A study of rural youth programs in the Americas (Except United States and Canada)
by Earl Jones
A-thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Of
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION .
Montana State University
© Copyright by Earl Jones (1962)
Abstract:
The research problem was:,to study the relationships between some socio-economic needs of rural
youth and the functioning of existing rural youth programs In the Americas. The main procedure used
was personal interviews with club members and health, agriculture, education,.extension,,and rural
youth program officials in all the American countries except the US and Canada.
Some socio-economic problems discovered to be affecting rural youth were that most farms were small
subsistence units, rural incomes were low, and high population growth rates prohibited most youth
from remaining on the farms. Only 38.2% of the 7-19 age group were in school in 1960-and only 0.8%
were participating in a rural youth program. .Rural family living was classed as inadequate by health
and home economics specialists and they pointed to malnutrition, inadequate housing and furnishings,
and poor sanitary conditions as urgent problems.
The 49 existing rural youth organizations were classified, in order of number of members, in the
following types: primary school clubs, 4-H, vocational education, and cooperatives. Their objec-tives
included raising levels of living,.increasing education,,and providing social activities. "Learning by
doing" through meetings, demonstrations,classes,workshops, and home and farm projects was the chief
education method employed.
Nearly $5,000,000 was spent on 36 programs in 1960 for an average of $21.67 each for 229,512
members. Eleven professional man-years were used per 1000 members and officials reported four
voluntary leaders per club. Half the voluntary leaders were school teachers. Most programs offered
in-service training for professionals in 1960 but only half gave training to voluntary leaders. The
principal problems of the programs were shortage of funds and lack of professionals and voluntary
leaders.
Interviewed club members said they joined to learn something useful for the farm and home,for
companionship and social activities, and to advance toward urban careers. Individual projects and
recreation were the activities liked most by members; collective projects and competitions least. Nearly
90% judged the club to be of much or some usefulness to them and every member had applied at home
at least one skill he had learned.
Four general recommendations were: Every country should immediately begin investigations on the
methods they are using. Both structural and impact evaluations should be continually in progress in all
rural programs. More general, sociological, and psychological training should be provided for
professional personnel and voluntary leaders. Rural youth programs need to make greater use of
community leaders if their effectiveness and efficiency are to be measurably increased. A STUDY OF RURAL YOUTH PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS
(EXCEPT UNITED STATES AND CANADA)
by
EARL JONES
c -
'•
.A -th e s is s u b m i t t e d . t o th e Graduate F a c u lty in p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t o f . th e ,r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r th e degree
of
DOCTOR .OF EDUCATION
Approved:
Head, Maj^r Department
ir r J
ChaIrma^, Examining Committee
/ I
MONTANA STATE COLLEGE
Bozeman, Montana
J u n e ,.1962
.111
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In i960 th e Inten-A m erlcan , I n s t i t u t e of A g r i c u l t u r a l S cien ces o f . t h e
O rg a n iz a tio n of American. S t a t e s s ig n e d a c o n t r a c t . w i t h th e American I n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n t o promote r u r a l youth .work i n th e Americas.
The
program was t o be. c a r r i e d out through a . s p e c i a l s t a f f a p p o in te d by th e
A m erican■I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n and th e members, o f . t h e Department of
Economics a n d -E x te n s io n of th e T r o p ic a l C enter f o r Research and Graduate _
I n s t r u c t i o n . o f th e I n s t i t u t e in T u r r l a l b a , Costa Rlca.. , This o r g a n iz a ti o n ,
.w ith .h e a d q u a rte rs i n San J o s e , Costa R ic a, and a r e g i o n a l o f f i c e in. Rio
de J a n e i r o , B r a z i l , was named th e In te r-A m erica n R ural Youth Program.
S ince l i t t l e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n .had been..conducted-on r u r a l .youth p ro ­
gram s-in. th e A m e ric a s .o u ts id e of th e U n ited S t a t e s and C a n a d a , t h e I n t e r American R u ra l Youth Program announced a . g e n e r a l survey of the. e x i s t i n g
. programs as. i t s f i r s t g o a l .
The w r i t e r - o f t h i s . r e p o r t , ,th e n .an. I n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l C ooperation .Center C arnegie d o c t o r a l f e llo w in .the Department
o f E d u c a tio n :of Montana S t a t e C o lle g e , was d e s ig n a te d as r e s p o n s i b l e . f o r .
t h i s r e s e a r c h .. .The stu d y was f e l t . t o - f u l f i l l th e req u irem en ts, f o r the
d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n ; o f th e fe llo w .a n d a f t e r h i s assignm ent t o th e s t a f f
o f th e I n s t i t u t e i n Jan u a ry of 1 9 6 1 ,.th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as-b eg u n .
The - w rite r s i n c e r e l y a p p r e c i a t e s th e work of th e hundreds of persons
■who a id e d t h i s . s t u d y as I n t e r v i e w e r s , i n t e r v i e w e e s , a d v i s e r s , . i n f o r m a n t s ,
or in a n y ,o t h e r way a s s i s t e d i n i t s r e a l i z a t i o n .
owed t o th e fo llo w in g :
P a r tic u la r g ra titu d e is
■iv
The i n v e s t i g a t o r 1s M o n tan a,S tate C ollege t h e s i s c o m m itte e C h a irm a n
Dr. M ilfo rd F ra n k s , <Dr „■ H a ^ a ld 'P e d e r s e n , Dr. Harvey B d ty , Dr. John
. F i s c h e r , Mrs . ■Thelma L a u e r Dr. N icholas H eib u rn , Miss G erald in e
Fenn, Mr. James C u sic k ,.D i1. Harry H a u ss e r, Dr. Leo KnutI , and Grad­
u a te Dean, Leon Johnson.
•S t a f f o f th e D epartm ent. of Economics ^nd E x ten sio n of th e i n s t i t u t e
who a s s i s t e d .in. p la n n in g , , i n t e r v i e w i n g , . and reviewing, th e stu d y : - Dr.
. Manuel. A le rs-M q n talv o , Dr. Fernando d e l Rio, D r - . Joseph Di Franco,
.D r. . Linda N e ls o n ,. Mrs . .Ludmilla Erosdocimi., Mr . J u v en a l V a le r io , ,and
Dr. Antonio Arce..
P e rso n n e l of th e American I n t e r n a t i o n a l Association..who a id e d w ith
th e p l a n , . th e in te rv ie w s or w ith th e rev iew : Mr. Howard E. Law, Mr,
S a n tia g o Apodaca, D r ..J o h n McN e lly , and Mr. M anuel'Valvferde.
A d m in is tra to rs of th e C osta R ic a n .E x te n s io n S e r v ic e , I n g . Edgar Mata
and Mr . E d g a r A r i a s , .who in te rv ie w e d in tw o ,c o u n tr ie s a n d ,.w ith th e
e n t i r e E x t e n s i o n . s t a f f , . w o r k e d on th e p r e - t e s t .
I n s t i t u t e p e rs o n n e l Enrique S i b a j a , Alfonso R i v e l , . a n d Antonio
Merayo f o r t h e i r g e n e r a l a s s i s t a n c e ,
The e n t i r e Jones F am ily, who s u f f e r e d w hile Dad s t u d i e d and worked,
. and s p e c i a l a p p r e c i a t i o n t o my w if e , E l e a n o r ,w h o s e rv e d as t y p i s t
and re v ie w e r f o r th e f i r s t d r a f t s of th e t h e s i s .
Without t h e i r . h e l p , th e .w id e scope df t h i s r e s e a r c h would have been
im p o s s ib le .
This study, i s d e d ic a te d to th e r u r a l yoqth of th e Americas witl? the
hope t h a t th e f in d in g s , w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o g r e a t e r p ro g re s s and .well-rReing
.V
TABLE OP CONTENTS
VITA ............................................................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. . .................. . ..................................................... ................... ...... ............ , i l l
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . , ................................................. ....................................................
.v
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES _________ __ _____ _____ __________ _______ ___
vi i
ABSTRACT .............................................'............ . . ......... ............................................... .
,x
CHAPTER I .
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
Statem ent of th e Problem ............................................................................ ; .
Procedures . .......................................... ...................................................................
L im ita tio n s ........... ........................................................................................... ..
C o n s tr u c tio n .and A d m in is tra tio n of th e Q u e s tio n n a ir e s . — ...........
.I
2
3
.4
.4
CHAPTER I I .
.THE NATURE OF RURAL YOUTH WORK . . . . . ------- ------- ...................
6
Philosophy, of R u ral Youth Work ......... .................................. .......................
7
Types of R ural Youth O rg a n iz a tio n s ............... ............... ................
7
J u s t i f i c a t i o n .fo r R ural Youth Work ..........................................
.9
Some E f f e c t s o f US R u ral Youth O r g a n i z a t i o n s . -------- --------- - .10
E d u c a tio n a l Bases- of R u ral Youth Programs ............. .................................... 11
Psycho*Social Approaches t o Programming ......................................
12
P sy c h o -S o c ia l Approaches t o P e rso n a l Development . . . . . . . . .
.15
E d u c a tio n a l Methods in R ural Youth Work ......................................
15
Means.of Implementing th e L earn in g Process
......... ................ 17
CHAPTER I I I .
,SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC 'FACTORS THAT AFFECT RURAL
YOUTH WORK ............................................................. .... .................................
G eneral Socio-Economic Conditions- of th e C o u n trie s . . . . . . . . . . . .
R ural Family L iv in g C o n d itio n s ................................. ..................................
,2 1
21
, 26
CHAPTER IV.
THE NATURE OF THE FORTY-NINE' RURAL YOUTH PROGRAMS.........
T y p e s•of O rg a n iz a tio n s and Membership ....................................................
Program Object iv e s .......................................... ......................... .........................
Program Methods ................................................................. ........ ...'.................
Sponsoring Agencies .................................. .................................. .....................
Program Budgets ........................ ................... ......................................................'
Types ■of R u ra l Youth Program P e rso n n e l .........................................
P r o f e s s i o n a l P e rso n n e l ...................................................................
V o lu n ta ry Leaders ................................................................. ..................
T r a in in g ........................................................................................................
Program Needs ............. ........................................................................................ ..
Role of P r iv a t e and I n t e r n a t i o n a l O rg a n iz atio n s . — . . . . . . . . . . .
30
30
31
32
34
34
36
36
41
45
49
.53
Yi
CHAPTER V. ,MEMBERS'.IMAGE'S ,CE CLUB -ACTIVITIES ............. ................. ................... 57
D e f i n i t i o n .of th e Image Concept .................................................................
57
Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e Clubs and Members ...................................
59
Members1 Images •of
th e Club Program ............
60
.Members' Imdges of
P e rs o n a l B e n e f it s from th e Program . . . . . . . . .
65
Members' Images o f
th e Program P e rso n n e l ...
65
CHAPTER VI. .SUMMARY, .CONCLUSIONS,..AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................
Summary ...................... .......... ................................................................................. ..
Some Socio-Economic Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................
N ature o f t h e .-49 R ural Youth Programs .................. ........................
C onclusions .......................................................................... ..............................
R u ral Youth Needs ...........................................................................
Program Needs ............... .................
........................... ...
Recqmmendations .......................................................................... .....................
APPENDIX I .
APPENDIX I I .
. SECONDARY INFORMATION TABLES'....... .............. ^
.RURAL
LITERATURE CITED
69
.69
69
70
.74
74.75
79
...............
85
YOUTH PROGRAMS INCLUDED INTHE.STUDY. . . ______
.100
. HO
-vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURE
I.
II.
TABLE
1- A.
PAGE
Comparison of p e r c e n t a g e s . L i t e r a c y , School E n ro l­
lm ent, and U rb a n iz a tio n in i960
Comparative in c r e a s e or d e c re a se of 18 programs be­
tween 1959 and i 9 6 0 .......................... ..........................................
■25
.44
Area and p o p u la tio n of 28 c o u n t r i e s s t u d i e d , U nited
S t a t e s , . a n d Canada i n i960 ..................................................
84
2- A. -Frequency of im portance of a g r i c u l t u r a l e n t e r p r i s e s
as r e p o r t e d by 28 c o u n tr ie s ....................................... .. . . .
85
3- A. D i s t r i b u t i o n by age groups of th e r u r a l p o p u la tio n
in. th e 28 c o u n tr ie s ................................. ................................
86
4- A. Gross p ro d u c t p e r person, and p e rc e n ta g e s of r u r a l
p o p u la tio n and l i t e r a c y
.................
87
5- A. Gross p ro d u c t p e r p e rs o n , p e rc e n ta g e s -of farm ow ners, .
. l i t e r a c y , , a n d farms of l e s s ;than. f i v e h e c ta r e s in 21
c o u n t r i e s . . . . ................................................................................ .
.88
6- A. T o ta l sch o o l e n ro llm e n t of c h ild re n , aged seven t o
n in e te e n and r u r a l p o p u la tio n of th o s e ages in. i9 6 0 .
• 89
7- A, A ttendance a t th e v a rio u s e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l s in
i 9 6 0 -a c co rd in g t o p a s t r e c o rd s .................................
90
8 - A. Frequency of p r i n c i p a l causes of m o r t a l i t y of th e
peo p le in .28 c o u n tr ie s in. i960 ........... ..............................
90
9- A,. Frequency of p r i n c i p a l . r u r a l fa m ily l i f e problems
a s . r e p o r t e d by h e a l t h and home economics s p e c i a l i s t s
i n 23 c o u n tr ie s ......... .................................. ..............................
91
10- A, Frequency, of p r i n c i p a l h e a l t h problems in 23 coun­
t r i e s a s . r e p o r t e d by h e a l t h s p e c i a l i s t s ......................
91
11- A. Degree of s a n i t a r y c o n d itio n s of r u r a l f a c i l i t i e s in
23 c o u n tr ie s as r e p o r te d by h e a l t h and e x te n s io n
s p e c i a l i s t s ........................ .................................... .....................
$2
. 12-A. F re q u e n c y .o f adequacy of v a rio u s a s p e c ts of th e r u r a l
home as r e p o r t e d by h e a l t h a n d .e x te n s io n s p e c i a l ­
i s t s in 26 c o u n tr ie s ............. ...... ..........................................
92
T 3-A. Rating of production, of food crops f o r home consump­
t i o n as r e p o r t e d by e x te n s io n s p e c i a l i s t s in 21
c o u n t r i e s ................'.......... ................................................... ..
.93
14- A. . Frequency of p r i n c i p a l n u t r i t i o n a l d e f i c i e n c i e s i n
22 c o u n t r e i s as r e p o r t e d by h e a lth and home economics
s p e c i a l i s t s ...................................................................................
93
15- A. Adequacy o f th e r u r a l home f u r n i s h i n g s and (equip- '
ment a c c o rd in g t o th e o p in io n s of home economics
s p e c i a l i s t s in 23 c o u n tr ie s .................................................
94
1 6 - A. Opinions of home econom ists in. 22 c o u n tr ie s on th e
. amount o f g e n e ra l, knowledge and s k i l l of r u r a l
. homemakers-on c e r t a i n a c t i v i t i e s ........... ..................... ..
. 9^
Vili
-1 7 • ■ Number of club members, program b u d g e t, and budget
. p e r member f o r 36 programs .................................................
35
l8 -A . .Frequency of member p r o j e c t s in i 9 6 0 .acco rd in g t o
o f f i c i a l s of 39. r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s . . . . . . . . .
95
19.
P r o f e s s io n a l.m a n - y e a r s employed in 18 r u r a l youth
programs in. .i9 6 0 ........................................................................
.38
20P e r c e n ta g e s .o f l a s t E d u c a tio n a l l e v e l re a ch e d by
p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n n e l in .12 programs by. i960 __ _
.4.0
21.
■P e rc e n tag e d i s t r i b u t i o n of v o lu n ta r y le a d e r s by
p ro fe s sio n , and membership i n .a club in 16 programs
in. i960 ................................... ............................. ..........................
.46
2 2 - ■ Days a l l o c a t e d t o . i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g of p r o f e s ­
s i o n a l s and voluntary, le a d e r s in .22 programs ...........
.47
23•
P r i n c i p a l problems t h a t make e x e c u tio n of th e p ro ­
grams d i f f i c u l t and o f f i c i a l s ' o p in io n s on t h e ord­
e r of s e v e r i t y of th e problems ..........................................
49
24.
