A Comparison of greenhouse methods as diagnostic tools for reclamation planning
by Timothy Martin Byron
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Land
Rehabilitation
Montana State University
© Copyright by Timothy Martin Byron (1984)
Abstract:
Greenhouse studies have been used in reclamation planning to test the suitability of potential minesoil
materials for plant growth. The Jenny pot-culture is a greenhouse technique used for this purpose. The
large sample weight and lengthy trial period required for this method inflate the cost of greenhouse
testing. The Neubauer seedling technique is a greenhouse method requiring a smaller sample weight
and a shorter trial time. This study compared western wheatgrass (Aeropyron smithii var. Rosanna)
yield response by these methods to learn if the Neubauer technique could replace the Jenny pot-culture
as a diagnostic tool in reclamation planning. The comparison was carried out on 22 growth media
samples that were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. Shoot yield and elemental
uptake differences were analyzed by analysis of variance. The Spearman’s rank order correlation
coefficient was used to measure the degree of association between the Jenny and Neubauer yield-based
rankings of the growth media. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify yield-influencing
properties for each greenhouse method.
Significant yield and elemental uptake differences were observed between the two methods. A rank
order correlation coefficient of 0.46 indicated a poor association between the yield-based rankings by
the two methods. Jenny pot-culture yield had a closer relationship with more growth media parameters
than did Neubauer seedling yield. Therefore, the Jenny pot-culture was deemed superior to the
Neubauer method as a diagnostic tool. A COMPARISON OF GREENHOUSE METHODS AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
FOR RECLAMATION PLANNING
by
T im othy M a r tin B yron
A t h e s i s su b m itted i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e d eg ree
of
M aster o f S c i e n c e
in
Land R e h a b i l i t a t i o n
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana
May 1984
<b
(y
ii
APPROVAL
o f a t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d by
T im othy M a r tin B yron
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h member o f t h e t h e s i s c o m m i t t e
an d h a s b e e n f o u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y r e g a r d i n g c o n t e n t , E n g l i s h
u s a g e , f o r m a t , c i t a t i o n s , b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s
r e a d y f o r s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e C o l l e g e o f G ra d u a te S t u d i e s .
■
D ate
/
C h airp erson ,
A
Z2l
G rad uate Comm ittee
Approved f o r t h e Major D epartm en t
D ate
Head, Major D e p artm en t
Approved f o r
t h e C o l l e g e o f G rad u ate S t u d i e s
3 / tTS-Y
.
Date
Graduate Dean
iii
STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In
p r e se n tin g
th is
th e sis
in
p a r tia l
fu lfillm e n t
of
th e
r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e a t M o n ta n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l m ake i t
r u l e s o f th e L ib rary.
w ith o u t
sp ecia l
a v a ila b le
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to b o r r o w e r s under
B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s from t h i s t h e s i s a r e a l l o w a b l e
p e r m issio n ,
p rovid ed
t h a t c o r r e c t a c k n o w le d g e m e n t o f
s o u r c e i s made.
P er m issio n fo r
e x t e n s i v e q u o t a t i o n from
t h e s i s may be g r a n t e d by my m a jo r p r o f e s s o r ,
or r e p r o d u c t i o n o f
or i n h i s a b s e n c e ,
D i r e c t o r o f L i b r a r i e s w hen, i n t h e o p i n i o n o f e i t h e r ,
o f th e m a t e r ia l i s
fo r s c h o la r ly purposes.
m a te r ia l
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th is
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w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
fin a n c ia l
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Any c o p y i n g o r u s e o f t h e
g a in
sh a ll
n o t be a l l o w e d
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
w o u ld l i k e
t o e x p r e s s my s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
persons:
Dr. F r a n k M u n s h o w e r , Dr. D o u g l a s D o l l h o p f and Dr. E a r l S k o g l e y
for
t h e i r s u g g e s t i o n s and e n c o u r a g e m e n t w h i l e
s e r v i n g on my g r a d u a t e
com m ittee.
The B u r ea u o f Land Management f o r t h e i r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .
Mr. D e n n i s Neuman f o r h i s work on t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s e s ,
Mr.
S c o tt F ish e r
fo r
h is
p a tie n c e
and e n t h u s i a s m
d u r in g th e
course o f t h is p r o je c t.
F in a lly ,
t h e many p e o p l e who h a v e p r o v i d e d i d e a s ,
and f r i e n d s h i p t h r o u g h o u t my g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s .
encouragem ent
v-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES.
..........................................................................................................
v ii
ix
ABSTRACT .................................................................................
x
INTRODUCTION............................................................................
I
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................
3
V O —3 L U
G r e e n h o u se S t u d i e s I n R e c l a m a t i o n
The N eubauer Method . . . . . . .
The Jen n y P o t - c u l t u r e M ethod. . .
METHODS AND MATERIALS..............................
11
Sam ple P r e p a r a t i o n . .............................................. ' ................................................
P h y s i c a l A n a l y s i s ............................... . . . . . . .
...............................
C h em ical A n a l y s i s
.............................................................................................
M o d i f i e d N eub au er M ethod...........................................
M o d i f i e d Jen n y P o t - c u l t u r e . . . ...................................................................
V e g e t a t i o n A n a l y s i s .................................. ........................................................ .....
S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s .................................................................................................
11
12
12
13
14
15
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................
18
I n t r o d u c t i o n .......................... ............................................................ .....
18
P h y sic a l A n a ly s is
.
............................................................................................. 1 9
C h em ical A n a l y s i s ...................................
22
G r e e n h o u s e A n a l y s i s : y i e l d r e l a t i o n s h i p s ..............................................
28
G r e e n h o u se A n a l y s i s : e l e m e n t a l u p t a k e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . . . .
42
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................
...... .....................................................
44
LITERATURE C I T E D ....................................................................................................................
48
APPENDICES . . . . . . . .
54
I
II
....................................
GROWTH MEDIA DESCRIPTIONS.
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
........................
LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATION D A T A .............................
55
60
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS— C o n tin u e d
. Page
III
IV
VEGETATION ANALYSIS DATA ............................................................. .....
66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLES......................................... .....
69
v ii
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le
Page
1
C h em ical a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s .
2
MDSL g u i d e l i n e s f o r s u s p e c t l e v e l s i n s o i l
and o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l . ..................................................................................
19
3
Summary o f p h y s i c a l a n a l y s i s d a t a . .........................................................
20
4
Summary o f c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s d a t a ..............................................................
22
5
Jen n y and N eubauer y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s
o f t h e 22 g r o w th m e d i a .......................................................................................
29
6
V a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s ............................................
35
7
R e su lts o f th e r e g r e s s io n a n a ly s i s w ith
Jen n y and N eub au er s h o o t y i e l d a s t h e
d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . ............................................................................................
37
Summary o f d a t a f o r e l e m e n t a l t i s s u e
c o n c e n tr a tio n s i n w e stern w h eatgrass
grow n by t h e J en n y and N eubauer m e t h o d s ..............................................
42
P h y s i c a l l a b o r a t o r y d a t a .............................................
61
10
C h e m ic a l l a b o r a t o r y d a t a ...................................................................................
62
11
V e g e t a t io n a n a l y s i s f o r th e Jenny p o t - c u l t u r e
m e t h o d .......................................................
67
V e g e t a t i o n a n a l y s i s f o r t h e N eubauer s e e d l i n g
m e t h o d ...............................................................................................................................
68
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e fo r sh o o t y i e l d o f
w e s t e r n w h e a t g r a s s .................................................................................................
70
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f n i t r o g e n ..............................
70
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f phosphorus
............................... . . . . . .
.........................................
7Q
8
9
12
13
14
15
.
.
..........................
12
v iii
LIST OF TABLES-- C o n t i n u e d
T a b le
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Page
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f p o t a s s i u m ........................................................................................................
70
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f c a l c i u m ........................................................................................................................
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a tio n s
o f magnesium . . . . . . . . .
.........................................
. . . . . .
71
71
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f m an gan ese . . . . . . .
......................................... . . . . . . .
71
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a tio n s
o f z in c
.................................................................................
71
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a tio n s
o f i r o n ........................................................................ . . .........................................
72
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f molybdenum.........................
72
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a tio n s
o f c a d m i u m ..................................................
72
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f n i c k e l . ..........................................................................................................
72
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
of lea d . . . . . . . . . . .
........................................................................
73
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n tr a tio n s
o f c o p p e r ..........................................................................................................................
73
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re
1
2
3
Page
C r o s s - s e c t i o n o f N eubauer c o n t a i n e r s h o w in g
p o s i t i o n s o f t h e s a n d - s o i l m i x t u r e , san d
l a y e r s and s e e d .................................................................................
C rack s w h ic h form ed i n a s o i l w e a t h e r e d from
B ea r Paw S h a l e ................................................................................................................
21
The s a l t c r u s t w h ic h form ed on t h e s u r f a c e o f
an a c i d i c , s a l i n e and s o d i e s i l t s t o n e
( s a m p l e 1 8 ) ..........................................................................................
4
The g r e e n h o u s e s t u d y j u s t p r i o r t o h a r v e s t i n g ..........................
5
N eubauer c o n t a i n e r s s h o w in g t h e s i m i l a r i t y i n
g ro w th r e s p o n s e b e tw e e n t h e m o s t p r o d u c t i v e
s a m p le and a s o d i e o v e r b u r d e n .................................................................
6
14
S e e d l i n g g ro w th i n a Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e o f
s a m p l e 12 a f t e r 30 d a y s
24
28
BI
34
ABSTRACT
G re e n h o u s e s t u d i e s h a v e b een u s e d i n r e c l a m a t i o n p l a n n i n g t o t e s t
t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f p o t e n t i a l m in e s o i l , m a t e r i a l s f o r p l a n t g r o w t h .
The
Jenny p o t - c u l t u r e i s a g r e e n h o u se te c h n iq u e u sed f o r t h i s p u rp ose.
The l a r g e s a m p l e w e i g h t a n d l e n g t h y t r i a l p e r i o d r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s
m eth od i n f l a t e t h e c o s t o f g r e e n h o u s e t e s t i n g .
The N eub au er s e e d l i n g
t e c h n i q u e i s a g r e e n h o u s e m eth od r e q u i r i n g a s m a l l e r s a m p l e w e i g h t and
a s h o r te r t r i y l tim e .
T h is stu d y com pared w e s t e r n w h e a tg r a s s
(■4ar-0.P-Yr.on s m i t h i i v a r . R o s a n n a ) y i e l d r e s p o n s e by t h e s e m e t h o d s t o
l e a r n i f t h e N eubauer t e c h n i q u e c o u l d r e p l a c e t h e Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e a s
a d ia g n o s t i c t o o l i n r e c la m a t io n p la n n in g .
The c o m p a r is o n w a s c a r r i e d
o u t on 22 g r o w t h m e d ia s a m p l e s t h a t w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r t h e i r c h e m i c a l
and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s .
S h o o t y i e l d and e l e m e n t a l u p t a k e d i f f e r e n c e s
w e r e a n a l y z e d by a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e .
The S p e a r m a n ’s r a n k o r d e r
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w as u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e d e g r e e o f a s s o c i a t i o n
b e tw e e n th e J en n y and N eub au er y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k in g s o f th e g r o w th
m e d ia .
M u ltip le r e g r e s s io n a n a l y s i s w as u sed to i d e n t i f y y i e l d i n f l u e n c i n g p r o p e r t i e s f o r e a c h g r e e n h o u s e m eth od.
S i g n i f i c a n t y i e l d and e l e m e n t a l u p t a k e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e o b s e r v e d
b e t w e e n t h e tw o m e th o d s .
A ra n k o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.46
i n d i c a t e d a poor a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s by t h e
tw o m e th o d s . Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e y i e l d had a c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
m ore g ro w th m ed ia p a r a m e te r s th a n d id N eubauer s e e d l i n g y i e l d .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e w as d eem ed s u p e r i o r t o t h e Neubauer
m eth od a s a d i a g n o s t i c t o o l .
I
INTRODUCTION
R ecla m a tio n
su ita b le
of
d istu r b e d
p l a n t g r o w t h m e d ia .
la n d
r e q u ir e s
an i n v e n t o r y
P la n t e s t a b lis h m e n t
of
its
can be im p r o v e d i f
r e c l a m a t i o n p l a n n e r s know t h e . g r o w t h m e d ia p o t e n t i a l o f a v a i l a b l e s o i l
and o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l s .
C o v e r s o il c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a f f e c t i n g p la n t
g r o w t h c a n b e e v a l u a t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e an d i n
th e f i e l d .
Each mode o f
in v e n to r y .
L ab o ra to ry a n a ly s e s u s u a lly p r o v id e in f o r m a t io n ab out
sp e c ific
c h e m ic a l
a n a l y s i s m ak es a u n iq u e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e
or p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s ;
greenhouse
s t u d i e s m easure
p l a n t r e s p o n s e u n d er r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s ; f i e l d
t r i a l s m e a s u r e p l a n t r e s p o n s e t o n a t u r a l s o i l v o lu m e s and n u t r i e n t
c a p a c itie s,
n a tu ra l
c lim a te
and
in te r s p e c ie s
c o m p e titio n .
A
c o r r e l a t i o n o f r e s u l t s fro m t h e s e t h r e e a n a l y t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s i s a
v a lu a b le d e c is io n - m a k in g t o o l f o r th e r e c la m a t io n p la n n er.
G r e e n h o u se y i e l d and p l a n t t i s s u e a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s h a v e a l o n g
h i s t o r y o f u s e i n agron om y.
Growth r e s p o n s e and t i s s u e
a n a l y s i s d ata
h a v e b e e n u s e d t o m e a s u r e p l a n t a v a i l a b l e n u t r i e n t s i n many s o i l s f o r
a v a r i e t y o f crop s p e c i e s .
S im ila r s t u d ie s r e la t in g p la n t response to
g r o w t h m e d i a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h a d a t a b a s e w h ic h
can
be
d ir e c tly
a p p lie d
to
r e v e g e ta tio n
of
d istu r b e d
la n d .
C o r r e l a t i o n d a t a , b a se d on w ork w i t h n a t i v e p la n t s p e c i e s grow n i n
c o v e r s o i l m a t e r i a l s , w o u ld p r o v id e th e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n n eed ed t o
in te r p r e t
th e
r e su lts
of
a m ore d e t a i l e d
greenhouse
te stin g
program .
2
T h i s b a c k g r o u n d r e s e a r c h s h o u l d e m p l o y s t a n d a r d i z e d g r e e n h o u s e and
l a b o r a t o r y m e th o d s w h i c h a r e r e l i a b l e and e c o n o m i c a l .
The J e n n y p o t - c u l t u r e a n d t h e N e u b a u e r s e e d l i n g t e c h n i q u e a r e
g r e e n h o u s e m eth od s u sed to stu d y th e n u t r i e n t s t a t u s o f s o i l s .
o r ig in a l
Jen n y
m ethod m e a s u r e d s o i l
p o t a s s i u m (K) a v a i l a b i l i t y i n
n itr o g e n
term s o f y i e l d
(N ),
of a te st-p la n t
1.6 k g o f s o i l f o r 6 0 d a y s ( J e n n y e t a l . I 9 5 0 ) .
o r i g i n a l p r o c e d u r e h a v e b een u s e d t o i d e n t i f y
f o r r e c la m a t io n p la n n in g .
phosphorus
The
(P) and
grow n i n
M o d ific a tio n s o f th e
p l a n t n u t r i e n t p r o b le m s
The c o s t s o f o b t a i n i n g t h e l a r g e s a m p l e
v o lu m e s and m a i n t a i n i n g p l a n t s o v e r t h e l e n g t h y g r o w th p e r i o d h a v e
p ro m p te d t h e
s e a r c h f o r a g r e e n h o u s e m eth od r e q u i r i n g s m a l l e r s a m p le
v o l u m e s and h a v i n g a s h o r t e r g r o w th t r i a l .
a r e la tiv e ly
r a p id
The N eubauer t e c h n i q u e i s
m eth o d t h a t m e a s u r e s f e r t i l i t y
n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s e x t r a c t e d fr o m 100 g o f s o i l
fo r
17 d a y s
( McGeorge 1 9 4 6 ).
sm a lle r
sa m p le
v o lu m e
d esig n ed
to
(
( T h o r n to n 1 9 3 5 ) .
and s h o r t e r
a m ou n ts o f
by r y e s e e d l i n g s grow n
T h i s m e th o d w a s o r i g i n a l l y
m e a su r e s i o i l P and K a v a i l a b i l i t y
The
as th e
grow th
p e r io d
of
th e
N eu b a u er t e c h n i q u e w o u ld make i t
an e c o n o m ic a l a l t e r n a t i v e
Jenny p o t - c u l t u r e i f
r a t h e r t h a n p l a n t u p t a k e c o u l d be
sh oot y ie ld
used a s th e e v a l u a t i n g c r i t e r i o n .
(1 ).
C q m p are
th e
The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s
J e n n y an d N e u b a u e r m e t h o d s
as
to th e
stu d y are:
d ia g n o s tic
t e c h n i q u e s f o r a s s e s s i n g p l a n t g r o w t h m e d ia on t h e b a s i s
of
(2 ).
te st-p la n t
E v a lu a te
22
y ield .
so ils,
g e o lo g ic
m a te r ia ls
and m in e
sp o il
m a t e r i a l s a s p l a n t g r o w t h m e d ia u s i n g l a b o r a t o r y and
g re en h o u se a n a ly s e s .
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
G re e n h o u s e .S.t.udies I n R e c la m a ti on
G reenhouse s t u d ie s q u a n t if y in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een p la n t
response
and s o i l
in v e stig a to r s.
a r tific ia l
n u tr ie n t
Cope and Rouse
c o n d itio n s
expressed
as
c o r rela tio n
ca p a c ity
th ey
does
w o u ld
be
(1 9 7 3 )
not
have
sta ted
p e r m it
under
b etw een la b o r a to r y s o i l
been
d iffe r e n c e s
c o n d itio n s,
v a lu e
p o in te d
fo r
stressed
th at
p rescrib in g
post-m ortem
m anagem ent
tissu e
r o o tin g
tim e -co n su m in g
p r a c tic e s
to
a n a ly sis
v o lu m e s,
They
has lim ite d
m a x im ize y i e l d .
th a t p la n t r e s p o n s e under g r e e n h o u se
c a lib r a t e d w ith f i e l d
so il
p la n t
th e
P e c k an d
t h e number o f s o i l s a m p l e s w h ic h can be h a n d le d .
out
be
a n a l y s i s and p l a n t r e p o n s e i n
M e l s t e a d ( 1 9 7 3 ) fo u n d g r e e n h o u s e s t u d i e s t o be c o s t l y ,
a lso
to
th erefo re,
g r e e n h o u s e c a n n o t be u s e d a s a g u id e f o r c r o p p r o d u c t i o n .
and l i m i t e d i n
by many
t h a t p l a n t g r o w th under
p la n t
fie ld
co n d u cted
c o n d itio n s
They
m ust
be
t r i a l s to a c c o u n t fo r f a c t o r s such a s n a tu r a l
a tm o sp h eric
c o n d itio n s
and
in te r sp e c ie s
co m p e titio n .
