0F* showed no significant changes
in the Beta-carotene content.. The vitamin A values were higher in
most of the samples thus held.
m asam w m
Butter i s faaognisea as a food of Mgh rn trltiv o value, ovSng
the f a # th at i t not only contains a lasge percentage of ©nevgypx-oducing milk fat* M t is also a good source of Vitamin A,
1% fa c t,
n u tritio n is ts regard M tte r as the most Important natural source of
vitamin A in the average M eriean d ie t, and l i s t M tte r &@ one of the
essen tial foods fo r adequate human n u tritio n ,
" VMle the composition of hut te r, tilth respect to I ts f a t and
moisture content, Ie regulated hy State and. federal laws, no effo rt
has "been made to regulate o r standardise i t s vitamin A content.
Doubt­
le s s , th is has been due to & lack of means fo r the accurate determina-,
tlo n of the vitw iin A content of b u tte r,,
In 1930, Moore (Si) presented evidence to show th at the colorless
substance, vitamin A, m s derived from @yellow plant pigment, carotene,
the conversion taking place in the liv e rs of herbivorous animals.
It
has fu rther been shown by Karrer ( Eh) th a t among the various forms of
carotene, beta-carotene has the greatest Vitamin A a c tiv ity and that
each molecule of beta-carotene is capable of giving r is e to two mole­
cules of vitamin A.
Since then,. I t has become apparent that a deter­
mination of the vitamin A potency of b u tte r, an, animal product* neces­
s ita te s the measurement of both vitamin A6 the converted material,,
and beta-carotene, the unconverted precursor of vitamin A,
During the p a # fifte e n years, a number of - studies have indicated
th at the beta-carotene and vitamin A content of b u tter varies from time
to time,
Semb, Baumann and- Steeabock (27) have definitely show that
She vitamin. A content of httttie^fat varies seasonally, due to kind of
feed consumed "by She coy, and that differen t breeds of eows, consuming
the same Mnd of feed, M il secret© milk f a t that contains different
percentages of vitamin A, fhese investigators also report th a t m m
in the early stage of la c ta tio n w ill produce milk f a t with a higher
vitamin A content than in the la te stage of lactatio n . ■
While work has been done in a few s ta te s to determine the betacarotene and vitamin A content of the b u tte r they produce, no studies
have been made on Montana b u tte r.
I t would be of value commercially
a s well as from a n u tritio n al standpoint to know the vitamin A potency
of Montana butter,, as produced in the d iffe re n t areas of the sta te
during the various seasons, and after storage.
If these fa c ts were
Iraom5f the n u tritiv e value of Montana b u tte r could be more fu lly evalu­
ated and possibly some corrective measures could be advanced to produce
b u tte r of a more uniform beta-carotene and vitamin A content.
A national cooperative project f o r the determination of the vitamin
A potency of commercial b u tte r sold in the various sta te s was approved
by the directors of the Association o f land Grant Ooileges In Hovember
19h i.
5?he pro ject was o riginally recommended by the Oommittee on food
and I u tr itio a of the national Be search Oouncil * She object was to
ascertain the actual v ariatio n in the vitamin A values of commercial
b u tte rs in towns and c itie s located in d ifferen t regions of the linited
States,.
Zn cooperation with the national p ro je c t, th is study was Under­
taken to determine the beta-carotene and vitamin A content of butter
7aado ItL Siffas1Qnt areas o f Montana la different seasoae.
$h© effect of
holding the "butter at different temperaturea fo r different periods of
time t/as also included in the study,
o f Li1B iM m m
Booth9 Kon, Bana and Moofe (5) found th a t the to ta l vitamin A
a c tiv ity of summer huttenfat m s about three times greater than that
of winter W o terfat0 Serah9 Baumann and Steenbooh (27)6 reporting on
fiv e d ifferen t breeds of dairy c a ttle •> sta te th at the vitamin A con­
te n t of the milk f a t v aries seasonally with the feed*
Wen the feed
contained a rela tiv e ly high carotene content the milk f a t also eon=*
tained a high beta^earotene and vitamin A content# and then the feed
contained a low carotene content the resu ltin g milk f a t was also low
in beta-carotene and vitamin Ae Kemerer and Kraps (lh) determined
the vitamin A potency of fes&s b u tters and found some v ariatio n from
month to month, Btey found the vitamin A contest ranging from 42.6
International Units p er gram of b u tter in April down to 31«0 Inter­
national. Units in October b u tte r,
ICoelin (16) investigated the feasi­
b ili ty of winter pastures in Alabama and found that cows produced milk
f a t 88 high in vitamin A potency on winter pasture as they did on summer
pasture,
Ee compared the carotene content o f the winter pasture grasses
with th a t of the summer pasture grasses and found no sig n ifican t dif­
ference,
from these reports i t appears th a t season alone does not have an
influence on the vitamin A potency of milk f a t.
Biere also seems to be
a. relationship between |he garp&eae in 6h© f.eed ,congitmed Iby the pow ■
in a p a rtic u la r reason^and t&e vitsmin A potency..of, the milfe. f a t.
. Moore (22); Baumann,, Steenhoek6 Beeson and Ibtpel ( l ) i B lla p 8 ■
Heilbyon # Morton,,'Bi shop and Brtppond (10) | and Boy6 Hiitoa., Wilbur .and
Bauge (19) found ■that feed ,of high oarotene aoatent increased both the
, beta»carotene. and Titamin & content of the resu ltin g b u tte r and that
r feeding a low carotene feed, fo r prolonged periods of time decreased both
the beta-carotene Md the Tltemln A,
fM s i s further supported by the
# r h Of H lltonst Wilbur and Hauge Cl l ) who.found th a t fresh luxuriantly •
growing pastures and good Quality silages and hays are the principal
soureea of carotene #
.
the ratio n s pf dairy cattle,-. . f h e ir study showed
th a t -cows on blue grass pasture produced milk f a t of high Tltamiu.4
ralne*, but when, timothy hay was substituted fo r blue grass pasture*, the
Tltamin A Talua of milk f a t , dropped markedly;
However t- when good quality
a lfa lfa hay was substituted fo r the timothy.hay the vitamin A potency of
the milk f a t wsa restored almost to th a t produced when the cows were on
pasture.
Ire ic h le r , . Grlmes and Praps (30) r Uslpg white and yellow corn
a s a source of carotene in the cows' ratio n , found th at in SB weeks the
carotene content of the b u tte rfat decreased 99 percent when white corn
wa$ fed and 97 percent when yellow corn was fed.
proved to be poor sources o f carotene.
White and yellow corn
When cows that had been depleted
.Cf Titamin A fo r 6o days were gras.ed on green, pasture fiv e hours a day
fo r three, days the vitamin A content of the milk fat,'!increased almostto the normal le v el.
A fter the three days on.grass, feed the vitamin A
Content of the butt erf at varied only slig h tly with the Increase in the
■stiaftegr-a# days oa pasW e i "but the teSa^aapotaae eontent eteadtly la*
eraased up to 70 hours oa pasture,
Kraus® and WaghhWn ( l ? ) , deter­
mining the carotene content, of green iegw es to he made into silage
and th e ir lo ss of CWoteae la handling* found that hy the time the
.alfalfa had reached the s ilo 27.7 percent o f the carotene had been lo s t.
Peterson? Bird and Beeson (25) > Investigating the *.!,?* silage as a
source of carotene $ determined that continuous feeding o f
silage
during the winter months maintained & higher beta-carotene and t Itamin a
content In the mills f a t than th at produced cm hay.feeds.
Hodgson, M o tt,
Hurer and Graves (12) found, on a three year average« th a t f ie ld cured
hay had 15 micrograms of carotene per gram o f dry matter, grass silage 59,
hay and silage 197, &nd pasture 259. When these ratio n s were fed to
S clstein cows they produced b u tts rfa ts with an average beta-carotene
I
content of 3*6* 6*5« 6.2 and 7*9 micrograms per gram, respectively.
Shese researches again Indicate th at there In s d irect relatio n ­
ship between the carotene content of the feed fed to cows and the beta*
carotene and'vitamin A content of the’ b u tie rfa t produced*
B a work o f Button and Srauas (25) indicates that there are dif­
ferences in the a b ility . Of breeds to transmit, feed carotene Into -milk
carotene, B e y found the bata-carotene content ■to be the highest in
Guernsey, second highest in Jersey, next highest in Holstein and lowest
in Ayrshire milk f a t,
B e vitamin A content was the lowest in the
Guernsey milk f a t end highest in the Holstein milk f a t ,
B e to ta l
Vitamin A. potencies of the Holstein and Guernsey milk f a ts were- approx­
imately equal * B e milk f a t from Holstein s and Guernseys was sig n ifl-
eSmiU y moi’e potent than th at from eith er the Ayrshire o r Jersey Weeds6
Moore (22) concluded from M s investigations that physiological factors
determining the presence o f carotene in the f a t M il vary M th the breed
and may vary between animals of the same breed.
Watson, SiShop and
Prtomond (31% experimenting M th Ayrshire and Shorthorn cows? noticed
th a t Ayrshire cows, subjected to similar' feeds as the. Shorthorn cows
responded sim ilarly in carotene production but at lower le v e ls, Baumann»
Steenbook, Beeson and Bupel ( l) found th at variations in e ith e r carotene
o r the vitamin a content of butt erf at from individual cows of the same i
breed may deviate as, much as 100 percent in amount, but th at definite
tendencies in breeds were dominant*
They found that the carotene con­
te n t was h ig h est.in Guernsey milk f a t and lowest in Holstein and Ayrshire
fats*
They also found th at the vitamin A was highest in Holstein and
lowest in Guernsey butter*
When b u tters from differen t breeds on the
same rations were -compared, inverse relationships between carotene and
vitamin A were revealed*
When carotene was high* vitamin A tended to
be low, and when vitamin A was high* carotene tended to be low.