Frequency of s u g g e s tio n s of o f f i c i a l s of 47. prof- .
gram s.on how t o in c r e a s e i n t e r e s t in r u r a l youth
work ................................................ ...............................................................50
25•
O f f i c i a l s ' e s ti m a te s of t e c h n i c i a n s , v o lu n ta ry
l e a d e r s , . and a d d i t i o n a l funds needed to e f f e c t ­
i v e l y serv e th e r u r a l youth of each co u n try .........
52
26-A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s o f p r i v a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
..o r g a n iz a ti o n s in .,h e lp in g w ith t r a i n i n g , acc o rd ­
ing t o o p in io n s o f r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n o f­
f i c i a l s ..............................., ....................... .............. ..
96
-ZJ-A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s of p r i v a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
. o r g a n iz a ti o n s in. p ro v id in g s c h o l a r s h i p s f o r advanc-'
Ing r u r a l youth .w o rk ,,a c c o rd in g t o -opinions of
r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n o f f i c i a l s ...............................
96
28- A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s ' of p r i v a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
. o r g a n iz a ti o n s 1 in h e lp in g ,w ith w r i t t e n , r e f e r e n c e s
• t o f a c i l i t a t e r u r a l youth work, a c c o rd in g t o op­
in io n s of r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n o f f i c i a l s . . . . .
97
. 29-A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s o f p r i v a t e and . i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o r g a n iz a ti o n s i n h elp in g , w ith to u rs , and exchanges,
a c c o rd in g t o o p in io n s o f r u r a l youth O rg a n iz atio n
. o f f i c i a l s ................................. ..................................... ...........
.97
30-A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s of p r i v a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o rg a n iz a tio n s- i n . h e l p i n g . w i t h r e c o g n i t i o n of o u t­
s ta n d in g work w ith r u r a l youth p r o g r a m s , a c c o r d ­
ing t o o p in io n s of r u r a l youth o r g a n i z a t i o n o f­
f i c i a l s . . . . . . . ^. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
31;-A., Su g g ested a c t i v i t i e s of p r i v a t e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o rg a n iz a tio n s- in h e lp in g - w ith p u b l i c i t y , on r u r a l
youth work, a c c o rd in g to opinions., of r u r a l youth
o r g a n i z a t i o n - o f f i c i a l s ............................... ........................
. 98
ix
32- A,
Suggested a c t i v i t i e s of p r i v a t e :and i n t e r n a t i o n a l
o r g a n iz a ti o n s in. h e lp in g p ro v id e symbolic m a t e r ­
i a l s , , a c c o rd in g ,to .o p in io n s of b u r a l youth Organ­
i z a t i o n o f f i c i a l s ......... .......................................................
33- A. Suggested a c t i v i t i e s . o f p r i v a t e And I n t e r n a t i o n a l
. o r g a n iz a ti o n s in. .h elp in g w ith th e .fo rm atio n of
n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l committees or found- ■
a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o .opinions of r u r a l youth o r­
g a n i z a t i o n o f f i c i a l s .............................................................
3 4 . . Frequency of o p in io n s o n ,c lu b o b je c t iv e s .a c c o r d s
in g t o - s e x and age gfoups of members ......................
35.
frequency, of o p in io n s on re a so n s f o r j o in in g club
a cc o rd in g t o sex and age g r o u p s .o f members .........
36.
Member r a t i n g s o n .d e g re e o f a p p r e c i a t i o n - o f v a r ­
ious club a c t i v i t i e s .........................................................
37.
Frequency of members' o p in io n s ab t o ,the u s e f u lnes o f club program . . . — . . . . . ....
................
38.
Frequency of members' o p in io n s as t o ,whether th e .
club had p ro v id e d what was needed and e x p e c t e d . .
39«
Frequency o f members' 'c h o ic e s f o r a t e c h n i c a l
, co u rse t e a c h e r ............. ...........................................
99
.99
6l
■
62
63
64
65
66
X
ABSTRACT
The r e s e a r c h problem w a s : , t o stu d y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between
some socio-econom ic needs of r u r a l youth and th e f u n c tio n in g of
e x i s t i n g r u r a l youth programs In th e Americas. The main, procedure
used was p e r s o n a l in te rv ie w s w ith club members and h e a l t h , . a g r i . c u l t u r e , , e d u c a t i o n , . e x t e n s i o n , , a n d r u r a l youth program o f f i c i a l s in
. a l l th e American .c o u n trie s except th e US and Canada.
• Some socio-econom ic problems d is c o v e re d t o be a f f e c t i n g r u r a l
youth were t h a t most farms were sm all s u b s is te n c e u n i t s , r u r a l i n ­
comes were low, and high p o p u la tio n growth r a t e s p r o h i b i t e d most
youth from rem ain in g on. th e f a r m s . Only 3 8 of th e 7 - 1 9 age
group were i n sch o o l in. i 9 6 0 .and only 0 .8 # were p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n .a
r u r a l youth program. .R ural .fam ily l i v i n g was c la s s e d as inad eq u ate
by h e a l t h and home economics s p e c i a l i s t s .and th e y p o in te d t o mal­
n u t r i t i o n , in a d eq u a te h o u sin g .and f u r n i s h i n g s , .and-poor s a n i t a r y
c o n d itio n s as u rg e n t p roblem s.
The 49 .e x is t in g r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s were c l a s s i f i e d , in
o rd e r of number of members, i n th e fo llo w in g ,.types: prim ary school
c l u b s ,'. 4-H, v o c a ti o n a l e d u c a t i o n , ,and .c o o p e ra tiv e s . T h e ir ,o b j e c ■ tiv e sin c lu d e d r a i s i n g l e v e l s . o f l i v i n g , . in c r e a s in g e d u c a t i o n , .and.
p ro v id in g s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s . " L e arn in g .b y doing" through m eetin g s,
d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , . c l a s s e s , w o r k s h o p s , and home and farm p r o j e c t s was
th e c h i e f e d u c a tio n method employed.
N early $5 , 000,000 was sp en t on 36 programs in i960 f o r an
,average of $21.67 each f o r . 229,512 members. Eleven, p r o f e s s i o n a l
man-years were used p e r 1000 .members and o f f i c i a l s r e p o r t e d fo u r
v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s p e r c lu b . Half th e v o lu n ta r y le a d e rs were
sch o o l t e a c h e r s . . Most programs o f f e r e d i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g f o r
p r o f e s s i o n a l s . i n i960 but o n ly h a l f gave t r a i n i n g t o v o lu n ta r y
l e a d e r s . The p r i n c i p a l problems' of th e programs were s h o rta g e of
funds and la c k of p r o f e s s i o n a l s and v o lu n ta ry , l e a d e r s .
In te rv ie w e d club members s a id th e y jo in e d to. le a r n something
u s e f u l f o r th e farm a n d , h o m e , f o r companionship and s o c i a l a c t i v i ­
t i e s , and t o advance tow ard u r b a n . c a r e e r s . I n d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s and
r e c r e a t i o n were t h e , a c t i v i t i e s l i k e d most by members; c o l l e c t i v e
p r o j e c t s and c o m p e titio n s l e a s t . N early 90# judged th e c lu b t o .b e
of much or some u s e f u ln e s s t o them and every, member had a p p l i e d a t
home a t l e a s t one s k i l l he had le a r n e d . .
Four g e n e r a l recommendations w e r e : . Every, country sh o u ld imme­
d i a t e l y begin, i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on th e methods th e y are u s in g . Both
s t r u c t u r a l and impact e v a lu a tio n s should be c o n t i n u a l l y in. p ro g re s s
in a l l . r u r a l program s. . More g e n e r a l , s o c i o l o g i c a l , and p s y c h o lo g i­
c a l t r a i n i n g sh o u ld be p ro v id e d f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n n e l and volun­
t a r y l e a d e r s . R u ral youth programs need t o .make g r e a t e r use of com­
munity l e a d e r s i f t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s and e f f i c i e n c y a re t o be mea­
s u r a b ly i n c r e a s e d .
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Organized -r u ra l youth work is--c o n sid ered to .h a v e c o n tr ib u te d s i g n i f i ­
c a n t l y t o th e socio-dconom ic p ro g re s s of Great B r i t a i n , The N e th e r la n d s ,
Denmark, G erm any,.the U n ited S t a t e s , and o th e r c o u n t r i e s .
S t a r t i n g through
b u n d s , a g r i c u l t u r a l s o c i e t i e s , . c o o p e r a t i v e s a n d r u r a l s c h o o l s , many.of
th e movements have grown t o ..mammoth p r o p o r t i o n s .
During t h i s c e n t u r y , . and
- p r i n c i p a l l y s in c e 1 9 1 7 ,.th e t a s k of c o n d u c tin g -th e s e programs has g e n e r a l l y
p a ss e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l e x te n s io n s e r v i c e s and v o c a ti o n a l e d u c a tio n d e p a r t­
ments a lth o u g h a few, n o ta b ly th e B r i t i s h Young F arm ers, s t i l l - p e r t a i n t o
n o n - ■or e x tra sg o v e rn m e n ta l e n t i t i e s .
S ince World War I I th e program s,have
been in tr o d u c e d t o newly-rdeveloping .c o u n trie s a l l . o v e r th e w o rld .
The r a p id -e x p a n s io n o f . t h i s t y p e . o f work has le d t o a whole n e w .f ie ld
of a p p lie d s c ie n c e a n d .co p io u s l i t e r a t u r e now ap p ears from most of th e o r­
g a n iz a tio n s.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , - r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e re s e a rc h has b e en .co n d u cted
p re v io u s t o program development and most o r g a n iz a tio n s have n e c e s s a r i l y
based t h e i r work on th e e x p e rie n c e s of o th e r s and on .ex p erim en tatio n , w ith . in t h e i r own. p ro g ram s.
The immense p r e s s u r e o f . t h e job t o be done p lu s
s e r io u s gaps -in; th e knowledge of such s c ie n c e s as psychology and s o cio lo g y
have g e n e r a l l y r e t a r d e d . t h e needed i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
•Since -1945 c o n s id e ra b le advance has been made i n fu n d a m e n ta l.re s e a r c h
.and program.methods and -impact can.now be t e s t e d more s c i e n t i f i c a l l y .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , .hundreds of n e w .ru ra l youth o r g a n iz a tio n s have n o t.e v e n con­
d u c ted t h e i r b a s ic in v e n t o r i e s which, would pave th e way f o r depth s tu d ie s
■of th e v a rio u s program p h a s e s .
2
Many o f f i c i a l s - . o f r u r a l youth programs are d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r
t
o r g a n iz a ti o n s - ,. p o i n t i n g t o slow or s p o ra d ic grow th, s m a l l . r e e n r o l l m e n t s ,
p a r e n t a l and g e n e r a l p u b lic a p a t h y , . and..the sm all number,p f ta n g i b l e re-,
-su its
as
symptoms, of in a d eq u a te a d ap ta tio n , of th e p ro g ram s-.to -th e.n eed s
■of . r u r a l youth i n . t h e i r c o u n t r i e s .
Since few s tu d ie s have beerl..conduct­
ed . on ,determining- t h e .e x te n t and causes o f th e problems of th e v a rio u s
r u r a l youth programs ,, it.was-, f e l t t h a t .an i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,of th e s e , wpuld
make a u s e f u l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e f i e l d .
•
,
.
-"-
,
.........-rv.
" ■'
Statem ent of th e Prdblpm
This stu d y was- d e s ig n e d a s . an o v e r a l l survey of t h e . r u r a l .youth o rf
g a n iz a tio n s and. th e c o n d i t i o n s . under which they, o p e ra te as th e b a s i s . f o r
a . b e t t e r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f - i n d i v i d u a l program . d i f f i c u l t i e s . .
The c e n t r a l
...problem f o r t h i s , investigation.-W as : ; t o s tu d y t h e . r e l a t i o n s h i p s between
..-Some, socio-econom ic needs -of. r u r a l youth ;.and. th e f u n c tio n in g ,.o f e x is t- .
•in g r u r a l youth programs in ;the .Americas..
The c e n t r a l problem.was con­
s i d e r e d t o -have., fo u r phases :
I , A study, of some g e n e r a l , socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s of. th e areas.;, in
:which .the r u r a l youth programs e x i s t .
.2 . A study, of th e f u n c tio n in g of r u r a l youth p ro g ram s..
3 . . A, s tu d y ..o f. th e.-o p in io n s ;Of some., members . o f some.-of th e s e , organ­
i z a t i o n s as -to. -the o b j e c t i v e s ,, o p e r a t i o n , , p e r s o n n e l , , and .b e n e f its ;
d e riv e d -fro m -b e lo n g in g t o them.
.4 .-A d e te r m in a tio n .,o f some r e la tio n s h ip s - b e tw e e n program -fu n c tio n in g
and th e socio-econom ic needs of r u r a l y o u th ,
I t was hoped t h a t th e . r e s u l t s-.- o f ', t h is- - i n v e s t i g a t i p n woul,! a s s i s t r u r a l
.youth program s..in. e v a lu a tin g , t h e i r ..-Workr.
.3
Procedures
F iv e b a s i c p ro c e d u res, were employed in s e c u rin g th e d a t a .
These
w ere:
- I . O f f i c i a l s of government a g e n c ie s were p e r s o n a l l y in te rv ie w e d ,
.w ith w r i t t e n q u e s ti o n n a ir e s used as g u id e s , i n o rd e r t o . d e ­
te rm in e th e socio-econom ic c o n d i t i o n s . a f f e c t i n g . r u r a l youth
work.
2 . O f f i c i a l s ■of r u r a l y o u th ..o rg a n iz a tio n s were p e r s o n a l l y in terv iew -.
.ed..with g u id in g q u e s ti o n n a ir e s so as to - u n d e r s ta n d th e p re s e n t
• fu n c tio n in g of th e o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
3 . A b r i e f q u e s tio n n a ir e , over socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s was admin­
i s t e r e d t o census bureau o f f i c i a l s .by m ail i n o rd e r t o -check
d a ta g a t h e r e d in. th e p re v io u s s te p s ..
,4 . Census .p u b lic a tio n s and o t h e r . l i t e r a t u r e on .the Americas were
s t u d i e d - s o as. tO'-v e r if y th e in fo r m a tio n g a th e r e d in th e f i r s t
th re e ste p s.
5 . .Members, a random sample of 6 5 $ , . of' s i x clu b s were in te rv ie w e d
p e r s o n a l l y to .d e te r m in e t h e i r o p in io n s as t o . t h e f u n c tio n in g
of th e r u r a l . y o u t h , o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
In. p ro c e d u ra l s te p s one.and t w o , d a t a o n .th e socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s
and. on th e r u r a l y o u th .o rg a n iz a tio n s - were s e c u re d from o f f i c i a l s in .28
p o l i t i c a l e n t i t i e s 1 i n th e A m ericas.
- I These in c lu d e d d l l th e p o l i t i c a l e n t i t i e s except th e U n ited S t a t e s .
and Canada, For convenience, of wording., .each e n t i t y w i l l , be c a l l e d a
co u n try i n t h i s . r e p o r t even, though a l l th e u n i t s do not q u a l i f y as su ch .
The s t a t u s o f th o se t h a t were not c o u n t r i e s i n I 961 was as f o l l o w s :
. G uadeloupe, . M a r tin iq u e ,■French G uiana: , D e p artm en ts■of F r a n c e .
S u rin a m ,,N e th e rla n d s A n t i l l e s : : P a r ts of th e T r i p a r t i t e Kingdom,of The
N e th e r la n d s .
Jam aica: :Member •of th e West In d ie s F e d e ra tio n but t o become an.- inde­
pendent n a t i o n -in. 1962.
.West I n d i e s ; . A ll B r i t i s h ,Caribbean, i s l a n d s now in c lu d e d in .the West
In d ie s F e d e r a tio n ex cep t Jam aica.
■Puerto R ico: : A ss o c ia te d -F re e S ta te w ith th e US.
B r i t i s h Guiana: .- A d m in is tra tiv e u n i t w ith B r i t a i n .
.4
In te rv ie w s .with, club members, . s te p f i v e In th e p ro c e d u re ,.w e re .c o n d u c te d
. I n Jamaica-, .El- S a lv a d o r, . Costa R lc a ,. and Panama.
■Lim itations
This study, was r e s t r i c t e d t o 2 8. o f th e 3 0 . p o l i t i c a l e n t i t l e s . in. th e
Americas.