S t e e n b j e r g and J a c o b s e n (1 9 6 3 ) s t a t e d t h a t t h e c o n s t a n t s i n y i e l d
e q u a t io n s a re n o t tr u e c o n s t a n t s b eca u se grow th r e s p o n s e i n
v a r i e s w i t h p l a n t s p e c i e s and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s .
u n c o n tr o lle d
v a r ia b le s
in
fie ld
e x p e r im e n ta tio n
th e f i e l d
The number o f
have
con fou n d ed
e f f o r t s t o r e f i n e p l a n t a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s and d e t e r m i n e c r i t i c a l
n u t r i e n t l e v e l s (Munson and N e l s o n 1 9 7 3 ).
a s day l e n g t h ,
greenhouse.
t e m p e r a t u r e and m o i s t u r e
B erg (1 9 7 8 )
sa m p les k ep t a t f i e l d
sta ted
th a t lo n g -term
m ea n in g fu l
because
s tu d ie d w ith
in
th e
th at
co m p lica te d f i e l d
R ecent
w ill
in
th e
t r i a l s w ith
changes in
n u tr ie n t
sa lin ity .
e v a lu a tio n
asp ects
of
A r m in g e r and o t h e r s
of
m in e
p la n t
so ils
is
d ev elo p m en t
m ore
can be
I d e n tific a tio n of g r o w th -lim itin g fa c to r s
save
tim e
and m oney i n
d e v e lo p in g
a m ore
t e s t i n g program .
in v e stig a tio n
p la n n in g h as
R e h a b ilita tio n
co o rd in a ted
c h e m ic a l
m ore c o n t r o l .
greenhouse
recla m a tio n
greenhouse
th e
greenhouse
su c h
Such t r i a l s c o u ld a l s o s e r v e t o e v a l u a t e
t h e e f f e c t o f p a r t i c l e s i z e on s o i l
sta ted
c a n be c o n t r o l l e d
c a p a c ity co u ld i d e n t i f y
c a p a c ity w ith w e a th e r in g .
(1 9 7 6 )
Some o f t h e s e f a c t o r s ,
in to
th e
use
of
b een i m p l e m e n t e d
greenhouse
under
th e
tr ia ls
E n ergy
I n v e n t o r y an d A n a l y s i s (EMRIA) p r o g r a m .
by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f
fo r
M in era ls
EMRIA w a s
th e I n t e r i o r
(USDI) t o
a s s u r e a d e q u a t e b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r s e l e c t i n g r e c l a m a t i o n g o a l s and
m in eral l e a s e
1 9 7 9 ).
p la n t
stip u la tio n s
in
six
w estern
sta tes
(Hodder and J e w e l l
G r e e n h o u se s t u d i e s w e r e u s e d t o a s s e s s s o i l s and o v e r b u r d e n a s
grow th
p h y sic a l
m e d ia
and v e r i f y
th e ir
s u ita b ility
and c h e m i c a l l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s i s
I n v e s t i g a t o r s grew n a t i v e s p e c i e s i n
as
p r e d ic te d
by
( H e i l an d D e u t s c h 1 9 8 0 ) .
I k g s a m p l e s f o r 57 d a y s .
The
g r o w t h m e d i a w e r e f e r t i l i z e d w i t h N an d P an d m a i n t a i n e d a t 1 / 3 b a r
m o istu re c o n te n t.
Shoot w e ig h t was re co rd ed a s r e l a t i v e
b a s e d on g r o w th i n a s t a n d a r d s o i l .
percent y ie ld
M a te r ia ls w ith y i e l d
p ercen ta g es
o f 33 o r l e s s r a t e d a s p o o r g r o w t h m e d i a ; p e r c e n t a g e s f r o m 3*1 t o 6 iI
5
rated
as f a i r ;
p ercen ta g es g r e a ter
t h a n 64 w e r e r a t e d a s s u i t a b l e
p l a n t g r o w t h m e d ia .
A lth o u g h
c o r r e la t io n s o f y ie ld -b a s e d r a tin g s w ith la b o r a to r y
c h a r a c t e r iz a t i o n d ata o f t e n i d e n t i f i e d
many r e l a t i o n s h i p s
lim itin g
w ere c o n tr a d ic to r y .
fa cto rs
A lth o u g h
m a t e r ia ls w ith
p ercen ta g es
y ie ld s
b etw een f i e l d
1980).
w ith
pH, c o n d u c t a n c e ,
as
ten d ed to r e d u c e y i e l d s ,
p r o d u c e d am ong t h e h i g h e s t
The a u t h o r s
stressed
k n o w le d g e
and g r e e n h o u s e m o i s t u r e
w ere i d e n t i f i e d
C o l o r a d o a r e an
t h a n 8 .9 a n d e x c h a n g e a b l e s o d i u m
15 o f t e n
be i n t e r p r e t e d
t h e Lay C reek s t u d y ,
tex tu re
10 t o
and D e u t s c h
sh o u ld
an d s a l i n i t y
pH v a l u e s g r e a t e r
(ESP) f r o m
(H eil
r e su lts
s o d ic ity
g ro w th ,
The c o n c l u s i o n s drawn from a
g r e e n h o u s e s t u d y o f g r o w t h m e d ia fr o m Lay C r eek ,
ex a m p le.
fo r
of
c o n d itio n s.
th e
th a t
d iffe r e n c e s
B a sed on y i e l d
o r g a n ic m atter c o n te n t,
im p o r ta n t
th ese
p aram eters, fo r
in
ESP and
rev eg eta tio n
of
su r fa c e -m in e d la n d s.
G r e e n h o u se
m a t e r i a l s from
stu d ie s
w ere a ls o
th e B ear
used
C reek s tu d y
to a s s e s s
area in
so il
M o n ta n a
F o r t y s e e d s o f w e s t e r n w h e a t g r a s s ( A g r o o v ro n s m i t h i i )
kg o f m a t e r i a l f e r t i l i z e d w i t h N and P.
c o n ta in e r
an d g r o w n f o r
and o v e r b u r d e n
(U SD I
1977).
w e r e grow n i n
I
P l a n t s w e re t h i n n e d t o 14 per
50 t o 60 d a y s .
S h o o t y i e l d s and r e l a t i v e
y i e l d p e r c e n t a g e s b a s e d on h i g h e s t p r o d u c t i o n w e r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
la b o ra to ry
c h a r a c te r iz a tio n
p o sitiv e
r e la tio n s h ip
co n ten t.
S urface s o i l
m a teria ls.
S u rface
d a ta .
b etw een y i e l d
The r e s u l t s
and f i e l d
show ed
c a p a c ity
s a m p l e s p ro d u c ed h i g h e r y i e l d s
c r a c k i n g and c r u s t i n g
o b s e r v e d on l o w - y i e l d i n g m a t e r i a l s .
a
stron g
m o istu re
than overburden
p r o b le m s w e r e
c o n siste n tly
A c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p was
6
ob served b etw een in c r e a s e d
so d ic ity
and d e c r e a s e d ' y i e l d . 1
and s a l i n i t y
M a t e r i a l s y i e l d i n g l e s s th a n 90 p e r c e n t o f h i g h e s t p r o d u c t i o n com monly
h ad
lo w
z in c
s tu d ie s,
(Z n)
how ever,
and
th e
copper
d a ta
(Cu)
w ere
le v e ls
(USDI
1 9 7 7 )«
in a d eq u a te
to
d e te r m in e
o b s e r v e d Zn and Cu l e v e l s w e r e c r i t i c a l
In
th ese
if
th e
fo r w estern w h eatgrass.
A g r e e n h o u s e b i o a s s a y w as u s e d t o d e t e c t t o x i c i t i e s i n o v e r b u r d e n
and s o i l s fr o m t h e H enry M o u n ta in c o a l f i e l d i n U tah (M c K e ll 1 9 7 8 ).
R u ssia n
w ild r y e
( E lvm u s
f e r t i l i z e d w i t h N a n d P.
an d h a r v e s t e d
a fter
.iu n c e u s ) w as
grow n i n
60 d a y s .
Shoot
w e ig h t
was
c o r r e la te d
w ith
S ig n if ic a n t c o r r e la tio n s w ere observed
b e t w e e n s h o o t y i e l d a n d pH, e l e c t r i c a l
so lu b le
m a teria l
P l a n t i n g s w e r e th in n e d t o 5 p l a n t s per p ot
la b o r a to r y c h e m ic a l d a ta .
w ater
900 g o f
co n d u c tiv ity
(E C ), and c o l d
b o ro n (B).
G r e e n h o u s e t r i a l s w e r e c o n d u c t e d by M cFee an d o t h e r s ( 1 9 8 1 ) t o
e v a l u a t e o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l s from s u r f a c e c o a l m i n e s i n
In d ia n a .
grow n
A lfa lfa
12
for
R e g ressio n
( M e d ic a e o s a t i v a ) and w h e a t ( T r i t i c u m v u l e a r e ) w e r e
w eeks
in
cla y
a n a ly s is
of
y ie ld
p aram eters d id n o t r e v e a l
p la n t grow th
sou th w estern
p o te n tia ls.
p o ts
co n ta in in g
a g a in st
p r o p e r tie s
20
kg
c h e m ic a l
th a t cou ld
The s t u d y d i d ,
5.5
of
an d
sa m p le.
p h y sic a l
c o n siste n tly
how ever,
id e n tify
p red ict
EC an d
w a te r s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y a s h a v in g s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w it h y i e l d .
D a n cer and J a n s e n (1 9 8 1 ) c o n d u c t e d a g r e e n h o u s e e v a l u a t i o n
so lu m and s u b s t r a t u m m a t e r i a l s from
They g rew
p eren n ia l
ryegrass
(L o liu m
th e sou th ern I l l i n o i s
oeren n e).
red c lo v e r
of
coal fie ld .
( T rlfo liu m
p r a t e n s e ) and s u d a n g r a s s (Sorghum s u d a n e n s i s ) i n
500 g o f s a m p l e w i t h
fe r tiliz e d
H ig h ly
and
u n fe r tiliz e d
trea tm en ts.
sig n ific a n t
7
d iffe r e n c e s
w ere ob served
b e t w e e n s u r f a c e and o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l ' s .
D i f f e r e n c e s w e r e l e s s p ro n o u n c e d w i t h f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
a lso
in d ic a te d
sa m p les co u ld
th a t
th e
d e tr im e n ta l
effects
T h e ir r e s u l t s
of a c id ic
be amended by b l e n d i n g w i t h more a l k a l i n e
and c l a y e y
and c o a r s e -
textu red m a te r ia ls.
M it c h e ll (1979) u sed g re en h o u se y i e l d
o f b o t h n a t i v e and c r o p
s p e c i e s t o e v a l u a t e c o a l m in e o v e r b u r d e n fr o m B l a c k Mesa,
A c lo se
r e la tio n sh ip
w as o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n y i e l d
New M exico.
and a v a i l a b l e l e v e l s
o f N a n d P.
P la n t sh o o t y i e l d
of
th e g reen h o u se
h a s b een t h e p r im a r y r e s p o n s e v a r i a b l e i n m o s t
s tu d ie s
and i n t r o d u c e d t e s t - p l a n t
c ite d
above.
The s t u d i e s h a v e u s e d
n a tiv e
s p e c i e s grow n i n v a r i o u s a m o u n ts o f s u r f a c e
and s u b s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l s f o r d i f f e r e n t d u r a t i o n s .
Growth m e d ia s a m p le
w e i g h t s h a v e r a n g e d fr o m 0.5 t o 5 .5 kg and t r i a l , p e r i o d s h a v e b e e n
f r o m 7 t o 13 w e e k s .
medium
A d i a g n o s t i c te c h n iq u e u s in g a s m a lle r grow th
s a m p l e and h a v i n g a s h o r t e r
d e v e l o p i n g an e f f i c i e n t
m in e s o i l
tr ia l
t i m e w o u ld be d e s i r a b l e i n
greenhouse t e s t in g
program
fo r
p o te n tia l
m a teria ls.
The N eubauer Method
A g r e e n h o u s e m eth od w h ic h r e q u i r e s a r e l a t i v e l y
w e ig h t
per
se e d lin g
c o n ta in e r
te ch n iq u e
and
a
(N eub au er
short
an d
grow th
p erio d
S c h n e id e r
is
1 923).
s m a ll sa m p le
th e
N eubauer
The N e u b a u e r
t e c h n i q u e w as am ong t h e f i r s t g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d m e th o d s o f g r o w th
m e d ia a s s e s s m e n t b a s e d upon p l a n t n u t r i e n t u p t a k e ( F r i e d and B r o e s h a r t
19 67).
The o r i g i n a l m eth od w as b a s e d upon t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l a r g e
8
number o f
exhaust
seed lin g s
g ro w in g i n
th e n u t r i e n t
d u r in g e a r ly
su p p ly
d ev elo p m en t
a sm a ll
because o f
amount o f
stro n g
so il
w ou ld r a p i d l y
s e e d lin g fe e d in g
power
(T h o rn to n 1 9 3 5 , V a n d eca v e y e 1 9 4 8 ).
; A c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r i g i n a l p r o c e d u r e , an a i r - d r y ,
100 g s a m p le
p a s s i n g a 2 mm s i e v e w as m ix e d w i t h 50 g o f n u t r i e n t - f r e e q u a r t z san d.
T h is m i x t u r e w a s s p r e a d e v e n l y i n t h e b o tto m o f a s m a l l g l a s s d i s h and
c o v e r e d w i t h 150 g o f d r y s a n d .
on th e sa n d l a y e r .
dry sand.
fin a l
17
d istille d
s e e d s w ere p la n te d
The s e e d s w e r e c o v e r e d w i t h a f i n a l
100 g l a y e r o f
E a ch c o n t a i n e r r e c e i v e d 80 ml o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and t h e
w e ig h t o f
A fter
One h u n d r e d r y e
days
th e c o n t a in e r s was m a in ta in e d
th e
se e d lin g
sh oots
w a t e r and a s h e d a t 550 C.
t e s t e d f o r i t s c o n t e n t o f P a n d K.
w ere
by d a i l y
h arvested ,
w a te rin g .
r in se d
w ith
The a s h w as d i s s o l v e d i n HCl and
V a lu e s w ere c a l i b r a t e d w ith s o i l
t e s t r e s u l t s to d e t e r m i n e t h e l i m i t i n g l e v e l s f o r P and K (T h o rn to n
1935).
M o d ific a tio n s of
Am es
and
G erdel
P ra b h a k a ra n n a ir
effects
p la n t
b a r le y
p r o c e d u r e h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d by
M cG eorge
and C o t t e n i e
so il
(1 9 6 9 ).
and
sam p le w e ig h t ,
They
support
k in d o f
(1 9 :5 6 )
and
observed
th e
co n ta in er,
test-
P r a b h a k a r a n n a ir and C o t t e n i e
t h e m eth od t o m e a s u r e t r a c e
se e d lin g s.
B r e a z e a le
T hese s t u d i e s
and m eth o d o f p l a n t i n g .
(19.69) m o d i f i e d
by
( 19 2 7 ),
of v a ria tio n in
sp e c ie s
th e o r i g i n a l
th e
elem en t uptake over
te ch n iq u e
as
tim e
a m eans
of
s t u d y i n g th e e f f e c t o f r h i z o s p h e r e pH c h a n g e s on t r a c e e l e m e n t u p ta k e .
McGeorge (1 9 4 6 ) b e l i e v e d t h a t some m o d i f i c a t i o n s c o u l d be made w i t h o u t
je o p a r d iz in g
th e r e s u lts ^
o r i g i n a l procedure.
b ut recom m ended c l o s e
a d h e ren ce to
th e
9
The Jen n v P o t - c u l t u r e
The s e c o n d g r e e n h o u s e t e c h n i q u e u s e d i n
p o t - c u l t u r e m eth od.
a v a ila b ility
1.6
kg
of
c o n sisted
for
60
by y i e l d
days
trea tm en t f e r t i l i z e d
response
(Jenn y
o f fou r r e p lic a t io n s
w ere added;
et
of fiv e
an d t h r e e
p a r tia l
a l.
1950).
treatm en ts:
trea tm en ts,
S o il sa m p les w ere a i r - d r i e d ,
p la c e d i n
15 cm f l o w e r
p o ts.
p la n t because i t
60
of a te st-p la n t
E ach
a
grow n i n
so il
test
" stan d ard " f u l l
w i t h N, P a n d K; a c h e c k t o w h i c h no n u t r i e n t s
n u trien t.
in d ic a to r
s t u d y w a s t h e Jen n y
The o r i g i n a l m e t h o d a s s e s s e d p r i m a r y n u t r i e n t
as in d ic a te d
so il
th is
days
each o m it t in g a s i n g l e
p a s s e d th r o u g h a 5 mm mesh and
The t e s t
u s e d R o m a in e l e t t u c e
grew r a p i d l y and w as r e l a t i v e l y
d ise a se .
A fter
p la n t
w e ig h e d .
Mean w e i g h t s f r o m
sh o o ts
w ere
h arvested ,
fo u r r e p l i c a t i o n s
a s an
f r e e from
d ried
and r e l a t i v e
and
y ie ld
p ercen tages,
o b t a i n e d by c o m p a r is o n w i t h t h e f u l l t r e a t m e n t , w e r e u s e d
to
so il
e stim a te
d e fic ie n c ie s.
The m eth od w as c a l i b r a t e d w i t h f i e l d
e x p e r i m e n t s and g a v e r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t i o n s
N,
P and K f e r t i l i z a t i o n
t h a t c r o p s w o u ld r e s p o n d t o
of s o ils id e n tifie d
a s d e f i c i e n t by th e p o t -
cu ltu re.
S in c e i t s
d e v e l o p m e n t , m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e J e n n y m eth od h a v e
t a k e n many f o r m s .
th e ca lc iu m
(W a lk er
so il
(C a) a n d m a g n e s i u m (M g) n u t r i t i o n
19 5 4 ,
W a lk er e t a l .
19 5 5).
of se r p e n tin e s o i l s
O zu s an d H anw ay ( 1 9 6 6 ) s t u d i e d
N and P a v a i l a b i l i t y , u s i n g c r o p and p a s t u r e s p e c i e s grow n i n
kg o f s o i l .
O. 5
C rop a n d n a t i v e s p e c i e s w e r e u s e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e
to
1.5
B a r r e t an d o t h e r s ( I 9 8 0 ) r e c o m m e n d e d s o i l w e i g h t s f r o m
I kg u s in g
te st-p la n ts
th at
are
a p p r o p r ia te
fo r
sp e c ific
!
10
research o b je c tiv e s.
grow n
in
I
H e il ( 1983) r e p o r t e d t h a t w e s t e r n w h e a tg r a s s
2 kg o f
to
c h a r a c te r iz a tio n
of
m a te r ia l
so ils
o b ta in e d
an d g e o l o g i c
th e
b est
m a te r ia ls
r e su lts
in
fo r
re c la m a tio n
p la n n in g .
The l e n g t h y g r o w t h p e r i o d s and l a r g e s a m p l e w e i g h t s r e q u i r e d f o r
th ese
m o d ific a tio n s
greenhouse
in c rea se
c h a r a c te r iz a tio n .
th e
tim e ,
effo rt
The s h o r t e r
tr ia l
and
expense
of
t i m e an d s m a l l e r
s a m p l e w e i g h t s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e N eubauer m eth od make i t
an a t t r a c t i v e
a lte r n a tiv e
The o r i g i n a l
fo r
r e d u cin g
th e c o s t s o f such s t u d ie s .
N eubauer te c h n iq u e , h o w e v e r ,
term s o f
was d e v e lo p e d
n u t r ie n t uptake r a th e r
no a s s e s s m e n t
of
N eubauer
th a n y i e l d .
y ie ld
as
to a s s e s s f e r t i l i t y
The l i t e r a t u r e
a m easure
of
so il
in
c o n ta in s
fe r tility .
A lth o u g h th e p l a n t i n g d e n s i t y f o r t h e N eu b au er m eth od i s h ig h e r i n
each c o n ta in e r ,
th e i n f l u e n c e s o f th e s h o r t g r o w th t r i a l and s m a l l
s a m p l e v o lu m e may r e d u c e s h o o t y i e l d
Jenny m eth od .
th e y i e l d
t o l e s s th a n t h a t o b t a i n e d by th e
The p r i n c i p l e o b j e c t i v e
response
of
a te st-p la n t
of
th is
stu d y w as to
com pare
grow n u n d er t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f
J e n n y a n d N e u b a u e r m e t h o d s an d i d e n t i f y
im p o rta n t to y i e l d i n each te ch n iq u e .
g r o w th m ed ia
th e '
p aram eters
The c o m p a r is o n w o u ld d e t e r m i n e
w h e t h e r N eu b au er y i e l d r e s p o n s e s r e f l e c t J e n n y y i e l d
responses
to a
s e t o f g r o w th m e d ia h a v i n g d i v e r s e c h e m i c a l and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s .