Borhbushf Heterson and ©Ison (9), in comparing various grades of
Wieccnsin market milks* found that Guernsey milk was low in vitamin A
content but high in beta-carotene, p artic u larly during the pasture season
The carotene content of the Guernsey milk was IT micrograms per gram of
milk f a t in October, as compared with 9-9 micrograms per gram fo r an
average of 3%5 other mixed breed samples fo r the months of September
and October in the same year*
Hiltonj Wilbur end .Hauge (11) summarised
th a t when dairy c a ttle gr&se on the same pasture
or are fed the same
hay and silage ratio n there M il be no significant difference In the
Sotal vitemia A value of the milk fat geeveted hy the different bree&at
She above studies seem to ooafismi the fact that the milk fa t jdvodueed
by the different bfeeds of daivy cattle varies ia beta-oayotehe and
vitamin A COateftt hut the total VitWih A potency i s about the SWe for
a l l breeds,
%pefimeatal evidence has been presented by Semb» Banaaan and
Steehboeh (27)* Mna (B) s and Heamerey and Byaps (l4) th at the milk
produced in the early stages of lactatio n contains a higher carotene
and vitamin A content than that produced in the la te r stages of the
la c ta tio n period.
Some Wfk has been done on the effect of storage* under different
Conditions, on the vitamin A potency of b u tte rs,
Olson, Hegsted and
Peterson (23) stored b u tter a t 12o0, fo r three ueeks, then held i t at
the freezing temperature fo r ten. days and again stored i t a t 12°G. fo r
lh days,
Ehese storage periods did not re su lt in any appreciable change
in carotene and vitamin A values, Berl and Peterson (4) $ and Bamaaan
and Steenbock (2 ), using lower storage temperatures * found th a t butter
stored fo r six to eight months a t a temperature ranging from O6G, down
to -23°0, did not depreciate in beta-carotene or vitamin A value,
Orav=*
fo rd , Perry and Bilva (7) made biological determinations and found no
lo ss in vitamin & potency of Australian end lev Seaiand b u tte rs stored _
from one to three years,
Ehe same investigators found a d efin ite loss
in the vitamin a a c tiv ity in some Sngiish b u tte r a fte r storage fo r two
years; however* the storage temperature of these butters was not given.
In considering other storage conditions* Boeshardt and Barrett (6) found
--m ,
t W b u tte r QOntGminatea \4.%% copper Qr tdtfc a combination of copper and
manganese resulted In; the destruction of e; considerable portiod of the
-beta-carotene content Of the b u tte rfat upon storage.. % e Investigators
apparently did not determine the effect, of the metals on the vitamin A
■stability®
RrpkovCby$ S ills, and Percy (lS) observed th a t the development of
oily-tallowy and. tallowy flavors in milk f a t was accompanied by corres­
ponding looses In th e ir carotene and vitamin n value < and concluded
th a t the osrldation Of the double bonds, in the beta-carotene and Vitamin A
molecules destroyed th e ir vitamin & activity:®
W the other hand^ Shrew-
bury and Krayhill (28) and lillc ie (32) found th at b u tte r contains' -natural..
antioxidants which protect the carotene and vitamin A from the destructive
action bf' oxygen and rays, of the bus®
Baumann and steenbock (2); and Kemmerer and praps (ih) found th a t
the ac id ity of Cream before- churning' had no ,e ffect on the vitamin A
a c tiv ity o f th e b u tter,
% difference was observed ift vitamin A activ ity
of b u tte r made from sweet and sour cream.
From these two ■studies i t
might be inferred th a t developed acidity o f the cream or the amount of
n e u tra lise r used to standardise the ac id ity of the cream before churning
does not have any effect on the vitamin A potency of the b u tte rfa t in
the resulting b u tte r,
She amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A per gram of milk f a t
found by the various Investigators: in-different- p arts of the United
.States varied over a wide range of values, as reported by Berl and
i
-13{4) s
and
(14)? Bombyeh, PeSersoa end ©Ison (9) f
ICoehn (±6)5 Olson, Begefced and Peterson (23)1 Hodgson, Enofcfe5 Muren and
©raves (12) $ and Bsnmaim and Sfceenfeoek ( 2).
jTheae scien tists found that
the hefea-earotene Content of milk fafc ranged from 1.9 micrograms per
gram o f milk fa t in March fco 9-9 micrograms per gram in September,. !Hie
Vlfeamln A content ranged from 4,2 micregrams per gram in January to 2S.g
micrograms per gram hnfcfeerfat in August,
%e range of vitamin A for com­
mercial butter was 35 to 30 international Bnits per gram of fa t,
pm om m
SoPrce of the Butter Samples
After reviewing the varied re su lts of studies made throughout the
Hafeion, i t seemed desirable to determine the vitamin A potency of
Montana b u tte r to see how the re su lts compare with the re su lts obtained
in other p a rts of the Bnited States,
In order to obtain b u tte r samples
th at would represent the different p arts of Montana, the sta te was
a r b itr a r ily divided into fiv e production areas, each of which was
chosen to representt es nearly as possible, feed and clim atic conditions
fo r th a t p art o f the statefhe area in Gallafcin Oouafcy surrounding Soneman was selected fco
represenfc the south cen tral p art of the sta te .
gated area*
some legumes,
This i s a typical i r r i ­
the pasture forage consists mainly of mired grasses and
She majority of the pastures are irrig ated and produce
green succulent feed from May u n til early f a l l » when the grass becomes
mature and begins fco dry.
A lfalfa, cured under dry weather conditions.
pro duea s $ hay of # green color A ich i s the principal hay1.fed duping
the f a l l , winter and early spring seasons.
predominates in th is area.
She Holatain hnsed of Sows
She cows freshen during the en tire year*,
hut prohahly the greatest number freshen, in the spring.
B e area in hake County surrounding Honan w n selected to represent
that part of the state lying w est'of We continental divide. H raotiealiy
a il' of the agrieuiturai section i n th is area is irrig ated and nearly' a l l
!
of the cream produced In W ih h re a Cones- from the Irrig ated farms.
Be
pastures a which are irrig a te d during the e n tire growing seasons „ contain
Chiefly blue grass and white clover.
B e climate Ie somewhat milder and
the grcning season is & l i t t l e longer than th at of We Soneman area.
Hot unlike the Soseman area-, the principal hay i s high-grade a lfa lfa .
' B e predominating breeds o f dairy c a ttle l a th is area are Soisteia m d
Cuerusey* B e cows freshen, during th e en tire year* hut probably W
la rg e st number freshen M- Me spring.
. ,
B e Miles- City area la Custer- County represented Me eastern part
of Me -state* which I s prim arily a dry land area.. B e re I s some irrM
gatioa M Me Yellowstone- B iter f alley and In. .some of the trib u tary
valleys there there |s ' su fficien t water.
However» the majority of Me
farms aye oh dry land.. B f dry land pastures consist p rin c ip a lly -pf
■■native grass with a l s i l l e 'Sweet, clover * while those on 'MO- irrig ate d
farms consist of mimed grasses and some legumes-, B e native grass
' ,
^
'
pastures on dry land .are green and .succulent M the -spring end early
summer* but M the la te summer and Me early f a l l the grass i s generally
dry .and resembles bleached hay,
B e f a l l of 19% was an exceptionally
Ayy aessaa m the cows 'W e oa teyy pooy gW&ty fqmge foy a leader
pgytod them uenal,
I t Ie the pyaetide la th is area to ta rn the cows
ea the siW ble and. corn stalls fie ld s W tey the crops am harteeteA and
there is very l i t t l e green pasture feed available,
$he dry land hays
consist of sweet Olovey and alfalfa* cereal hays, corn fodder, m ille t,
eoyghrm and the native grass hay. On the irrig a te d sections the hay
i s principally a lfa lfa ,
Ihe Soleteia tre a d o f cows predominates "by a
small margin* the re s t aye grade cows, and some are of the beef type.
P ra ctic ally a l l of the cows in th is area freshen in the spring,
Oentyal Koatana was represented hy an area in Peygns Oonnty enryounding lewlstotm, .which" consisted of dry land farms,
fixe area has .a
higher annual rainfall than that of Miles Oity1and growing conditions
am somewhat more favorable, hut the growing season is shorter,
fShe
pastures consist of native grass, which i s green in the spring and mm=*
mey h # d%y in the early fa ll*
# e hay crops are about the same as for
the i-iiles Gity dry land section,
the Holstein breed of cows predominates
by a small margin* the rest of the milk cows are grades.
lShe majority
of the cows freshen in the .spying,
She Havre area In H ill Gounty was selected to represent the north
central p art o f.th e state# which i s prim arily a dry land area.
It re­
ceives about the same annual ra in fa ll a* the Miles Gity area but there
la much le s s irrig a tio n in th is d istric t*
§?M pasture consists of
native grass, which i s succulent during the spring and early summer# but
d ries up in the la te summer and f a l l and becomes bleached.
After the
j crops are harvested in the f a l l the cows are turned on the stubblf i f i e l d # ; u j;, ?