Bo.th..the U nited S t a t e s .and Canada,have- c o n d u c te d .c o n s id e ra b le
i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n r u r a l . y o u t h .work and th e need f o r g r e a te r , know ledge,of
t h e i r programs was not as a c u te as f o r t h o s e . c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d e d . i n t h i s
. re p o rt.
• L i m i t a t i o n s , o f ti m e . p re v e n te d a, study., of a l l th e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g
r u r a l youth work.
T h e re fo re , th is , i n v e s t i g a t i o n - i n c l u d e d - o n l y th e s o c io ­
economic f a c t o r s of a g r i c u l t u r e and r u r a l f a m i l y , l i v i n g .
Such p h a s e s .a s
- i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , . c l a s s s t r u c t u r e , and p o l i t i c a l . o r g a n i z a t i o n - a r e im­
p o r t a n t t o - r u r a l .youth .work but w e r e .c o n s id e r e d tp .b e . o u ts id e th e p o s s ib le ,
s c o p e . of t h i s - r e s e a r c h .
■ - Only, s i x clu b s ,in . fo u r co u n tries,:w ere used., in. .the. stu d y o f th e opin­
ions of m e m b e rs.a s/tp th e f u n c tio n in g of - th e -o r g a n iz a tio n s ’.
Both .time
and a c c e s s d b i l i t y l i m i t e d ex p an sio n of t h i s . p h a s e ' o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . .
C o n str u c tio n -and A dm inistration.-.of, th e Q uestionnaires■ The . g e n e r a l, p la n .fo r t h i s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n .,and -the. p r e l i m i n a r y quest-,
io n n a ir e s .w e r e p re p a re d w i t h . t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f th e w r i t e r 1s .a d v is e r s ..a t
Montana S t a t e C o l l e g e .
Follow ing t h i s . s t e p , . th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s -w e re r e ­
v is e d and t r a n s l a t e d t o -Spanish ,with .'the a s s is ta n c e .- o f th e s t a f f s .o f th e
.Department o f Economics a n d .E x te n sio n o f th e I n s t i t u t e and th e I n t e r American R u ral Youth Program in ,Costa Rica..
This second d r a f t -Wdsj-used
5
,as a p r e - t e s t w ith th e youth program i n C osta .R ica.
A fte r c a r e f u l l y an­
a ly z in g th e p r e - t e s t d a t a , th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s , were again, r e v i s e d , . in ­
c o r p o r a tin g th e s u g g e s t i o n s . o f , th e E x te n s io n S e r v i c e . o f Costa R ica.
.The i n v e s t i g a t o r was u n a b l e . t o . v i s i t e v e r y .c o u n tr y h i m s e l f .
He
d id , h o w e v e r,. do e n t i r e l y o r e x te n s iv e ly p a r t i c i p a t e i n . a d m in is te r in g
th e g e n e r a l q u e s ti o n n a ir e i n n i n e . of t h e . c o u n tr ie s and a d m in is te r e d most
of th e q u e s ti o n n a ir e s f o r . members-of a l l s i x of th e in te rv ie w e d ..clu b s.
• P e r s o n n e l. of th e Department of Economics.and Extension, of th e I n s t i t u t e ,
. th e I n te r - A m e r i c a n ’R ural Youth P ro g ra m ,. and th e C o sta .R ic a n Extension
S e rv ic e a s s i s t e d w i t h . o r conducted p a r t s o f . t h e r e s e a r c h in th e o th e r
c o u n tr ie s •
C a r e f u l ; i n s t r u c t i o n s ’ were g iv e n .to each, i n te r v ie w e r and .the
few p ro b le m s, t h a t developed from th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f th e s e v e r a l - i n ­
v e s t i g a t o r s were r e s o lv e d by co rre sp o n d e n c e.
. P e rs o n a l in te rv ie w s could not be conducted in Belize-*-..and Cuba.
The
cyclone of l a t e I $61 p re v e n te d th e in te rv ie w s in B e liz e and p e rm issio n
could not be se c u re d t o conduct th e study, in Cuba.,
In fo rm a tio n on. th e s e
.c o u n tr ie s was s e c u re d e n t i r e l y through m a i l e d .q u e s t i o n n a i r e s and a.-study
of a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e oh them..
^ B e l i z e . i s . also -k n o w n as B ritis h ,H o n d u ra s .
CHAPTER I I
.THE NATURE OF RURAL YOUTH WORK
R ural youth work has been co n d u cted -o v er a s u f f i c i e n t l y long p e rio d
t h a t c e r t a i n g e n e r a l .co n cep ts have been .developed.
The p h ilo s o p h ie s and
:
e d u c a tio n a l b ases of th e v a rio u s k in d s o f programs have been ,s y n th e s iz e d
in t h i s c h a p te r
i n . o r d e r t o g i v e . t h e g e n e r a l background from which t h i s
s tu d y was p la n n e d .
Philosophy of R ural Youth Work
Jo se F ig u p re s (2 6 ,..p . 6 )^, w h ile p r e s i d e n t , of C osta R ic a, proposed,
as a .m o ra l p h ilo so p h y f o r ru ra l.y o u th .m o v e m e n ts , t h a t t h e . p e r s o n a l de­
velopment . of i n d i v i d u a l members was.much more im p o rtan t th a n t h e i r eco2
norriic advancement... T r a n s la te d from th e S p a n ish , h i s ap p eal s a i d :
; • '
I
That which i s worth most in. t h i s w orld i s th e human b e in g .
E s p e c i a l l y when p ro d u c tio n methods advance and when p ro ­
g r e s s b r in g s ,.g r e a t e r r e s u l t s from b r a i n and brawn, must we
-femember' t h a t man i s f i r s t of a l l a m oral bein g and t h a t
thi-s man,;must' be se rv e d b e fo re a l l r i c h e s . Thus th e whole
economic b a t t l e t o produce more goods and th e e n t i r e so­
c i a l s t r u g g l e t o . b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t e th e f r u i t 's Of t h i s l a ­
b o r , . m u s t 'n e c e s s a r i l y be methods in. th e moral and i n t e l ­
l e c t u a l formation, of b e t t e r edu cated ,man.
Long b e fo re th e s e words were spoken, many r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s
had a tte m p te d to .im p lem en t t h i s p h ilo so p h y by a t r i a d program of i n d i v i d ­
u a l improvement, group developm ent, and m a t e r i a l enhancem ent.
These a r e *2
.1Because of th e num ber.of b i b l i o g r a p h i c c i t a t i o n s , p erm issio n .w as
g r a n te d t o • number them .c o n s e c u tiv e ly 'a n d p la c e a l l of them a t th e end
o f th e d i s s e r t a t i o n .
2This a n d - a l l o th e r t r a n s l a t i o n s a p p e a rin g i n t h l d r e p o r t .were
done by th e a u t h o r .
7
s t i l l th e g u id e s f o r many, o ld e r movements and have u n i v e r s a l l y been
a d o p ted by th e newly formed o n e s.
T h e . p r i n c i p a l method f o r a c h ie v in g
th e s e g o a ls has been t h a t of " le a r n i n g by d o in g ," s t a t e d i n myriad ways
b u t always- emphasizing th e a c t i v e , v o lu n ta r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f r u r a l
youth in. i t s own. e d u c a tio n a l p r o c e s s .
E d u c a tio n a l p ro c e ss i s used here
t o d e s c r ib e r u r a l youth programs because th e p h ra se must form th e b a s is
f o r a l l p la n n in g , e x e c u tio n , and e v a l u a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s of th e groups i f
th e y a r e t o accom plish t h e i r aim s.
Types o f R ural Youth O rg a n iz a tio n s
v
W ith in th e " l e a r n i n g by doing" f r a m e w o r k ,.f o u r - c h ie f ty p e s of o r­
g a n i z a t i o n s have d e v e lo p e d :. v o c a ti o n a l e d u c a t i o n , . 4-H ty p e c lu b s , school
c lu b s and c o o p e r a tiv e a s s o c i a t i o n s .
A f i f t h k in d , a s s o c i a t i o n branches
o f p a re n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s , has c o n s id e ra b le acc e p tan c e in. North America.
The f i r s t of t h e s e , v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n , h a s found ample a r t i c u ­
l a t i o n in. th e F u tu re Farmer and F u tu re Homemaker c h a p te rs ( c l u b s ),'i n .the
U p ited S t a t e s , Japan, Mexico, Peru, and o th e r n a t i o n s .
H e r e , . f i r s t em­
p h a s is i s p la c e d on fo rm a l, in - s c h o o l i n s t r u c t i o n , g e n e r a l l y w ithin, s e c ­
ondary e d u c a tio n , and adds home and farm p r o j e c t s f o r p r a c t i c e in. the
economic p a r t of th e g o a l s .
In a d d i t i o n , . i n d iv id u a l and group develop­
ment a r e f o s t e r e d th rough a . c h a p t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n whereby s o c i a l p r a c t i c e
is-p ro v id e d .
V o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n g iv e s c o n s id e r a b le t r a i n i n g i n t e c h n i q u e s . along
w ith some.knowledge of th e t h e o r e t i c a l b a se s and fundam ental s c ie n c e s from
which th e s tu d e n t s h o u ld , w ith e x p e r i e n c e , . b e a b le t o - p r a c t i c e improved
8
a g r i c u l t u r e or home l i v i n g .
While s k i l l s a re emphasized, c o n s id e ra b le
background knowledge i s a l s o p ro v id e d .
The second ty p e o f " l e a r n i n g by doing" o r g a n i z a t i o n i s 4- H and i t s
many c o u n te r p a r ts such as 4-S. in C o lo m b ia,. 4- A in A rg e n tin a , and 4- C in
P a ra g u a y .
In. t h i s t y p e . o f p ro g ram ,.w e ig h t i s p la c e d On th e club o rg a n i­
z a tio n . w ithin, which v o c a ti o n a l e d u c a tio n i s a p a r t of th e a c t i v i t y .
th e n , . i s c h i e f l y an ;o u t- o f - s c h o o l e d u c a tio n .
4-H,
I t , to o , d'ep end's upon, home
and farm p r o j e c t s f o r p r a c t i c e . of what i t te a c h e s w ithin, th e m e etin g s.
.4-H p r im a r ily , aims t o te a c h a g r i c u l t u r a l and home s k i l l s .
Back­
ground knowledge, due t o l i m i t s of time and f a c i l i t i e s , i s im parted t o a
l e s s e r d e g re e .
4-H uses th e economic g a i n . o f farm and.home p r o j e c t s as
a s tim u la n t t o . l e a r n i n g and t o p ro v id e p r a c t i c e in th e te a c h in g p r h c q s s .
I t i s e x p ected t h a t once s a t i s f i e d t h a t Improved methods pay d iv id e n d s ,
. th e i n d i v i d u a l - w i l l c o n tin u e t o , s e e k knowledge through an. e x te n s io n s e r v ­
ic e o r o th e r source of s p e c i a l in f o r m a tio n .
The th ir d .d e v e lo p m e n t in t h i s s e r i e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n s , u s u a ll y f o r
youpger c h i l d r e n , , i s th e prim ary sch o o l club in which some sim ple voca- ■
t i o n a l i n s t r u c t i o n i s giv en by th e prim ary te a c h e r s both in .the c l a s s ­
room and d u rin g m e e tin g s.
P r a c t i c e i s most o fte n p ro v id e d a t th e school
p l a n t , e i t h e r w ith a.common g a rd e n ,o r cooking and.sew ing e x e r c i s e s . . Home
and farm p r o j e c t s a r e o r d i n a r i l y encouraged bu t not r e q u i r e d .
Uruguay's
Ciubes A g ra rio s J u v e n il e s a re among th e b e t t e r known.of t h i s movement..
School, c lu b s m o stly a tte m p t t o g iv e r u r a l . o r i e n t a t i o n , t h a t i s , , i t
i s hoppd th e c h ild re n , w i l l le a r n enough t o .develop an a f f i n i t y f o r home
and farm improvement and through t h i s , a d e s i r e t o c o n tin u e t h e i r p e rs o n a l
9
.b e tte r m e n t.
Because of th e age of th e members, .th e t r a i n i n g of th e te a c h ­
e r s , , a n d th e time a v a i l a b l e , p r o f u n d ity of s k i l l s or knowledge i s g e n e r a l l y
im p o ssib le alth o u g h some movements have b e e n .a b le t o . I n c o r p o r a t e g r e a t e r
amounts of b o t h .
C o o p erativ e youth a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e more p r e v a le n t in .E u ro p e th a n in
th e Americas bu t one group in A rg e n tin a has w idespread membership.
This
ty p e of o r g a n i z a t i o n a tte m p ts t o te a c h th e th e o ry of c o o p e ra tio n .and, in.
a d d i t i o n , g iv e s p r a c t i c e in. .and i n c u l c a t e s th e h a b i t s of m utual e f f o r t in
th e members.
While youth under 1 $ a re i n v i t e d , t h i s movement fin d s i t s
f u l l e s t e x p re s s io n i n , t h o s e young farm ers b e g in n in g in independent a g r i ­
c u l t u r e s in c e th e s e have a g r e a t e r need f o r c o o p e ra tiv e a s s i s t a n c e .
The f i f t h k i n d . o f club i s t h a t formed as a youth branch of a p a re n t
o rg a n iz atio n .
.G range, Farmers Union, and Farm Bureau i n . t h e U nited S t a t e s
and B r i t i s h Youpg F a rm e rs , as a branch of t h e . v a r i o u s a g r i c u l t u r a l s o c ie ­
t i e s i n s e v e r a l p a r t s of th e Commonwealth,■a r e w e ll known ex am p les.
These
groups c h i e f l y p ro v id e p r e s t i g e and o th e r s o c i a l b e n e f i t s b u t some a g r i ­
c u l t u r e and,homemaking i s ta u g h t through l e c t u r e s .
No- s t r o n g . a s s o c i a t i o n
■of t h i s k in d i s found in. th e Americas ex cep t In th e US.and Canada.
J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r R ural Youth Work .
A ll of th e programs r e q u i r e r e l a t i v e l y la r g e e x p e n d itu re s of p erso n ­
n e l , t i m e , a n d money. .Why,. t h e n , - a r e th e s e re s o u rc e s s p e n t , on.. in d iv id u ­
a l s no t y e t a b le t o pu t i n t o f u l l p r a c t i c e what th e y le a r n ?
c e n t r a t e on th e e d u c a tio n o f , a d u l t s ?
Why not con­
While g e n e r a l l y d is c u s s in g r u r a l
youth work, Bechara (8) j u s t i f i e d th e e f f o r t in th e s e r e s t a t e d term s:
10
■1 . Younger p e rso n s learn, e a s i e r and f a s t e r .
. 2 . Youth . d e s ir e s change a n d .i s w i l l i n g .to t r y new. t h i n g s .
3 . Y outh.has more .p ro d u c tiv e y e a rs l e f t and th u s th e investm ent is
p o t e n t i a l l y more e f f i c i e n t .
' . 4 . Few p eo p le a re a c t u a l l y s t a r v i n g in. th e Americas to d ay but un­
l e s s p ro d u c tio n and u t i l i z a t i o n g r e a t l y improve, th e new gen­
e ra tio n .m a y w e ll be fa c e d w ith t h i s d i s a s t e r .
- 5 • The s o c i a l and p s y c h o lo g ic a l problems from m u l t i p l i e d p e rs o n a l
-c o n ta c ts, could worsen w ith i n c r e a s i n g population, numbers un­
l e s s e d u c a tio n .can, p ro v id e th e means f o r meeting th e s e prob­
lem s.and a d j u s t i n g t o them.
- P r e c i s e l y , . t h e n , . e f f e c t i v e and e f f i c i e n t , r u r a l youth work i s very n eces­
sary. i f man i s t o a ch iev e and p r o g r e s s i v e l y enjoy a good l i f e .
■Some E f f e c t s of US.Rural Youth O rg a n iz a tio n s
L i t t l e d e f i n i t e r e s e a r c h has been conducted.on th e t o t a l impact of
r u r a l youth programs in th e US.
Most s t u d i e s have been of r e g i o n a l and
t o p i c a l c h a r a c t e r and g iv e only a p a r t i a l p i c t u r e of a n y . c o n t r i b u t i o n s of
,yputh. o r g a n i z a t i o n s , . l e a v i n g th e in f e r e n c e t h a t t h e . r e s u l t s a r e w idely
a p p lic ab le .