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Samnlfi P r e p a r a t i o n
T w e n t y - t w o g r o w t h m e d ia w e r e i n c l u d e d i n
green h ou se te c h n iq u e s.
c o m p a r is o n o f
th e
T h e s e m e d i a c o n s i s t e d o f 1-4 s o i l s a m p l e s , 6
g e o l o g i c m a t e r i a l s and 2 m in e s p o i l s .
p la s tic -lin e d
th e
The s a m p l e s w e r e r e c e i v e d i n
b o x e s and w e r e a c c o m p a n ie d
by f i e l d
n otes
t a k e n d u r in g
s a m p l i n g by B u reau o f Land Management (BLM) s t a f f .
In d iv id u a l
d e sc r ip tio n s
of
th e
grow th
a cc o rd in g t o g u id e l i n e s p u b lish ed i n S o i l
m ed ia
w ere
Taxonomy ( S o i l
Survey S t a f f
I 9 7 5 ) and t h e S o i l S u r v e y M anual ( S o i l S u r v e y S t a f f I 9 5 1 ).
d e s c r i p t i o n s w e r e a l s o b a sed on f i e l d
prepared
S a m p le
n o t e s s u p p l i e d by BLM s t a f f .
A l l o f t h e s o i l s a m p l e s w e r e a i r - d r i e d and p a s s e d th r o u g h a 2 mm
sie v e .
O n ly t h e F i n e e a r t h f r a c t i o n (< 2 mm) o f t h e s o i l s a m p l e s w a s
u s e d f o r b o t h l a b o r a t o r y and g r e e n h o u s e a n a l y s i s .
The o v e r b u r d e n and
s p o i l s a m p l e s w e r e a i r - d r i e d a n d p a s s e d t h r o u g h a 5 mm s i e v e .
The
r e m a i n i n g c o a r s e f r a g m e n t s w e r e th e n c r u s h e d w i t h a hammer u n t i l s m a l l
e n o u g h t o be g r o u n d i n a f l a i l - t y p e g r i n d e r .
The s i e v e d a n d g r o u n d
p o r t i o n s w e r e t h o r o u g h l y m ix ed t o a c h i e v e h o m o g e n e i t y .
Only t h e f i n e
ea rth
w as used fo r
fr a c tio n
of
th e
la b o r a to ry
a n a ly sis.
greenhouse
a n a ly s is
sa m p le v o lu m e s
b elo w
o v e r b u r d e n and s p o i l
C oarse
because
fra g m en ts
sa m p le s
w ere
r e ta in e d
fo r
th e
t h e i r r e m o v a l w o u ld h a v e r e d u c e d t h e
w hat was n eeded f o r r e p l i c a t io n .
12
P h y sic a l A n a ly sis
P a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y s i s w as c a r r i e d o u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m ethod o f
Day ( 1 9 6 5 ) .
W a te r c o n t e n t a t
1 /3
an d 15 b a r t e n s i o n w a s m e a s u r e d
u s i n g a p r e s s u r e p l a t e a p p a r a t u s ( R i c h a r d s 1969).
M o istu re
con ten t a t
s a t u r a t i o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m an o v e n - d r i e d s a m p l e o f a s a t u r a t e d
p a s t e ( R i c h a r d s I 96 9 ) .
C h em ic a l A n a l y s i s
T a b le I l i s t s th e c h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s u s e d f o r
T a b le I .
c h a r a c te r iz a tio n .
C h em ical a n a l y s i s m e th o d s .
M easured P a r a m e te r
Ca, Mg, Na, K
SOiI, NOHCO3 , c3
PH3
EC, SAR
I!
Ca, Mg, Na, K
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe
Pb, Cd, N i
E x t r a c t i o n Method
R eferen ce
S a tu ra tio n E xtract
R ich ard s (1 9 6 9 )
I I
R ich a rd s (1 9 6 9 )
NH2jOAc
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe
Pb, Cd, Ni
DTPA/TEA
P
NaHCO3
F o l l e t t and L in d s a y
(1971)
O ls e n and Dean ( 1 9 6 5 )
/
B
Hot Water S o l u t i o n
Wear ( 1 9 6 5 )
Se
Hot w a t e r S o l u t i o n
F in e ( 1 965)
Mo
Tamm's R e a g e n t
R e i n s e n a u e r ( 1 965 )
CEC
NaOAc
R ic h a r d s ( 1 9 6 9 )
O r g a n ic M a t t e r
Kp Cr 2 O7 —H2 S Oi2
Sim s and Haby ( 1 9 7 1 )
13
S o lu b le
and
e x tr a c ta b le
c o n c e n tr a tio n s
and
c a tio n
m o d e l AA6 ,
c a p a c i t y (CEC) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a V a r i o n T e c h t r o n ,
a to m ic a b s o r p tio n sp e c tr o p h o to m e te r .
E x c h a n g e a b le Ca,
exchange
Mg,
Na,
and K
w e r e c a l c u l a t e d by s u b t r a c t i n g s o l u b l e fr o m e x t r a c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
(R ic h a r d s
I 969).
CarMg r a t i o s .
n eu tral
E x c h a n g e a b le c o n c e n t r a tio n s w ere used to c a lc u la t e
E x tr a c tio n s
and a l k a l i n e
by DTPA /T E A w e r e
sa m p les.
A sin g le
ca r ried
la b o r a to r y
made on e a c h g r o w t h medium f o r e a c h p a r a m e t e r .
out
o n ly
on
d e t e r m i n a t i o n was-
The r e s u l t s s e r v e d a s
in d ep en d en t v a r i a b l e s i n th e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s .
.
M o d i f i e d N eubauer Method
An a i r - d r y ,
100 g s a m p l e o f e a c h g r o w t h medium w a s m ix e d w i t h 50
g o f a c id -w a s h e d q u a r tz sand.
b ottom
of a p la stic
sa n d -so il
seeds
u n ifo r m ly over
d istille d
c o n t a i n e r 11 cm i n d i a m e t e r by 8 cm d e e p .
The
m i x t u r e w as c o v e r e d w i t h 150 g o f d ry sa n d and 150 w e s t e r n
w h ea tg ra ss
a d d itio n a l
The m i x t u r e w a s s p r e a d e v e n l y i n t h e
(A gropyron
th e
sm ith ii
sand s u r f a c e .
was m a in ta in e d
w ith
d a ily
R osanna)
The s e e d s w e r e
100 g l a y e r o f d ry san d.
w a t e r and w as c o v e r e d .
var.
w ere
covered
spread
w ith
an
Each c o n t a i n e r r e c e i v e d 80 ml o f
The f i n a l
w e ig h t o f each
a d d itio n s o f d i s t i l l e d
w ater.
co n ta in er
The c o v e r s
w e r e re m o v ed a f t e r , t h e y had b een to u c h e d by em erged s e e d l i n g s .
A fter
45 d a y s t h e p l a n t s h o o t s w e r e h a r v e s t e d and r i n s e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d
w a t e r t o r e m o v e any a d h e r i n g s o i l p a r t i c l e s .
p r e p a r a tio n o f
t h e N eub au er c o n t a i n e r s .
The o r i g i n a l
grow n
fo r
17
F i g u r e I i l l u s t r a t e s th e
days
N e u b a u e r m e t h o d s u g g e s t e d t h a t 10 0 s e e d l i n g s
(M cG eo rg e
1 9 4 6 ).
To
correct
fo r
70
be
percent
14
g e r m i n a t i o n i n t h e s e e d and t h e 2 8 - d a y g e r m i n a t i o n p e r i o d r e q u i r e d f o r
w estern
w h eatgrass
(C o p ela n d
1 981),
th e
m eth od
was
p la n tin g
150 s e e d s p e r c o n t a i n e r and e x t e n d i n g t h e t r i a l
m o d ified
by
p e r i o d t o 45
days.
11 cm
8 cm
-Seed
9 cm
F ig u re I .
C r o s s - s e c t i o n o f Neubauer c o n t a i n e r sh o w in g t h e p o s i t i o n s
o f th e s a n d - s o i l m i x t u r e , t h e san d l a y e r s and s e e d .
M o d i f i e d Jen n v P o t - c u l t u r e
An a i r - d r y s a m p l e o f e a c h g r o w t h m e d iu m ( I k g ) w a s p l a c e d i n a
p l a s t i c p o t 15 cm i n d i a m e t e r by 12 cm d e e p .
seeds
o f w estern
w h ea tg ra ss
p la n te d
w e ig h e d e v e r y o t h e r day and b r o u g h t t o
E ach p o t r e c e i v e d
I cm d e e p .
C o n ta in ers
1 /3 bar m o is tu r e c o n te n t.
l e n g t h d u r i n g th e t r i a l w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 14 h o u r s .
15
w ere
Day
A f t e r 60 d a y s t h e
p l a n t s w e r e h a r v e s t e d and r i n s e d a s i n t h e Neubauer m ethod.
W estern w h e a tg r a s s was u sed a s th e t e s t - p l a n t
because i t
was
15.
id e n tifie d
at
c o lle c te d .
several
of
th e s i t e s
The R o s a n n a v a r i e t y
w here th e s o i l
was u sed
because
m a te r ia ls
w ere
it
m ost
is
th e
a d a p t i v e and s u c c e s s f u l e u l t i v a r p ro d u c ed c o m m e r c i a l l y on t h e N o r th e r n
G reat P la in s
(T h orn bu rg 1 9 8 2 ) .
V e g e ta tio n A n a ly sis
S h o o t y i e l d w as u s e d a s t h e p r im a r y r e s p o n s e v a r i a b l e .
and l o w
c o s t o f m easurem ent a r e d e s i r a b l e f o r d ev elo p m en t o f a ra p id
g r e e n h o u s e m eth od.
fa cto rs
a ffe c tin g
Shoot y ie ld i s
p la n t h e a lth
(H ell
a lso
an i n t e g r a t o r
1 9 8 3 ).
T issu e
13 e l e m e n t s w e r e a l s o m e a s u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f
m e th o d s d i f f e r e d
m e d ia .
I ts ease
in
of
t h e many
co n cen tra tio n s of
th e tw o g r e e n h o u s e
t h e a m ou n ts t h e p l a n t s e x t r a c t e d from
t h e g r o w th
E l e m e n t a l t i s s u e a n a l y s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d on c o m p o s i t e s a m p l e s
com p o se d o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l from e a c h s e t o f r e p l i c a t i o n s .
A fter h a r v e s t in g ,
w e i g h t a t 70 C.
th e
p la n t m a te r ia l
was o v e n -d r ie d
Y ield i n each r e p l i c a t i o n
to
con stan t
o f each g r o w t h medium was
r e c o r d e d i n gram s per c o n t a i n e r f o r b oth o f th e g r e e n h o u s e m eth o d s.
P la n t
P was d ete rm in ed
c o lo r im e tr ic a lly
ammonium m o l y b d a t e s o l u t i o n
( H o r w it z
1 9 75).
a fter
c o m p le x a tio n w ith
T issu e c o n c e n t r a tio n s o f
\
Ca, Mg, K, Zn and i r o n (Fe) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by f l a m e a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n
s p e c t r o m e t r y a f t e r a c i d d i g e s t i o n (M unshower and Neuman 1 9 7 8 ).
T issu e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m o ly b d e n u m ( M o ), c a d m iu m (C d ) , n i c k e l ( N i ) , l e a d
(P b ) a n d Cu w e r e d e t e r m i n e d
by e l e c t r o t h e r m a l
sp ectro m etry a f t e r d ig e s t io n w ith
and Munshower
K jeld a h l
1981).
n itr ic
a to m ic
a b so rp tio n
and p e r c h l o r i c a c i d s (Neuman
T o t a l p l a n t N w as d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g an im p r o v e d
m ethod ( H o r w it z
1 9 7 5 ).
16
-S fc a tistic a l A n a ly sis
Each p o t t i n g t e c h n i q u e w as r e p l i c a t e d
g r o w th
m e d ia .
A r a n d o m iz e d
w e r e ra n d o m ly r o t a t e d
10 t i m e s f o r e a c h o f t h e 22
c o m p le te b lo c k d e sig n
over
th e g r e e n h o u se
was used.
ta b le s
to
e f f e c t s o f c h a n g i n g l i g h t and t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s .
B lo c k s
e q u a liz e
th e
S h o o t y i e l d and
e l e m e n t a l t i s s u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e u s e d a s r e s p o n s e v a r i a b l e s i n th e
sta tistic a l
a n a ly sis.
L a b o ra to ry c h a r a c t e r iz a t i o n d a ta ser v ed as
in d ep en d en t v a r i a b l e s .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e w as u s e d t o o b s e r v e t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n y i e l d
a ttr ib u te d
to
grow th
m e d iu m
and g r e e n h o u s e m e th o d .
A n a ly sis
of
v a r i a n c e w as a l s o u s e d t o o b s e r v e t h e v a r i a b i l i t y i n e l e m e n t a l u p ta k e
a t t r i b u t e d t o g r o w t h m e d iu m an d g r e e n h o u s e m e t h o d .
ra n k o r d e r
c o r rela tio n
degree o f a s s o c ia tio n
m ed ia
by t h e
c o e ffic ie n t
b etw een
The S p e a r m a n ' s
( r s ) w as com p u ted t o q u a n t i f y
th e y ie ld - b a s e d
J en n y and N e u b a u er m e th o d s
ra n k in g s o f
(S teel
th e
th e g r o w th
an d T o r r i e
1 9 80).
M u ltip le s t e p w is e l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n a n a l y s i s was u sed to i d e n t i f y
g r o w th m e d ia p a r a m e te r s im p o r t a n t to y i e l d
tech n iq u es.
T h is a n a l y s i s w as
c a r ried
out
in each o f th e p o ttin g
u s i n g a c o m p u te r
program
f r o m t h e S t a t i s t i c a l P a c k a g e fojg J J ig S o c i a l S c i e n c e s ( S P S S ) ( N i e e t
a l . I 975).
fo r
The SPSS p r o g r a m w a s u s e d b e c a u s e i t c o n t a i n e d an o p t i o n
in c lu d in g
cases
w ith
m issin g
d ata.
The d a t a
base
co u ld
be
m a i n t a i n e d by i n c l u d i n g a c a s e ( t r i a l on a s i n g l e g r o w t h medium) w i t h
m issin g v a lu e s fo r c e r ta in v a r ia b le s.
For e x a m p le ,
t r a c e e le m e n t
a n a l y s i s by DTPA/TEA e x t r a c t i o n w as done o n l y on n e u t h a l and a l k a l i n e
sa m p les.
The m i s s i n g
d a ta
fo r
th e
fiv e
a c id ic
m e d ia
w o u ld h a v e
17
e l i m i n a t e d them from t h e a n a l y s i s and r e d u c e d t h e number o f c a s e s .
The c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m l i s t e d
in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , w o u ld
c r ite r ia
w ere:
(I)
th e
t h r e e c r i t e r i a to d e t e r m in e w h ich
en ter
num ber
of
a r e g r e ssio n
v a r ia b le s
eq u a tio n .
a llo w e d
to
T hese
en ter
an
e q u a t i o n , (2 ) th e F - r a t i o , (3 ) th e t o l e r a n c e l e v e l (N ie e t a l . 1975).
For
th is
a n a ly sis,
r e sp e c tiv e ly .
I t was f e l t
im p o rta n t v a r ia b le s
L ev els
of
ta b le s
(S teel
th ese
sta tistic a l
v a lu e s
set
at
5 .0 ,
2 .0
and
0 .0 1
t h a t t h e s e r e s t r i c t i o n s w o u ld i d e n t i f y
and im p r o v e
sig n ific a n c e
and T o r r i e
w ere
1 9 80).
th e
w ere
sig n ific a n c e
of
d eterm in ed
from
th e
th e r e s u l t s .
stan d ard
F-
18
RESULTS MD DISCUSSION
In tro d u ctio n
The g r o w t h
m e d ia u sed i n
s a m p le d a t v a r i o u s
d e p t h s fr o m
th is
stu d y
12 d i f f e r e n t p r o f i l e s
g e o lo g ic m a te r ia ls o f d iffe r e n t l i t h o lo g i e s
m a t e r i a l s fr o m tw o s u r f a c e
in c lu d ed s o i l
c o a l m in es
m a te r ia ls
(sa m p les
1-14),
( s a m p l e s 1 5 - 2 0 ) and s p o i l
(s a m p le s 2 1 ,2 2 ).
G row th m e d ia
d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n A p p en d ix I .
They w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o
p r o c e d u r e s r e c o m m e n d e d by t h e S o i l
Survey S t a f f
(1 9 5 1 ,
1 9 7 5 ) an d
s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h f i e l d n o t e s s u p p l i e d by BLM s t a f f .
C o m p le te r e s u l t s o f
th e la b o r a to r y
m e d i a a n a l y s i s a r e g i v e n i n A p p en d ix I I ,
p h y sica l
and c h e m i c a l
T a b l e s 9 and 10.
grow th
The r e s u l t s
o f th e la b o r a to r y c h a r a c t e r iz a t io n w ere in t e r p r e t e d u s in g fo u r s e t s o f
c r ite r ia .
T a b le 2 c o n t a i n s t h e s u s p e c t l e v e l s f o r s o i l and o v e r b u r d e n
p a r a m e t e r s o u t l i n e d by t h e M o n t a n a D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t e L a n d s (MDSL
I 9 7 7 ) . P l a n t p r o d u c t i o n i s a s s u m e d t o b e r e s t r i c t e d by t h e s e l e v e l s .
They a r e u s e f u l g u i d e l i n e s
co n sid e r e d
sin g le
as a b so lu te s.
p aram eter
cou ld
Zn,
Fe,
stu d y
The p o t e n t i a l l y u n d e s i r a b l e l e v e l f o r a
be c o n t r o l l e d
o rg a n ic m a tter co n ten t,
affected .
b u t t h e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y n o t be
by o t h e r
p r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s pH,
l e v e l s o f o th er e le m e n ts or th e p la n t s p e c ie s
G u i d e l i n e s f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f D T P A r-ex tr a cta b le l e v e l s
Mn and Cu w e r e s u g g e s t e d by F o l l e t t and L i n d s a y ( 1 9 7 0 ) .
of
m ic r o n u tr ie n t
d istr ib u tio n s
w ith in
so il
p r o file s
of
T h eir
was
19
c o n d u c te d t o p r e d i c t d e f i c i e n c i e s r e s u l t i n g fro m
T h i s e m p h a s i s m ak es t h e i r f i n d i n g s r e l e v a n t
to
to p so il
r e m o v a l.
recla m a tio n
p la n n in g .
O th er s e t s o f c r i t e r i a w e r e c o m p i l e d by B a r r e t t and c o - w o r k e r s (1 9 8 0 )
and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s B ureau o f R e c l a m a t i o n (USER 1981).
g u id e lin e s
fo r
assessm ent
of
fe r tility ,
pH,
They c o n t a i n
sa lin ity ,
so d ic ity ,
t e x t u r e and t r a c e e l e m e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r r e c l a m a t i o n p l a n n i n g .
T a b le 2 .
MDSL g u i d e l i n e s f o r s u s p e c t l e v e l s i n s o i l and o v e r b u r d e n
m a t e r i a l (MDSL 1 9 7 7 ) .
P ara m ete r
Suspect L evel
C on d u ctan ce
Sodium a d s o r p t i o n r a t i o
M e c h a n ic a l a n a l y s i s
f
S a tu ra tio n %
pH
POit- P
NOg-N
NHn-N
Cd
Cu
Fe
Pb
Mn
Hg
Se
Mo
B
Zn
Ni
> 4-6 mmhos/cm
>12
C la y > 40 *
Sand > 70%
No G u i d e l i n e
>8 . 8—9.0
No G u i d e l i n e
> 10-20 ppm
> 10-20 ppm
>0 . 1- 1.0 ppm
>40 ppm
No G u i d e l i n e
pH < 6 , > 1 0 - 1 5 ppm
pH >6 , > 1 5 - 2 0 ppm
>60 ppm
> 0 . 4 - 0 . 5 ppm
>2 . 0 ppm
>0. 3 ppm
> 8 . 0 ppm
> 3 0 -4 0 ppm
DTPA e x t r a c t i o n > 1 .0 ppm
A cid e x t r a c t i o n > 5 .0 ppm
P h y sic a l A n a ly sis
C o m p le t e r e s u l t s o f t h e p h y s i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e g r o w t h m e d ia a r e
liste d
i n A p p e d ix I I ,
s u m m a r iz e d i n T a b le 3.