WlWe there is' practically m green feed,,: %e hay Ih th is area consists
of native grass* cereal hays &m illet and some alfalfa.
She Holstein
hr&ed predominates W & narrtio- margins the rest of the s ilk cOws a #
grades,
The majority of the -cows freshen In the Spring.. -
Conditions in the fiv e areas selected to represent the state were ■
a good cross sect ion of the kinds of feeds and climatic conditions which
prevailed in 19^3 9 the year in which the study was #&e& The1 Oiimatic
conditions fo r the" seasons studied were normal for the la te r winter" and
la te Spring6. hat the f a ll season was somewhat- drier than aenall
This
resulted in. a greater amount of dry f a ll pasture- forage in the areas '
Studied,.
- Sampling Hrecedure
Three times during, the year a butter sample» consisting of two .
one-pound -print $ of commercial butter was ebtatued from a creamery in
each of the fir e areas selected in the # # e , .
The samples were always
accompanied by a complete pasteurisation and' churning record.
The f i r s t samples obtained from each area were from but to r churned
In the early p art Cf April 19^3 and represented la te winter feeding
conditions*
The. second samples obtained were from b u tte r churned
during the middle part of dune 19^3* and .represented green grass p astu re ,.
Or spring, feeding conditions,
The th ird samples from each area were
from butter' churned -during the middle p a rt of. October 1943* and repre- .
seated'dry pasture, forage In dry land areas ,and some .green feeds of
g reater maturity i s the irrig ate d sections*:' or f a ll conditions., ..
tfhea eecelve&i each oae-potmd
i& the two pound sample was
divided into h alf pounds * malting four half-pound samples from each
ehuming made in e&eh area.
One sample was- analysed a t ones fo r W a -
oBrotene and vitamin 4 content.
One sample was held in storage fo r
th ir ty days at Uo0S1. and then analysed.
$be other two samples were
stored a t O0? , , one being held fo r 90 days and the other fo r 180 days
before analyses were made fo r "their beta-d&rotene and vitamin A content.
B e temperatures of the refrig erato rs in which the b u tte r samples were
stored were held f a ir ly constant.
B e 10 gram sample used in each determination for- the beta-carotene
and vitamin A content of the b u tte r was taken in the same manner in a l l
cases.
A slice of b u tter one centimeter thick was cut from, one of the
outside surfaces of the h alf pound sample and discarded.
B en the
sample to be tested was obtained by cutting a slice of b u tte r one centi­
meter wide and one and one-half centimeters thick across the h a lf pound
sample next to the freshly cut surface-.
B e sample cut In th is manner
had one side and two ends that had been exposed to the parchment wrapper
and three, sides th a t were fresh b u tte r surface and weighed approximately
XO grams.
B e weight of the sample was adjusted to 10 grams-
by adding to or removing b u tter from the fresh cut surface.
0*01 g.)
B i s method
of sampling was adopted because i t was considered th at i t represented as
nearly as possible the manner in. which pounds of b u tte r are divided fo r
consumption in the home.
B e sample used fo r determining the f a t and
moisture contents was cut In the same manner as the sample fo r the betacarotene and vitamin A determinations.
mpmiWmAa pB oam m
She cheaical t e e #
the
and v ltm th A content of
the Tmtt©3?.wera carried hut- in accordance i4 th the'method outlined by
the Technical Committee on Vitamin Heseareh on b u tte r (20) „ Hefoye
beta»carotene OS’ vitamin A valued could b# measure dp. i t was necessary
to calib rate the measuring instrument* a photoelectric, colorimeter^
with pure beta-carotene in a Shellysolve B solution» pure beta-carotene
in a chloroform solution/ and cry stallin e vitamin A alcohol in a chloro­
form solutions, and p lo t a reference curve, fo r each solution.
The Hfelyn photoelectric colorimeter1 m $ oalibrhted with pure
beta-carotene2 in both chloroform and Shelly Solve B Solutions*
A series
of 12 solutions Cf beta-carotene whs prepared in duplicate ,containing
0 ,s , 0*4* 0,6*. 0*8* 1 .0 , 1*3* 1,4* 1*6, 1*8* 2,0* a*2, and 2.4 micrograms of beta-carotene p er m illilite r ,
The, beta-carotene readings fo r
both solvents were made using the 440 millimicron f i l t e r in the colori­
meter,
The center settin g fo r the galvanometer* or the point a t WiCh
the galvanometer needle had to be set before making a reading* w e
determined fo r each solvent,
This blank reading m s made by inserting
a tube containing 10 m illilite r s of the pure solvent into the tube holder
of the instrument and settin g the galvanometer needle a t 100,
With the
tub© and solvent removed, the point a t which the galvanometer needle
I*
Manufactured by the Hnbicon Oompanyif Philadelphia* Pa*
2,
Garotene (Provitamin A) obtained from.the Eastman Hbdak Go.
(lumber- 370S) Heta-Carotetie 90$ and Alpha-Carotene 10^,
-19m s the co lter settin g fo r-Bhat p a rtic u la r solvent, Using the
proper center settin g on the galvanometer, the series of Waive eolations
Of the beta-carotene were read In the colorimeter to fin d the h 44g
galvanometer readings corresponding to these, carotene concentrations^
A reference curve fo r beta-carotene in Gkellysolve B m s con­
structed by p lo ttin g the 12 colorimetric I h4o readings, expressed as
2-leg G values * on the abscissa# against the respective concentrations
of beta-carotene in Skellysolve B solution# expressed as microgrems
per m illilite r on the ordinate,
S i s curve i s given in figure I and
m s referred to in calculating the beta-carotene content in the samples
of b u tte r,
A facto r m s calculated from the reference curve fo r beta-carotene
in Skeilysoive B fo r the purpose of comparing th is curve u ith curves
p lo tted by other workers.
Bxis fa c to r m s calculated by finding the
ra tio fo r each solution read by dividing the mlcrograms of beta-carotene
per m illilite r of the Skellyselve B solution by the respective colori­
metric I %0 reading's, expressed as 2-leg S values.
The sum of these
ra tio s was divided by the number of solutions read gad the resulting
quotient of 2.62 was the fa c to r.
Bhis fa c to r applied only to the
galvanometer readings above 5 ^ because the curve fo r galvanometer
readings below 50^ i s not a straight lin e since the facto r increased
•progressively with the additional concentration of beta-carotene, Bhe
fa c to r 2.62 does not agree with the facto r 2»93 found by Berl and
Peterson (h) fo r galvanometer readings above
p lo tted .
m the curve they
Bhese investigators calibrated the instrument they used
m m m
I r
a
S ro a ijtig i
gg a i romggro:!Htta
ti^ t-
: : r.
B I
■
2 .2
Sg:
-
m—
I
: ::::
a r n
# #
a
%
i
»
B
IR;
jg m
la & m
i# # ro ro # ro
4*0
EEftI
m
Sp p
# 0 #
a
I
I Erl MTfH+
3^agftfr
I
ro
^ r o ro r o ro
l l l ^ f e i
o ,s
i# # | ^
IS iro
'
y
^
f
c
m
# #
m
0»2 —
0.«;
0.3
0.F
0.7
S i i B |; f
"ro $
M -M l.*
W w eTic onrr-
torVt f - iUWttt-HO In @WU"'olT# 3 -olutlott, C9—tTuot.-t Iy
platting Xbt ootorir^tric L Wk) reeditv;e texpreetmd as P-Iory > wluee o»_tke
,-Arsines) Agiunst the resr»ctive concentrations of h#ta*e#po%**# in Tzeiiyeolvo ri solution (exr-reesed es eicrosre^n per w iH iU inr on the nrdi#te)
'
iro
M&b a ’beua-earo-beae material, obtainsd. Stom a different Sotireg1 mmoly,
the D istilla tio n Products Inet » Eoehester5 H, f e fhe difference Oetwen
these %m facto rs may possibly he tee to a difference i& the two "betacarotene m aterials Usedi
Plgure 2 show the reference curve fo r beta-carotene In chloro­
form solution „ which w e constructed in the same manner as the reference
curve fo r beta-carotene in Shelly solve B solution.
IM s curve w s
referred to in the calculation of the beta-carotene concentration in
the vitamin A solutions,
She calibration o f the photoelectric colorimeter fo r vitamin A
w s made by using c ry sta llin e vitamin A alcohol^ in chloroform* A series
of twelve solutions w e prepared containing from I to 12 micrograms of
vitamin A per m illilite r of chloroform.
A blank reading m s made by
mixing one m il lili te r of chloroform and $ m illilite r s of antimony t r i ­
chloride reagent to fin d the center getting on the galvanometer*
%be
vitamin A readings' were- made with the 620 millimicron f i l t e r in the '
colorimeter.