N e v e r t h e le s s , . th e s e s t u d i e s a r e of some u t i l i t y . i n j u s t i f y ­
i n g program e x is t e n c e w hether th e s e be 4- 11, . F u tu re F a rm e rs ,o f America
(FFA), . G range, . or Farm .Bureau F e d e r a tio n .
S ihce th e f i r s t two have th e
l a r g e s t membership, th e p r e s e n t d iscu ssio n , w i l l be c o n fin e d t o them.
S t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t s from th e s e tw o .o r g a n iz a tio n s d em o n strate t h a t
some of t h e i r members have, become s u c c e s s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d in. farm ing.
In e a r l i e r y e a rs th e s e o c c u p ie d -n e w ,la n d s.a n d p r e s e n t l y mostly, r e p la c e
re tirin g farm ers.
These new farm ers a r e s a i d to -b e more p r o g r e s s i v e than
th e former, ones and th e re a so n s a re s t a t e d as f o l l o w s :
11
1 . . The o r g a n iz a ti o n s s t i m u l a t e g r e a t e r . i n d iv id u a l member p r o f i t
f r o m , .and lo n g e r co n tin u an ce in , g e n e r a l p rim a ry ,.s e c o n d a ry ,
u n i v e r s i t y , . and o u tr o f- s c h o o l e d u c a tio n such as e x te n s io n (77)2 .. These ex-?members farm more e f f i c i e n t l y because of th e p a r t i a l
. s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l e d u c a tio n th e y have r e c e iv e d (79).
3 . The combined form al e d u c a tio n a l a c t i v i t i e s . w i t h th e a c ti v e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n in. farm ing w ith t h e i r p a r e n ts p ro v id e s a b e t t e r
equipped farm er ' (17)•
A s -proof of p r o g r e s s i v e n e s s , . Meaders (5 4 ), S c h l u t t (7 4 ), and Olson (63)
c i t e g r e a t e r a d o p tio n ,o f improved farm p r a c t i c e s among ex^members than
among non-members..
-Programs f o r g i r l s a r e claim ed t o have s i m i l a r r e s u l t s i n improving
home l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , - t h a t i s , . th e y make b e t t e r use of t h e i r money and
tim e r e s o u r c e s (B6). as. w e ll as p a r t i c i p a t i n g more, i n o u ts id e a c t i v i t i e s .
Both .4- H and th e F u tu re Homemakers-of America (FHA) have developed e x ten . s iv e programs f o r t h i s . p a r t of th e r u r a l fa m ily .
A p p aren tly th e s e o r g a n iz a ti o n s p ro v id e d i r e c t i o n tow ard and p a r t i a l
t r a i n i n g . f o r r u r a l - r e l a t e d o c cu p a tio n s such as county a g e n ts ,h o m e econo.m i s t s , ' v o c a t i o n a l . i n s t r u c t o r s ,■s u p e r v i s e d - c r e d i t , . m a r k e t i n g , . a n d . i n v e s t i ­
g a t i o n (55) .
A p a r t of t h is , ! a c c r e d i t e d fo - b e t t e r perform ance in c o lle g e
(18) and .in .p a rt due t o th e s k i l l s - t h e y o b ta in e d w h ich -are d i r e c t l y a p p l i ­
c a b le t o .-certain, p ro fe s s io n s - (6 2 ).
Thomas (8 0 ) a l s o s t u d i e d ex-members
perform ance in n o n -fa rm ,o c c u p a tio n s .a n d fo u n d .a tr e n d tow ard g r e a t e r suc­
cess.
E d u c a tio n a l Bases of R u ral Youth -Programs
The e d u c a tio n a l bases of r u r a l youth work a r e . a .p e c u lia r m ix tu r e .o f
12
g e n e r a l s o c i e t a l e d u c a t i o n . o f le a r n in g a t home,.on th e farm , from f r i e n d s
and . a s s o c i a t e s , and th e more form al brand of in - s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . . I t i s
ex p ec te d t h a t th e f i r s t w i l l p r o v i d e :
• I . S p e c i f i c manual s k i l l s and te c h n i q u e s ,
■2 . The c o n s c io u s n e s s .o f n e e d s . f o r e d u c a tio n beyond s o c i e t y ' s te a c h ­
ings ,
3. The p r o p e r . s e t t i n g f o r e f f e c t i v e p r a c t i c e of what i s le a r n e d in
th e more fo rm al s e s s i o n s , .d e m o n s tr a tio n s , and t r i p s .
.The second p a r t of th e m ix tu r e , . t h e .fo rm al te c h n i q u e s , . i s supposed t o :
1. Provide some amount of background knowledge, . thus, making f u tu r e
change e a s i e r a n d .more p r o b a b le ,
2 . Engender a p r o p e n s ity t o change from having .observed th e advan­
ta g e s of c h an g e,
3. Develop a.ch an g e bf g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e toward change a g e n t s . t h u s
b e t t e r e n a b lin g youth t o p r o f i t from f u t u r e developments in
knowledge and t e c h n i q u e s .
,In. e sse n ce .w h at i s proposed i s t h a t th e s tu d e n t be k e p t in s i d e h i s en­
vironment as much as p o s s i b l e and handfed in fo rm a tio n and .o p p o r tu n i tie s
I
f o r e x p e rie n c e s s o . t h a t he can m a t e r i a l l y and s o c i a l l y . b e t t e r h im se lf
w ith in h i s p r e s e n t sphere 6f a c t i v i t i e s .
A b a s ic t e n e t of most r u r a l ..........
youth programs i s t h a t of keep in g th e y o u n g s te rs in t h e i r c irc u m sc rib e d
p o s i t i o n s , . t h a t i s , on .the farms and in th e r u r a l homes.
Only a few o r­
g a n iz a tio n s a r e i n t e n t i o n a l l y p re p a rin g y o u th s f o r o f f - f a r m employment.
P sy c h o -S o c ia l
I
Approaches t o Programming
Education, through r u r a l youth .o r g a n iz a tio n s must be b a se d .o n the
•'•The combined term " p s y c h o - s o c ia l1 i s used h ere t o - d e s i g n a t e th e use
of grqup p r e s s u r e s t o a ch iev e changes i n i n d i v i d u a l s .
13
needs and problems of th e in d i v i d u a l and th e community.
Out of t h i s com-
..munal. cirqum stan.ee,, th e n , a program i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y b u i l t t h a t w ill,m ak e
youth a p p r e c i a t e what th e y have but a t th e same time s t r i v e f o r s qme. im-r
provem ent.
,’This s t r i v i n g has t o be c o n tr o lle d , so t h a t th e newly c re a te d
d e s i r e s . a r e w i t h i n r e a c h , th u s m inim izing f r u s t r a t i o n and s t a g n a t i o n .
. Once th e s u b j e c t has a ch ie v e d one o b j e c t i v e , he can p ro ceed onward t o th e
. n e x t , p r o g r e s s i n g through a r a t i o n a l developm ent.
Both th e p ro c e s s e s of keep in g youth a t home and of in d u c in g th e m .to
change a re sought th rough an i n t e r m e d i a r y , t h e v o lu n ta ry l e a d e r .
This
le a d e r i s p r e v io u s ly , d e f in e d so - t h a t he rem ains a sym bol.of th e community
b u t s t i l l r e p r e s e n t s and probably, f o s t e r s change b y .h is own p r o g r e s s iv e
i
o u tlo o k and a c t i o n s .
An .a m p lif ic a tio n of th e le a d e r concept may be found
on page 4 l .
P sy c h o -S o c ia l Approaches t o P e rso n a l Development
The d u a l n a tu r e of .programming .concommitantly. demands two- f o c i in. th e
approaches to ,d e v e lo p m e n t. . These two-cart-be d e s c r ib e d as w o r k i n g . d i r e c t l y
. w ith th e i n d i v i d u a l and d im in g .a t,h im th ro u g h group p ro cesses..
The gen­
e r a l l i t e r a t u r e a b o u t . r u r a l . y o u t h p r o g r a m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th o s e conducted
a s , a p a r t o f e x te n s io n . s e r v i c e s , .w eig h ts .th e group ,approach h e a v ie s t even
th o u g h .m o s t.o f th e -methods.-used r e s u l t i n .emphasis, on th e i n d i v i d u a l .
.While, th e la c k of p e rs o n n e l i s -most,-often .used as j u s t i f i c a t i o n , f o r
working w ith g ro u p s, th e p r e s s u r e of th e g roup,on t h e , i n d i v i d u a l i s con­
s i d e r e d t o be a f a v o r a b le f a c t o r . . The n e c e s s i t y to ,c o n fo rm is-.th u s ex­
p e c t e d - t o p la y an im p o rtan t p a r t in. c a u s in g ,some members -t o ,change .,
14
Working th ro u g h th e g r o u p 's le a d e rs .-In o rd e r t o reach th e f o llo w e r s Is a l s o
a n -a n n o u n ce d -a p p ro a ch ..
While seldom p ro c la im e d , ,a t h i r d b e n e f i t from clu b s
■is- t h a t of .a llo w in g ,members.to h id e anonymously, w ith in th e group u n t i l such
tim e as th e y can perform s e p a r a t e l y .
■Approaches t o in d i v i d u a l s ..are p re p o n d e ra n t in youth work.
Home and
farm p r o j e c t s , c l u b o ffic e s ,.m e m b e r d e m o n s t r a t io n s ,.c o m p e titio n , home and
farm v i s i t s , . and most p u b lic p r e s e n t a t i o n s m o s tly .c o n c e n tr a te on ,one p e r ­
son. a t a tim e .
.JJIany of th e s e methods, g iv e p r e f e r e n c e t o th e s e youths who
a r e p h y s i c a l l y , .,m entally, ■s o c i a l l y o r econom ically b e t t e r ab le, t o p erfo rm .
R eg io n al o r g a n i z a t i o n a l - h i e r a r c h i e s , . c o n v e n tio n s , . c o n t e s t s , and most o th e r
r e c o g n i t i o n deyices- s e rv e t o e n u n c ia te i n d i v i d u a l . d i f f e r e n c e s .
D espite
t h i s d i f f i c u l t y , . th e s e a c t i v i t i e s a re g e n e r a l l y c o n sid e re d t o b e.w o rth ­
w h ile because some.-members.attain p o l i s h and p o is e through s u c c e ss iv e
p a rtic ip a tio n .
-Most youth movements emphasize th e s tim u lu s t o g r e a t e r
l o c a l a ch ie v e m en t, a .fe e d b a c k from th e s e e v e n t s , . as an im p o rtan t e f f e c t , of
in d iv id u a l-a d v a n c e m e n t.
A- r e l a t i v e l y pew and s t i l l not w id e sp rea d 'S tim u ­
l u s method i s t h a t of r e c o g n iz in g ,an . e n t i r e club r a t h e r th a n i n d iv id u a ls
w ith in i t .
. In r e c e n t y e a r s , 4- H -work i n th e HS, Jam aica, and C osta -Rica has
been, t r y i n g t o d e v e lo p .a g r e a t e r number of in d iv id u a ls th ro u g h emphasis
on :the "growing-tip Jobs" of a d o l e s c e n t s .
- In sum m ary,.these a re (59):
■1 . Dominate th e p h y s ic a l environm ent.
■2 .. Become s u f f i c i e n t l y competent s o Ja s t o earn...a good l i v i n g .
, J . Achieve th e a b i l i t y to,make f r i e n d s and choose a .m a te .
15
4 . U nderstand s e l f - i n r e l a t i o n . ;to community.
5 • Gaiu .em otional m a t u r i t y , f l e x i b i l i t y , , a n d . a d a p t a b i l i t y .
Working through th e s e p o i n t s , . i t . i s hoped t h a t a g e n ts and le a d e rs , w i l l be
a b le t o e n t e r s u f f i c i e n t l y , i n t o th e a d o le s c e n t w orld t o h e lp y o u n g sters
develop w ith in . t h e i r own fram ew ork.of r e f e r e n c e r a t h e r than, in terms of a
s t r i c t l y a d u l t w o rld .
Force i s p l a c e d , . t h e n , . on.an. o r d e r l y in d iv id u a l
growth of a l l members r a t h e r th an on th e superachievem ent of th e most
a b le .
Some evidence o f su ccess w ith t h i s . a p p r o a c h has been dem onstrated
through th e US C i t i z e n s h i p Improvement S tu d y ,o f th e N a tio n a l 4-H Club
F o u n d a tio n .
E d u c a tio n a l Methods i n R ural Youth Work
The body of e d u c a tio n a l methods used in r u r a l youth work d i f f e r s only
s l i g h t l y from th o s e of g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n .a n d .m o s t of th e d i f f e r e n c e t h a t
does e x i s t i s in .e m p h a sis given, t o - a p a r t i c u l a r p a r t . o f th e le a r n in g p ro ­
cess.
This m ental p ro c e ss of l e a r n in g can be d e s c rib e d as (a) b a sin g i n ­
s tr u c tio n , on, . or awakening i n t e r e s t in , . n p e d s of y o u th ,
(b) fo llo w in g
f o u r o rg a n iz e d s te p s o f . p r e p a r i n g . t h e t e a c h e r a n d .th e s t u d e n t :
p r e s e n t­
ing th e m a t e r i a l , g iv in g .o p p o r tu n i tie s t o p r a c t i c e what w as. p re s e n te d , and
h e lp in g p ro v id e p ro o f of u t i l i t y , and ( c f m o tiv a tin g .th e . s tu d e n t s to suc­
c e s s i v e l y fo llo w each o f th e le a r n in g p ro c e s s s t e p s .
. T h e o re tic a lly .th e .m e m b e rs of. r u r a l youth clubs make t h e i r own program
th rough a s tu d y of th e s i t u a t i o n and a .d e te r m in a tio n o f t h e i r problem s.
I f p r o p e r ly g u id e d and t r a i n e d in. t h i s p r o c e d u r e , t h e program cannot h e lp
,but be w i t h i n . t h e i r i n t e r e s t s .
T h i s , t o o , should p ro v id e some m o tiv a tio n
16
s in c e th e y can see in. th e program, a s o l u t i o n to s o m p of th e problems
th e y f a c e .
A d d itio n a l m o tiv a tio n i s th o u g h t t o . b e add,ed th r o u g h .c o n te s t s
i n w h ic h . c e r t a i n , l e v e l s of achievement a r e rew arded and th e lower l e v e l s
.a re p u n ish ed .b y ,w ith h o ld in g . R e c o g n i t i o n , . th u s s t i m u l a t i n g g r e a t e r e f f o r t .
Grading s y s t e m s , d i f f e r e n t c p lp r or s i z e p l b b o n s , . m a te r ia l a w a rd s ,.a n d
■championships a r e common :methods u s e d .as s t i m u l i .
Teacher p r e p a r a t i o n in c lu d e s th e o r d in a r y phases of dom inating th e
s u b je c t m a t t e r , p la n n in g th e p r e s e n t a t i o n , . o b ta in in g th o s e m a t e r i a l s need­
ed, apd r e h e a r s i n g i f n e c e s s a r y .
Since le a r n i n g through youth o rg a n iz a ­
t i o n s i s th o u g h t t o ,be somewhat more v o lu n ta r y th a n in - s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n s ,
. many a u th o rs (1 0 ,. 12,. YJ , 2 9 , 88) have emphasized th e need of a d e q u a te ly
p r e p a r in g th e .members f o r •le a r n in g ..1
P r i n c i p a l l y ,. club p r e p a r a t i o n .con­
s i s t s of co n v in cin g th e members t h a t th e y ,c a n .dominate th e m a t e r i a l and
t h a t economic o r s o c i a l g a in w i l l fo llo w a p p l i c a t i o n of what i s le a r n e d .
P r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e le s s o n s may be done by a p r o f e s s i o n a l te a c h e r
or a g e n t, a v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r , . or by. members th e m s e lv e s .
P re fe re n c e is
g iv e n t o th e l a s t two in. te a c h in g club m em bers;,agents sh o u ld a c t through
.the l e a d e r s when a t a l l p o s s i b l e .
P h y s ic a l d e m o n stra tio n of methods or
r e s u l t s i s demanded as an accompaniment t o , o r a l i n s t r u c t i o n .