T a b l e 9»
The p h y s i c a l
a n a ly sis r e s u lt s
are
A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h t h e MDSL
20
c r ite r ia
fo r
m ech a n ica l
a n a ly sis
e x c e e d e d t h e 40 p e r c e n t l e v e l f o r
in c lu d e d
th re e
sa m p les
d eriv ed
in d ic a te d
8 o f 22 s a m p l e s
th a t
c la y co n ten t.
The c l a y e y m a t e r i a l s
fr o m B e a r Paw S h a l e ( s a m p l e s
1,2 ,1 5 ),
t h e m o n t m o r i l l o n i t i c s o i l s o f t h e Midway and M cKenzie s e r i e s ( s a m p l e s
5 ,7 )»
a F o r t U n ion i n t e r b e d d e d s a n d s t o n e and s h a l e ( s a m p l e 2 0 ) ,
a gray
s h a l e ( s a m p l e 19 ) and a m in e s p o i l m a t e r i a l ( s a m p l e 22 ).
fissile
T a b le 3 .
Summary o f p h y s i c a l a n a l y s i s d a t a .
Mean
Sand (%)
S i l t (Jt)
C la y ( J t )
S a t u r a t i o n (Jt)
1 / 3 b a r m o i s t u r e (JS)
15 b a r m o i s t u r e (J>)
2 8 .7
1 5 .0
36 .8
10.6
3 4 .4
1 6 .2
4 6 .0
9 .9
7 .7
H ig h . s a t u r a t i o n
co n ten t.
66.0
2 6 .9
1 7 .6
p ercen ta g es
Except fo r
a gray
Range
Min. - Max.
S .D .
P a ra m ete r
w ere
3 .9 -
6 5 .1
22 .0 - 70.1
10 • 8 — 66•8
3 3 . 7 - 227.0
1 6 .3 9 .3 -
a sso c ia te d
F o r t U n io n m u d sto n e
w ith
5 2 .9
3 8 .5
h ig h
(sa m p le
c la y
17),
a ll
m a t e r i a l s w i t h s a t u r a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s g r e a t e r t h a n 50 e x c e e d e d t h e
su sp e c t l e v e l fo r c la y co n ten t.
in d ic a te d
a
c la y
con ten t
p e r c e n t a g e w a s •227.
an e l e c t r i c m i x e r ,
of
M e ch a n ica l a n a l y s i s o f sa m p le
o n ly
D isp ersio n w ith
22 p e r c e n t ,
yet
th e
17
sa tu r a tio n
s o d iu m h e x a m e t a p h o s p h a t e ,
u sin g
may be i n a d e q u a t e f o r c o m p l e t e p a r t i c l e s e p a r a t i o n
in c o n s o lid a t e d sa m p les o f t h i s m a t e r ia l.
A fter
in itia l
w a te r in g ,
su rface
c r u stin g
o b se r v e d i n s e v e r a l o f th e c la y e y sa m p le s.
and
c r a c k in g
w ere
C racks t h a t fo rm ed i n a
s o i l m a t e r i a l w e a t h e r e d f r o m B e a r Paw S h a l e ( s a m p l e 2 ) a r e s h o w n i n
F ig u re
2.
C r a c k in g
in
th is
m a te r ia l
was
p ro b a b ly
caused
by i t s
21
m in e r a l o g y o f m i x e d - l a y e r i l l i t e - m o n t m o r i l I o n i t e and s o d i u m - r i c h
m o n tm o r ilI o n i t e
F ig u re 2.
cla y s
(S c h u ltz
1978).
C rack s w h i c h fo r m e d i n a s o i l w e a t h e r e d fr o m B e a r Paw
S h a le.
N on e o f
th e
sa m p les e x c e e d e d
th e
su spect
sand c o n te n t
o f 70
p ercen t.
T e x t u r a l c l a s s e s o f t h e g r o w t h m e d ia r a n g e d from s an d y lo a m
to c la y .
A c c o r d i n g t o USER ( 1 9 8 1 ) c r i t e r i a f o r e v a l u a t i n g t e x t u r a l
c la ss,
11 s a m p l e s r a t e d a s good g r o w t h m e d i a , 3 s a m p l e s r a t e d a s f a i r
and 8 s a m p l e s r e c e i v e d a poor r a t i n g .
22
• C h e m ic a l A n a l y s i s
C o m p le t e r e s u l t s o f t h e c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n
A p p ed d ix I I ,
T a b le 4 .
T a b le 10.
T a b l e 4 c o n t a i n s a su m m a ry o f t h i s
d ata.
Summary o f c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s d a t a .
P a ram ete r
Mean
pH
6 .9 5
EC (mmhos/cm)
2 .9 2
CEC (me/TOOg)
1 9 .7 0
SAR
4 .3 0
E x c h a n g e a b le Ca ( m e / 1 0 0 g ) J /
4 3 .8 0
E x c h a n g e a b l e Mg ( m e / 1 0 0 g ) j y
1 1 .4 0
E x c h a n g e a b le Na ( m e / 1 0 0 g ) J /
3 .4 0
E xch an geab le K (m e /1 0 0 g )jy
1.10
CazMgg/
13.20
S o l u b l e N O g (m g /1 )
5 8 .2 0
2900.50
S o l u b l e SOit (m g /1 )
S o l u b l e Cl
(m g /1 )
4 8 .3 0 ,
S o l u b l e HCOo (m g /1 )
9 4 .0 0
S o l u b l e B (ppm)
1 .7 6
E x t r a c t a b l e P (ppm)
3 .6 9
E x t r a c t a b l e Mo (ppm)
0.2 8
N H ijO A c -e x tr a c ta b le Fe (ppm)
1.60
N H ^ O A c -e x t r a c t a b le Mn (ppm)
13.60
N H jjO A c-ex tra cta b le Zn (ppm)
4 .0 0
NHjJO A c - e x t r a c t a b l e Cu (ppm)
1.60
NHijOAc-extrac t a b l e N i (ppm)
1 .60
N H ^ O A c -e x t r a c t a b le Pb (ppm)
0 .4 0
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Fe (ppm)
2 3 .1 4
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Mn (ppm)
11.70
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Zn (ppm)
1 .2 3
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Cu (ppm)
1 .48
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Ni (ppm)
0 .8 3
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Pb (ppm) x
0 .7 4
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Cd (ppm)
0.12
O r g a n ic m a t t e r (%)
2.1 2
I/
are g iv en in
Range
Min. -
S .D .
3;80 -
1 .9 8
5 .3 3
9 .2 0
9 .4 0
3 7 .5 0
0 .0 9
3 .5 0
0 .0 4
9 .4 0
0 .0 9
6.1 0
0 .0 2
0.0 2
7 .7 0
0. 604 1 .6 0
6 4 8 0 .6 0
0 .5 4
0 .2 5
7 .00
130.20
87.60
0.1 0
0 .1 0
1 .9 2
5 .4 2
0 .1 7
0.10
182.70
E x c h a n g e a b le = E x t r a c t a b l e - S o l u b l e
0 .0 5
0 .0 6
0 .8 0
0 .7 0
1.20
1 6 .4 0
5 .2 0
2 .4 0
0 .9 0
0 .1 0
2.0 0
■ 0.20
0 .4 0
0 .3 0 .
3 6 .5 8
1 0 .3 1
2.20
0 .5 8
1 .58
1 .3 4
1.01
0 .6 2
0 .1 8
1 .8 7
Max.
■
0 .0 2
0.60
0 .2 4
0 .4 0
0 .0 5
0. 10
9 .4 0
2 3 .9 0
38.10
3 4 .7 0
1 7 8 .7 0
2 5 .6 0
31;50
3 .3 0
1 9 8 .5 0
3 8 3 .8 0
— 2 9 5 0 8 .0 0
616.80
9 2 9 .8 0
7 .9 9
2 4 .2 0
—
0.66
4 .0 0
7 0 .4 0
8.80
9 .6 0
10.00
1.60
1 4 3 .0 0
' 3 2 .4 0
6.62
4 .4 2
4 .5 8
2.36
0.21
5 .0 0
( R i c h a r d s 1969)
2J CazMg = E x c h a n g e a b l e C a /E x c h a n g e a b le Mg
The
minimum
u n d etecta b le
d e t e c t i o n l e v e l was a s s i g n e d t o . a n y s a m p le
q u a n tity
f o r a g iv e n p aram eter.
Except f o r
w ith
th e
an
DTPA
23
e x tr a c tio n s,
e a c h mean arid s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i s
DTPA a n a l y s e s w e r e r u n on I? o f 2 2 s a m p l e s .
co n ta in ed
a d ete cta b le
q u a n tity
of
so lu b le
b a s e d on 22 s a m p l e s .
S in c e o n ly one sa m p le
carb on ate
(C O g ),
and none
o f th e s a m p l e s c o n t a i n e d d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f s o l u b l e s e l e n i u m
(S e) or
NH1JO A c - e x t r a c t a b l e Cd, t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s w e r e e x c l u d e d fr o m t h e t a b l e .
A c o m p a r is o n o f T a b le 4 w i t h t h e MDSL c r i t e r i a i n d i c a t e d
th a t th e
g r o w t h m e d i a e x c e e d e d t h e s u s p e c t l e v e l s f o r pH, EC, SAR, Mo an d N i .
A g r a y c a l c a r e o u s m u d s to n e ( s a m p l e
17),
w i t h a pH o f 9 . 4 ,
was th e o n ly
m a t e r i a l t o e x c e e d t h e s u s p e c t pH l e v e l .
S i n c e t h e MDSL c r i t e r i o n f o r
pH d o e s
in
not
sp e c ify
a lim itin g
v a lu e
th e
a c id ic
c r i t e r i a w e r e u sed to e v a l u a t e th e a c i d i c m e d ia .
v a lu e s o f l e s s
c r ite r ia
range,
M a t e r i a l s w i t h pH
th a n 5.0 a r e r a t e d a s poor p l a n t g r o w t h m e d ia by t h e s e
(USER 1 9 8 1 ).
had pH v a l u e s o f l e s s
Four o v e r b u r d e n s a m p l e s and on e s p o i l
th a n 5.0.
m a teria l
The a c i d i c o v e r b u r d e n i n c l u d e d a B ear
Paw S h a l e m a t e r i a l ( s a m p l e 1 5 ), a g r a y f o s s i l i f e r o u s s i l t s t o n e
1 8 ),
a
gray
USER
fo ssilife r o u s
sh a le
(sa m p le
19)
i n t e r b e d d e d s a n d s t o n e and s h a l e ( s a m p l e 2 0 ) .
and
a
(s a m p le
Fort
U n io n
The a c i d i c m i n e s p o i l
( s a m p l e 22) w a s a y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n i n g c o a l and gypsum
fragm en ts.
The a c i d i c m e d ia w e r e a l s o h i g h i n s o l u b l e s a l t s .
Four o f th e f i v e a c i d i c s a m p le s had c o n d u c ta n c e v a l u e s g r e a t e r
th an
4
m m h o s/cm .
e s p e c ia lly
The
p ro n o u n ce d .
a c id ity
T h is s i l t s t o n e
c o n d u c t a n c e o f 2 3 .9 m m h os/cm .
su rfa ce i s
and
show n i n F i g u r e 3.
sa lin ity
of
sa m p le
18
w ere
m a t e r i a l had a pH o f 3.9 and a
The s a l t c r u s t w h i c h f o r m e d on i t s
The o n l y s a l i n e m a t e r i a l
t h a t w as n o t
a l s o a c i d i c w a s a s o i l m a t e r i a l w e a t h e r e d f r o m B e a r Paw S h a l e ( s e e
F ig u r e 2).
By c o n t r a s t ,
t h e u n w e a t h e r e d B e a r Paw S h a l e ( s a m p l e 15)
24
w a s t h e o n l y a c i d i c medium w i t h lo w c o n d u c t a n c e ( 0 .2 9 m m hos/cm ).
T h is
v a r i a b i l i t y f o r B e a r Paw S h a l e i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e r a n g e r e p o r t e d by
T o u r t e l o t ( I 962) f o r t h e P i e r r e S h a l e and i t s g e o l o g i c e q u i v a l e n t s .
The a c i d i c and s a l i n e m a t e r i a l s w e r e r a t e d a s u n s u i t a b l e g r o w t h m ed ia.
s a l i n e and s o d i c m a t e r i a l
s i l t s t o n e ( s a m p l e 1 8 ).
The MDSL l e v e l f o r SAR
was
th e s a l i n e s o i l d e r i v e d fr o m
m u d s to n e ( s a m p l e 1 7 ) ,
D o m in a n ce
of
th e
and
so d iu m
g e o lo g ic a lly
id e n tifie d
e x c e e d e d i n t h r e e o f th e sa m p les:
B ear
Paw S h a l e ( s a m p l e 2 ) , a F o r t Union
a gray f o s s i l i f ero u s s i l t s t o n e
io n
on
th e
m a te r ia ls causes d isp e r sio n o f c o llo id s
and i n c r e a s e d p o t e n t i a l f o r
as
su rfa ce
exchange
( s a m p l e 18).
co m p lex
of
th ese
r e s u l t i n g i n lo w p e r m e a b ilit y
r u n o f f an d e r o s i o n
(R ic h a r d s
25
1 9 6 9 ).
The s a l i n i t y
o f sa m p le
a c id ity
an d s a l i n i t y
effo rts
if
of
sig n ific a n t
w ere p la c ed i n
,
2,
sa m p le
h i g h pH o f s a m p l e 17 and com bin ed
18
w o u ld c o m p l i c a t e r e c l a m a t i o n
am ou n ts o f
th e s e so d ie overburden
m a teria ls
th e r o o t z o n e a f t e r m i n i n g .
B a r r e t t and o t h e r s (1 9 8 0 ) recom m en ded a d eq u acy l e v e l s
o f P and K
f o r p o s t - m i n e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f n a t i v e and im p r o v e d r a n g e g r a s s e s .
T hese l e v e l s
w e r e s e t a t 7 ppm P (NaHCOg e x t r a c t i o n )
(NH^OAc e x t r a c t i o n ) .
were P d e f i c i e n t .
of
(C l) and
net
a n io n s.
la ck in g fo r in d iv id u a l
su lfa te
(SO11) ,
n itr a te
CO3 f o r r e c l a m a t i o n
n e g a tiv e
charge,
A n io n
th e
sa lt
1977).
The co m b in ed
From
co n c e n tr a tio n
so lu b le
to g eth er
th e
so il
T a b le
c o llo id s
g e n e r a lly
w ith
so lu tio n
4 it
ch lo rid e
carry
repel
m o istu r e
a
th ese
co n ten t,
(Nye and T in k er
o f s o l u b l e a n io n s can,
th erefo re,
be
o f w a t e r e x t r a c t s ( R ic h a r d s
is
t h e g r o w th m e d ia ,
e v id e n t
t h a t SO11 w a s t h e
fo llo w ed
d ete cta b le
by
NO3 and Cl,
co n c e n tr a tio n
of
CO3 (4 0 m g /1 ).
are
a lso
la c k in g
fo r
ev a lu a tio n
c o n t e n t o f g r o w t h m e d ia f o r r e c l a m a t i o n
how ever,
su g g ested
w h ich N f e r t i l i z a t i o n
grasses.
S in c e s o i l
su rfa ces
17 w a s t h e o n l y m a t e r i a l w i t h a
C r ite r ia
(1980),
b i c a r b o n a t e (HCO3 ) ,
co n d u c tiv ity
in
d o m in a n t s o l u b l e a n io n i n
S a m p le
of
in flu en ce
th e d a ta
(NO3 ) ,
c o llo id a l
e s t i m a t e d by m e a s u r in g t h e
a sse ssm e n t o f w ater s o lu b le
p la n n in g .
co n c e n tr a tio n s,
con trol
1 96 9 ) .
17 o f t h e 2 2 s a m p l e s (77%)
Only s a m p l e 20 was d e f i c i e n t i n K.
C r ite r ia are
le v e ls
By t h e s e c r i t e r i a ,
a n d 60 ppm K
is
p la n n in g .
th e 2 p e r c e n t l e v e l
of
o r g a n ic
m a tter
B a r r e t t and o t h e r s
as th e
p o in t above
not re q u ir e d fo r e s ta b lis h m e n t o f fo r a g e
By t h i s c r i t e r i o n ,
N fe r tiliz a tio n
w o u ld be r e q u i r e d f o r
13
26
(59%) o f t h e s a m p l e s .
The r e l a t i v e l y h ig h o r g a n i c m a t t e r r e a d i n g s f o r
)
tw o o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l s ( s a m p l e s 1 8 , 2 0 ) a n d o n e m i n e s p o i l
(sa m p le
2 2 ) c o u l d h a v e b e e n c a u s e d by c o a l f r a g m e n t s i n t h e s e s a m p l e s .
C o m p lete
r e su lts
A p p en d ix I I ,
T a b le
of
th e
10.
tra ce
Of t h e
m eta l
trace
a n a ly se s
m e ta ls
are
a n a ly z e d
g iv e n
in
by m e t h o d s
c o m p a r a b le t o MDSL p r o c e d u r e s , o n l y Ni and Mo e x c e e d e d s u s p e c t l e v e l s .
T he I ppm s u s p e c t N i l e v e l w a s e x c e e d e d i n s i x (35%) o f t h e s a m p l e s
a n a ly z e d
by
m a te r ia ls;
DTPA e x t r a c t i o n .
a gray
siltsto n e
F iv e
of
th ese
in te r b u r d e n
g e o l o g i c m a t e r i a l h i g h i n Ni.
sa m p les
so il
sp o ils.
sa m p les,
so il
(sa m p le 16) w as th e o n ly
Molybdenum l e v e l s e x c e e d e d t h e 0.3 ppm
s u s p e c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n n i n e (41%) o f t h e s a m p l e s .
fou r
w ere
th ree g e o lo g ic
T hese in c lu d e d
m a t e r i a l s and b o t h o f
A c c o r d i n g t o MDSL c r i t e r i a ,
t h e m in e
none o f th e s a m p le s c o n ta in e d
s u s p e c t l e v e l s o f ’ Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, S e o r B.
G u i d e l i n e s f o r a d e q u a t e l e v e l s o f p l a n t a v a i l a b l e Zn,
Mn w e r e s u g g e s t e d by F o l l e t t and L i n d s a y ( 1 970).
Zn an d Mn,
4 .5
g u id e lin e s,
ppm f o r Fe an d 0 .2 ppm f o r
Fe,
Cu and
They a r e 1.0 ppm f o r
Cu.
A c co rd in g to
th ese
p o t e n t i a l Zn d e f i c i e n c i e s w e r e d e t e c t e d i n e i g h t s o i l
m a te r ia ls
and
one
m in e
s p o il
sa m p le;
tw o
d e fic ie n t;
th r e e , s o i l s a m p l e s w e r e l o w i n Fe.
so il
sa m p les
w ere
Mn
No Cu d e f i c i e n c i e s w e r e
d etected .
A lth o u g h
c r ite r ia
n ot w e ll-d e v e lo p e d ,
im p o r t a n t fro m
c a u s e d by l o w
p ro d u ctio n
fo r
B a rrett
ev a lu a tin g
and
e x c h a n g e a b l e Ca:Mg r a t i o s a r e
o t h e r s ( 19 80) c o n s i d e r t h e p a r a m e te r
a p la n t n u t r it io n s ta n d p o in t.
Ca:Mg
r a tio s in
(B a rrett e t a l.
th e grow th
1 9 8 0 ).