After the Instrument had been adjusted to the proper center set­
tin g a tube containing one m illilite r of the prepared vitamin A solu­
tio n was Inserted into the colorimeter- and 9 m illilite r s of .antimony
trich lo rid e reagent was rapidly added from- a p ip ette and the galvan*
3* Crystalline vitamin a alcohol, obtained from the B ietlllatlon
Products Inc. * Rochester, H, t . , Control K llS
-
1.0
-
ZZ-
K icrograzns o f b e t a - c a r o te n e o e r
1.2
2 - lo g G v a lu e s
l e f e r e n c e c u rv e f o r b e t a - c a r o te n e i n c h lo ro fo rm s o l u t i o n , c o n s tr u c t e d b y p l o t t i n g
th e c o l o r i m e t r i c L UUo r e a d in g s ( e x p r e s s e d a s 2 - lo g G v a lu e s on th e a b s c is s a )
a g a i n s t th e r e s p e c t i v e c o n c e n tr a ti o n s o f b e t a - c a r o t e n e in c h lo ro fo rm s o lu ti o n
( e x p r e s s e d a s m ic ro 0Tams o e r m i l l i l i t e r on th e o r d in a t e )
omasey
polat of tomporc#'
reposted for eaoh of the twelve solmtloas,
This pfocedus*© wao
%e reference onrve for
v itm ia /i v;ea constructed hy plotting the colorimetric £ 6S0 readings ^
GBpressed ao 2-log d valpee oa the atsoissa, against the respective
concentrations of vitamin A alcohol in chloroform solution $ expressed
ns microgrms per m illilite r on the ordinate* (figure 35
A facto r was calculated from th is curve fo r the purpose of com­
paring i t with the curves p lo tted "by other workers* Shls facto r Pad
calculated "by finding the ra tio fo r each of the 12 solutions, by
dividing the mlcrogr&ms of Vitamin A alcohol per m illilite r of chloro­
form solution by the respective galvanometer I 620 readingsf expressed
as 2-log & value a* lhe sum of these ra tio s was divided by the 12 readings,
and the resu ltin g quotient of 1*38- Q,0h was the facto r,
fhe facto r .
1.38- 0,0k compares favorably with the factor. 1*39- 0,06 found by Banter
and'Sobesoa (3) of the D istillation Products„ Inc* laboratories.
She
factor 1. 32-fh o h did not compare so favorably with the factor 1,33- o,oG
found by Berl and Peterson (h) s who used a crystalline vitamin A alcohol
material obtained from the D istillation Products.* Inc*
She following procedure fo r the determination of beta-carotene and
vitamin A was carried out a t room temperature and in subdued lig h t ,
A ten gram ( - 0*01 gram) sample of butter of known fa t content was
put into, a 2§0 m illilite r saponification flask equipped with a. glass
pointed refluK Condenser and a mixture of fiv e m illilite r s of saturated
potassium hydroxide and twenty m illilite r s of absolute methanol was
added,
1‘h© butterfat in. the mixture was saponified by heating Sn a/
-- ic r o c T ^ R o f v ita m in A a lo o h o l -t n r r I l l l l l S c r
2-log Q valtM*
!figure 5■gli-:'B»f‘ip'inoe eurve for Vttrmir A1 cOnvtrQetfHi by - lit t in # thr eolarleatrlc I 620 reel*
ltt^a (eJS'rraced flsr, 2*lo: S: value* Oft the ftbtftl***) 11##*&*#%.fhft
ifconafennS i i i t l o n ^ d f t r l tm a ln A a l c o h o l i n e b l o r o f n r r f n r lu tio n ( e x n re ts e f l a * m ic r o r r a e s i T .%
IIiyEEHl
polling
tot:
$%###%
®ie s&yottifi;6d a a te ^ # ! ### diluted
. w ith 40 m illilite r s of di B tlliM
and e o a iM to room to% efaW #„
5$?his material mas extracted three times m i# :.ether ■!&' a eeparato#' ■
.funnel„ The th # # ether ex tracts ' # # combined and sashed with d is tille d
mater m itil the mashiags .mere ■free from;alkali-f -fhe mashed eth er extract
■mh® dried oyer anhydrons sodium ,su lfate and made -up --to a tolume of 200 ■
m illilite r s with .ether». ■This .solution w s .thoroughly' mixed and divided
■into two equal ^drt-B.,
'
■
One hundred m illilite r s of the ether .solution, was put into an.
evaporation fla sk and the ether- removed under reduced pressure.
The
. remaining residue m s then dissolved with Skeliysolve b and transferred •
to a separatory funnel.,. The carot ene- Sicaliysolve B solution #a@ «*-»■
. tru sted with Z§ ,m illilite r portions o f 9S percent methanol u n til We
,methanol e # # c .# # ,s #%# colorless*. The eu ro te n e^ elly h o lv # $ sotu^ ■
.tio n was then .washed four times; with, d is tille d water and dried over
.anhydrous sodium MLfate4. ■ Thi1S solution
made up to go m illilite r s
in volume and a ten m i l l i l i t e r portion was #ad*- as described in the
beta-carotene calib ratio n procedure.
' The o th e r 100 m illilite r s of the ether extract was evaporated in
'.the same manner as. fo r the beta-oarotene determination,., except 'just as
.,the. # # o ,ra tio n # e completed, the f Insk^ was Immersed In * 7#%- water
bath f o r 30 seconds to .remote traces of moisture.
The remaining r e s i­
due m s dissolved with a small solum© o f chloroform and the solution
made UP to te n m illilite r s In volume. One m illilite r of the vitamin A
G8W&9R #80
M th e&#8
&f & 8& # 80 #a*eent A@&&B@#y
##10886 (wail poMW# #a6e A* #8«iwe*h@a ik&she IritWm A
W&h#a$%eRp#8@W&,
#@
Sho
ef h#ww*m#8gr #e# g#0 *# WW*
#**mShe i&
eaLV
t&
Q
sw
sK
f&
C
BPIPdwsAdLadg* 1$ me wwompy W *&***at IK
bSf
^aivcKoaeta#
#># d@##lo8 f#@mSW s&*a4M&i #@ aegfeeted
&W# (3Q&
aro*M
;m
e&
eapreB&&88 we da#$QB06&ee W&# 0 VeW 8#&thte
izedbowf ee&A
(3f&gp*ib) &)»
Sdbsi yefoyeme <m#ve 0wTMa*9#*$e&@ &h 6WlyBq&v» 3%
#39%the (IBgm
zbdt SdFWwwaagtese laeao M,&%W$ey
e# S&
w
*Wttoy ##%&* isg&at&oh* # 6# Wae #69 Slzexz sw&
&
ikp&
&
9H
&W tea
# g&me the emwt of hew*#wtm& #e#x# &* oae (9*%
**of W&W*
o&aeo Saa
e# the 8#&*tio&wee agae& W *o* ##a of WW*,
Shlo Wae me 6Wao& W the Beaeeat of W 1# the Wtter #*#&#* Wdb
gstro vlie mlemgra# of WWoaWeao per gramof WtSerfftt*
%
bo 8&##g#B8 of VitWla Aper gramof Wttepfat mere ool#lmto&
from the
#lvaaemter ma### e###e& as BMog &Wm 6&&
SMo *oe&#R*8 the gefemw# 4***%
%
*for titWa A (Mgore ))# ## imalat
iowcl oa the OX=Sinato # the oiwe oo#e#oa#% to the g&Wanomotor
reodlng
gate emoWfatloa of Mtsmia Aper miililitev of the
Wter toaple mteMmi Ia mlorosfame^ %e
thus ohtalaed WWeA
the vitomia A m&the beta+oorBSeag that we pg&aoat ia the v#Wa A
eoW&oa* #&gat the true vita&la &v#W, the erlglaal MW&a A
PcWWg *Q*i eoxrooted ft# the hstfwearoteae m&teat la the Mtamla A
oelutl#»
S$io me #m by rWla# a mWure ef sue milliliter of the Mtaala
-2?r
ii edlttfloii Sttct nine m illilite r s of pure chloroform Ip the colorimeter
with B W) millimicron f i l t e r .
-She Zi.%0 r Oadings eapressed m B-4-Og &
Wlue p w e read from the reference Ouwa fo r the hota^carofone In
chloroform solution (figure 2),
%o heta^oarotene concentration for
the corresponding reading was read from the ordinate on the currs.
She "beta^carotene Ualue thus found Waa m ultiplied V the facto r 0+00?
had the product auhtmcted from the o rig in al rltam ia A value previously
found#
She new value obtained gave the micrograms of vitamin A per
m il lili te r of the vitamin A solution.
She new value v&@ then multi­
p lie d by ten to give the concentration o f vitamin A per m illilite r
and by two to give the ,amount of vitamin A per gram of butter# since
one m illilite r o f the vitamin A solution .equals one-half gram o f butter=
the micro grams of vitamin A per gram of b u tte r was divided by the
percent f a t in # 9 b u tte r sample, which gave the miorpgr&ms per gram
of butW f at#
She percentage of vitamin recovery in the analysis of the butter
w s determined by adding s definite.amount of vitamin A uicohel in
chloroform to & 19 gram ( t 0.61 gram) sample which w s previously
Analysed fo r vitamin A, and the vitamin A content determined on the
mizturo.
She micrograms of vitamin A previously found in, the b u tter
m u subtracted from the vitamin A found in the b u tter plus the added,
Vitamin A alcohol in chloroform and the difference was the micro grams
o f vitamin A recovered,
fh ls difference was divided by the actual
amount added and expressed in percentage,
She recovery WaO 92,3 par-
.;
oen's, tsliich yMetei f MxiI y closely witix the average recovery of abort 93
percent repoftiaS i$x a Confidential progress report hy the chairman of
th e technical snhteomaitt^c on the
'# (% # a tite P ro ject'fo r th e
l e i e ^ a a t i o n of the Tltamih A -fo t# # ' O f-S alte^ ■i l l V lim ln 4 ta la e e
"reported w#e" c o rre c t# f e f the y i t m l s & lose in 'analvels^- hy raiding
the original 'Vitamin ’S' values W ?>f
which m e the difference
between the percentage recovery and 1Q0«
fJSxC mldrograme of heta^carotene and of vitamin A per gram of
b r tte r f a t were converted to International h n its per gram of W sterfat
by multiplying the miCrogfamg of beta-earofene by 1.7 and the micrograms, of vitamin A by h.O. -fhe swi o f these two .products gave |he
to ta l Vitamin A potency p e r gram o i butterf& t.