This is
th o u g h t t o p ro v id e g r e a t e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s of c a p tu r in g th e m e s s a g e ,.o f
f a c i l i t a t i n g . f u t u r e p r a c t i c e , . . a n d of r e i n f o r c i n g th e p re p a ra tio n , of mem­
b e rs b y .c o n v in c in g ,th e m t h a t t h e y , . t o o , . can ,c arry out th e a c t i o n .
1Gates (3 3 ) . and Smlpnny (7 8 ), view th e le a r n i n g , p r o c e s s a s.a lw a y s, v o l. u n ta ry and in d i v i d u a l .arid t h e r e f o r e t h e r e . c o u l d be no d i f f e r e n c e in th e
n e e d . f o r '^ H qlub mernber or classro o m ^U pil p r e p a r a t i o n or m o tiv a tio n .
17
P r a c t i c e of any s k i l l i s conbeived as having th r e e p h a s e s .
T h e .first
i s m ental a n d . i s p ro v id e d by r e p e t i t i o n . o f .th e o r a l , e x p r e s s i o n , :t h a t . i s ,
.m ental p a r t i c i p a t i o n .with .the i n s t r u c t o r d u rin g th e p re s e n ta tio n ...
Sec-
. o n d ly , when p o s s i b l e , th e s tu d e n ts, sh o u ld imm ediately have th e o p p o rtu n ity
t o p r a c t i c e under s u p e r v i s i o n .
F i n a l l y , . i t i s exp ected t h a t members, w i l l
t r y what . i s le a r n e d a t home o r on th e f a r m , . e i t h e r i n ,h e lp in g t h e i r p a r ­
e n ts o r th rough i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s of t h e i r own.
This s t e p , l a d e sig n a ­
t e d as " l e a r n i n g by d o in g " .
Propf sh o u ld be o f f e r e d i n each of th e .p r e v io u s t h r e e s te p s as w e ll
as emphasized in t h i s f i n a l one.
As p r e v i o u s l y . m e n t i o n e d , . p r e p a r a t i o n ,
p r e s e n t a t i o n , and p r a c t i c e should prove t o th e l e a r n e r t h a t ,he can accom­
p l i s h , th e le sso n , and t h a t th e le s s o n i s . w o r t h w h i l e .
The r e s u l t s , i f pos­
i t i v e , o f h i s h a v i n g . p r a c t i c e d , w i l l n o w ,o ffe r o b je c t iv e pboof of h is
a b i l i t y and th e u t i l i t y of what is, le a r n e d , th u s f a v o r in g r e t e n t i o n and
f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n by g u id in g in d i v i d u a l e v a l u a t i o n , .The s i x f a c t o r s . - . i n t e r e s t , . m o t i v a t i o n , - p r e p a r a t i o n , p r e s e n t a t i o n , p r a c t i c e , , and p ro o f, - a r e s e e n , t h e n as in d is p e n s a b le p a r t s o f . a c a r e f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d p ro c e ss
- from :w hich .club members can. le a r n .
Means of Implementing th e L earning Process
L e c t u r e s , . w r i t t e n l i t e r a t u r e , . v i s u a l a i d s , .d e m o n s tr a tio n s , and home,
, community, . and farm p r o j e c t s a re th e p rin c ip a l.m e a n s used in. r u r a l youth
work,.
S in ce th e f i r s t t h r e e a re common ,in most e d u c a tio n a l programs,
.d em o n stratio n s.an d .h o m e a n d .fa rm p r o j e c t s . w i l l r e c e iv e th e a t t e n t i o n in
t h i s . e x p o s i t i o n . .'This does not i n d i c a t e , however, t h a t th e s e l a t t e r a r e
. 18
e x c lu s iv e ly ytjuth club means bu t r a t h e r t h a t g r e a t e r r e l a t i v e importance
t o le a r n in g i s . . a t t r i b u t e d t o them in. t h i s k in d of e d u c a tio n .
.D em onstrations a re e x p la in e d as b r in g i n g th e m a t e r i a l s t o be used in
th e le s s o n t o th e p eo p le or ta k in g ,the p eo p le t o th e m a t e r i a l s and th e n
p erfo rm in g th e f u n c tio n . w h i l e . o r a l l y e x p la i n in g i t t o th e members.
Mak­
in g .a .rope h a l t e r a t the. m eeting i n th e clu b h ouse, c o o k in g ,a balan ced
b r e a k f a s t in th e community c e n te r k i t c h e n , o r p ru n in g c o ffe e t r e e s on a
n e ig h b o rin g farm i l l u s t r a t e d e m o n stra tio n s o f m ethods, . or" th e "hoti t o do
it" process.
Each p a r t , of th e p ro c e ss must be e x p la in e d and shown as a
s e p a r a t e . s t e p , . in s u r in g . t h a t everyone c a p tu r e s th e id e a .
A fin a l re p e ti­
t i o n and summary, should p ro v id e an o v e r a l l view of th e p r o c e s s . a s one
complete u n i t .
■A second kind, of d e m o n s t r a t io n ,is t h a t o f , r e s u l t s , o f f e r i n g th e p ro o f
of th e p o s s i b l e b e n e f i t s o f any p a r t i c u l a r recommended a c t i o n .
The s te p s
•of how .the recommended a c t i o n ,was done a r e e x p la in e d and th o s e a tte n d in g
a r e th e n v i s i b l y , o f f e r e d th e e n d . r e s u l t s f o r e x am in atio n .
B e t t e r f i t may
be d e m o n strated f o l l o w i n g , p a t t e r n e d . d r e s s m a k i n g , m o r e corn p e r a c re r e ­
s u l t i n g from f e r t i l i z e r s , .or b e t t e r sp ea k in g a b i l i t y fo llo w in g m irro r
p r a c t i c e . a r e custom ary examples.
Home and farm p r o j e c t s a r e im p o rtan t f e a t u r e s of youth club e d u c a tio n .
In the. i d e a l , a b o y ,o r g i r l owns th e p h y s ic a l m a te r ia ls u sed i n , t h e p ro ­
je c t..
p la n s th e e x e c u tio n j o i n t l y w ith th e le a d e r and p a r e n t s , does a l l
o r n e a r l y a l l of th e work, and r e t a i n s t h e . p r o f i t r e a l i z e d from th e pro*
I
i
•
•
!
je c t.
A g i r l . m i g h t buy 100 .chicks and th e n e c e s s a ry f e e h , r a i s e them h e r ­
s e l f , .a n d . f i n a l l y , s e l l them.
From. th e p r o f i t s she might b u y . a d d i t i o n a l
;
i'
1 ;■
'
19
c l o t h e s , a r a d i o , . or save th e .money fo r. h e r u n i v e r s i t y education,.
That
. a p r o j e c t I s , however, a c o o p e r a tiv e one, i s seen. In. th e n e c e s s i t y , o f
t e c h n i c a l a d v ic e from th e agent ..of l e a d e r ; - c o u n s e l , . sp ac e , . used of equip­
ment, and m a rk e tin g a s s i s t a n c e from h e r p a r e n t s .
Both g i r l s and b o y s .a re
urged t o . c a r r y put p r o j e c t s which w i l l :
: I... Be w i t h i n th e economic and .e d u c a tio n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s of them­
s e lv e s a r i d . t h e i r p a r e n t s ,
,2 . P rovide a v e h ic l e f o r l e a r n in g something u s e f u l and i n t e r e s t i n g
tlb them,
,
.3.."--Yield a v i s i b l e p r o f i t , • and
, 4 . C o n trib u te tow ard e s ta b lis h m e n t in. farm ing or homemaking.
Not every r e q u i s i t e can .alw ay s be met but a l l p r o j e c t p la n n in g should a t ­
tempt t o f u l f i l l them.
■R e c o rd .k e ep in g is -.g e n e r a l l y r e q u ir e d o f members o f a l l . t y p e s of o r­
g a n i z a t i o n s . . T h i s ■c o n s i s t s ■o f n a r r a t i v e , . c h ro n o lo g ic a l d e s c r i p t i o n s of
w h a t. was done and .how..
A lso , a sim ple a c c o u n tin g system i s in c lu d e d t o
h e lp d em o n strate th e r e a l p r o f i t s o f th e p r o j e c t , t o h e lp i n s t i l l the
s te p s of an economic v e n t u r e , . and te a c h e lem en tary a c c o u n tin g .
Record
k e ep in g ap p ears t o be d i f f i c u l t to teach, and t o execute b u t remains a de­
s i r e d phase Of th e p r o j e c t m ethods.
Two o th e r ty p e s o f p r o j e c t s , communal a c t i v i t i e s and community b e t ­
term en t , ,■a r e - often, in clu d ed .. . C o m m u n a l-a ctiv itie s may be r e c r e a t i o n , a
j o i n t crop p r o j e c t , a . c o o p e r a t i v e , r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s , . o r any o th e r group
,e v e n t.
These u s u a ll y have g o a ls s p e c i f i c t o e a c h . a c t i v i t y a s . w e l l as th e
o v e r a l l g o a l of f o s t e r i n g . a n d dev elo p in g : m u tu a l,a s s is ta n c e .
Community
20
b e tte rm e n t i s conducted as a communal a c t i v i t y , w i t h m o s t.o f th e club
• p a r t i c i p a t i n g . ,This ty p e of p r o j e c t i s p la n n ed t o , I n c r e a s e mutual a s ­
s i s t a n c e , show, hdw youth can, h e lp ,the community, and .dem onstrate th e
c l u b 's w orth t o o t h e r s . .
In summary, . r u r a l youth movements■a r e e x tra m u ra l programs desig n ed
t o a s s i s t i n . t h e development of t h i s im p o rtan t segment of our p o p u la tio n
through d i r e c t p e r s o n a l improvement, economic g a in , and f a v o r a b le a t t i ­
tu d e s.
They approach . t h i s development by.w orking .with th e in d i v i d u a l and
t h e g r o u p , b a s i n g , a l l work on th e problems of th e members.
Both p r o f e s ­
s i o n a l s . and v o l u n t a r y . l e a d e r s a tte m p t t o te a c h by an. o rg a n iz e d -process of
co n v in cin g members, o f . t h e . u t i l i t y . Of improved home, community, and farm
p r a c t i c e s , p r i n c i p a l l y . t h r o u g h d e m o n s tr a tio n s . and p r o j e c t s . .The I n te g l r a t e d program of p l a n n i n g , . t e a c h in g , and p r a c t i c e .p u rp o r ts . t o a s s i s t
g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n .-in ,d e v e lo p in g a c t i v e and i n t e l l i g e n t r u r a l . c i t i z e n s .
who c a n . p r o f i t from t h e i r environment and l i v e h a p p ily i n i t .
.This c h a p te r h as summarized th e n a tu r e of r u r a l youth work as d r e f ­
e ren ce from ,which. r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s c a n . e v a l u a t e , t h e i r own fu n c­
tio n in g ,.
One of th e f i r s t concepts s t a t e d in t h i s , e x p l a n a t i o n :i s t h a t
'o r g a n i z a t i o n s m u s t-a tte m p t t o , h e l p . t h e i r members s o lv e th e problems ex­
is tin g i n .t h e i r d a lly l i v e s ;
Follow ing t h i s recommendation, th e next .
s e c tio n , o f t h is , r e p o r t , C hapter I I I , . p r e s e n t s th e socio-econom ic condi­
t i o n s d is c o v e re d in. t h e s tu d ie d a r e a s and h i g h l i g h t s some o f th e prob­
lems f a c i n g , r u r a l y o u th .to d a y .
CHAPTER.-Ill
■SOME. SOCIO-ECGNOMIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT RURAL YQUTH WORK
R u ral .youth program s, a s .w ith any o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l . o r g a n iz a ti o n ,
a r e s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s - ;and. o p e ra te as-:dependencies, of th e g e n e r a l, so­
c i e t y w hile a t th e . same time 'a tte m p tin g ..to -b rin g .abput improvements; in.
,t h a t society,..
In o rd e r to - u n d e r s ta n d th e m e d ia .in which th e s e programs.
..are conducted, . a. q u e s ti o n n a ir e was d e sig n e d t o a i d i n studying, the. s o c io ­
economic c o n d i t i o n s . p r e v a i l i n g i n the. v a r i o u s . c o u n t r i e s . . ,This.;;question­
n a i r e was-. a d m in is te r e d th rough p e r s o n a l , in te rv ie w s t o o f f I c I a l s of agen­
c i e s c o n ce rn e d .w ith . a g r i c u l t u r e , h e a l t h , . e d u c a t i o n ,.a n d .w e l f a r e .i n .- t h e
ru ra l areas.
S e v e ra l o f f i c i a l s / w e r e in te rv ie w e d in .e a c h co u n try so -th a t th e b e s t
p o s s i b l e d a ta co u ld ,b e . s e c u re d , , I n a d d i t i o n , . m a i l e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . t o
-census b u reau s and a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e , o n th e c o u n tr ie s .w e r e used to .
check a l l in fo rm a tio n .. .T h is c h a p te r p r e s e n t s . - t h e .r e s u l t s . - o f t h e s e . stud-. i e s of th e s o c io -e c o n o m ic .c o n d itio n s i n a , d e s c r i p t i o n . o f th e g e n e ra l
s e ttin g - a n d - r u r a l l i v i n g .
' G eneral Socio-Economic C o n d itio n s of th e C o u n trie s
The s t u d i e d a r e a .is big. and v a r i e d > so b ig ,and so .v a r ie d t h a t i t . i s
• d i f f i c u l t t o -d e s c r ib e i t w ith o u t g e n e ra liz in g ,to o -m u c h ., .The Americans
comprise .about 4 0 , 000, 000. sq u are k ilo m e te r s .which a re . i n h a b i t e d by, more
th a n .404 m i l l i o n p e o p le , more th a n h a l f o f whom, .2Q6 , 5($7y 317> H v e ou t.s id e o f , t h e US, and Canada.
The s t u d i e d p o l i t i c a l . u n i t s . r a n g e . f r o m th e
22
v e ry t i n y French departm ent of M a r t i n i q u e 2 ,8 4 9 .square k ilo m e te r s * .-to
.mammoth B r a z i l , n e a r l y . e q u a l t o , t h e U nited S t a t e s i n . s i z e . -P o p u la tio n s ,
to o , , show d if f e r e n c e s - from J O , 000.,in .French Guiana, to,more- th a n ..65 m il­
lio n in ,B ra z il.
Between, th e s e extremes f a l l . t h e .o th e r 26 c o u n trie s,.w ith
t h e i r e q u a lly , v a ry in g , c u l t u r e s , peo p les , ,and..topography. '(Table. IyA1 ).
. C l a s s i c a l l y thd Americans a re c o n s id e re d as- S p an ish , .•P o rtu g u e se ,'
F ren ch , .or E n g lish b u t.h e a v y in f lu e n c e s a r e . f e l t ; i n most of .them from
o th e r Europeans.-,. A f r i c a n s , ,o r American .Indians.^,', .B r i t i s h . IanaJ^:,pppur
- I a t i o n ,in c lu d e s a,.high p e r c e n t a g e . of A sian s.
Each .n a tio n .h a s i t s . own
c u l t u r a l f e a tu r e s , which stem from a .m ix tu re -of. r a c i a l .o rig in s-, n e ig h b o rs ,
b e n e f a c to r s arid -e n e m ies,. th e. la n d ,,a n d ...h is to r y .
. O f te n .th e d i f f e r e n c e s
w i t h i n . a . c o u n t r y . a p e so g r e a t .t h a t . some.c q d n t r i e s a re but slo w ly develbp. in g a u n i f i e d n a t i o n a l t y p e .
S o m e .d iffe re n c e s w i l l probably, l a s t f o r
c en tu ries.
.The l a n d . i s . o f t e n th o u g h t o f . a p . r i c h b u t much of i t has f a i l p d th u s
f a r t o give. t o . i t s.;i n h a b i t a n t s .a high, l e v e l . of l i v i n g .
While some, of th e
t e c h n i q u e s . and.much o f th e n e c e s s a ry knowledge a re y e t . l a c k i n g on how t o
produce th e -optimum from th e .la n d , . t h u s - lim it in g ..p r o d u c tiv - ity , . i t is- prob­
a b le t h a t much of i t w i l l never, perm it g r e a t i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n p f th e pre;s e n t l i v e s t o c k rcro p p in g fe g im e n . .Cold P a t a g o n i a , . t h e rainw ashed t r o p i c s ,
,th e d e s e r t s , a n d , t h e . s t e e p , m o u n t a i n . s l o p e s . a r e prominent, e x am p les,o f th e s e
1To f a c i l i t a t e r e a d in g t h i s . r e p o r t , ,a ll.s e c o n d a r y in f o r m a tio n t a b l e s
have been, p la c e d in Appendix. I , .which b e g in s on .page 83.• .All t a b l e s ap­
p e a r i n g . i n .the Appendix w i l l . b e marked w i t h th e l e t t e r A (fo r.e x a m p le .