B ea r
and
. R e d u c e d Ca u p t a k e
medium c o u l d r e d u c e
p la n t
T r o th ( 1 9 4 8 ) recom m ended
27
an o p t i m u m
r a tio
of
6 .5 :1
o th e r s (1 9 5 8 ) o b serv e d
had
fo r
a lfa lfa
r e d u c e d Ca l e v e l s i n a l f a l f a
in
Ca i n
The MgCOg
13.5 :1
a MgCOg
th e s o i l and
trea tm en t a ls o
Two o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l s
m a t e r ia l (sa m p le 22)
sets
of
a n a ly sis r e s u lt s
95 p e r c e n t
to
(sa m p les
h ad e x c h a n g e a b l e
Ca:Mg
th a n one.
U sin g f o u r
c h e m ic a l
o f exch a n g ea b le
tissu e s.
r e d u c e d P u p t a k e by a l f a l f a .
0 .6 :1
I n t h e sam e s t u d y , h o w e v e r ,
lim in g trea tm en t d ecreased l e v e l s
r a tio s o f le s s
H a l s t e a d an d
t h a t a r a n g e o f r a t i o s fro m
no e f f e c t on a l f a l f a y i e l d .
1 8 ,1 9 ) and o n e s p o i l
p ro d u c tio n .
of
th e
c r ite r ia ,
e v a lu a tio n
id e n tifie d
sa m p les.
p o ten tia l
of
th e
p h y sic a l
and
p l a n t g r o w t h p r o b le m s
Phosphorus d e f i c i e n c y
m a t t e r c o n t e n t w e r e t h e tw o m o st common p r o b le m s .
and l o w o r g a n i c
T h e se tw o f a c t o r s
co m b in ed r e n d e r e d 20 o f t h e s a m p l e s i n a d e q u a t e a s p l a n t g r o w t h m ed ia.
A l t h o u g h t h e s u s p e c t l e v e l f o r Mo w a s e x c e e d e d i n 41 p e r c e n t o f t h e
sa m p les,
co n c e n tr a tio n s
w ere
(H o r n ic k
et
In h ib ito r y
a l.
1 9 7 7 ).
w e ll
b elo w
c la y
le v e ls
to x ic
tex tu res
and
c o n c e n t r a t io n s each o ccu rred i n ov er a t h ir d o f th e sa m p les.
f e w Fe,
Mn o r Cu d e f i c i e n c i e s w e r e d e t e c t e d ,
(41%) w e r e l o w i n Zn.
th e ir
SAR v a l u e s
w ere e x tr e m e ly
h ig h ,
m a t e r ia l w it h f i n e g r a n u la r s t r u c t u r e
o r g a n ic
m a tter.
Ni
A lth o u g h
l e v e l s each occurred
a v e r a g in g 2 6 .2 .
It
P o ta ssiu m
The o n l y m a t e r i a l
w it h o u t g r o w t h - l i m i t i n g p r o p e r t i e s w a s sa m p le 12.
in
h ig h
A lth o u g h o n l y t h r e e s a m p l e s w e r e s o d i c ,
l e v e l s w e re a d e q u a te i n a l l but a s i n g l e sa m p le.
h ig h e st
p la n ts
n in e o f t h e g r o w t h m e d ia
I n h i b i t o r y pH and s a l i n i t y
i n 23 p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p l e s .
to
T h is A h o r iz o n
c o n t a i n e d a d e q u a t e P and ran k ed
sh o u ld
be s t r e s s e d
a g a in th a t th e
c r i t e r i a u s e d f o r t h i s e v a l u a t i o n may be so m e w h a t a r b i t r a r y .
N u trien t
28
in te r a c tio n s
and g r o w th
m e d ia c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a t w h ic h an e l e m e n t b eco m es g r o w t h - l i m i t i n g ,
co u ld
change
th e l e v e l
and n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r a g r o n o m ic c r o p s may be d i f f e r e n t f o r p e r e n n i a l n a t i v e s p e c i e s .
G ree n h o u se A n a l y s i s ;
F ig u r e 4 shows th e la y o u t o f
j u s t p rio r
to h a r v e stin g .
c u ltu r e r e p lic a tio n s ;
y ie ld r e la tio n sh ip s
th e g reen h o u se stu d y a s i t
The l a r g e r
a p p e a red
g r e e n c o n t a i n e r s a r e Jenny p o t -
th e s m a lle r w h ite c o n ta in e r s are r e p l i c a t io n s o f
t h e Neubauer s e e d l i n g m ethod.
The s u s p e n d e d p l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r and t h e
b a l a n c e u s e d f o r w a t e r i n g a r e s e e n i n t h e r i g h t o f t h e p h o to g r a p h .
F ig u re 4.
The g r e e n h o u s e s t u d y j u s t p r i o r
A co m p lete l i s t
greenhouse
of
m eth od s i s
th e
g iv en
y ie ld
in
to h a r v e s t in g .
and e l e m e n t a l u p t a k e d a t a f o r th e
A p p en d ix
III,
T a b le s
11 and
12.
29
A n a ly sis o f
v a ria n ce
in d ic a te d h ig h ly
gro w th m ed ia ,
fo r
th e y i e l d
sig n ific a n t
h ig h ly
d a t a ( s e e A p p en dix IV,
y ie ld
sig n ific a n t
d iffe r e n c e s
d iffe r e n c e s
m e t h o d s an d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n
grow th
medium.
The i n t e r a c t i o n
im p lie s
b etw een
th a t
T a b le 13)
(p < 0 .0 1 ) am ong th e
b etw een th e p o ttin g
p o t t i n g m e t h o d and
t h e g r e e n h o u s e m eth o d s
ga v e d i f f e r e n t y i e l d - b a s e d a s s e s s m e n t s o f th e g r o w th m e d ia .
d iffe r e n c e
is
show n
by
th e
sta tistic a l
r a n k i n g s o f t h e g r o w t h m e d ia g i v e n i n
T a b le 5.
fig u r e s
and
T h is
y ie ld -b a se d
T a b le 5.
Jen n y and N eub au er y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s o f t h e 22 g r o w th
m e d ia .
Jen n y Y i e l d 8
1 .7 3 1
0 .9 4 2
0 .7 4 2
0 .6 4 8
0 .6 4 2
0 .4 3 2
0 .4 1 1
0 .2 9 8
0 .2 8 9
0 .2 6 4
0 .256
0 .1 9 8
0 .1 7 5
0 .1 3 5
0 .1 2 0
0 .1 1 9
0 .1 0 8
0 .0 9 2
0 .0 9 2
0 .0 7 9
0 .0 2 8
0 .0 0 0
S am ple No.
\
Sam p le No.
12
10
14
8
5
6
7
2 ■
22
19
13
3
11
15
4
9
21
I
16
17
18
20
Mean = 0 . 3 5 3
S .D . = 0 . 3 9 6
x8!
L .S .D . = 0 .0 7 8
0 Means o f 10 r e p l i c a t i o n s i n g / p o t
5C S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 99 p e r c e n t l e v e l
12
10
6
17
8
16
11
22
14
13
7
2
5
9
3
18
21
I
15
4
19
20
N eubauer Y i e l d 8
0 .4 6 2
0 .4 6 1
0 .4 3 6
0 .4 2 9
0 .4 0 7
0 .396
0 .3 8 0
0 .3 7 3
0 .3 6 5
0 .3 4 1
0 .3 3 8
0 .3 2 6
0 .3 2 6
0 .3 1 8
0 .3 0 5
0 .3 0 5
0 .2 9 7
0 .2 8 3
0 .2 6 8
0 .2 6 4
0 .2 5 0
0 .0 2 7
Mean = 0 . 3 4 4
S .D . z 0 .0 9 3
L . S . D . z 0 . 0 2 7 SS
30
A l t h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n J e n n y and N e u b a u e r m e a n s h o o t
y ie ld
w a s o n l y 0.081 g p e r c o n t a i n e r ,
t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i n Jen n y
p o t - c u l t u r e y i e l d w as 4 .2 6 t i m e s l a r g e r th a n t h e sam e s t a t i s t i c f o r
t h e N eub au er y i e l d .
The g r e e n h o u s e m e th o d s g a v e i d e n t i c a l y i e l d - b a s e d
r a n k i n g s t o o n l y 5 (23%) o f t h e g r o w t h m e d ia .
A S p e a rm a n 's ra n k o r d e r
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t (r^) w as c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e Jen n y and Neubauer
y ie ld -b a se d
r a n k in g s.
T h is
test
sta tistic
g iv e s
th e
degree
a s s o c i a t i o n o r s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e t w o r a n k i n g s i n T a b l e 5.
a n a l y s i s r e s u l t e d i n a c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 .4 6 ,
degree o f a s s o c ia tio n .
y ie ld
w ere
v a r ia b ility
exp ected
greenhouse
The
w h ich i n d i c a t e d a poor
The d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o m e t h o d s i n
an d t h e d i s p a r i t y
because
of
of
th ree
i n t h e tw o y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s
fu n d a m en ta l
d iffe r e n c e s
in
th e
m e t h o d s : ( I ) t h e s a n d d i l u t i o n o f e a c h g r o w t h m e d iu m by
th e N eubauer
m eth od ,
m eth o d s,
th e
(3)
(2 )
th e d i f f e r e n t
d iffe r e n c e
in
th e
p la n tin g d e n s it ie s
o f th e
am ount o f sa m p le u sed i n
th e
c o n ta in ers.
In th e N eubauer m eth od ,
t h e m i x i n g o f e a c h I 00 g g r o w t h m e d i a
s a m p l e w i t h 50 g o f a c i d - w a s h e d sand e f f e c t i v e l y d i l u t e d
c o n c e n tr a tio n
T herefore,
p h y sic a l
of
each
sa m p le
and
m ad e
th e
tex tu re
th e ch e m ic a l
m ore
p l a n t s grow n by t h e N eubauer m eth od r e s p o n d e d t o
and c h e m i c a l
o th ers
to x ic ity
(1978)
a set
of
c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h w e r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from
p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e sam e medium p r e p a r e d by t h e Jen n y m e th o d .
and
coarse.
rep o rted
a near
lin e a r
r e d u c tio n
in
D o llh o p f
p o te n tia l
o f o v e r b u r d e n s t r a t a when p r o b le m o v e r b u r d e n w a s m ix e d w i t h
m ore s u i t a b l e
m a teria ls in
th e
d ra g lin e
sp o ilin g
o f a. s i m i l a r d i l u t i o n i n t h e N eubauer c o n t a i n e r s i s
process.
The e f f e c t
s e e n i n f i g u r e 5.
Figure 5.
Neubauer containers showing the similarity in growth response between
the most productive sample (left) and a sodic overburden (right).
32
Im proved c o n d i t i o n s f o r s e e d l i n g s g r o w in g i n N eub au er
can
co n ta in ers
be s e e n by com p a r in g t h e N eubauer r e s p o n s e s t o s a m p l e s 12 and 17.
Im proved
g r o w th
sm a ller
c o n d itio n s
d iffe r e n c e
w i t h t h e san d
b e tw e e n mean y i e l d i n
d ilu tio n
re su lte d
in
t h e m o st p r o d u c t i v e
medium
( s a m p le 1 2 ) and mean y i e l d i n a s o d i e o v e r b u r d e n ( s a m p l e 1 7 ) .
5
sh ow s
th e
m a teria ls.
d iffe r e d
sim ila r ity
The
in
Neubauer
shoot
grow th
le ss
mean
b e tw e e n
T h is r e s u l t e d i n
r a n k i n g f o r s a m p le 17 by t h e N eub au er m e th o d .
p o t-c u ltu re s,
F ig u re
th ese
N eubauer s h o o t y i e l d means f o r s a m p l e s 12 and
by o n l y 0 . 0 3 3 g p er c o n t a i n e r .
a
a
17
h ig h e r
I n t h e u n d i l u t e d Jen n y
y i e l d i n t h e s o d i e o v e r b u r d e n w as I . 6 5 2 g p er p o t
t h a n p r o d u c t i o n i n s a m p le 12 and i t s y i e l d —b a s e d
th e
g r o w th m e d ia w as much l o w e r .
th e
v a r i a t i o n i n N eubauer y i e l d by r e d u c i n g any t o x i c
ra n k in g
among
The san d d i l u t i o n s e r v e d t o r e d u c e
or
in h ib ito r y
p r o p e r t y o f t h e g ro w th medium.
N eubauer y i e l d
numbers i n
s a m p le
th e
20
d iffe r e n c e s
w e r e a l s o r e d u c e d by l a r g e r s e e d l i n g
N eubauer c o n t a i n e r s .
The e x t r e m e a c i d i t y and s a l i n i t y o f
p r e v e n t e d p l a n t g ro w th i n J en n y
N eubauer m ethod a l s o ra n k ed
medium,
an a v e r a g e o f 40 p l a n t s
The com bined
seed lin g
a c id ity ,
em ergence
co n ta in er.
N eubauer
sa lin ity
in
d e n sity .
A lth o u g h
m a t e r i a l a s t h e p o o r e s t grow th
per c o n t a in e r were
a b le to
em erg e .
and s o d i c i t y o f s a m p le 18 r e s t r i c t e d
Jen n y
r e p lic a tio n s
s e e d lin g s per c o n ta in e r .
h ig h e r
th is
p o t-c u ltu re s.
p o t-c u ltu re s
o f t h e same
The y i e l d - b a s e d
to
two
s a m p le
r a n k in g
by t h e N eub au er m ethod p a r t l y b e c a u s e p f i t s
p la n ts
averaged
per
99
f o r s a m p le 18 was
h ig h e r
p la n tin g
33
The l o w e r
s ta n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i n N eubauer y i e l d
co u ld a ls o
be
p a r t l y e x p l a i n e d by t h e t h e l o w e r n u t r i e n t c a p a c i t y o f t h e m e t h o d ’ s
s m a l l e r sa m p le w e ig h t.
The N e u b a u e r m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h e
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a d e n s e s t a n d o f s e e d l i n g s e x t r a c t i n g n u t r i e n t s from a
s m a l l amount o f s o i l w o u ld r a p i d l y e x h a u s t t h e n u t r i e n t s u p p l y .
th ese c o n d itio n s,
so il
so lu tio n
th e c a p a c i t y ,o f t h e s o l i d
becom es
Under
phase to r e p le n is h
a g r o w th -lim itin g
fa cto r.
The
th e
lo w e r
r e p l e n i s h i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e N e u b a u e r m e t h o d ’ s TOO g s a m p l e w e i g h t
w o u ld h a v e r e s t r i c t e d p l a n t g r o w t h i n f e r t i l e m e d ia m ore t h a n t h e I kg
Jenny p o t - c u l t u r e s w h ich p r o v id e d p l a n t s w it h a l a r g e r s o l i d p hase
n u t r i e n t p o o l.
The a d v a n t a g e o f a l a r g e r s a m p l e w e i g h t w a s s h o w n by a g r e a t e r
y ie ld
response
(sa m p le
1 2 ).
of
se e d lin g s
grow n i n
The m e a n s h o o t y i e l d
c u l t u r e s w a s 1.38 g p e r p o t g r e a t e r
fo r
t h e m o s t p r o d u c t i v e m ed iu m
th is
sa m p le i n Jenny p o t-
th a n t h e o v e r a l l mean y i e l d .
The
s h o o t y i e l d i n c r e a s e f o r s a m p l e 12 w as 0 .8 0 g r a m s p e r c o n t a i n e r by t h e
N eub au er m eth od.
expressed
by t h e d i f f e r e n c e
s a m p l e 12.
i n Jen n y and N eubauer s e e d l i n g h e i g h t i n
F i g u r e 6 s h o w s a Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e o f s a m p l e
days o f grow th.
30 d a y s ;
The a d v a n t a g e o f a l a r g e r n u t r i e n t p o o l w a s a l s o
S eed lin g h e ig h t in t h i s
sa m p le a v era g ed
s e e d l i n g h e i g h t i n N eubauer r e p l i c a t i o n s
( s e e F ig u r e 5) a v er a g ed
12.1 cm a f t e r 4 5 d a y s .
of
th e
12 a f t e r 30
18 cm a f t e r
same s a m p le
The h i g h e r n u t r i e n t
c a p a c i t y o f f e r t i l e g r o w t h m e d ia i n J e n n y p o t - c u l t u r e s a l l o w e d l a r g e r
s h o o t y i e l d i n c r e a s e s t h a n t h e sam e m a t e r i a l s i n t h e s m a l l e r Neubauer
c o n ta in ers.
34
The
com bin ed
p o t-c u ltu re s,
d e n sity
of
sig n ific a n t
th e
th e
i n f l u e n c e s o f t h e l a r g e r s a m p le w e i g h t
san d
d i l u t i o n f a c t o r and th e
N eubauer
in te r a c tio n
m ethod
b e tw e e n
p o ssib le
g rea ter
Jenny
p la n tin g
causes
b e tw e e n g r o w th medium and p o t t i n g
observed in th e a n a ly s is o f v a ria n ce.
d iffe r e n c e
w ere
in
of
th e
te ch n iq u e
They c o u l d a l s o h a v e c a u s e d t h e
t h e y i e l d - b a s e d g r o w th m e d ia r a n k i n g s
liste d
in
T a b le 5 .
F ig u re 6 .
To
S e e d l i n g gro w th i n a Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e o f s a m p le 12 a f t e r 30
days.
id e n tify
response
greenhouse
and
a d d itio n a l
f a c t o r s w h ic h i n f l u e n c e d
to d eterm in e w h ether
m ethods,
Jenny
and
th ey
op erated fo r
Neubauer
y ie ld
shoot
b o th
y ie ld
of
responses
th e
w e re
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h g r o w th m e d ia p a r a m e t e r s m e a su r ed i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y .
A
35
co m p lete
list
o f th e v a r i a b l e s used i n th e
re g r e ssio n
a n a ly sis
is
c o n t a i n e d i n T a b le 6 .
T a b le 6 .
V a r ia b le s used i n th e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s .
V a r i a b l e Number
VOI
V02
V03
VO4
VO5
V06
V07
VO8
VO9
V10
V ll
Vl 2
Vl 3
Vl 4
Vl 5
V16
Vl 7
Vl 8
Vl 9
V20
V21
V22
V23
V24
V25
V26
V27
V28
V29
V30
V31
V32
V33
V34
V35
V36
V37
V a r i a b l e Name
U n its
Sam ple number
Jen n y s h o o t y i e l d
Neubauer s h o o t y i e l d
pH
EC
CEC
SAR
E x c h a n g e a b le Ca
E x c h a n g e a b le Mg
E x c h a n g e a b l e Na
E x c h a n g e a b le K
Ca: Mg
S o l u b l e SO11
S o l u b l e Cl
S o lu b le H C O g
Boron
NH11O A c - C x t r a c t a b le Zn
NHi1O A c - B X tr a c t a b le Fe
NH11O A c - C x t r a c t a b le Cu
N H y O A c - e x tr a c ta b le Ni
NH11O A c - B x t r a c t a b l e Mn
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Zn
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Cu
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b le Pb
D T P A -e x tra c ta b le Ni
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b le Fe
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b l e Mn
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b le Cd
Molybdenum
P h o sp h o ru s
O r g a n ic m a t t e r
M o istu re a t s a t u r a t r i o n
M o istu re a t 1 /3 bar
M o i s t u r e a t 15 bar
Sand c o n t e n t
S i l t con ten t
C la y c o n t e n t
a number ( 1 - 2 2 )
g /p o t
g /p o t
- l o g {H+}
mmhos/cm
m e /I 00g
a r a tio
m e /I00g
m e / I 00g
m e / I 00g
m e / I 00g
a r a tio
mg/1
m g/1
mg/1
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
36
F iv e g ro w th m e d ia p a r a m e te r s w e r e e x c lu d e d fro m t h i s l i s t o f
in d ep en d en t v a r ia b le s .
Hot w a t e r s o l u b l e Se and N H ^ O A c -e x tr a c ta b le Cd
w e r e e x c lu d e d b e c a u s e t h e y w ere n o t d e t e c t e d i n any o f th e s a m p le s .
S o l u b l e COg w a s e x c l u d e d b e c a u s e i t
was d e te c te d i n
o n l y on e s a m p le .