A # Intsm atlC hhl W t s p sf g c W # b # t # Wl p s r c s # fa t) t*#
calculated by mnltiplying the to ta l vitamin A, potency p er gram of' ■
:
b u tte rfa t by the number Cf grams in a pound (%3;8 grams) and mulfil
plying th is product %r $1 percent*
Tb$, percentage 'oi f a t in the b u tte r samples w e determined by the ’
Sohman method {if>K the samples •of b u tte r studied averaged % percent
W * We vitamin A poSChCy w* Calculated from lptterfat' to butt#' oh
the assumption that Mchthna W tte r contains Si percent, fat.
MSq&RS
Ehe micrograme of hsta-Carotene and vitamin. A p er gram of W te r f a t
and S e International, W t S Cf vitamin A a f tiv ity p er pound -of butter-
(SI pez-c.eni W tte rfa t) v;h©$i fresh'and a f te r storage fo r |0 days a t Q0F*
are given &# table $,
Eheae Values Wre determined bh b u tte r fro® fiv e
areas in Montana, and fro® three seasons*.
Ehe amounts o f beta-carotene per gram, of butt erf at in the butter
produced in the le ts spring in a l l fiv e areas w re f a ir ly uniform .and
the highest of the three seasons -studied*,
they varied fro® 9.76 micro*
grams per .gram in the Ie u istows, and: Havre, .areas down to 7«M micrograms •
p er gram in the Bonan area*;’ Ehe amounts of vitamin A per gram of ,
h u tte rfa t in the la te Spring b u tte r were even more uniform than, the
heta*ceroten#*
Ehey varied only fro® I l 1lQh micrograms per gram of
h u tte rfa t in the Miles Qlty area; # 10*72 # the Hoseman area*.
Tb*
Calculated vitamin A potency of the butter, expressed In International
W tte per pound'of b u tter (Bi percent fa t)' # e also,, very'uniform in
the five samples, t r y i n g from 23*550 International W its p er pound
in the IeW stow area to 22,118 in the Bomb -Urea*
. Ehemicrograms of bota=carotene p er gram of butt erf a t in the fresh
b u tte r produced In, the f a i l was considerably lower* in a l l fiv e areas*
than in the la te spring b u tte r,
they varied from 6»2h micrograms p er
gyam of b utt e rf at in the lonan area down to 2»h0 in. the B-Vre area.
Seta-carotene values -were apparently higher i n the two irrig ate d areas*
Bonan and Soneman, than' in the other three areas where dry lend farming
i s generally practiced,
Ehe variation in the amount of vitamin A per
gram of butfesfat was g reater la the f a l l b u tter than th a t In the spring
b u tte r, ranging fro® 10*50 in the Bonan Urea to 8*35 In the IewiStovm
"’JO*1
TAM.-R
Area...
*'''
;
11®
M& VlTAlH .& COITBfS '01? PBSSS BU$rB& MfS B.U31W Sl1OBEB- F0& - BAIS :
OOp*. BXPBSSSBI) H EXt^OSBMES BBB SB# W BBtSBEiS4 StBHSittOBiL .WttS' WH SB#
BE BBttBBEit MB .SSBBiftW iL Wl'tS 'BBB BOBSD SE BBftW: (BL dO BBBSBlf E if SWtMf)f •
EBW F m ABEAS M MWtiSi AEB EBW THESE. SBiSOSS OF THB -WiR,
■ •' •
Erisah BvMesT
. ' / '
Beta^earoteat
#% & & *
Titamim A
-
,'
,
Butter StojQd for' $0 days a t O0F0
- ■Beta^eiroteae
....... -■ ,
Y ltam aJ .— _____.
%<9a/gm*
*4% /^%
' -■■Late Swing
'Lewisfown
9,76
16^6
1Miles Oitgr -
SdfO
1^,8
Boseasn
■Lerwistom
'
1,6 ,6
1RaWe
■Renan ■
IOog?1
'
8*59
IA f
11*03
.
A7*o
^ 8#
Af *8
22*816 .
A 7f
22*999
1&*?9
A6 #s
"S G W t
' 9*89
16*8
. ' ' 1W 9
A8 A
.. . . % w ,.
IO fS
Af *6
22,118 '
8,77
iA»9
. .
905
A8*5
20 ,BA
8^
1A«2 .
10*09
A3,7
21,273 1
A»87
80
84 7
56*A
16 ^
12*6
. 8o20
13*9
10*72
A6*5
' , 7*2 ’
805
56 a
22A 91-' '
Fall
15*908
5-5
8 ,^
38»A
16*129'
5«12
.5*3
9«AA
A0o9
16,97%
A*L
9*67
Al »9
16*900
2 »71
A*6
9,92
A5*0
17 # 8 .
A5*5
20,611
6 »26
io*6
lo»5A
A5*7
20,685
5*16
8*8
9«79
1*81
3*1
10*15
A3*9
17,268 .
4»S6
Ronan
6.2lj.
10*6
IOfO
■BeSswn
5*25
8d9
, 10*00
I
2 #
I-
Lewisfom
1*59
2,7
Havre
Bos eam ■
10 0 3 1
L lfA '
Havre
Renan
15*3
f,iA
Miles Citgr
Miles City
'
9*02
9^
. #*1..
A20 ' 18,77A
IOoAs
19*178
Late M int#
18*186
A $f
15 0A
57f
22*228
1*#
2^9
13*3A
57*8
22,301
8*82
. 5Sd6
15*50A
2d98
5*1
9*09
59*A
1 6 ,3 #
25*A2A
A°99
8f
13*BA
60*0;
# ,1 6 7 .
8 5 J f8
7*1A
12*1
13*96
# 0
26,673
A3,3
15*83
. iW .
37*5
\ilL Vitaffiin A values eorre.et^d f o r Loss o f vitamin A in - analysis *
■
8 f #&,'. fhe OBlctilated vitamin A pot easy S f the W ttav, 62pfeg$9& in
Eatevnational W ite p&r pound of W ttav (SI percent W tta v fa t)> was
oonsidesahly lovav than th a t in tha la ta spying W ttav and vaagsd
fyom 20,611 pay pound in the Bonan area to 15,90S In the Levi stow
Byaaft- However, the International W its of vitamin A per pound of
hut te r f S1Oto the irrig ate d areas were higher than from the dry land
areasft
She amounts of heta^eerotene p er gram o f hut t erf at in the huttef
produced in the la te winter in the fiv e areas varied considerably.
Shoy
were in general, the lowest fo r a l l areas except fo r the Bozeman area,
which showed a higher amount than fo r the f a i l h o tter.
Shls probably
ban be accounted, fo r by the fact that th is sample was obtained © l i t t l e
la te r than those coming from the other four areas and the cove had access
to some green pasture grass*
We micrograms of beta-carotene per gram
of butte rfa t ranged from 7.1b fo r the Bozeman area to I «59 fey the Miles
Gity area,
The beta-carotene values la b u tte r from the th ree dry land
areas were considerably lower than those from the irrig ate d areas*
We
variation in the Monograms of vitamin A p er gram of buttsyfat was
greater In the la te winter b u tte r than in the f a l l butter*
Wey Varied
from 13 ,S3 micrograms per gram in the Sonw area dom to S.S2 in the
Havre area which was considerably lower than in any other area*
The cal­
culated vitamin A potency of the b u tter expressed in International W ite
per pound of b u tte r (SI percent b u tt e r f # ) also varied considerably,
ranging from 25,%S per pound, fo r the Bozeman area to 15 »504 fo r the
'tfhich #1.80 m s the lox-zaefc ia mlerogramS of -yilamia A g # .
gmm of huiterfaS,
fhe Hwo Irrigated, af^ae*. Honan., and Bosemantl. vast#
again generally Mghey than the tlW e other Sneae0
Shere ts&e no appreeiahle ohange in e ith e r the heta-oarotene or; the
vitamin A w in es pay gym of hnt:tS sfat6, in the hulteya' prodnsai, ia ^ i l
f ly a .# 6 ^ .- aa& in a l l .thyee saMonn. afte*- sto # g a fo r 9@ day# a t 0 %
%e lnternattonei unite of vitamin a per pound o f im tter produced in
.all the BeasohS shoue.d a f te r 9# day storage only a Slight v ariatio n from
th a t 40 the fre^b. M t t e r ... Ahont-. h alf o f the Ig samples g. produced In
the three ###>&%, ShoWd -a very MigM' W f e a # i .t h e rem ainderj#oW
a slig h t deewase in vitamin A W u e p e r p o * # neither- o f which % pear
significant.. '
fhe amount 0' o f heta-earotene and vitamin' A per gram, of h u tterfat
and the International Units o f .vitamin A. a c tiv ity per pound of hut te r
■pi percent' M tte r f a t) w en
are given in table I l ,
Md Wen stored fo r t t o days at 0 % ■
These values were determined f o r portions of th e
same b u tte r samples Used In securing the data fo r table. I .