Table - I-A:). .TabIefnumbers not ap p earin g ,.w ith the: l e t t e r A w i l l be f ound
on a nearby page in. th e t e x t •
23
p ro b le m a tic , lands.; ;
Of th e 20.,most im p o rtan t - a g r i c u l t u r a l ...e n te rp ris e s ,; 11 a r e p r im a r i ly
. f o r e x p o r t , . i n d i c a t i n g , t h e e x t r a c t i v e n a t u r e . o f . t h i s segment, o f th e .e c o n ­
omy (Table ErA)* • Thesp a re a l s o , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y p ro d u c e d ,o n la r g e I
s c a le f a r m s , . I n d i c a t i n g . t h a t . m u c h of th e w e alth i s c o n c e n tra te d in a few
.hands in.,many c o u n t r i e s , ■Many, of th e o th e r e n t e r p r i s e s a r e produced
p r i n c i p a l l y , as., s u b s is te n c e , ite m s ,
•D e sp ite th e d i v e r s i t y , among the-, c o u n t r i e s ,, c e r t a i n , problems, and symp­
toms, of problems a r e g e n e r a l l y f e l t th ro u g h o u t th e a r e a .
F o r.e x a m p le ,a l­
th o u g h .th e p o p u la tio n p e r .s q u a re , k ilo m e te r, ranges, from one^t h i r d t o 267
(Table I - A), , many, of th o s e c o u n tr ie s w ith lower f i g u r e s - s u f f e r because
t h e i r a r a b le l a n d . i s s c a rc e i n , r e l a t i o n , t o th e t o t a l a r e a .
Obviously,
th o s e with. t h e . h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s f e e l c o n s i d e r a b l e . p r e s s u r e and a re look­
in g t o p u r s u i t s , o th e r t h a n a g r i c u l t u r e to .m a in ta in ,.th e p e o p l e ,
Puerto
R i c o 's . " O p e r a t i o n B o o ts tra p " h a s.b e c o m e.a c l a s s i c .e x a m p le ,o f.t h i s ; s e a r c h .
Most o f. t h e . c o u n t r i e s , 2 2 . of th e .-2 8 , .haye p o p u l a t i o n s - t h a t a re .more
.th a n 50$. r u r a l (Table I - A ) .
.This .n o t.o n ly , d em o n strates, th e a g r i c u l t u r a l l y
b ased economies b u t , a l s o p o in ts to.many, problems th a t,m a y a r i s e from.,widely
s c a t t e r e d p o p u la tio n s -.
One of t h e s e problems i s ,t h a t s e r v i c e s , a re n e c e s s ­
a r i l y h ig h e r i n r u r a l a re a s because of d is ta n c e .a n d .o fte n t h e s e . s e r v ic e s .
cannot be o r a r e not b e in g p ro v id e d .
A h i g h / r a t e :o f.p o p u la tio n , grow th, .e s tim a te d a t 2 .5%,. is,.ev id en ced
th ro u g h o u t th e a r e a and th e . p r e p o n d e r a n c e .o f youth i s p a r t i c u l a r l y f e l t
i n .the. r u r a l . s e c t i o n s .
The d i s t r i b u t i o n - o f th e a g e . g r o u p s , a l s o . p r e s e n t s
24
a problem t o -many c o u n t r i e s . • Sonie 2 6^ . .of a l l .people over 29 y e a rs of
age l i v e I n r u r a l .zones but 30$,.of th o s e under th e age of 20 ,do (Table
3 - A ).
Put a n o th e r w a y ,.th e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p te d p ro d u c tiv e age of 2 0 . t o
.60 makes .up .only 46$, of th e r u r a l pop u latio n , .and Is s u p p o rtin g th e o th e r
•54 $ .
Approximately 8 o$,.of th e u r b a n ite s m a in ta in .a younger 20$.
The
c a p a c i t y , , t h e n , . t o pay f o r s e r v i c e s - ■I s c o n s id e ra b ly lo w e r .in th e . c o u n t r y ­
s id e .
Even though .th e re a r e some n o ta b le e x c e p t i o n s , . p r i m a r i l y among th e
E u r o p e a n -a s s o c ia te d e n t i t i e s such as S u r in a m ,, J a m a i c a , . and B r i t i s h
.G u ia n a ,. t h e r e is a v ery c lo s e in v e rs e
co"felation, .among th e p e rc e n ta g e s
o f r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n , . l i t e r a c y , , a n d th e i 9 6 0 .e n ro llm e n t, , 72 : f o r , a l l . c o u n t ­
r i e s and . 8 0 ,e x c lu d i n g .th e d e p e n d e n c ie s.
s e rv e d i n F ig u re I .
The c o r r e l a t i o n - c a n be ob­
.Many c o u n t r i e s , . such as Peru and C o s t a . R i c a , . a re
waging lite r a c y ,c a m p a ig n s bu t i n a fe w .th e e d u c a tio n a l ..a u t h o r i t i e s ex­
p r e s s e d th e v ie w . t h a t they, were l o s i n g ground among th e a g rarian ..p o p u ­
lation...
Gross p ro d u c t p e r person, ap p ears t o .be c l o s e l y t i e d t o .urban ,concen­
tra tio n .
T h i s . i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i f th e c a n a l a n d . o i l rev en u es a re sub­
t r a c t e d from th e g ro s s p ro d u c t f i g u r e s of Panama and V e n e z u e la . . Obvious- Iy th e com bination :of h ig h r u r a l p o p u la tio n p e rc e n ta g e s and low l i t e r a c y
. work i n . a " h a rd -to ^ b re a k " c y cle w ith low incomes (Table 4 - A ) . . The.per­
c en tag e o f farms w ith a r e a s of. l e s s th a n f i v e h e c t a r e s a l s o --shows a
s tr o n g .c o ro lla ry , ten d en cy w ith g ro ss .p ro d u c t p e r person, b u t c u r io u s ly
e n o u g h ,. th e p e rc e n ta g e of farm ownership seem ingly h a s . - . l i t t l e . r e l a t i o n
: t 0 ..-other f a c t o r s (T ati® -5 ~ 4 ). i The . income f i g u r e s a v a i l a b l e w ere■f o r th e
25
IO O —
PERCENT
80
—
60
—
40
—
20
—
LITERACY
I OO —
PERCENT
80
—
60
—
40
—
20
—
ENROLLMENT
PERCENT
URBANIZATION
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Comparison of Percentages: Li t er acy, School
Urbanization
in
I960
CO
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Enr ol l ment , and
z6
e n t i r e , p o p u l a t i o n ;of each c ou ntry and i t i s m a in ta in ed t h a t t h e '.rural popu
•l a t i o n ,eShns..c o n s i d e r a b I y , l e s s - t h a n ;this- aver age (47).
,The e d u c a tio n a l .Joh to - b e done i s s t i l l ..tremendous . . Only 3 8 ,2 $ .of.
th e age group 7 - 1 9 .was e n r o l l e d . i n a n y . k i n d . o f s c h o o l . i n . i 960 (Table 6- A ) .
•E stim ates,-of e d u c a tio n a l o f f i c e r s in n in e c o u n tr ie s (Table 7” A) •i n d i c a t e d
a ..d if f e r e n c e o f.f ro m , 7 $,. t o 80 $ i n .those, tfho w i l l .complete, prim ary, s c h o o l,
,and from .001$.,bo .5$-.who - w i l l . r e c e iv e u n i v e r s i t y , d ip lo m as, .T h e ,r u r a l
elem ent does n o t sh a re e q u a lly , i n .even .th e se low f i g u r e s (4 7 ).
R u ral Family L iv in g C o n d itio n s
. R u r a l.y o u th .o r g a n iz a tio n s t r y t o -improve th e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , o f
r u r a l f a m i l i e s and g e n e r a l l y g iv e .h ig h p r i o r i t y t o t h i s in b h e 'ir work
p la n s.
S in ce t h i s - i s g iv e n s u c h .im p o rta n c e ,h o m e econom ists a n d .h e a lth
s p e c i a l i s t s i n ,e v e ry ' Country were in te rv ie w e d t o determ ine what c o n d itio n s
p r e v a i l in. r u r a l a re a s . .This ,opinion ,su rv ey forms-..the b a s i s , f o r t h i s , s e c ­
tio n : o f . t h e r e p o r t . .
.Both n a t i o n a l . a n d . i n t e r n a t i o n a l h e a l t h programs.have.made p ro g re s s
in ,-the-farm -zones b u t d i s e a s e s of. the. d i g e s t i v e , c i r c u l a t o r y , ,and re s ?
p i r a t o r y system s a re s t i l l prominent k i l l e r s
(Table 8-,A).
M alaria and
- c a n c e r occur, f r e q u e n t l y b u t . t u b e r c u l o s i s ,. re p o rte d -s e p a ra te ly -, from ..,other
r e s p i r a t o r y , d i s e a s e s , , a n d v e n e r e a l ,d i s e a s e s ,have been . s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e ­
duced in. most, c o u n t r i e s .
. The o f f i c i a l s . r e p o r t e d a wide v a rie ty ,, of r u r a l l i v i n g ,p ro b lem s,, many
of. which a r e l n t e r ^ r e l a t e d or a re c a u s e - e f f e c t , r e l a t i o n s h i p s - r a t h e r th a n
.s in g le , problems-in.-.themselves., -. M a l n u t r i t i o n , . f o r e x a m p le ,. is. l i s t e d as
•27
th e second most c r i t i c a l problem w h ile g iv in g th e c a u s a l f a c t o r s o f.e c o n ­
omic r e s o u r c e s , e d u c a tio n , and hygiene a lower r a n k i n g .
S i m i l a r l y , gen­
e r a l . h y g i e n e and ..m a ln u tritio n were l i s t e d w ith p a r a s i t o s i s w hile both con­
t r i b u t e t o , . Or make p o s s i b l e , . th e p a r a s i t e problem (Tables S-.A and 1 0 -A ).
S a n ita ry , c o n d itio n s th ro u g h o u t ,most o f th e s tu d ie d a r e a were r a t e d
as d e f i c i e n t . o r v ery bad (Table 1 1 -A ).
While th e o p in io n s v a r i e d as t o
what was good and not good, s t i l l i t i s obvious t h a t t h e r e i s an .urgent
need t o p ro v id e e d u c a tio n a b o u t . t h e means f o r improving th e s e c o n d itio n s .
The house i t s e l f i s a p p a r e n tly in a d eq u a te in most r e s p e c t s as in d ic a te d
b y .th e f a c t t h a t i t does no t p ro v id e th e n e c e s s a ry re q u ire m e n ts fo r. v e n t i ­
l a t i o n , p r o t e c t i o n , . l i g h t , and space (Table 1 2 -A ).
M a l n u t r i t i o n i s c h ro n ic and s e r i o u s . i n most of t h e , r u r a l a r e a s .
The problem i s n o t,.h o w e v e r , p r i m a r i l y t h a t o f i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n tity bu t
one o f q u a l i t y and v a r i e t y .
Only H a i t i l i s t e d food s c a r c i t y as a nu­
t r i t i o n a l problem w h ile 2 1 . of 22 answ ering t h i s s e c tio n , r e p o r t e d d e f ic . ie n c l e s of p r o t e i n s , . v i t a m i n s , . and .m inerals (Table 1 3 -A ).
The p r e s e r ­
v a tio n , o f foods Was c o n s id e re d poor o r in a d eq u a te in q u a n t i t y and meth­
ods by p r a c t i c a l l y every c o u n try .
Very few items were mentioned as .be­
ing c o n s i s t e n t l y p r e s e r v e d .
Low economic r e s o u r c e s undoubtedly c o n trib u te - t o th e m a l n u t r i t i o n
b u t th e l a c k . o f e d u c a tio n on b a lan c e d d i e t s and t h e . e a t i n g h a b i t s of th e
peo p le p ro b a b ly a r e even g r e a t e r f a c t o r s . •For example, . two c o u n tr ie s r e ­
p o r t e d t h a t yello w and g re e n le a f y v e g e ta b le s a re not produced f o r home
consumption, and 14 i n d i c a t e d i n s u f f i c i e n t p ro d u c tio n .
.G rain r a i s i n g was
28
l i s t e d as s u f f i c i e n t or f a i r i n . e v e r y c o u n try (Table 1 4 -A ).
D esp ite
th e s e o p in io n s , epprmous n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l p ro g ra m s .a re de­
v o te d t o in c r e a s i n g th e p r o d u c t i o n . o f c o r n , . w h e a t, . and r i c e w hile
r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n i s p a id t o v e g e ta b le g a r d e n s .
-R u ral home f u r n i s h i n g s and equipment were, judged poor and inadequate
f o r n e a r ly a l l th e 2 5 ;c o u n t r l e s f i l l i n g out t h i s s e c t i o n . B ath in g , t o i l e t ,
and s to r a g e f a c i l i t i e s , were p a r t i c u l a r l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y (Table 15-A ).
D e sp ite r e c e n t advances i n m ed icin e, most r u r a l a re a s of th e count­
r i e s under study, w i l l need a g r e a t d e a l more a t t e n t i o n .
- R e s p ir a to r y and
I
c i r c u l a t o r y d i s e a s e s and m a l n u t r i t i o n a re p r e v a le n t and, a c c o rd in g to
s p e c i a l i s t s ' o p i n i o n s , . a r e . caused or a g g ra v a te d .b y th e poor s a n i t a r y con­
d i t i o n s and low incomes.
Some re a s o n s f o r th e r u r a l liv in g , problems a re p o in te d up in, th e
!
o p in io n s o f h e a l t h and home e c o n o m ic s .te c h n ic ia n s on th e g e n e ra l.k n o w -•ledge and t h e s k i l l of r u r a l homemakers (Table I 6- A ).
H alf o r more of
th e c o u n tr ie s ranked th e s e a b i l i t i e s as d e f i c i e n t or low i n . n e a r Iy every
ite m .
E d u c a tio n , t h e n , , h a s a .huge t a s k ahead and sim ple economic develop-
i
■ment w i l l no t e n t i r e l y a l l e v i a t e th e poor l i v i n g c o n d itio n s ,.
. In summary, s e v e r a l m ajor problems fa c e th e r u r a l a r e a s .
A m a jo r ity
, of th e . f a r m e r s l i v e - o n v ery sm all fafms and a re m ostly p ro d u cin g s u b s i s t ence c r o p s .
The high r a t e of p o p u la tio n growth makes i t n e a r l y im p o ssib le
I
j
t o c o n tin u e s u b d i v i d i n g . t h e s e farms so t h a t everyone c a n ,e a r n a l i v i n g
from a g r i c u l t u r e .
Farm.income i s . a l r e a d y to o low t o p ro v id e many th in g s
needed by r u r a l f a m i l i e s .
Only about o n e - t h i r d of th e r u r a l y o u n g ste rs
j
a r e now r e c e i v i n g any prim ary e d u c a tio n .and even fewer a re o b ta in in g .any
'
'
'
;
I
i
I
s
29
secondary, o r v o c a ti o n a l e d u c a t i o n , . th u s,m a k in g t h e i r e n tr y i n t o ,o th e r
o ccu p atio n s, more d i f f i c u l t .
■R u ra l fam ily, l i v i n g c o n d itio n s a r e g e n e r a lly , in a d e q u a te ..
This i s
p a r t i c u l a r l y , p o in te d out i n t h a t a c c o r d i n g , t o th e Opinions of h e a l t h and
home econom ics. s p e c i a l i s t s , home c o n s t r u c t i q n > ,household f u r n i s h i n g s ,
g e n e r a l s a n i t a t i o n , - a n d . n u t r i t i o n a r e In a d e q u a te f o r an a c c e p ta b le s ta n d ­
a r d of l i v i n g .
These same s p e c i a l i s t s r a t e homemakers' knowledge and
s k i l l s . t o be v e ry .lo w .
This su rv ey o f th e socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s of th e r u r a l a re a s
- o u tl in e d some problems t h a t c o u ld a f f e c t th e .w o rk of r u r a l . y o u t h program s.