S o l u b l e NOg and NH^O A c - e x t r a c t a b l e Pb w e r e e x c l u d e d b e c a u s e d e t e c t a b l e
l e v e l s c o u ld be m e a s u r e d i n o n l y 7 o f 22 s a m p le s . M u l t i p l e s t e p w i s e
lin e a r re g r e ssio n
y ie ld
a n a ly s i s was
u s e d w i t h Jen n y and
r e s p o n s e a s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s and m e a s u r e d g r o w t h
p aram eters a s.in d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s .
22
N eub au er s h o o t
Each o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n s i n c l u d e d
c a s e s ; e a c h c a s e b e i n g a t r i a l on a s i n g l e g r o w t h m e d iu m .
response
v a lu e s
fo r
each
B ecau se th e r e g r e s s io n
y ie ld
response,
was s u b s t it u t e d
su b stitu tio n ,
r e g ressio n
th e
w ere
program
m eans
of
ten
Y ie ld
r e p lic a tio n s.
w o u ld e x c lu d e any c a s e w i t h o u t a
z e r o r e s p o n s e o f J e n n y p o t - c u l t u r e s t o s a m p l e 20
w ith
sa m p le
a n a ly sis
case
m e d ia
a v a lu e
20
o f 0 .001
w o u ld
and i t s
be
sta tu s
g
per
c o n ta in e r .
in c lu d e d
as
as
a
case
th e lo w e s t y i e l d i n g
By t h i s
in
th e
medium
w o u ld be m a i n t a i n e d .
T a b le 7 c o n t a i n s
th e v a r ia b le s
id e n tifie d
by t h e
r e g r e ssio n
a n a l y s i s a s h a v in g im p o r ta n t i n f l u e n c e s on y i e l d i n th e g reen h o u se
m e th o d s .
T a b le 7 a l s o
each v a r ia b le .
lists
th e
The s t e p n u m b e r ,
sta tistic a l
f ig u r e s a s s o c ia te d w ith
c o n s t a n t and b e t a v a l u e s f r o m t h e
t a b l e can be u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n f o r s h o o t y i e l d
in
ea c h g r e e n h o u s e m eth od .
For e x a m p le ,
y i e l d i n t h e Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e s w o u ld r e a d :
th e
e q u a tio n fo r
sh oot
37
Y = .4 3 5 -
LSOSX1 + .S S lX 2 + .0 2 4 X 3 -
. 023 X4 -
.2 0 4 X 5
w here:
Y ? s h o o t y i e l d i n g ra m s p er p o t
X1
= v a l u e o f V29
X2
= v a lu e o f
Xg
= v a l u e o f V30
%4
z v a l u e o f V09
X5
= v a l u e o f V25
V lI
The e q u a t i o n f o r N eub au er y i e l d w o u ld be c o n s t r u c t e d s i m i l a r l y .
T a b le 7.
R e s u l t s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w i t h Jen n y and Neubauer
sh o o t y i e l d a s th e dependent v a r ia b le s .
D e p en d en t
V a r ia b le
S tep i n t o
E q u a tio n
Jen n y Y i e l d
Neubauer Y i e l d
V a r ia b le
No.
C on stan t
29
11
30
9
25
I
2
3
4
on
9
A maximum o f f i v e
e q u a tio n .
It
id e n tific a tio n
was
of
.435
CO
I
2
3
4
5
v a ria b les
fe lt
th at
R2
F -sig .
Level
-1 .3 0 5
.581
.0 2 4
-.0 2 3
-.2 0 4
-.4 6
.3 7
.1 0
-.4 5
.0 5
.2 2
.44
.6 2
.7 1
.8 1
.0 5
.0 0 5
.0 0 5
.0 0 5
.0 0 5
.0 2 9
.1 5 2
-.4 2 2
.5 8
.1 2
-.4 9
.3 6
.46
.5 2
.0 0 5
.0 0 5
.0 0 5
w ere a llo w ed
th is
S im p le
R
B e ta
to e n te r
lim ita tio n
w o u ld
th e m ost im p o r ta n t r e la tio n sh ip s.
a re g ressio n
a llo w
fo r
The r e g r e s s i o n
e q u a t io n f o r N eubauer y i e l d , h o w e v e r , i d e n t i f i e d o n ly t h r e e g ro w th
m e d ia p a r a m e te r s a s b e in g y i e l d - i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r s .
in d ic a te d
th a t
N eubauer
y ie ld
respon se
had
a w eaker
T h is r e s u l t
fu n c tio n a l
38
r e la tio n sh ip
illu s tr a te d
fo r
w ith
th e
grow th
p aram eters.
T h is
by t h e R2 v a l u e s f o r t h e t w o e q u a t i o n s .
th e N eubauer e q u a tio n ,
in d ic a te d
th a t a sm a lle r
ex p la in e d
by
v a r ia b le s.
m e d ia
th e
S im p le
c o m p a r e d t o .8 1
p o r tio n
co m b in ed
c o r rela tio n s
fo r th e Jenny e q u a tio n ,
in flu e n c e
( S i m p l e R),
a lso
A v a l u e o f .52
o f N eubauer y i e l d
lin e a r
was
of
v a r ia tio n
th e
how ever,
was
in d ep en d en t
fo r
each
of
th e
v a r i a b l e s i n t h e N eu b au er e q u a t i o n i n d i c a t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h s h o o t
y ie ld .
A c o r r e la tio n
r e la tio n sh ip
m eth od i n
b etw een
trace
rep o rted
pH o f
o f Mn, Cu, Zn,
of
.5 8
N eubauer y i e l d
a stu d y o f
C o tte n ie (1 9 6 9 )
lo w e r e d th e
c o e ffic ie n t
th e
e lem en t u ptake,
P r a b h a k a r a n n a i r an d
th a t th e d en se r o o t n etw o rk e f f e c t i v e l y
so il
and i n c r e a s e d
(A l).
a ttr ib u te d
d e p le tio n
h i g h pH v a l u e s .
be i n
uptake
co u ld
p erio d fo r
u n a v a ila b le
w o u ld
M ost o f
slig h tly
so lu b le
by
form s
r h izo sp h e re.
r e sp o n sib le fo r
N eubauer c o n ta in e r s.
dense
be l e s s
sta n d
ra p id i n
over
g ro w in g i n
a lo n g e r
e x tr a c ta b le
of
grow th
reserve
p o r tio n
m ore a l k a l i n e
se e d lin g s.
m e d ia h a v i n g
w o u ld i n i t i a l l y
T race
of
th e
su p p ly o f m ic r o n u tr ie n t s
co rrela tio n
m eta l
grow th
m ed ia a s i n i t i a l l y
b ecam e more s o l u b l e w i t h th e d e c l i n i n g
p o sitiv e
and u p t a k e
g ro w th p e r io d was
o x i d e an d h y d r o x i d e f o r m s .
A su sta in ed
th e
30 -d a y
th e m ic r o n u tr ie n t
have occu rred
se e d lin g s
th e
th e s o l u b i l i t y
A decrease in
tr a c e e le m e n ts a f t e r a
d e p le tio n
p o sitiv e
U s in g t h e N eubauer.
am ou n ts o f s o i l
M icr o n u tr ien t
a
a n d pH.
Fe a n d a l u m i n u m
to
in d ic a te d
pH i n
co u ld have
b e t w e e n pH and y i e l d
th e
b een
in
th e
39
N eubauer y i e l d
response
o rg a n ic m a tter c o n te n t,
was a l s o
p o sitiv e ly
co r r e la te d
w ith
a l t h o u g h th e d e g r e e o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w as l e s s
th an t h a t o b s e r v e d w it h
pH.
The N e u b a u e r m e t h o d w a s d e s c r i b e d by
F r i e d and B r o e s h a r t ( 1 9 6 7 ) a s a s e v e r e
ca p a city
to
su rface
of
o r g a n i c m a t t e r , f o r m e d by COOH a n d OH g r o u p s , a d d s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
to
th e
of
re p len ish
a r a p id ly
c a tio n
d e p le te d
exchange
so il
c a p a c ity
of
test
of
so lu tio n .
so ils.
t h e s o i l ’s
The r e a c t i v e
The e x c h a n g e
c a p a c ity
o r g a n i c m a t t e r and i t s v a l u e a s a s o u r c e o f n a t i v e N,
P and s u l f u r (S)
w o u ld s e r v e
so lu tio n .
to
b u ffer
co n tr ib u tio n s o f s o i l
a r a p id
d e p le tio n
of
o rg a n ic m atter to s o i l
th e s o i l
fe r tility
These
co u ld p o s s ib ly
e x p la in th e p o s i t i v e c o r r e la t io n w ith sh o o t y ie ld .
E x c h a n g e a b le Mg w a s
th e o n l y i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e
o f th e r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s.
r e la t io n s h ip w ith y i e l d
in
to
en ter
b o th
S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d a n e g a t iv e
ea c h c a s e .
T h is r e s u l t i s
unusual because
o f t h e r o l e o f Mg a s an e s s e n t i a l f i x e d e l e m e n t i n c h l o r o p h y l l and i t s
d o m in a n c e o v e r a l l o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n en zym e a c t i v a t i o n
The l i t e r a t u r e d o e s ,
how ever,
w h ic h a r e d e f i c i e n c i e s
o f an oth er.
of
(E p stein
1972).
c o n t a i n r e f e r e n c e s t o i o n " a n ta g o n is m s "
on e e l e m e n t c a u s e d
by e x c e s s i v e
a b so rp tio n
A s t u d y by W a l k e r an d o t h e r s ( 1 9 5 5 ) u s e d t h e J e n n y p o t -
c u l t u r e t o i n v e s t i g a t e Ca d e f i c i e n c i e s c a u s e d by h i g h Mg l e v e l s i n
se r p e n tin e
so ils.
M ark ed y i e l d
sym p tom s w e re o b s e r v e d f o r
r a tio s .
p la n ts
an d a c u t e Ca d e f i c i e n c y
grow n in
so ils
w ith
lo w
Ca:Mg
A s t u d y by E p s t e i n (1 9 6 1 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t Mg w a s i n e f f e c t i v e ,
com pared t o Ca,
io n s.
d ecreases
i n r e v e r s i n g th e i n h i b i t i o n
of K io n
t r a n s p o r t by Na
T h i s c o u l d p o s s i b l y e x p l a i n t h e K d e f i c i e n c y o b s e r v e d by U l r i c h
and Ohki ( 1966) w i t h Mg f e r t i l i z a t i o n .
In h ib itio n
o f K ab so rp tio n
by
40
Na i o n s when Mg l e v e l s a r e h i g h c o u l d e x p l a i n t h e n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n
b e t w e e n y i e l d and e x c h a n g e a b l e Mg i n b o t h r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s .
T he e n t r y o f e x t r a c t a b l e (Mo) i n t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n f o r
t h e Jen n y m eth od w a s a s e c o n d u n u s u a l r e s u l t .
v a lu e ,
As i n d i c a t e d
by t h e R2
t h e n e g a t i v e i n f l u e n c e o f Mo a c c o u n t e d f o r 2 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e
observed v a r ia tio n in sh oot y ie ld .
The l i t e r a t u r e d o e s n o t s u p p o r t
t h e n o t i o n t h a t t h e r a n g e o f e x t r a c t a b l e Mo i n t h e g r o w t h m e d ia (0.06
- 0 .6 6
ppm)
greenhouse
co u ld
stu d y
have
in flu e n c e
on
p la n t
g ro w th .
A
c o n d u c t e d by H o rn ick and o t h e r s (1 9 7 7 ) w as u n a b l e t o
d etect sig n ific a n t
g r o w th o f f i v e
a n e g a tiv e
effects
o f Mo t r e a t m e n t s ( 0 ,
cr o p and p a s t u r e s p e c i e s .
r e p o r t no i n s t a n c e s
of
Mo t o x i c i t y
to
20 a n d 40 ppm) o n
Gough and o t h e r s (1 9 7 9 ) c o u l d
p la n ts
u nd er f i e l d
co n d itio n s.
A l l a w a y ( 1 9 7 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t p l a n t g r o w t h sym p tom s a r e o f , l i t t l e v a l u e
fo r
d e te c tin g
m illio n .
T h is
d ir e c tly
h ig h
Mo l e v e l s
e v id e n c e
of
up
su g g ests
to
several
th at
hundred
p a rts
Mo c o n c e n t r a t i o n
per
does not
a f f e c t p la n t y ie ld .
An a l t e r n a t i v e
e q u a tio n
co u ld
v a r ia b le s.
p r o b le m
in
be
e x p la n a tio n
its
th e
in te r c o r r e la tio n
In ter c o r r e la tio n
m u ltip le
fo r
occurrence
w ith
of
oth er
Mo i n
th e
in d e p e n d e n t
a m o n g i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i s a common
r e g r e ssio n
a n a ly sis.
It
e x ists
when
th e
i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s a r e c o r r e l a t e d among t h e m s e l v e s o r when t h e y a r e
c o r r e la te d w ith o th er f a c t o r s ,
a ffect
th e
dependent
n ot in c lu d e d
v a r ia b le
(N eter
in . th e a n a l y s i s ,
an d
W asserm an
th a t
1974).
do
An
i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d n o t b e f o u n d b e t w e e n e x t r a c t a b l e Mo an d t h e
oth er
of
Mo
in d ep en d en t
in
th e
v a ria b les
e q u a tio n
in
th is
co u ld
stu d y.
p o ssib ly
T herefore,
be
th e occurren ce
e x p la in e d
by
its
41
i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h an u n m ea su red v a r i a b l e a f f e c t i n g y i e l d .
in v e stig a tio n
in to
w h eatgrass y ie ld i s
Mo a v a i l a b i l i t y
and
its
r e la tio n
to
F u rth er
w estern
n e e d e d t o p r o p e r l y a d d r e s s t h i s p r o b le m .
The e n t r y o f e x t r a c t a b l e P and e x c h a n g e a b l e K i n t o . t h e r e g r e s s i o n
eq u a tio n
fo r
Jenny
p rim a ry n u t r i e n t
p o t-c u ltu r e
y ie ld
was ex p ected
s t a t u s o f th e se elem en ts.
b e c a u se o f th e
The i n c l u s i o n
o f P and K
and t h e i r p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h y i e l d l e g i t i m i z e t h e t h e p o t c u l t u r e m eth od a s a d i a g n o s t i c t e c h n i q u e f o r r e c l a m a t i o n p la n n in g .
D e sp ite m o d ific a tio n s o f
th e o r i g i n a l
s o i l t e s t in g a p p lic a tio n to in c lu d e
th e
m eth o d g a v e e v i d e n c e
of
p r o c e d u r e and e x p a n s i o n o f i t s
sp o il
a fu n ctio n a l
and o v e r b u r d e n s c r e e n i n g ,
r e la tio n sh ip
b etw een t e s t -
p l a n t y i e l d and th e p r i m a r y n u t r i e n t s t a t u s o f th e g r o w t h m e d ia .
The f i f t h
v a r ia b le to en te r
D T P A - e x t r a c t a b le n i c k e l .
be t o x i c
to
p la n ts
N ick el i s
a t h ig h
in c lu d e d i n th e e q u a tio n ,
in d ic a te d a r e la t iv e ly
th e Jenny r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n w as
n o t an e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t and can
c o n c e n tr a tio n s.
th e s im p le
c o r rela tio n
A l t h o u g h DTPA N i w a s
c o e ffic ie n t
weak r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y i e l d
(R = .0 5 )
i n Jenny p o t-
cu ltu res.
The o v e r a l l R2 v a l u e f o r t h e Jen n y e q u a t i o n w a s .81 com pared t o a
v a l u e o f .5 2 f o r
th e N eubauer e q u a tio n .
T h is c o m p a r is o n i n d i c a t e d
t h a t a l a r g e r p o r t i o n o f Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e y i e l d
th e
in flu e n c e
la b o r a to r y .
of
th e
The e n t r y
g ro w th
of
m ed ia
o n ly
th ree
c o u l d be e x p l a i n e d by
p a ra m eters
v a r ia b le s
m easured
in to
in
th e
th e N eubauer
e q u a tio n , com pared t o f i v e v a r i a b l e s i n th e Jenny e q u a t io n , f u r t h e r
d em o n stra ted
th at
N eubauer
y ie ld
response
was
not
as
str o n g ly
i n f l u e n c e d by t h e g r o w t h m e d ia p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
42
G reenhouse A n a l y s is ; e le m e n t a l u ptake r e l a t i o n s h i p s
P la n t
tissu e
co n cen tra tio n s
of
13 e l e m e n t s
w ere
v e g e t a t i o n grow n by b o th o f t h e g r e e n h o u s e m e th o d s .
Jen n y and N eub au er m ean s,
stan d ard d e v i a t i o n s
d eterm in ed f o r
T a b le 8 c o n t a i n s
and r a n g e s f o r
each o f
t h e s e e l e m e n t s . An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t a b l e w a s c o m p u t e d f o r . e a c h
e l e m e n t t o d e t e r m i n e i f v e g e t a t i o n g r o w n by t h e J e n n y a n d N e u b a u e r
m e th o d s d i f f e r e d i n
14 - 2 6 ) .
R e su lts
ele m e n ta l
in d ic a te d
th at v e g e ta tio n
m eth od c o n t a i n e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
Zn,
Cu and Cd.
s ig n ific a n tly
w ere
no
V e g eta tio n
P a ra m ete r
A p p en d ix V,
produced
by
th e
sig n ific a n t
T a b le s
Jenny
( p < . 0 1) h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f N,
Mo,
p rod u ced by t h e Neubauer m eth od c o n t a i n e d
d iffe r e n c e s
b etw een
th e
m eth od s
fo r
There
p la n t
Mn, Fe and Pb.
Summary o f d a t a f o r e l e m e n t a l t i s s u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n
w e s t e r n w h e a t g r a s s grown by t h e Jen n y and N eu b au er m e th o d s .
Jen n y
Mean
S .D .
N eubauer
Mean
S .D .
Jenny
Range
Min. Max.
-------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------- ------------------------
N (56)
P (56)
K (56)
Ca (56)
Mg (56)
Mn (ppm)
Zn (ppm)
Fe (ppm)
Mo (ppm)
Cd (ppm)
N i (ppm)
Pb (ppm)
Cu (ppm)
(see
( p < . 0 1 ) h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f P, Ca a n d Mg.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f K,
T a b le 8.
c o n ce n tra tio n s
2 .0
0 .1
1 .9
0 .2
0 .2
6 2 .8
2 6 .6
9 5 .3
0 .4
0 .2
1 .6
0 .7
1 1 .2
0 .81
0 .0 8
0 .81
0 .0 8
0 .0 5
3 9 .4 0
1 0 .5 0
5 1 .5 0
0 .1 9
0 .0 3
1 .9 8
0 .2 1
. 1 .9 5
1 .3
0 .2
1 .9
0 .3
0 .3
7 0 .6
2 0 .0
7 2 .4
1 .3
0 .1
0 .9
0 .8
5 .4
0 .5 6
0 .8 6 0 .0 5 .
0 .0 3 0 .3 8
0 .5 6 0 .1 0
0 .0 8 0 .1 2 0 .1 3
4 9 .6 0 .
1 3 .6 0 6 .8 0
7 .8 0 1 5 .4 0
3 9 .0 0 0 .9 2
0 .2 1 0 .0 2
0 .1 3 0 .7 8
0 .2 8 0 .3 6 0 .2 5
1 .6 1
9 .2 0 -
Neubauer
Range
Min. Max.
---------------------i __________________ -_________r _______
3 .6 3
0 .3 3
3 .2 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 2
1 6 7 .6 0
4 6 .0 0
1 7 2 .0 0
0 .9 2
0 .2 3
7 .8 6
1 .0 0
1 4 .2 0
0 .9 7
0 .1 4
1 .3 4
0 .1 1
0 .1 5
2 5 .0 0
1 0 .1 0
4 9 .0 0
0 .4 0
0 .0 3
0 .3 3
0 .4 3
3 .3 0
—
—
—
■
_
_
—
—
-
3 .3 5
0 .3 4
2 .9 8
0 .4 8
0 .6 6
2 5 1 .0 0
3 7 .5 0
1 0 1 .0 0
3 .6 1
0 .1 1
4 .1 3
1 .5 2
9 .5 0
I
43
As w i t h
th e y i e l d
d iffe r e n c e s,
e le m e n t a l uptake v a r i a b i l i t y
be a t t r i b u t e d t o f u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e m e th o d s .
can
B a te s (1971)
i n c l u d e d t i s s u e a g e and p h y s i o l o g i c a l m a t u r it y a s c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s
in flu e n c in g
n u tr ie n t
c o n c e n tr a tio n s
h a r v e stin g ,
t h e a g e o f t h e p l a n t s g r o w n by t h e J e n n y a n d N e u b a u e r
m e t h o d s d i f f e r e d b y 15 d a y s .
th e
d iffe r e n c e s in
m e th o d s .
in
p la n ts.