%!& period
of storage a t O0P0 seemed to cause no appreciable change in the. betacarotene uontont of the b u tters from.; the five- areas and fey the throe
seasons studied* . However, there appears to- bo some decreaseSi In the ■
vitamin A content of the MbVeyfats fo r th is storage period and tempera*
burs* OMediaily Ip the f a l l staples and the W te Spring and winter
samples from th e Bonan and Boseman. areas.
The lame trend $n decrease, o f values Wows 1% the calcMabed,
international. Unite o f -Vibamin a per pound of b u tte r.
The decreases in vitamin A value fo r the f a ll M tterg stored fo r
mma %%# sa# isgiaimiaKBWeaMaBas
vamm# & wi###* (*p MBB s m m t MD am am si*(%BBa&i&Ga%
1 # # 3 8 M w * » BoasgBGWMB) m m m o m W ' 5939/ (BR**; M Btag2sa*a&s%r
TBcssa; 3 # GQtaBB 8p s m o a m t m > ms%8m!##a& mi%%# #m m m # s m m (m '*m
#?$ # $
R88% w m #m@ %B #Gp#m A8& m s ; m # GWBwuKgBB*
nM
Ao%W
f»t^
Miw wwfai»towwwato^ ^
■ » *»»«
8«AW
Ama
iog/gm$ I
$*0*/^*»
% #«Aw
k & a * »
tWLeW%
O l^
9^76
16ti&
10*9?!
krs
8^70
IW
a<%
S eB
16*6
10*79
464#
-# « w '
IM
. 18*6
IOgga
47*6
'# * # 8 '
8*#
19*9
SHf9
$lW
m^w
mMw
miww
W
8^S0#
IM
% *#
W49
M 00
W
1W 4
# a
m ##
9 #
16*1
18*58
4^*6
88*6#
7*30
18»9 '
6*41
i&<$
1 8 * (#
f # .._ . Ia 9S
earn
96a4
16&S#
9^4
- &W
_ . %06?a ._ m »5 ___ m & % a _
W l
4*86
m w
7*e
@#
$6*1
19^88
Mo
7«0
ml0
e*l
10*#6
Ba
8*87
38*4
16^189
9a6l
6.*%
6*79
# a
19*006
41^
16*900
Stil#
4*1
W
38*4
M #
99$
6<7e
# a
14A06
3W>
19*979
lECm1Q
2si;0
4*i
9^67
Eoaas
OeMi,
1046
10o$G
0*9
10*00
%9*3
19a&?8
4 #
A L
7*99
4*8
10*46
^
18^166
1-dC4
gjL
IOtiW
1 7 f(#
%W 4
BW e
%>amaa
tc sio to m
8 ^
UZUte (&%F
%w#$
e #
W
Bomm
9aW
9,g
W wm
l #
%$*34
8#-
. e*m
W r*5
w
4*9
^*,8
%#»&&
#
$9*W
T a#
6 #
IW
%H vitW & JLvalues ooxwooWA for lose a# v itW a 4 Am omlyeio*
W
&8# day#
0*#,
%e
Sb**
at& af W *&a@p#» 8W&@&*
%w& # # a #*6? M o p # # # # # * # # a a o f
f o r # e Wt@#r
$* 4*7&
SM E&Vf* Ryea* IkGkiBG t* &#?& #&& W
W # # Arm
SM &)**% &#*&» %#*W to ?,8g # * tW #**0B8& *#&&* #«#y W &4?B #&p
IWbet B&lee # l ty ap#&, WL from 8*3# # 8# 8#amo#e# # a # o f l;Qa&&Q0b2Bd&
t& S0% foy the- W tter from %%&WyieSom @#e&*
W #& aW L
#&
% *#s 39* #&%*& odP W t t a r f**a M l th e asm #
tmy* torroGpoW ^gly
%### sat# &
4e6eo&@& &* # e 1&W&& A 3M *W t &a th e W e
#B&@y W Lttme from a&% # 0 area* ##& Woye& f #y % # a@y# a t &*#*
S3%@ W qaae#9& W #W & *% a& %a&#
^om d f a r a l l th # W tte r o 0W 4&
f a y th e a w e ##&>& # y * *&s* A9**»apeBa&Bg&y M # * *
3&a emomta QdP b o ta^ ca ro tw o *#& # W a l a A p e r # e & #
#&& Sdbet W < #W & gei* TBbdLt* o f v& W l# 4* W W t y pop
(8%
W tW a t
*f W te #
IpwjMWGgdRad^I from th e flv@ a # # e * VGwaBLjPaaadBL aa& idb*& W.&
1
,
•
f e e 3# W e a t W K *y* aAve# &a IbdWwt * # $
% a aW yew #
tb a
W W f # from a l l 'Wbwt '#*&#< 9$@&w&@6 1% th e t b # e ##8*88* # 1 *0%
#Mw m y
A m ge o f b&twiaa#t@&6 a f te r tb» #0 # # * W%..
MlASsg t-orio&S|
#&* s#8& #siB@@G% t&a # t W i 8 j& moot®a t o f w & rly a l l tb # t a t to r*
#Boa t%@
<%y«w&8 m l f o r IWBwa t b s # i80&ao&# #e#6& Se dbee GB ^ e y o a t
$a<#@Gs6 on h o W s g f o r )0 Aaya &s
W y SWes 6a#p#@*& * # 9
* o W An SM la*& <#*&&# «&& the f o i l W W e f m a th e LBkHbaat a re a ana
IWbe W l W L W from tM Sbvro a re a , m a hero a l i A t Aeareae** a aw m A *
-35“
I
■
BkBLB III* THE BEm-C&lOWB' MB VlimM A O Q im tr:OF/fIESH BBlIEBM B,B U im -HBiLB F # ■
;3G BMB ill
ExmESBm mm#o(sWH@ isos
# Btmsa&gb msmBA#w&
B ills pm S M OF BtirfBEFAI AlB IllBmAlIWAB WllS' Pm POtSB QF ItJlIEE (81 «0
B g cw i F i r c®trat i):5 m m five aeeas m M m fm i a m pecm m m seasois
'
. Ivm
Fy@$h Butter
Betawcarotene- ■
Titamin A
mcg/gmo
meg/gm. IetJtt/gm, I oilc/li) 0
Late Spring
Bewiatossti
' . Butter held For gO Bays, #,t IiOj0Fo
Beta-carotene
Vitamin A.
zneg/gm. l.o./gaic . mog/gm. I,!Je/gmo
16,6
IO=ST1
47=5
23,550 .
9*63
16=4
13=161
57=0
26*067
8 #
i4=9
14=49
62 =6' •
28,474
9=^
16*9
14=00
60*7
28,363
Wh
13*5
10,34
44=8
21,750 '
8=20 .
L3=9
17,63
76=4
33*176 , -
3=92
6*7
8 .3 9
36=3
15,798
2=91
W
9=86
40=1
16*559
Mlea- Oitgr
8*70
>44
11=04
47=6
83,073
Havre
9o76
%6.6
10=79
46=8
25*893
Honan
. 7ol4
12,6
10=9$ ,
47=6
22,118
Bosesan ■ .
8o2Q
13=9
10=72
46*9
22,191 .,
Lewistcmn .
W6
7=2
8,35
564
. M l'19,908
5=5
8=67-
58*4
16*129
4=1
9=67
41*9
16,900
8,30
3d*
9*50
41*2
16*369
10=6
10.50
W4
80,6%
3*77
9=8
9*88
42,5
19*945
8,9
10,00
43=3
19=178
4=68
8a0
10=61
46=0
19*839
2=45
ij-oS
14=28
61,9 .
24*2&9
Mlea 01%
BOnipn
W
BosemSa
5,25 .
Late Winter
16*186 '
49*5
-
.
. -'
Lwistom
2e45
4=2
, 10=46
Miles Citgr
1.59
2=7
13=34
57=8
-. 22,228
i=39t
2*9
13=70
59=4
22*66r
Bavre
. S.y33
4=0
S1=SS
384
15*504
l,5 2 \
2=6
12*84
55=6
21*985
Bonan
548
9*3
, 13#
59-9
25*424
54$
9=3
17=74
76=9 .
51*669
Bosezmn
7=14
.' 12=1
• .13=22 .
57=3
89497
7*59
ig*6
14=71
65=7
83,033
1Ail.
.