C hapter IV p r e s e n t s a . d e s c r i p t i o n of th e e x i s t i n g r u r a l youth programs
.and a n . a n a l y s i s of t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . so as t o . d e t e r m i n e . i f . t h e r e a re some
r e l a t i o n s h i p s - b e tw e e n .th e socio-econom ic problems and th e .p ro g ra m s of
th e o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
'
CHAPTER;IV
THE ,MTURE OF THE ,FORTY-NINE RURAL YOUTH PROGRAMS
This su rv ey in c lu d e d th e 49 " ru ra l,y o u th o r g a n iz a ti o n s i n . 2 5 1 of th e
28 c o u n t r i e s .
P e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s were conducted w ith th e o f f i c i a l s of
th e programs in o rd e r t o u n d e rs ta n d th e s t r u c t u r e , . o b j e c t i v e s , . q u a l i t y
o f personnel,..,and th e fu n c tio n itig -.o f. th e ..o r g a n iz a tio n s .
This c h a p te r i s '
dev o ted -p r im a r ily t o th e g e n e r a l .problems and common program f a c t o r s .but
i t sh o u ld be u n d ersto o d t h a t each p o l i t i c a l u n i t s t a n d s . in d e p en d e n tly
and t h a t th e r e s u l t s of t h i s . study, a p p l y only. in. g e n e r a l term s, t o each
program .
S o lu t io n s t o th e problems ..would, n e c e s s a r i l y , h a v e . t o be worked
out i n d i v i d u a l l y f o r th e s e p a r a te program s.
Types- of O rg a n iz a tio n s and .Membership
T h e -4 9 ,p ro g ram s,c an g e n e r a l l y be c l a s s i f i e d i n . f o u r ty p e s ;-4 -H ,
p rim ary s c h o o l .c l u b s , . v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n , and c o o p e r a tiv e s .
The f i r s t
two, p lu s .a com bination o f th e two,, a r e th e most p r e v a l e n t . .B r a z i l 's ,
s c h o o l . c l u b s , ,w ith 64,474. members,. .alone make, up .'28$,.of th e t o t a l Ameri­
can . r u r a l y o u th club m em bership,. 2 2 9 , 5 1 2 , ex clu d in g th e U n ite d S t a t e s and
.
i
•
:
Canada (TapIe 1 7 , . p ,.4 5 )..
No a tte m p t has been .made t o s e p a r a te th e 4-H type from th e school
c lu b s except by name because in ,almost every country, c o n s id e r a b le use i s
■made of t h e r u r a l s ch o o l te a c h e r ^ .a n d f a c i l i t i e s . i n ;4-H w o rk .
Sometimes,
. a lth o u g h c a l l e d by a. name s i m i l a r to -4 -H and a d m in is te r e d by an .ex ten sio n
•'•The Dominican R epublic and th e French D epartm ents::of Guadeloupe and
M artin iq u e d id no t have r u r a l . y o u t h programs i n . i 9 6 0 . ■P e rm iss io n .c o u ld
.not. be o b ta in e d t o conduct th e stu d y i n Cuba.
31
s e rv ic e ,., th e c lu b s a r e p r i m a r i l y an e x tra m u ra l sch o o l a c t i v i t y . .
I . .V;
■Formal v o c a tio n a l, a g r i c u l t u r a l sch o o l connected, clubs, were1- found .In
B r a z i l , . M e x i c o , . P e r u , Panama* a n d . P u e r t o R i c o , . a n d v o c a t i o n a l home econ-omlcs. clubs, only. In P u e rto Rlco,. - Panama ..and A rg en tin a were t h e . only coun­
t r i e s l i s t i n g , c l u b s em anating from c o o p e r a t i v e s .
■Program .O b je ctiv es
Three b ro ad o b j e c t i v e s ^ a re common : t o . - a l l . th e groups : - in c r e a s in g edu­
c a t i o n , . r a i s i n g , l e v e l s of. l i v i n g , .and p ro v id in g s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s . . . The
f i r s t o f t h e s e >.. in c r e a s in g e d u c a t i o n , i s , c o n sid e re d preem inent and .g e n e ra l­
l y r e c e iv e s th e g r e a t e s t a t t e n t i o n .
. I t i s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o - t h e fo llo w in g
s p e c ific o b je ctiv es:
1 . . A c q u ir in g ..a g r ic u ltu r a l and fa m ily l i v i n g s k i l l s . a n d ..knowledge
2 . Develop ,knowledge, s k i l l s , , a n d a t t i t u d e s f o r c o o p e r a t i o n , a n d , com.m u n ity , improvement
3. Develop b e t t e r c i t i z e n s .
4 . . Makp wisp use o f l e i s u r e time
■.
.
■
' 1
■!
5 . F o s t e r a f a v o r a b le a t t i t u d e toward p r o g r e s s .
The most common.methods r e p o r t e d as used to,Im plem ent th e s e s p e c i f i c ob­
j e c t i v e s were l e c t u r e s , . d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , . w r i t t e n , m a t e r i a l s , . s u p e r v i s e d
p r a c t i c e , and.home and farm p r o j e c t s .
The second o b j e c t i v e , .-ra is in g l e v e l s of l i v i n g , . w a s , n e a r l y always'
1The s t a t e d o b je c t iv e s , of some programs in c lu d e d .ite m s t h a t a re
o f te n termed means or methods; The author* r e p o r t s th e s e as o b j e c t i v e s .
when s o l i s t e d by th e p ro g ram s.
32
,
-a d e s i r e d p r o d u c t . o f th e f i r s t , . i n c r e a s i n g 'e d u c a t i o n .
N e v e rth e le s s ,
many, l i s t e d as an im m ed iate g o a l, t h a t of p ro d u cin g food and f i b e r and
p h y s i c a l l y Im pfovihg. th e farm and home.
Some c o u n tr ie s w ith u rg e n t food
s h o rta g e s have c o n c e n tr a te d on -.the. i n t r o d u c t i o n o f p r a c t i c e s t h a t would
q u ic k ly add t o - t h e food s u p p ly .
H a i t i ' s f a r m . f i s h ponds, and .G uatemala's
r a b b i t p r o j e c t s . a r e e x am p les.o f t h i s p h d s e .o f w ork.
.Many, a c t i v i t i e s can s e rv e as a means f o r a c q u ir in g . s o c i a l s k i l l s and
a lso -a s d iv e rsio n .
H alf th e c o u n tr ie s f o r m a lly r e p o r te d a n .,o b je c tiv e of
p r o v id in g s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s f o r th e club members and f o r th e community.
An a n a l y s i s of th e program a c t i v i t i e s , h o w e v e r , i n d i c a t e d t h a t . t h i s i s
d e f i n i t e l y , o n e -o f th e major b e n e f i t s d e riv e d from th e . clubs.. . Obviously
. f a i r s , . d a n c e s , . t r i p s , and s p o r t s have c o n s id e ra b le v a lu e as fun i n .ad­
d i t i o n t o , t h e i r e d u c a tio n a l w o rth .
te n d .meetings f o r -the
Many clu b ,members.r e p o r t e d th e y a t ­
enjoyment th e y r e c e i v e and .often named t h i s . a s
t h e i r f i r s t r e a s o n . f o r j o i n i n g ..
Hight o r g a n i z a t i o n s ■l i s t e d a f o u r th g e n e r a l . o b j e c t i v e , . t h a t . Of
e q u a li z in g r u r a l youth w ith c i t y y o u th .
The HS F u tu re Farmers of America
in c lu d e i t in. . t h e i r g o a l s . apd i t u s u a l l y a p p ears .somewhere in. th o se, p ro ­
grams em u la tin g t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n .
The d e s i r e f o r s t a t u s , i s developing
q u ic k ly , i n most a r e a s and i t i s not uncommon t o hear.som e p r o f e s s i o n a l
.p ro u d ly say a b o u t . h i s g ro u p , "Y ou.w ouldn't know th e y were, c o u n try boys-,"
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t , c o n s c i o u s l y , o r n o t , t h i s o b je c t iv e i s . o f t e n a .stro n g one.
Program Methods
"L earn in g by doing" was p ro claim ed by every program -as i t ' s , c h ie f
33
.e d u c a tio n a l method. .This method is pu t i n t o - a c t i o n through in d iv id u a l
home and farm p r o j e c t s , community p r o j e c t s c o m m u n a l a c t i v i t i e s d e m o n ­
s t r a t i o n s ,• and . co n ducting- of m e e tin g s.
The. v o c a ti o n a l programs add shop
. and k itc h e n p r a c t i c e s t o - t h i s l i s t .
As w ith th e s e same ty p e s of p r o j e c t s in th e U nited S t a t e s , . m o s t p ro ­
grams r e q u i r e t h a t each member manage and ex ecu te an. i n d i v i d u a l - p r o j e c t .
.The most common p r o j e c t s f o r -boys were v e g e ta b le g a r d e n s , p o u l t r y , d a i r y ,
c o rn , h o g s , . b e e f , . a n d s o i l co n serv atio n . (Table l 8 - A ) .
G i r l s p r o j e c t s of
most im portance were g e n e ra l, se w in g ,.e m b ro id e ry , cooking, food p r e s e r ­
v a t i o n , g e n e r a l n u t r i t i o n , and home improvement.
S o c ia l a c t i v i t i e s , . r e ­
l i g i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n , . a n d - l e a d e r s h i p were most often, named in p e r s o n a l.im ­
provement w h ile .g e n e ra l.c o m m u n ity b e t t e r m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t of s p o r ts a c t i ­
v i t i e s , and p a r k . b e a u t i f i c a t i o n were p o p u la r in community a c t i v i t i e s .
.Mechanic and(manual . s k i l l s p r o j e c t s were mentioned by only a few o rg a n iz i
a t i o n s and th e s e .w e re g e n e r a l l y th e v o c a ti o n a l s c h o o ls . In. . p r a c t i c e , many
c o u n t r i e s have found i t d i f f i c u l t t o e n fo rc e p r o j e c t s f o r all.m em bers and
th e y r e p o r t la c k of f in a n c e s and la c k of p a r e n t a l su p p o rt a s . t h e p r i n c i ­
p al causes.
Sometimes s ch o o l or community g a rd e n s, home economics C e n t e r s ,
and o th e r communal a c t i v i t i e s . a r e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r in d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s .
D em onstrations by. p r o f e s s i o n a l s , . voluntary., le a d e rs , .and members a re
w id e ly used a s . a n , e d u c a t i o n a l t o o l .
D em onstrations bymembers seem to
r e c e i v e l e s s a t t e n t i o n than, d e m o n stratio n s by le a d e rs and p r o f e s s i o n a l s .
Most o r g a n iz a ti o n s r e p o r t e d t h a t d e m o n stra tio n s were used p r i m a r i l y as
a n .a d ju n c t t o th e r e g u la r .m e e ti n g bu t a few in d ic a te d t h a t in te n s iv e
t r a i n i n g a t e s p e c i a l l y , p ro v id e d . c e n t e r s , . v o c a tio n a l sch o o ls , e x p erim en tal
34
s t a t i o n s , and on .farm s.
•Sponsoring Agencies
The r u r a l youth programs a re sp onsored by a,w ide v a r i e t y . o f agen cies
■and w ith th e c o lla b o r a t io n , of even more.
These a r e : . m i n i s t r i e s of a g r i ­
c u l t u r e , . m i n i s t r i e s of e d u c a tio n , US i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s , . c r e d i t i n ­
s t i t u t i o n s , . m i n i s t r i e s ■o f . l a b o r , .a . m i n i s t r y , of s o c i a l . w e l f a r e , an a g r i ­
c u l t u r a l s o c i e t y ,.. a c o lle g e o f a g r i c u l t u r e ,. and. com binations of some of
th e se .
(For program d e s c r i p t i o n s see Appendix I I . )
In s id e th e s e l a r g e r .a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , u n i t s , . s m a lle r d i v i s i o n s f r e ­
q u e n tly have more c o n t r o l . o f th e youth p ro g ram .
E x ten sio n s e r v i c e s , . r u r a l
o r a g r i c u l t u r a l e d u c a tio n d e p a r t m e n t s , . t h e s o c i o - e d u c a t i o n a l , d i v i s i o n s ,
. a g r i c u l t u r a l . i n s t i t u t e s , . community development s e c t i o n s , ,and n e a r ly a u to ­
nomous u n i t s g e n e r a l l y f u l f i l l th e f u n c tio n s o f . r o u t i n e c o n t r o l .
Budget­
i n g , . h o w e v e r , . i s r a r e l y e n t r u s t e d t o th e s e s m a lle r d i v i s i o n s and th ey
o r d i n a r i l y o p e ra te w ith an a s s ig n e d amount of money from A. l a r g e r admin­
i s t r a t i v e u n i t b u d g e t.
•Program Budgets
The t o t a l . inyfesttaent by a l l sp o n so rin g and c o n t r i b u t i n g . a g e n c i e s amounted t o $4,973 »893"^ f o r 36 of th e 4 9 ,iPrqgtfams ' l i s t e d in ,T a b le I J ,
This, money c h i e f l y came from n a t i o n a l so u rc e s (62$), ,US .government ag e n c ie s ( 2 0 $ ) , .and p r i v a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a i a g e n c ie s (9$)•
A .h o s t .o f n a t ­
io n a l . a n d f o r e i g n .a g e n c ie s , . c h u rc h e s , •and p r i v a t e .doners..made up .the
^US d o l l a r s a re used .as th e monetary u n i t th ro u g h o u t t h i s . r e p o r t .
35
TABLE-17: NUMBER OF CLUB MEMBERS, PROGRAM BUDGET, AND BUDGET PER MEMBER
FOR 36 PROGRAMS
Country
I.
.2 .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
■9 .
IQ.
Argentina., Ateneos R u rales
A rg e n tin a , C o o p e r a ti v is ta s
A rg e n tin a , El Chaco 4 - C
A rg e n tin a , M isiones 4 - M
A rg e n tin a , 4 - A
B e l i z e , .4-.H
B o l i v i a , 4- S
B r a z i l , Clubes A g ric o la s
B r a z i l , 4 -S , 4 - P ,.4 - H , CJR
B r i t i s h Guiana, 4-H and
Young Farmers
1 1 . C h ile , 4-C
12. Colombia, 4-S
13. Costa .R ica, 4-S
14. Ecuador, 4-F
15. El S a l v a d o r , .4-0
1 6 . G u a te m a la ,. IG
1 7 . G u a te m a la ,4 - S
18. H a i t i , 4-C
1 9 . H onduras, . 4-S
20. Jam aica, .4-H
2 1 . . Mexico, CJR
2 2 . Mexico, FAM
23 •' N e th erlan d s A1n .t. (v a rio u s )
24. N ic a r a g u a ,. 4-S
2 5 . P a n a m a ,4 -S
2 6 . Panama, FFP
2 7 . Panama, C o o p erati v i s t a s
28. P a ra g u a y ,. 4-C
2 9 . Peru, CAJP
30. Peru, FAP
31. P u e rto Rico-, .4 ^ H
32. P u e rto R ico ,..FFA
33. P u e rto R ico, FHA
34. S u r in a m ,. 4-H
3 5 . Uruguay, Clubes A grarios
3 6 . V enezuela, 5~V
TOTAL;
No. of
Members
Budget
($us)
300
12,000
360
512
831
' 4,575
2,285
14,937
251,372
3,000
57,477
26,320
35,682
2.77
.38
6.34
29.17
H 6 .3 8
14.71
2 ,9 7 9
35,353
93,427
11,87
61.42
3,313
4,641
1,694
860
7,300
2 0 ,7 7 7
6 ,2 7
1 6 .8 3
3 1 .1 6
2 ,1 6 0
204
3,087
64,474
6,252
'
1 ,5 2 1
.
1 ,6 1 0
2 ,7 2 2
'902
23,855
2,903
2 ,1 0 7
2,300
909
3,374
HO
85
3,140
4 ,8 1 6
3,600
34,262
4,410
1 6 ,2 2 2
78,137
52,798
51>628
3,490
4 0 ,7 8 0
38,323
19,150
84,605
4 8 , 4 o8
6 9 ,664
62,000
30,954
114,625
4 , 12 I a
3,000
23,583
2 7 ,5 4 2
.202,089*
•48o,ooo
7 0 0 , OOOa
900,000*
1 5 ,2 0 0
503
5,500
4,525
6,960
1,370,800
229,512
4 ,9 7 3 ,8 9 3
a T h l s ' In c lu d e s th e c o s t of form al I n s t r u c t i o n .