At
th e
tim e
of
T h i s f a c t o r c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r som e o f -
e lem en ta l
c o n c e n tr a tio n s ob served fo r
th e tw o
P l a n t s grow n c o n c u r r e n t l y i n m e d ia h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s may v a r y
in p h y sio lo g ic a l
m a tu r ity
(M unson and N e ls o n
1973).
The i n i t i a l
w ith
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e a c h g r o w t h m e d iu m w e r e r e d u c e d
th e a d d it io n
d ilu tio n
fa cto r
d iffe r e n c e s in
of
sand
co u ld
to
a lso
th e
N eubauer
account
e le m e n ta l u ptake.
fo r
P la n t
co n ta in e r s.
som e
d e n sity
of
th e
a lso
The s a n d
observed
a ffects
th e
p h y s i o l o g i c a l grow th s ta g e o f p la n t s s in c e c o m p e titio n w i l l a f f e c t
in d iv id u a l
p la n t
siz e
(Nye and T i n k e r
1 9 77).
S e e d l i n g s i n N eub au er c o n t a i n e r s w e r e l i m i t e d t o g r o w t h o f tw o t o
t h r e e l e a v e s p e r p l a n t i n t h e m o s t p r o d u c t i v e medium.
p o t-c u ltu re s o f
tille r in g
m a tu r ity
th e
sam e s a m p l e p r o d u c e d f i v e
fro m s h o r t r h iz o m e s .
co u ld p o s s ib l y
observed in
P l a n t s i n Jenny
t o s i x l e a v e s and w e r e
Such d i f f e r e n c e s i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l
e x p l a i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e l e m e n t a l u p ta k e
th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
G reen h o u se m eth o d s have been u sed to i d e n t i f y g r o w t h - l i m i t i n g
p r o p e r tie s
of
so ils
and g e o l o g i c
m a te r ia ls
f o r r e c l a m a t i o n p la n n i n g .
M o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e Jen n y p o t - c u l t u r e h a v e o f t e n
purpose.
The l a r g e
re q u ired fo r
e x p e n siv e
a m o u n t s o f s a m p l e an d l e n g t h y g r o w t h
t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s h a v e m ade g r e e n h o u s e
approach
to
so il
and o v e r b u r d e n s c r e e n i n g .
s a m p le w e i g h t and s h o r t e r g r o w th p e r i o d
m e th o d w o u ld r e d u c e
th e
cost
th is
p erio d s
te stin g
an
The s m a l l e r
o f th e N eubauer s e e d lin g
o f greenhouse t e s t i n g i f
t h e m eth od c o u l d be u s e d t o i d e n t i f y
stu d y ,
b een u s e d f o r
shoot y ie ld
p l a n t g r o w th p r o b le m s .
by
In t h i s
s h o o t y i e l d by t h e J e n n y p o t - c u l t u r e m e t h o d w a s c o m p a r e d t o
N eubauer s e e d l i n g y i e l d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e N eub au er m ethod c o u l d
be u s e d a s a d i a g n o s t i c t o o l t o a s s e s s g r o w t h m e d i a s u i t a b i l i t y f o r
recla m a tio n
p la n n in g .
The c o m p a r is o n w a s ru n on 22 g r o w t h m e d ia s a m p l e s w h i c h i n c l u d e d
so ils,
g e o l o g i c m a t e r i a l s and m in e s p o i l s . '
P h y s i c a l and c h e m ic a l
p a r a m e t e r s w e r e m e a s u r e d f o r ea c h s a m p l e u s i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l l a b o r a t o r y
a n a l y s i s m e th o d s .
The g r e e n h o u s e m e t h o d s w e r e run c o n c u r r e n t l y u s i n g
w e s t e r n w h e a t g r a s s (A g r o p y r o n s m i t h i i v a r .
Shoot y ie ld
response
an d
tissu e
v a ria b les.
w a s com pu ted
c o n c e n tr a tio n s
A n a ly sis o f
to o b s e r v e
Rosanna) a s t h e t e s t - p l a n t .
of
v a ria n ce fo r
th e v a r i a b i l i t y
13
e le m e n ts
served
ea c h r e s p o n s e
a ttrib u ted
to
as
v a ria b le
g r o w t h medium
I
45
and
p o ttin g
c o e ffic ie n t
te c h n iq u e .
was
A S p e a rm a n 's
com pu ted
to
d e te r m in e
rank
order
th e d e g r e e
c o r r e la tio n
of
a sso c ia tio n
b e t w e e n t h e y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s p r o v i d e d by t h e tw o p o t t i n g m e th o d s .
M u ltip le s t e p w i s e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s was im p le m e n te d w ith
Jenny
an d N e u b a u e r y i e l d
g r o w t h m e d ia a n a l y s i s
response
as
t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s and
d ata a s in d ep en d en t v a r i a b l e s .
The r e g r e s s i o n
a n a l y s i s i d e n t i f i e d y i e l d - i n f l u e n c i n g g r o w th m e d ia p a r a m e t e r s f o r ea c h
greenhouse
m eth od .
correspondence
It
was
b etw een y i e l d
a lso
used
by ea c h
to
com pare
th e
degree
of
m eth od and t h e m e a s u r e d g r o w th
m e d ia c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i n d i c a t e d t h a t s h o o t y i e l d s f o r th e Jenny
an d N e u b a u e r m e t h o d s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y
d iffe r e n t.
A sig n ific a n t
i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n p o t t i n g t e c h n i q u e and g r o w th medium i n d i c a t e d t h a t
t h e Jenny and N eubauer m e th o d s g a v e d i f f e r e n t y i e l d - b a s e d
ra n k in g s o f
t h e g r o w t h m e d ia
A S pearm an ’s ran k o r d e r
co r r e la tio n
c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.46 i n d i c a t e d a poor d e g r e e o f a s s o c i a t i o n
b e t w e e n th e
b ein g
tested .
Jen n y and N eub au er y i e l d - b a s e d r a n k i n g s o f t h e g r o w th m e d ia .
A n a ly sis
o f v a r ia n c e f o r th e e le m e n t a l t i s s u e c o n c e n t r a t io n s i n d i c a t e d th a t
v e g e t a t i o n p ro d u c ed by t h e tw o m e th o d s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y f o r 9 o f
t h e 13 e l e m e n t s m e a su r ed .
The o b s e r v e d
co u ld
d iffe r e n c e s in
be a t t r i b u t e d
tech n iq u es.
m eth o d ,
to
in tr in sic
The san d d i l u t i o n
of
shoot y ie ld
d iffe r e n c e s
and e l e m e n t a l u p t a k e
in
th e
tw o
p o ttin g
e a c h g r o w t h medium by t h e Neubauer
t h e h i g h e r s e e d l i n g d e n s i t y i n N eub au er c o n t a i n e r s and t h e
l o w e r n u t r i e n t c a p a c i t y o f t h e N eub au er m e th o d ’s s m a l l e r s a m p l e w e i g h t
J
46
are p o s s ib le
ex p la n a tio n s
fo r
th e a n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e r e s u l t s .
The
san d d i l u t i o n e f f e c t i v e l y h o m o g e n iz e d t h e v a r i a b i l i t y among t h e g r o w th
m e d ia by b o th r e d u c i n g p o t e n t i a l l y
t o x i c or in h i b it o r y
p r o p e r t i e s and
l o w e r i n g e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n m ore s u i t a b l e m e d ia .
T h is
le v e lin g
effect
of
th e
sand
d ilu tio n
co u ld
e x p la in
N eub au er m eth od ra n k ed th e g r o w th m e d ia d i f f e r e n t l y
p o t-c u ltu r e .
The h i g h e r
why , t h e
th a n th e Jenny
p l a n t i n g d e n s i t y co m b in ed w i t h t h e s m a l l e r
s a m p l e w e i g h t i n N eubauer c o n t a i n e r s p ro d u c ed a s e e d l i n g - t o - s o i l r a t i o
t h a t was much l a r g e r f o r
cu ltu re.
As a r e s u l t ,
c o n ta in e r
fo r
t h e N eubauer m eth od th an f o r
t h e Jenny pot^
t h e N eubauer m e th o d p rod u ced m ore s e e d l i n g s p er
each grow th
m e d iu m .
H ow ever,
y ie ld in c r e a s e s w ere
r e s t r i c t e d i n th e m ore s u i t a b l e m e d ia b e c a u s e p l a n t s co m p e te d m ore
in te n siv e ly
fo r
n u tr ie n ts
from
co m b in a tio n o f h ig h e r
see d lin g
re str ic te d
in
p ro d u ctio n
a
sm a lle r
num bers i n
more f e r t i l e
n u tr ie n t
r e la tiv e ly
m e d ia
co u ld
p o o l.
The
p oor m e d ia and
e x p la in
th e low er
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i n Neubauer y i e l d .
M u ltip le
y ie ld
re g ressio n
a n a l y s i s , produced
by e a c h g r e e n h o u s e m e t h o d .
c u ltu re id e n t if ie d
a re g ressio n
The e q u a t i o n f o r
T h is i n d i c a t e d t h a t
by t h e Jen n y m ethod had a s t r o n g e r f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
grow th
m ed ia
overburden
p a ra m eters
su ita b ility
weaker f u n c t io n a l
an d
th e Jenny p o t-
m ore g r o w t h m e d ia p a r a m e t e r s and p r o d u c e d a h i g h e r
v a lu e th an th e e q u a t io n f o r N eubauer y i e l d .
y ie ld
eq u a tio n fo r
th e
grow th
c o m m o n ly
fo r
r e cla m a tio n
re la tio n sh ip
m e d ia
m easured
to
assess
p la n n in g .
so il
B ecau se o f th e
b e t w e e n Neubauer s h o o t y i e l d
p r o p e r tie s,
it
m ust
be c o n c l u d e d
N eu b au er m eth od i s l e s s a d e q u a t e a s a d i a g n o s t i c
and
to o l.
response
th at
th e
The m e t h o d
47
d oes,
how ever,
illu str a te
th e a d van tage o f d i l u t i n g a p o t e n t i a l l y
t o x i c or i n h i b i t o r y g r o w t h medium w i t h a more s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l .
D esp ite
th e
sm a ller
t h e N eubauer m e th o d ,
c o n s u m in g t a s k ,
sam p le
p r e p a r a tio n
e sp e c ia lly
if
w e i g h t and s h o r t e r
o f in d iv id u a l
co n ta in ers i s
e x te n siv e r e p lic a t io n i s
d a il y w a te r in g r o u t in e i s a ls o tim e -c o n su m in g .
p o t-c u ltu r e s req u ire la r g e r
grow th
p erio d o f
a tim e -
re q u ired .
A lth o u g h t h e Jenny
s a m p l e w e i g h t s and a l o n g e r
t r i a l p erio d ,
c o n t a i n e r p r e p a r a t i o n and t h e w a t e r i n g p r o c e d u r e a r e s i m p l e r .
p o ssib ilitie s
o f u sin g a s m a lle r
co n ta in er
p e r i o d c o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d i n an e f f o r t
The
The
and s h o r t e n i n g t h e g r o w th
to reduce c o s t s .
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1977.
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r e c l a m a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n , B ear C reek s tu d y a r e a , W est M oorehead
c o a l f i e l d . EMRIA R e p o r t No. 8 . 1 4 8 pp.
U .S .
B ureau o f R e c la m a t io n (e d .)
1981.
R e so u rc e and p o t e n t i a l
r e c l a m a t i o n e v a l u a t i o n : L ay C r e e k s t u d y a r e a .
U.S. D e p t . I n t . ,
B ureau o f Land M anagem ent. 215 pp.
V a n d eca v e y e , S.C.
1948.
B i o l o g i c a l m e th o d s o f d e t e r m i n i n g n u t r i e n t s
i n s o i l . p p . 1 9 9 - 2 3 0 i n : F.E. B e a r ( e d . ) D i a g n o s t i c t e c h n i q u e s
f o r s o i l s and c r o p s . A m e r ic a n P o t a s h I n s t i t u t e , W a s h in g to n , D.C.
W a l k e r , R.B.
1954.
The e c o l o g y o f s e r p e n t i n e s o i l s I I . F a c t o r s
a f f e c t i n g p l a n t g r o w t h on s e r p e n t i n e s o i l s . E c o l . 3 5 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 6 .
W a l k e r , R.B., W a l k e r , H.M. an d P.R. A s h w o r t h .
m agnesium n u t r i t i o n w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o
P la n t P h y s io l. 3 0 : 2 1 4 - 2 2 5 .
Wear,
1955.
C a lciu m s e r p e n tin e s o i l s .
J .I.
I 965.
B o r o n , i n : C.A. B l a c k e t a l . ( e d s . ) M e t h o d s o f s o i l
a n a l y s i s , P a r t 2. Agronomy 9 : 1 0 5 9 - 1 0 6 3 . Am. S oc. A gron., M adison,
WI.
A PPE N D IC ES
A PP E N D IX
I
GROWTH MEDIA DESCRIPTIONS.
56
Growth Media Descriptions
Soils
Sample Number
1
Description
Classification: Ustic Camborthid, fine-loamy, mixed
Parent Material:
B21
2
8-25 cm. Olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) clay;
moderate very fine platy structure;
loose (dry), very friable (moist), sticky
and plastic (wet); slightly acid.
Classification: Ustic Torriorthent, fine-loamy, mixed
Parent Material: Bear Paw Shale
C3
3
Bear Paw Shale
5-14 cm. Brownish black (2.5Y 3/2) clay; '
moderate fine platy structure; loose (dry),
very friable (moist), sticky and plastic
(wet); mildly alkaline.
Classification: Typic Argiboroll, fine-silty, mixed
(Farland series) •
Parent Material: Calcareous Shale
Al
4
0-5 cm. Brownish black (IOYR. 3/2) clay loam;
strong coarse platy breaking to very fine
platy structure; slightly hard (dry), friable
. (moist), sticky and plastic (wet); mildly
alkaline.
Classification: Typic Argiboroll, fine-silty, mixed
(Farland series)
Parent Material: Calcareous Shale
Cl
46-63 cm. Olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; moder­
ate medium subangular blocky structure, hard
(dry), very friable (moist), slightly sticky
and slightly plastic (wet); moderately alka­
line.
57
Growth Media Descriptions
Sample Number______ Description
5
___
Classification: Ustic Torriorthent, clayey,
' montmorillonitic
(Midway Series)
Parent Material: Calcareous Shale
C2
6
18-76 cm. Gray (IOY 6/1) clay; moderate fine
platy structure; soft (dry), friable (moist),
sticky and plastic (wet); mildly alkaline.
Classification: Entic Haploboroll, loamy—skeletal,
mixed
(Wilaux Series)
Parent Material: Clinker
Al
7
0-7 cm. Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) loam;
weak medium granular structure; soft (dry),
very friable (moist), non-sticky and non­
plastic. (wet); moderately alkaline.
Classification: Typic Haplaquept, fine, montmorillon­
itic
(McKenzie Series)
Parent Material: Lake Sediments
B2
8
8-46 cm. Black (5Y 2/1) clay; strong coarse
prismatic structure;.very hard (dry), very
firm (moist), very sticky and very platic
(wet); neutral.
Classification: Borollic camborthid, fine-loamy,
mixed
Parent Material: Alluvium
B2
60+ cm. Brown (IOYR 4/4) loam; moderate
medium platy structure; slightly hard (dry),
friable (moist), sticky and slightly plastic
(wet); moderately alkaline.
58
Growth Media Descriptions
Sample Number______ Description
9
Classification: Entic Haploboroll, loamy-skeletal,
mixed
Parent Material: Alluvium
Cl
.61-81 cm. Brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam;
single-grained structure: loose (dry),
friable (moist): non-sticky and non-plastic
(wet); strongly alkaline.
10
Classification: Borollic
montmorillonitic
Al
11
12
0-8 cm. Brown (IOYR 4/4) loam; moderate
medium platy structure; slightly hard (dry),
firm (moist), slightly sticky and non-plastic
(wet); neutral.
Classification: Borollic
montmorilIonitic
Bt2
Haplargid,fine-silty,
Haplargid,fine-silty,
8+ cm. Dark brown (10Y$ 3/3) loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; hard (dry),
very firm (moist), sticky and slightly plastic
(wet); moderately alkaline.
Classification: Typic Torrifluvent, fine-loamy, mixed
Parent Material: Alluvium
Al
13
0-15 cm. Dark brown (IOYR 3/4) loam; moderate
fine granular structure; soft (dry), very
friable (moist), slightly sticky and slightly
plastic (wet); moderately alkaline.
Classification: Unknown
Bt
18-36 cm. Dark brown (IOYR 3/3) clay loam;
strong coarse b locky structure; hard (dry),
very firm (moist), sticky and plastic (wet);
moderately alkaline.
i
59
Growth Media Descriptions
Sample Number
Description
14
Classification: Unknown
C
Dark grayish yellow (2.5Y 4/2) loam; massive
structure; soft (dry), very friable (moist),
sticky and plastic (wet); moderately alkaline.
Geologic Overburden
Sample Number
Description
15
Gray to black, fissle, acid shale; Bear Paw
Formation.
16
Blue-gray to gray calcareous siltstone interburden;
Fort Union Formation.
17
Light gray to gray calcareous mudstone;; Fort Union
Formation.
18
Light gray, thin-bedded, fossiliferous siltstone.
19
Gray to black, moderately fissle shale.
20
Brownish gray to black, interbedded sandstone and
shale; Fort Union Formation.
Mine Spoils
Sample Number
Description
21
Yellowish brown, calcareous spoil.
22
Grayish brown to black., a c i d i c s p o i l .
60
APPENDIX II
LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATION DATA
61
Table 9.
Sample
No.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Physical Laboratory Data
Percent Fine Earth Fraction
Sand
Silt
Clay
.05-2mm
.002-.05mm
<• 002mm
15.9
10.2
21.5
43.5
10.0
41.1
19.1
41.1
65.1
40.2
38.2
44.2
28.2
38.2
22.0
3.9
28.8
16.2
11.1
23.9
39.5
27.5
32.1
27.8
40.5
32.5
23.1
42.0
30.0
38.0
22.0
44.8
38.8
34.8
34.8
36.8
30.0
70.1
49.2
52.8
32.0
34.4
36.5
28.5
52.0
62.0
38.0
24.0
66.9
16.9
50.9
20.9
12.9
15.0
23.0
21.0
37.0
25.0
48.0
26.0
22.0
31.0
56.9
41.7
24.0
44.0
Percent Water
Sat.
1/3 bar
68.2
31.0
170.2
52.9
61.3
26.6
44.6
17.5
68.6
27.7
52.1
29.0
69.5
32.6
43.7
16.6
33.7
16.3
41.7
23.9
40.2 '
17.2
48.8
19.3
51.2
22.3
37.7
20.7
74.5
31.0
34.6
19.6
227.4
• 51.7'
40.7
19.5.
83.0
24.9
50.9
27.5
41.5
19.3
69.5
26.3
15 bar
24.6
31.7
.
19.1
10.8
21.4
13.9
22.4
11.4
9.3
9.8
10.9
. 13.5
16.7
9.6
25.3
12.5
38.5
17.3
17.9
21.4
9.5
20.4
Chemical laboratory data.