.
vitamin A values corrected for' loss of vitamin A, In Analyoia*'
'
fhs sspes’Ml iacseases ia the Wdasite A eoatent for the f a ll Wttera m¥&
gsm talltf Iegg aotleeable than the lacreaega fa r the la te spates W l l a #
tfiiitea Wttgas,,
She la te spalag W tter from the Bogeman a****, partlea-
la r ly , showed the tenctoney to laorease in. rltasiia A W tee6, iaofeaotes
$.S1 aiorograms -per gram of W tterfat daring the go day* Ii-O0F4 holding
ported,
BlSWGIOB OF m m # s
.gw ##&*$%;& heta-oatet&w OW aat p er gram of W tte rfa t wag
fomd Ia S e Wttera prodaoei la the la te wring seatoa In the five
Groas.t, the average W 8,7? mlerograms o f heW-=C^rotene per gram- o f
W tterfati A noticeable decrease In Wta^eafWaae m s oheerved in
the f a l l w ttere* w ish contained an average o f h,$8 nicrograt#
per grm **9 hntterfat,
She 1 # * winter W ttere ehoved e t m lover
heta^caroteae values* the average for the fiv e areas m e 3,80 rnlorograms
per gram o f W tterfat6 S l s decline in. Ieta^earoteae values from the
spring to the la te yteter W tters me preW W caused W the Ghmgm
in the- carotene content of S e feeds consumed W the com,
Seasonal
declines, due to feed were reported In S e work of fiilton*. WIlW and
Bangs CU) who found S a t fresh lumriantly growing pastures and good
gu&Mty hays are the principal sources of carotene In the rations o f
dairy cattle and that poor quality pastures and roughages contain a
low carotene content-,
S i s is. further substantiated by the work -Of
Rfctebler, Gplmae and Rpapa (30) who found that the *x##@aa content
of the butter I s related to the carotene content of the feed,
hoy, ,
"ST"
w
#k#3@. (19) 4 - #
.f#@ * M#.9A*p$i#9
W t; #Mpa a**» * 9 # o W # A
.$0, .6
oo#e*% # . $W. iodGWsieait
W l* a . the WtaA*e*0'#.a&
%@g***+
%?9? *&&
(W
&|s@. ##$& # # the beW^capotane #oa%eRt of W S # # # . #@ retoled lo
th6 ea|?o|:eae. contseat o f the fee&s. Is. She la te # # # - WttOW fWB
the m # # .a # Boseman a # a e the heta»6arotene valties moye
the l s t e .
.ea4 f a ll W # # ,for. these Sreei.* Shio |s_
.W .%&.#$ MdK, Q&s&itap e#WLfh hay M
ia -Wbeee aras&t Bh*
W # . v$#«y WhAip #o%. # $ ' BeiomW..
had aeo'OSS 'tb Some early greeh grass pastures^ which prohahiy aoeowte
fo r the Wgh value I# this sample.
fsm decrease's
ia the v iW ta A Oohtoat of. butters from, the B t e
area#. # # e .three seasoas w
aot as # # a t, ^^ths decrease# Of. the ;
.. SSwe# w $ # A-$a the
#*9&
# # # # a*&,dl& *Ayt'iM#g0r.l?9%GF m shhetw ee# W *#*
%*
titam ia &.&* me f o il- W te r s p#amed' # Sdke '.irri,gated a w # 4 $ ' 8*&
ae«&$fus &%mob *e the hotter* #P@&#e .d^&W.&eeea, '%e W W
&* YitWh 4 ia the (tor I W $#@*e # # prdhahiy W to the dried pastares
Bfa#&e&& Iwt this seaso# of the greed?,- It.v&e aoteA that the b^w r # o m # d la the late #at@r aoathe
mowed & teh W y to. %ae#*a*e I* # e m # Aeoatsat*, W le the Wa^
e a ro te # ooateat
9&& l w r # s e Ttx* # & # a . A W W t o o w W
la the hotter# from these area# where him #%#&# «#aif& hey ewta fed*
W
Meber tha* that
W te W %#%& 1&Whew# hatter. $Ww to he
ha W tere # 9 * #her etatse* Sb* #$&e& W t e #
to
.aw ^sed 22*030 W e m a tio m l W its p&v potiad* as
e@8 p8 # 8 d xd.tb 1 8 *73 & t o r W sd o a sl# ( 4 ) W t t e r s a # 19»323 t o r W tte r s
proW ced t o Tessas ( 1 4 ) t o th e same season.
Ooapastog to e average t o #
w in ter W t # r s from toe ir r ig a te d a rea s o f Moatam Mito Wtoooas in and
S o sa s W tters.* to e la te r a a tio a a l W i t s p er poW d were 2 6 , 3 8 3 « 10»397
and 16,829 * respectively, *tods w uld todleats th at conditions are
fa v o r a b le t o Montana f o r t o e p r o d w tlo n o f W t t e r o f high Vitam to A
p o ten cy ,
fh o storage o f to e w t t e r a t 0 ° 3\ f o r 9 0 days d id not seem to
cau se any epprecltiblo l o s s t o Iaeta-Oarotene o r vitam in A c o n te n t,
Io
o th e r in v e s tig a to r h a s rep orted on to e e f f e c t o f t h i s sto ra g e p eriod
and tem perature on th e v itam in A poten cy Of W # e r ,
When toe W t t e r m e sto r ed a t 0 of , f o r 1 8 0 days no a p p recia b le
changes occu rred i n to e bata-qarote& e content,., M t some d ecrea ses to
v itam to A appeared,
sam ples.
to e so d ecrea ses Mere most n o tic e a b le In to e f a l l
B s r l and B stereo a (k) found th a t n e ith e r W ta - e a r o tw e nor
v ita m in A m s a f f e c t e d by s to r in g b u tte r f o r 8 months a t ? 2l@G, (* 3 , 8 9 0 , )
Baumann and SteeaW ck ( 2 ) a ls o found th a t b u tte r sto r ed f o r aim months
a t O0 B* d id not change i n caroten e and v ita m in A co n te n t,
W reason
can b e g iv e n f o r th e apparent decrease t o the vitam in A co n te n t o f the
Montana b u tte r sto red a t O6 B, f o r ISO days,
W en th e b u tte r s mere h e ld f o r 3 0 days a t ho°0 „ under c o n d itio n s
s im ila r to th o se found in a home r e f r ig e r a to r , to e b e ta -ca ro ten e seemed
to undergo no ch an ges, but th e r e m s a d e f in it e in crea se t o vitam in
A
>39“
i n m o# o f tW
g e a so a s,
from th e f i v e M ea§ psrodtiticscl i a th e th roe
Ifo o th er I n v e s tig a to r s hare rep orted on the in c r e a se o f the
v itam in A con ten t o f tro tters h eld under th e s e c o n d itio n s .
However#
th e r e m y he f a c t o r s or com binations o f f a c t o r s conducive to such an.
apparent in c r e a s e ,
H a c te r ia l growth would h e g r ea ter a t H-D0 F. than
a t th e low er storage tem peratures o f O0 F .
i t ■has heen shown by Ingraham
and Steenhock ( 1 3 ) and by Header ( 26 ) th a t some kin ds o f b a c te r ia can
produce b e ta -c a r o te n e and a sm all amount o f vitam in A.
Whether the conditions her© would have been favorable to the
b a c teria l production of vitamin I i s hot known, there may also he a
p o s s ib ility th at some by-product of b a c te ria l growth may have reacted
with the antimony trich lo rid e reagent used in the vitamin A te s t to
give a color which would be recorded on the galvanometer as vitamin A
value.
Again there i s the p o ssib ility th a t the vitamin A-chloroform
solution may have been slig h tly turbid* due to .some unknown cause,
W s tu rb id ity would be so slig h t that I t could pass unnoticed but be
enough to'influence the colorimeter reading,
As a result,, the
in­
creases in vitamin A values obtained In b u tte rs held fo r 30 days at
H-O0F0 may or may not represent true vitamin A values.
.m m a ? A # q o m w o m
Bie beta-carotene content of the fresh b u tters produced in the la te
'spring was the highest of the three seasons studied, regardless of the
area in which they were produced*
She fresh, b u tters produced in the
l a te f a l l had lower beta-carotene values than, those produced in the la te
%&& a#
%#iW# tbaa #o@@
b*&- *#%& &### W&*
&& Igbei- #a&t #&#&* # W # 1###89
twee 4;*;&@*d&3ar Mgbef l a the fiv e @#a&e *&# W asvs
g#e8& #8#B#8 #ba& #&& INbegr
by W
*&-
#&& &gr jRaewK* %&6 I s a # a tW W s &
W b W ^W M tbaa* VM%e 2*98& $8 # 6 IM e
the W # e # a#@&, idbjkobiaews m&a& a f W sake eg#* be& #a#9*a
to mm8 gygea #a&9* p%$twe fo#& 2W wed&s*
$be # W & a 4» va3#BB *f the
W tGfO #& xw*t
te ta w w a tm a %&@&e #o%
%be
the tab$9&9 asaeg&a.
BZbet <W9&(F0&@d>*a *&tama%l#%a& W # # # 3 # W of W tW (8& p m W
w t& a W ) mnmgsa ,aa*8)0' W m # & fern* s# ^ g a to eg.*## #** %#
f e e # W ttey pW#@e& 4b IkBws W e (Spattag* B e f m t W ttw e ^ a g e A
i&TF*?*;# W w m tI o w l W t o e*# #m & W t foo#& Am* 86*611 So 1##9Q#
W ow & U W L SSdlti*, IwWLl* tb # avwa&B fo* W W o v la ta e lksdktee %a* #& iBeawgswl m * a#**98 M 3 ^ ,$ # W m iA tteaM S alta *** %>*%*&&*
IRkwap*; %#e mo ^preoloM e # # # * I a th e b$t&*@a*ot9#A o# W
T rltW a A e W W o f the W t t m etoW l # w SO Aaye &t #*#*
W ttw o sdkeaeedL a t i f Br fo# 1% Aeya sW W . Be
eW#@8
!La the betAwtomWo W aae* Iwwdk awee daw&m&o Ia IWta M W Ia a W,%*@
&&* a # o f the mapleSi
W those W tm 9 $ » W e &
1& the #8&%, SGha; aveeag* AeopeAaae # IktK) o a lW a W S aW aatioaal SwliLa
# e goWL of W ttea alkoaredL a t CdDB**-ISoar 1 # Aeya #o* W t m e awwe@
' %*#> 3*W- f t* W IAte %*1B8 w ta e * %*&2? fop- W f a l l *a& 8*069 fog
W W * # # ^ y o W # l a IWbak W e MaW f (Wawwaaak,
SBkKBPe Berne mo a&gp&flooat Obaageis I* W w W o m te a e ooatm t la
tmy o f SKba W tg e o oftay bolAlag Ze# 36 Aaya a t W*#, SSbat M W la A
c o n te n t warn g e n e r a l l y h ig h e r a f t e r t h is h o ld in g r e r l o d than f o r th e
fre s h s a s rls e .
The hota-oarotene content of th e huttm r **$ not a ffe c te d by the
90 day and the ISO day storage a t 0*T. o r the 30 day* 40*2. holding
p e rio d .
■ J ia .
o%m)
(%) Bawana, 0, A,, Steea^ockt S», Beesoalr W„ 'I., * an4 B#e%* I* V.
She Inflaenee of Baeed m& Diet of Cotm on the Gaaotene
■and Vitamin A Goateat of B atteae $* Biol,. Ghem, 105«16?»
193^(2) Baiaaaaa5, 0, A .» and Steeahoqk, B,
fhe Gavoteae and Vitamin A Goateat of B utter.
JT. Biol. Ohem. 101:5%?. 1933,
(3)
Baxter, James 0,» and Eohesont Charles B,
Gnvstalllae Vitemia A,, j* As* Ghem., Soe. oh.2s2411» 1942,
(U) B erl, Soil and Betersoa, W» I .
Betermlaatioa and Content of Carotene and Vitamin A in
Viseoaeia B atter, i* ia tr i tio a , 26:527-538. 19UU.
(5)
Seoth6 B, £ ,, Eon, $, I . , Bam* w,
and Moore, Thomas
A S tW of Seasonal Variation in B ntterfa t, I . Seasonal
Variations in Carotene, Vitamin A, and the Antimony
trich lo rid e Eeaotlon. Bioohem-, J , 2?;1189. 1933.
C6) Bosshardtt D, E ., and Garrett,. 0» ? .
E elatioa of the feed of th e Gow and Various Storage Gqnd itlo n s to the % # $ and Amounts.of Carotenoid figments
in Milk f a t , J , Balry Sqi» 26:769. 1943,
(J)
Crawford, M. E, f . , f e r ry , B, 0 , V.# and Z ilra 5 g. S.
Vitamin Content of A ustralian, lew Zealand and Bsglleh
B utters, Med. Besearch OotmMl, Speoial Bept. Gerlea 175*90,
(B) Bam, w. j*
m@ Trenemimlon of Vitamin A from Parents to Veung in
Mammals;, I I , The Carotene and Vitamin A Content of Gews
Gelostrtm. Bioohem, J . 27:6, 1998. 1933«
(9)
Bornhush, A, G,, Peterson, V, H,, and Olson, I*. B.
The Carotene and Vitamin A Content of Market Milk,
J . Am. Med. Aesoc. 114:1748. 1940.
(10)
Cillam, Am B,', Beilhron, I. M,, Morton6 K. A., Bishop, G16
and Bmmmohd, J , 0.
CXIV. Variations ..in. the # a l l t y of B utter, B srtlcularly
in Relation to Vitamin A, Carotene Snd Xanthopyll Content
no Influenced hy feeding A rtifio ia lly Brled Grass to Gtall
Ved C attle, Biochem. J 6 28:878. 1933,
(U )
H ilton, 8. H., Milhur, J 6 M., and ESuge, S. M»
Producing Milk Eloh in Vitamin A. Purdue Hair. Agr, Ezpt.
Sta. Giro. 274* May 1942,
(12)
Efodgaoas, B. B. 8 K aott, J . Ofi # Bte1Ors &. E. and Sra^ea5 B. B,
%# OWoteae and Color Oonlent1of, Hoae-grew Eoaghsge
■ Eeede- and- the B elatIon. of these Batione to the Oaroienes
Color and ■Tltasiln A A etlvity ,of the .Butterfat., I-. Dairy..
m * m&sT* n s ? .
.
(13)
Ingraham, Mary A, and stee.ahoek,* Sarry,- sShe Belatlon o f Micro-organisms to Carotenoide and
Vllamin A0,,, Biochem0 d, 29 :4 2553-2562, 1935»
(14)
Kemaerer, A, Boj,. and Vraps.,. G0 S0
%e Vitamin A Content of Commercial S u iters Sold in Serae
fe&&e Agr. Bmpt» Sta. Bul0 Bo* 6^* 1943.
(15)
Mmem, ®, $. .
• Bapld and Accurate Method fo r B utter Analysis fo r Vaetory
Control Workb J, Ind, and ln g , Chem0 1 1 *3 6 , 1 9 1 9 .
(16) Eoehn, 0+
Vitamin A Activity of Milk as. Belated, to- SasWa and Beading
Braotioea in Alahama0 #, Bairy sol.. 26*675« 1943*
(if) Krause, W
01B,., and Washhum, B. C.
- Studied o&A.&.v, Silage, $11. Carotene Preserwtion, and
Biological Properties of the Milk,- d , -Bairy-Sc!, IBMgb0
1926,
'
- '
(18) Erckovsty* Vladimir
Bllies G, B,^ ^nd Pcfoy* V* &
She Oxidation o f Vitamin A and Carotene in -Milk -Vat..
J, Dairy Sal, S&f#-S75« 1943»
(19) loy* W
0 G*, BiUoni
h. ,
wiihur, J, w. „ and Bauge, S, M
.
She Bate o f Change # the Vitamin A Content of Milk*
#* Dairy Scl* ISfbhf, 1 9 3 6 .
(20)
Maynard*' I,. A* s palmer, %, S*, Eoehas G0 J,*. G uilherii B0. B0,
ggohcile# B-., P.,s Peterson* W. R** Bathaeayi I, I,.* Wdeeor* c* w
and -Oaryi- C-* A,
* -
Procedure fo r the Determination, of Vitamin A and carotene
in % rkct -Buttere*
Mimecgraph circular*
<21) MoOrei Shomas
-Vitemin A and Carotene? VI* She Conversion of Carotene to
Vitam in A in Vivo* Mocheml0 J . 24?696. 1930,
Vitaklu A and Carotene? 1%. Botes on the Conversion of
Carotene to Vitamin. A in the Oo%.- -Bioohem0 J . 26*1. 1932.
(23) 01##» P,
D, %/,
K K
' Petermia^gion Of Qanotene tod Titamin A fa Mflk* .
. '.
'
D*&#
26*65,. 1935. '
(2%) Palmenv 1« 8.
$he Yitamlnaft. A sytipoolnti^ Chapter %„ %hO C hm tstw of
Tifatifa Ai #<, Mad, Assoc. 'Qhlcagd, 111, ■ 1939*
(25) Patensoad w. I , „ Binde: K B. t tod Beasoae V. B. '
Qhemical QhSftges in the Malting of A*1.7. A lfalfa Silage
and M aifltive Qualities of Milk Pfodtided Shenefrom,
JY #Ad# M < 2&W&&, 19574'
(26) Beadefi' Tera.
.
'
A Mote # ihe-liseohroties Pfeseai l a 0en#lA B aetefla .
m *dW ,
' SSGB.' ' '
'
'
'
. '
(.27)
GWhe i e;e Btotitoae Qe
to d Sfeemhook, H>
Pat Soltihle Vitamins. $11, She Qafdieae Sad Tiftoiti A
Goaftot of (bloat**#. & B lot.; Gheme id ? # ? + 193%»
(2S)
Shrewshuny1I. Q. i>.e and. Erayblll ?i H+ B,
She Qafottoh Sontent, T ittoiti A Ptftoey tod Anflosidants
o f B titteffate f* S lo t. Qhto, IOlffOl, 193).
(29)
Stiitoae S, S„, and KratiSSe W., $.
$he Tltatiia A AOtivity and W o ftito # ' Btifferfat
Ayrshltitie W ratoy,. Soleieia tod W titiy Qo t s ,.- dhio Asr% , t , s ta . S iW . W . \ %
-W l-T to ,. 1936, ,
-
.
(3d) S ralom ere my.#. W m w e W yA aaa,. to d Trtoa* Q. S,
She Belatioa of the Qolhr sad Qafottiati Qbateaf of Btitferfaf
to Sfti T ltto la A Potency, Stiatis Agr„ Bxpt. Stav Btil,
& , #13» 1 # *
(31)
W tio ae S. J . , Bishop# Gerald, and Wmmoade.I . Q,
She ’W titio a o f the Qoioar tod Tltamla A Qoateaf of B after
• fo the Mature o f the B stlto Ttid. Bipchem. J . 20:1Q?6. 193%'
(32)
Wilkie,
3*
PhytilOtil and ’Chemical Determination of Tltaiaia AeW*
(% #.* A # y $ y ' M e %3T2#'-e#4 19%1, -'
h ’, - i
-
MEIOtoEDW S f
fhe' sitthoi? .'t4slie.i3 to
M a .agp^eelat'ltisi to Sr, Jesato K
';
'
'
Hichardsoa and Professor Heieii &, Msyfiold of the. Departmeat' of Home
EedaoSitds Beseardh fo r th e ir raiaable assistance and guidance in
tb s research worh Md in the preparation o f th is th e s is .'
i
B ren cef J .L .__________________
The d e te rm in a tio n of th e
b e ta - c a r o te n e and v ita m in A
c o n te n t p f MontalB ajib b ^ ter.
11378
3756
oo p . 2 ,
73230