Sample
Number
PH
(I)
i
2
3
4
5
6.3
/. b
/ . ti
8.3
7.7
7.9
7.4
8.U
ti . b
6.9
a. j
8«u
8 .0
7.9
3.9
8. z
9.4
3.9
6
7
8
9
11
I5
S
zn
7.V
3.9
EC
(tmnhos/cm)
(I)
■
0.1
7.9
0 .2
0.2
3.5
0.4
0 .2
0.5
0 .5
0.3
0 .3
1.0
0.2
2.0
0.3
1. 5
0.6
23.9
5.9
8.4.
1.7
4.7
(1 )
s a tu rated p aste e x tra c t
(2 )
Sodium A d s o r p t i o n R a t i o =.
SAR
(2 )
Ca: Mg
(3 )
0.60
27.70
0.09
0 .2 1
3.29
0.09
0.23
0.04
1.94
0.15
0.87
0.04
0.15
0.12
0.64
1 .9 8
34.70
16 .3 0
5.27
0.04
0.24
2.72
CEC (4 )
(m e/I 0 0 g )
5. '30
34.9
3 0 .7
2 6 .1
2.71
2.42
6.21
n . i
6.43
17.16
1 .6 5
2.23
1.03
3.66
3.21
10.04
2.90
1 9 8.55
1.75
9.98
5.07
0.96
0.54
1.18
7.17
0.86
14.8
21.4
28.7
1 3 .3
13.3
12,1
1 2 .6
20. 5
21.7
1 0 .2
3 8 .1
3.5
18.2
24.5
14.9
27.3
6 .4
27.7
'
0.7
0 .8
3.2
0.7
0 .5
5 .0
3.4
2.6
1.0
4.2
1.9
5 .0
1 .3
0 .6
0.3
0 .5
1.0
4.8
0 .3
4.7
0.1
4.7
(3)
Na
,Ca+Mi
2
O rganic
M atter
m
CarMg
E x t r a c t a b l e B as e s (5)
(ppm)
Ca
Mg
Na
8480.0
8968.0
6524.0
15936.0
18384.0
14492.0
5880.0
3652.0
5300.0
2576.0
5228.0
9121.0
6772.0
36000.0
4480.0
11144.0
7220.0
3724.0
2052.0
3688.0
12896.0
3296.0
968.0
2120.0
1632.0
1560.0
1912.0
512.0
2172.0
1000.0
3128.0
436.0
988.0
560.0
1416.0
120.0
1 4 9 2 .0
720.0
868.0
3892.0
2692.0
2640.0
1088.0
2564.0
12 6 .4
11 4 1 2 .0
44.8
48.8
673.6
43.2
76.0
39.2
246.4
40.8
11 5 .2
41.2
50.4
64.0
12 8 .0
15 2 .0
4575.2
4955.2
1 6 41.6
46.4
55.2
592.0
E x c h a n g e a b l e Ca
E x c h a n g e a b l e Mg
K
19 2.0
880.0
504.0
180.0
400.0
480.0
1 3 16.0
504.0
516.0
492.0
316.0
740.0
284.0
34 4 .0
464.0
19 2.0
340.0
14 4 .0
208.0
92.0
16 0 .0
37 6 .0
(4 )
NaOAc s a t u r a t i o n
(5 )
IN NH^OAc e x t r a c t i o n
G
\
ho
Table 10.
Sample
Number
Chemical laboratory data (continued)
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Ca
4.9
356.7
19.3
20.3
492.5
71.0
1 0 .2
53.3
3.6
30.0
28.0
132.0
1 9 .7
476.7
21.0
93.0
0.9
348.3
208.2
266.0
240.0
368.3
S o lu b l e Bases ( I )
(m g/l)
Mg
Na
1.0
148.7
7.0
14.0
303.4
7.0
6.3
29.3
34.0
14.0
16.0
29.7
8 .0
21.7
6.0
10 0 .7
0.4
4000.0
680.0
1608.0
149.0
620.0
5.6
2467.0
1.8
4.9
376.7
2.9
3.8
1.6
54.4
4 .0
23.4
2.1
3.1
9.7
13.0
115.7
161.3
4933.0
698.3
8.7
19.3
368.3
K
6.4
42.6
5 .6
2.9
21.7
7.5
14.2
17.3
17.3
22.6
3.9
48.0
0.9
21.9
12.0
36.2
3.0
24.9
.16.1
2. I
1 1 .3
35.3
(I)
satu rated p aste e x tra c t
( 6)
E x c h a n g e a b l e = e x t r a c t a b l e m in u s s o l u b l e
Ca
42.3
41.7
32.5
79.5
90.0
72.1
29.3
1 8 .1
26.4
12.8
26.4
45.2
33.7
17 8 .7
21.3
55.4
36.0
17.8
Q.4
1 7 .7
63.8
15.2
E x c h a n g e a b l e B a s e s (6 )
• (m e /1 0 0 a )
Mg
Na
8.0
15.4
13.4
1 2 .8
14.0
4.2
17.8
8.1
25.6
3.5
8 .1
4.5
1 1 .6
0.9
12.2
5.6
7.1
18.6
17.5
1 5 .0
8.9
17.6
0 .5
31.5
0 .2
0 .2
1.8
0 .2
0 .3
0.2
1.0
0 .2
0.5
0.2
0 .2
0 .3
0.5
0.5
18.3
12.8
4.6
0.2
0.2
1.5
.
S o l u b l e A nio ns ( I )
(m a /1 )
K
1.5
2.0
1.3
0.5
1.0
1.2
3.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
0 .8
1.8
1.8
0.9
1.2
0 .5
0 .9
0 .3
0.5
0 .2
0.4
0 .9
S04
7
6242
20
12
2926
96
34
131
155
138
185
197
24
1567
130
843
519
29508
5342
9571
1342
4823
NO3
< 0 .2
27.5
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0 .2
< 0 .2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
291.0
< 0.2
19.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
823.8
8.0
< 0.2
1.7
106.5
C° 3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0 ''
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
HCO3
6.1
42.7
72.4
13 1.1
54.9
' 183.0
30.5
213.5
216.5
76.3
18 6 .1
170.8
3 8 .1
103.7
0.1
161 .1
292.8
0.1
0 .1
0 .1
88.5
0.1
Cl
1 7 .1
62.0
5.3
1.8
40.8
1.8
12.4
3.6
3.6
1 0 .6
17 .3
49.6
23.6
8.9
1.8
1 0 .6
3.5
616.8
126 .7
0 .1
7.1
3 7 .9
64
Table 10.
Sample
Number
4
'5
6
8
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
'
Chemical laboratory data (continued).
S o luble
Boron (7 )
(ppm)
I .71
/, An
7.99
0.95
2 .5 5 '
n . Qfi
2.29
0.28
0.05
3.07
0.05
2.46
2.37
0.36
1.98
0.05
0.05
0.64
0.40
2.35
0.05
3.79
(7 )
Hot w a t e r s o l u t i o n
(8)
NaHCO3 extraction
E x tractab le
Phosphorous
(ppm)
1.2
2.3
0 .8
0.1
2.6
1.2
0.4
1.5
0.1
1.5
0.4
9.2
2.3
■8. 1
7.7
0.1
0.4
7.7
3.4
4.8
24.2
1.2
(9 )
(8 )
Soluble
S e l e n i u m (7 )
(ppm)
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.015
<0.0 1 5
<0.0 1 5
DTPA/TEA e x t r a c t i o n
Mn
14.3
9.4
■ 32.4
4.2
0.6
3.5
29.7
9.2
0 .8
17.0
8.6
5.4
24.1
1.3
Zn
1. 92
1 .2 2
0.85
0.20
0.72
0.48
2.02
0.59
0.36
1 .7 6
6.62
3.10
0.19
0.30
T r a c e M e t a l A n a l y s e s (9)
(ppm)
Ni
Cd
Fe
0.20
143.0
0.21
■ 1 2 .9
23.0 ■ 0.16
0.06
4.1
0.09
1 8 .5
0.11
3.9
0.20
86.5
0.08
6.1
0.05
5.5
0.12
37.0
0
.10
10.8
0.16
1 1 .4
0.10
7.6
2.2
■0 .0 8
— ——
— —
—
24.6
9.9
2 .5 9
3.20
86.3
39.8
Pb
1.78 ■ 0. 54
1.36
1.40
1.10
1 .8 8
0.52
0.46
1.20
0.32
0.44
0.56
1.70 '
4.58
0.72
0.62
0.40
0.24
0.38
0.80
0.52
0.92
1.04
0.82
1.04
1.40
0.54
0.40
Cu
4.42
3.79
2.09
1.01
2.18
0 .64
2.93
0 .92
0 .80
1.46
1.13
1.15
I .'80
0.60
—
0.12
0.13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10. 5
0.08
1 .0 2
0.78
2.36
1 .1 8 .
3.84
2.58
0.38
1.14
1.16
—
4.3
0 .9 1
65
Table 10.
Chemical laboratory data (continued).__
Sample
Number
Mn
Zn
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1 7 .6
3.0
13.8
5.6
1 .2
2.3
5.8
4.3
3.8
8.9
4.4
5.0
10.6
8 .0
38.6
70.4
36.6
4-7.
5.4
1 2 .0
29.8
9.6
3.3
0.9
25.6
1.5
1.4
1.0
2.6
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.0
3.4
3.1
4 .0
5.4
5.6
5.6
8.7
2.6
4.8
(5 )
(10)
I N NH^OAc e x t r a c t i o n
Tamm’ s R e a g e n t
T r a c e M et al A n a l y s e s
(ppm)
Fe
Cd
Ni
1.2
1.6
1.1
- 1.7
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.3
0.9
1 .3
1.0
2.4
1.0
2.0
0.7
1.2
1.0
4.0
0.8
1.7
1.1
1.6
< 0 .2
< 0.2
< 0.2
<0 .2
< 0.2
<0 .2
< 0.2
<0 .2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
<0.2
<0 .2
<0.2
<0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
<0.2
< 0.2
<0.2
< 0.2
2.2
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.6
0 .6
1.1
0.4
0.2
0-2
0 .2
0 .2
1.6
9.9
1.9
I .4
2.2,
1 .8
4'.6
0.8
1.4
(5 )
Pb
<0.4
0.7
<0.4
<0.4
<0 .4
<0.4
1.6
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
1.0
<0.4
1.5
<0.4
0 .6
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
1.0
<0.4
<0.4
Cu
Mo (1 0 )
0.6
0.3
1.6
1.4
0.1
0 .1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0 .1
0.1
0.9
0.6
1.4
4.5
3 .1
9.7
1.0
5.4
1.4 .
0.6
0.1
0.51
0.51
0.17
0.09
0.14
0.21
0.43
0.11
0.35
0.20
0.17
0.07
0.26
0.06
0.66
0.43
0.28
0.19
0.13
0.31
0.60
0.31
66
APPENDIX III
VEGETATION ANALYSIS DATA
Table 11.
Vegetation analysis data foy tbe Jpnny pot-culture
I
rt
B1
Shoot •
Y ield (I)
(g /p o r)
Sample
Number
I
2
3
4
5
- 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
(I)
.
0.092
. 0.298
0.198
0.120
0.602
0.432
0.411
0.648
0.119
0.942
0.175
1.7 3 1
0.256
0.742
0.135
0.092
0.079
0.028
'
0.264 ■
0.00
0.108
0.289
■N
1.00
3.63
3.23
.1 .9 8
1.19
2.68
1.83
1.83
0.86
1 .8 9
2.56
2.46
2.45
1.76
1.62
1.82
3.49
——
1.21
1.29
2.61
Means o f 10 r e p l i c a t i o n s
M a c r o n u t r i e r i t C o n t e n t (%)
P
K
Ca
0.13
0.33
0.11
.
0.95
3.03
2.18
1.14
1.74
2.39
2.53
2.54
0.07
0.25
0.15
■ 0.13
0.19
0.08
0.88
0.09
0.31
0.16
0.13
0.06
0.08
0.03
—
0.24
2.83
1.43
3.20
2.33
2.47
1 .2 4
1.13
0.56
—f
1 .4 7
0.21
0.04
0.10
1 .2 5
2.66
0.201
'
0.128
0.229
0.116
0.234
0.188
0.160
0 .1 6 1
0.189
0.280
0.185
Mn
0.204
0.267
0.079
0.235
0.300
0.404
0.312
0.366
0.182
0.199
0.142
—
0.098
0.204
0.174 •
0.143
0.197 .
0.268
0.184
—
0.267
106.0
• 57.5 "
46.0
129.0
13.6
61.0
26.5
41.8
45.1
33.0
73.2
28.0
58.7
37.9
70.-9
167.6
47.8
—
29.4
0.237
0.160
0.258
0.316 ■
119.5
63.4
0.185
0.160
0.328
0.187
0.220
’
Mg
0.220
T r a c e E lem e n t C o n c e n t r a t i o n
Fe Mo
Cd
Zn
15.8
44.8
46.0
16.8 •
17.0
132
72
80
86
44
57
94
63
65
67
80
96
58
65
126
165
■ 250
—
39
22.2
31.3
18.9
7.8
34.7
25.2
41.0
24.7
21.1
18.9 •
24.8
3 2 :9
—
28.6
20.4
39.9
'
96
172
(PPm)
Ni
Pb .
Cu
_
0.21
0.21
0.23
—
0.57
0.28
0.45
0.47
—
0.27
0.55
0.92
0.54
0.51
0.39
—
—
——
0.51
——
—
0.23
—
0.18
0.1-5
0.19
0.16
—
0.15
0 i 13
0.14
0.18
0.14
1.98
2.55
—
0.76
0.98
0.82
0.39
—
1 .0 5
1 .2 6
0.28
0.86
0.20
0.84
7.86
—
——
—
——
—
—
0.22
0.99
—
__
0.58
0.67
10.2
0.87
10.1
1.00
13.0
9.8
9.5
9.5
0.90
0.36
__
0.37
0.48
0.77
0.64
0.52
0.91
__
—
__
0.69
__
__
__
13.3
__
—
—
9.8
9.2
13.6
13.7
14.2
10.1
Table 12.
Vegetation analysis data for the Neubauer Seedling method.
Sample
Number
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 .
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
(I)
S hoot
Y ield (I)
(g/pot)
0.283
0.326
0.305
0.264
0.326
0.436
0.338
0.407
0.318
0.461
0.380
0.462
0 .3 4 1
0.365
0.268
0.396
0.429
0.305
0.250
0.027
0.297
0.373
M a c r o n u tr ie n t C ontent
(%)
T r a c e E lem e n t C o n c e n t r a t i o n (ppm)
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
1.00
1.36
1.16
1.14
1.17
1.15
1 .0 9
1 .1 5
1.07
1 .3 6
0.97
1.26
1.12
1.30
1.00
1.32
1.31
2.66
1.25
3.35
1.06
1 .2 6
0.16
0.26
0.16
0.18
0.25
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.14
0.34
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.25
1.73
2.50
1.73
1.38
1.58
1.55
2.02
2.13
1.86
2.09
1.61
2.98
1.34
1.88
1.75
2.09
1.88
1.68
2.16
0.310
0.143
0.299
0.352
0.308
0.342
0.233
0.293
0.112
0.350
0.318
0.360
0.376
0.479
0.205
0.236
0.148
0.115
0.185
0.180
0.253
0.217
0.293
0.275
0.178
0.209
0. 171
0.298
0.212
0.217
0.284
0.319
0.155
0.223
0.316
0.227
0.598
0.660
67.0
37.9
83.6
74.5
49.0
70.0
41.2
93.1
33.9
251.0
5 4. I
62.6
54.7
71.3
47.2
155.6
25.0
1 .4 7
1 .8 7
0.328
0.200
0.328
0.372
Means o f 10 r e p l i c a t i o n s
0.16
0.14
■
Mn
Zn
Fe
Mo
Cd
Ni
Pb
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.08
1.52
0.98
0.74
n. Qn
0.90
n.ftft
0.92
1.07
0.73
0.71
0.63
0.43
A
1 .19
0.82
6 .1
52.3
21.9
22.8
1 4 .7
13.7
10.1
12.0
13.5
16.1
1 7 .9
17.8
14.0
22.7
17.3
27.7
20.5
23.0
22. I
33.6
37.5
63
88
67
69
93
52
69
59
65
101
81
99
49
60
98
76
.71
70
67
0.40
1 .0 2
1.15
1 .3 9
0.48
3.41
1.04
2.90
1 .7 9
3.61
1;8 8
1.51
1.06
0.76
0.53
0.70
1.03
0.93
1.10
0.03
0.04
0 .1 1
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.09
1. 09
0.79
0.65
0.59
0.84
0.37
0 .7 1
0:85
0.46
0.33
0.74
0.47
0.34
0.84
4,13
0.87
0.70
1.03 '
0.95
66.3
58.4
20.5
21.6
57
67
0.59
0.79
0 .1 1
0.08
0.99
0.86
34.9
o
Cu
L n
sn
0.71
n .qi
1.03
0.91
1 .16
I .s
S . 7
T
S
A
A
n.6s
6. I
4.0
9.5
7
7 . S
A PP E N D IX
IV
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLES
70
T a b le 1 3 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r s h o o t y i e l d o f w e s t e r n w h e a t g r a s s .
Source
df
b lo c k s
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
p o t t i n g m ethod X g ro w th medium
E rro r
9
I
20
20
369
Mean S q u a re
0 .0 5 0 1 » «
0 .9 6 7 5 ° «
0 .6 5 6 7 ° «
0 .0 0 3 2
00 p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 1 4 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f n it r o g e n .
S o u r ce
df
Mean S q u a re
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
1
19
19
8 .0 0 « «
0 .3 6 9
0 .2 9 0
o o p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 1 5 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f
p h o sp h o r u s.
Source
df
Mean S q u are
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
E rror
I
19
19
0 .0 2 1 « «
0 .0 0 8 »
0 .0 0 2
e p < 0 .0 5
00 p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 1 6 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p o ta s s iu m .
Source
df
Mean S q u a re
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
19
19
0 .0 0 3
0 .5 5 1
0 .2 4 5
71
T a b le 1 7.
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e t r a t i o n s o f c a lc iu m .
Source
df
Mean S q u are
p o t t i n g m ethod .
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
19
19
0 .0 3 0 » °
0 .0 1 4 5 0
0 .0 0 1
BG p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 1 8 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m agnesium .
S o u r ce
df
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
19
19
Mean S q u a re
.
0 .0 4 1 5 0
0 .0 1 1
0 .0 0 3
GG p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 1 9 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m an gan ese.
S o u r ce
df
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
19
19
T a b le 2 0 .
Mean s q u a r e
9 3 5 .1
2 3 9 9 .3
1 6 7 3 .2
A n a l y s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f z i n c .
Source
df
Mean S q u a re
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
19
19
5 2 8 . 5GG
8 5 .4
6 3 .5
o * p < 0 .0 1
72
T a b le 2 1 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i r o n .
Source
df
Mean S q u are
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
E rror
I
19
19
5 1 9 8 .4
1 4 9 3 .7
1 4 0 7 .7
T a b le . 2 2 .
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f
m olybdenum .
Source
df
Mean S q u are
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
E rror
I
12
12
8*14**
0 .5 3 2
0 .6 3 5
p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 2 3 .
A n a l y s i s o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f cadmium.
Source
df
Mean S q u a re
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
12
12
0 .0 8 0 * *
0 .0 0 2
0 .0 0 1
o e p < 0 .0 1
T a b le 2 4 .
A n a l y s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f n i c k e l .
Source
df
Mean S q u a re
p o t t i n g m eth od
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
12
12
2 .8 5 *
4 .2 7 *
0 .6 2 2
0 p < 0 .0 5
73
T a b le 2 5 .
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f l e a d .
Source
df
Mean sq u a r e
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
E rror
I
12
12
0 .1 5
0 .0 2 5
0 .0 6 3
T a b le 2 6 .
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r p la n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c o p p e r .
Source
df
Mean S q u are
p o t t i n g m ethod
g ro w th medium
E rro r
I
12
12
2 4 3 .1 0 9 0
3 .9 6
1. 71
90 p < 0 .0 1
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
CO
3 1762 100
63
00
I l l l l l l l l l l i l l III 111I
o f gr* t o o ls