Budget p er
Member ($US)
1 8 .6 2
.41
5.71
60^03
.48
25.33
14.08
21.23
3.35
16.68
33.06
26.96
34.05
33.97
37.46
35.29
7-51
5.72
56.14
.14.01
158.73
55.48
3.03
. 1 .2 7
3 0 2 .9 4
2 1 .6 7
'
'
36
rest
( 9%).
. The c o s t p e r member averaged $ 2 1 . 6 7 . f o r a l l programs but v a r ie d from
$ .3 8 t o $302.94..
In g e n e r a l th e sch o o l c lu b s c o st th e l e a s t p e r member
and th e v o c a ti o n a l o r g a n iz a ti o n s c o st m o s t,.w ith th e ;4 -H ty p e s c e n te r in g
around th e a v e r a g e .
N otable e x c e p tio n s were V e n e z u e la 's 5-V clubs which
were th e most expensive p e r member and Jamaica and S u rin am 's 4-H clubs
which.w ere among th e l e a s t e x p e n s iv e .
V o c a tio n a l sch o o ls g e n e r a l l y . i n - ,
•eluded t h e . c o s t of fo rm al i n s t r u c t i o n s in c e t h e club o r g a n iz a ti o n w as. cdp,s l d e r e d an in s e p a r a b le p a r t of th e .p ro g ra m .
.While no e x ac t f i g u r e s f o r t o t a l US c o s ts could be o b ta in e d , the
A ss o c ia te d Free S t a t e of P u e rto Rlco s t a t e d t h a t i t s c o s t . o f $14.01 p e r
member was p ro b a b ly average f o r th e US .4-H system . .The r a t i o s of club
members t o p r o f e s s i o n a l.w o r k e r s p ro b a b ly account f o r much of th e v a ria n c e
b e tw e e n •P u e rto R ic an ,a n d a l l - c o u n t r i e s 1 a v e r a g e . c o s t s .
T y p e s.o f R ural Youth Program Personnel
There a re tw o -ty p es .of p e rs o n n e l t h a t work in. m o s t.o f th e programs :
. p r o f e s s i o n a l s , . b o t h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and f i e l d .workers, and v o lu n ta ry , le a d ­
e r s . .The p r o f e s s i o n a l s a re th o s e who a r e p a id d i r e c t l y b y , t h e sponsoring
.agency and whose, o u t l i n e d d u t i e s in c lu d e f a l l , o r p a r t- ti m e , work w ith r u r a l
youth c l u b s . .The v o lu n ta ry , le a d e r s a f e those.w ho a s s i s t w ith club fu n c­
t i o n s w ith o u t r e c e i v i n g money f o r t h e i r s b r V ic b s .
-P r o f e s s i o n a l P erso n n el
P r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f members have a p e c u la r r o l e . i n r u r a l y o u th .c lu b
w ork. . In. an. i d e a l l y f u n c tio n in g o r g a n i z a t i o n th e y a c t th ro u g h v o lu n ta ry
37
l e a d e r s , , t r a i n i n g .them and f u r n i s h i n g them in fo r m a tio n . s o , t h a t t h e y , ,th e
l e a d e r s , can :c a r r y out p r a c t i c a l l y a l l ' o f th e d i r e c t work w ith club mem­
b ers.
.They, d i s c o v e r t r a i n , . and a s s i s t l e a d e r s and .do not. them selves
d i r e c t l y te a c h r u r a l y o u th .
L i t t l e r e s e a r c h . o n . t h e d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , of a r u r a l . y o u t h
p r o f e s s i o n a l has b een ,c o n d u c ted in .L a tin . America b u t . a few d e f i n i t i v e r e ­
p o r t s have come from .the US.
One of th e most th o ro u g h .o f th e s e i s by
Nye ( 6 l ) , . in which he c o n s tr u c te d a p r e d i c t i v e s c a le of county agent suec e ssl.
He found t h a t th e f o u r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h .c o n tr ib u te d t o a
f a v o r a b le o p in io n of an .extension, worker were:
. I . .V o c a t l o n a l ^ i h t e r e s t s
2. P e rso n a lity
5 . A ttitu d e s ,
■4. Background and t r a i n i n g
He concluded t h a t any one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a n , i f v e r y .w e a k ,.e lim in a te th e
chances of th e agent working s u c c e s s f u l l y .
Within, .a c c e p ta b le l i m i t s of
performance., .however, .th e degree of su cc e ss was .found t o be determ ined-by
a combination, of a l l . f o u r .
. Many a u th o rs ( I , . 3 6 , . 7 0 , . 8 2 ) have d is c u s s e d p r o f e s s i o n a l le a d e r s h ip
.,as a, prom otive fu n ctio n , and .have i n d i c a t e d t h a t / p e r s o n a l i t y . a n d - a t t i t u d e s
must b e . t h o s e conforming t o th e e x p e c ta n c y .o f th e community. • Background,
• \1
1Nye d eterm in ed s u c c e s s •through th e - o p in io n s . of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and
f a r m e r s :on th e " d e g re e to ,w h ic h th e a g e n ts .w e re a c h i e v i n g , t h e o b je c t iv e s
,o f th e e x te n s io n s e r v i c e .
38
TABLE 1$:
I960
PROFESSIONAL MAN-YEARS !EMPLOYED IN. 1 8 RURAL YOUTH PROGRAMS IN
Man-Yearsa '
Program
I .. Argent Ind 4- A
2. B o liv ia .4 -S
3 . C o sta .R ic a -4 -S
4 . Ecuador 4-F
Adminisi■t r a t i o n *3
-F ie ld
T o ta l
Per
Member
5-45
113.40
118.85
.055
: 1 0 .45
, 2 7 .0 0
37.45
.012
■5'35
44 „70
,5 0 .0 5
.011
2 1 .2 0
,2 4 .8 0
.014
. 2 3 .2 0
2 7 .9 0
.0 3 2
13.15
8.1-50
1 6 .9 0
.010
. 1 0 6 .0 8
.0 3 9
20.45
.2 5 .6 0
.0 2 8
29.35
37.55
...0 1 3
9.50
22.55
.O llc
32.25
34.20
39-60
.037
.012
.4 5 .OO
.014
, .0 0 6
3 .6 0 ■
5 . El S a lv a d o r 4 - C
■4 .7 0
6 . .Guatemala 4-.S
.3 .7 5 ■
7 . H a i t i 4r-C
2 4 .5 8
•8 . Honduras-4-S
9 . . Mexico CJR
- 5 .1 5
■8 .2 0
10. Mexico FAM
3.05
.
.1,95
■2 ,1 5
1 3 . Paraguay 4 - C
3,50
37 -45
.41.50
14. ■Peru CAJP1
H .45
17'50
15• Peru FAP
1 6 . • P u e rto Rico .4fH
/4 .0 0
, 1 6 0 .0 0
28,95
,1 6 4 .0 0
36.65
71,50
1 0 8 .1 5
1 7 . P u e rto Rlco FFA
6... 60
99,30
1 0 5 .9 0
18.. Venezuela 5rV
5 . Cf,
6 7 ,5 0
7 3 .1 5
146.23
720.45
866 .. 68
TOTALf
.045° .
.003
.024°
LT\
1—
I
O
11. N ic a ra g u a '4^8
12. Panama.4 - S
■
.011
C a lc u la te d from t h e . p e r c e n t a g e of time each employee d e v o t e s , t o r u r a l
y o u th work-..
k . In c lu d e s d i r e c t o r s , . s u p e r v i s o r s , . a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s p e c i a l i s t s and o f f i c e
workers who f u l f i l l major r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s .
c . I n c l u d e s •time sp en t in classro o m , s h o p , . f i e l d , i n s t r u c t i o n , and club
-a c tiv itie s--
.
39
, t r a i n i n g , • and i n t e r e s t s . seem t o be Ip s s r e s t r i c t i v e d e p e n d i n g t o a la r g e
e x te n t on th e job t o , b e done and .the l e v e l s of th e s e same f a c t o r s w ith in
th e group t o . b e l e a d .
I t ap p ears t h a t both o v e r-e d u c a tio n and under-
e d u c a tio n c an red u ce th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s . o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s , esp ecially .w h en ,
working w ith groups .with, l i t t l e education. ( 5 2 ).
In 18 programs th e employees, o f r u r a l youth programs .noted t h a t a
t o t a l of 8 6 6 ,6 8 man-years a tte n d e d 81,722 club members1 .
This r e p r e s e n ts
.0 1 1 man-years p e r member, .t h a t i s , . 1 1 p r o f e s s i o n a l s .a tte n d each. 1000
,members.
A s.shown i n Table 1 9 , ,th e m a n -y e a rs . p e r .member v a r i e d from
.003 f o r P u e rto R ic o 's 4-H t o .055 f o r A r g e n tin a 's 4-A..
A p a r t of t h i s
■divergence may be due t o , t h e i n t e n s i t y of use of v o lu n tary , le a d e r s and in
p a r t t o lower club memberships.
In a fe w . o r g a n iz a tio n s th e r a t io_.of ad­
m i n i s t r a t i v e t o f i e l d p e r s p n p e l ' i s - h i g h , . thus, probably, re d u c in g th e number
of club members t h a t can b e . a s s i s t e d .
The fo rm al e d u c a t i o n a l . l e v e l s a t t a i n e d by program p e r s o n n e l . v a r ie d
from p rim ary s c h o o l t o p o s t g r a d u a t e .
F iv e of 12 re p o rtin g .p ro g ra m s , l i s t ­
ed in. Table 2 0 ,had p r o f e s s i o n a l s . w i t h only p rim ary e d u c a tio n and only
P u e rto Rico was e x c l u s i v e l y u sin g u n i v e r s i t y or normal sch o o l g r a d u a te s .
A h ig h p e rc e n ta g e had completed a g r i c u l t u r a l . o r home. economics.{vocational
school tr a in in g .
R esearch r e c e n t l y conducted by F lo r e s i n Colombia (2 7 ), B i d i g o r r i in
C osta R ica ( 9 ) , G o rd o n ,in Panama ( 3 4 ) , . and th e Department o f Economics and
1A .man-ryear d s c a l c u l a t e d as one p erso n g iv in g f u l l - t i m e t o th e job
f o r one o rd in a ry , work y e a r . The p e rc e n ta g e s of p a r t - t i m e p r o f e s s i o n a l s
d e v o te d .t o r u r a l youth work w ere.ad d ed t o g e t h e r t o e x p re ss , a l l .a s . f u l l tim e .
TABLE 20. •PERCENTAGES■OF LAST EDUCATIONAL LEVEL REACHED.BY PROFESSIONAL. PERSONNEL IN 12 -PROGRAMS
BY i 960
Country
..'Primary
Adm. F i e l d
. I . . A rgentina
-
■2 . B o liv ia
-
•3 . -Costa. R ica.
-
■-
.Normal
U n iv e r s ity
P o s tg ra d ,
Adm-,- . Field- --Ad#,.' ' F i,6^r.dr - -Adm-I
' 7
59
•55
' .5
.4
-
6
45
6
45
• 51
.34
6
--
8
9
4
.27
2
74
38
18
-
12
12
44
-
63
-44
-
-
■30
71
70
29
-
-
•—
-
56
2
6
3
'25
21
25
V o c a tio n a l
.Adm. ■Field
33
34
-48
-
-4 . Ecuador
Secondary
Adm.. F i e l d
-
-
10
62
8
-7
. 10
.20
.1 0
7 . Honduras,
-
-
-
39
89
.1 1
ll
.39
11
■8 . . Jamaica
6
17
12
17
50
,66
27
-
-
.6
20
-
■70
.2 8
10
-
■—
■4
27
- 95.
.73
.1
-
33
25
-34
-
33
,■
5. El Salv ad o r
6 . H a iti
9 . Panama
-
10. Pu erto Rieo
11. Surinam'
1 2 . .Venezuela
•- 1
63
.3
-
-
-"
38
-
12
33
25
-
'-
-
-•
67
. 100
1T.
a Adm... is- used h e re a s'.a n ,a b b re v ia tio n f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
. y9
--
. 41
E x ten sio n s t a f f in A rg e n tin a (22), Honduras (23), and E l SalVddor (21),
a g re e w ith th e s e f in d i n g s o n -th e e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l . of p r o f e s s i o n a l s and
p o i n t up th e need f o r g r e a t e r t r a i n i n g , f o r r u r a l .youth w o rk e rs .
Com­
p a r is o n s w ith e a r l i e r s t u d i e s by Chaparro ( 1 6 ) , . d e l.R io ( 1 9 ) , , and Franco
( 3 0 ) , . i n d i c a t e t h a t th e e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l o f . p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n n e l .has
no t r i s e n a p p r e c ia b ly i n th e I n t e r v e n i n g , y e a r s .
The r u r a l , y o u t h program o f f i c i a l s g e n e r a l l y s t a t e d t h a t th e v o c a tio n ­
a l and u n i v e r s i t y g ra d u a te s .w e r e th e b e s t p re p a re d in t e c h n i c a l . s u b je c ts
and t h a t th o s e from t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s such as normal schools
were b e t t e r equipped in methods o f .c o n d u c t i n g , t h e work.
Only a few have
combined-the two phases i n , t h e i r g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n .
• In i 960 very few s c h o o ls o f f e r e d fo rm al c l a s s e s in e x te n s io n or voc a t i o n a l , methods ,
The E sc u ela A g ric o la Panamerjcana i n Zamorano., Hon­
d u ra s ; th e U n iv e r s ity of Panama i n a s p e c i a l co u rse i n . D i v i s a , •Panama;
th e C ollege of A g r ic u ltu r e and Mechanic A rts of th e U n iv e rs ity , of Puerto
R ic o ;.a n d th e U n i v e r s i t i e s ,of H a i t i and Sao Paulo, B r a z i l , , w e r e th e only
ones r e p o r t i n g . t h i s ty p e of e d u c a tio n f o r t h a t y e a r .
S ince t h a t tim e ,
o th e r c l a s s e s have b e g u n ,in u n i v e r s i t i e s in,C olom bia, C h i l e , . B r a z i l ,
B o l i v i a , and Argentina'.
V o lu n ta ry Leaders
Di Franco (20) d e s c r ib e d v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s in extension, as community
le a d e r s who a s s i s t th e p ro c e ss b y , d i r e c t i n g . c l u b s , .m e e tin g s , . programs and
by h e lp in g d i f f u s e improved p r a c t i c e s or a id in g in c r e a t i n g , a fa v o ra b le
atmosphere f o r e x t e n s i o n .
T h e s e ,le a d e r s may be drawn, from f a r m e r s ,
42
. h o u s e w i v e s c r a f t s m e n a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l s such as t e a c h e r s ,. p u b l i c h e a l t h
p e r s o n n e l w e l f a r e w or ke rs , and s a f e t y , o f f i c i a l s - .
Community l e a d e r s have been .d e sc rib e d by Nunez (6'0) as th o s e p er-,
sons who f u l f i l l b e t t e r th a n o th e r s th e norms..-of t h e i r groups .and gain
g r e a t e r a f f e c t i o n . a n d .co n fid en ce f o r th em selves .among .the members of
t h e i r g ro u p s .
Because of t h i s g r e a t e r a f f e c t i o n .and c o n fid e n c e , o th e r
.members of th e groups o f t e n f o l l o w / t h e i r exam ple, th u s a d o p tin g more im-.
p roved p r a c t i c e s and a s s i s t i n g more w ith programs i n which th e s e le a d e rs
a r e in v o lv e d .
■The use of v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s '. i n club w o r k , . t h e n , i s p r e d i c a t e d on
th e f o l l o w i n g , p r i n c i p l e s :
I.. By working through , l e a d e r s , . p r o f e s s i o n a l workers can se rv e a
g r e a t e r number.of clu b members.
.2. Properly, ch o sen ,an d t r a i n e d le a d e r s o f te n have g r e a t e r success
i n a c h ie v in g ,a d o p tio n of improved p ra c tic e s .a m o n g club members
th a n :do p r o f e s s i o n a l s . ^
3 .■P ro p e rly chosen, and t r a i n e d . v o l u n t a r y l e a d e r s , . th rough home and
farm v i s i t s , ',appear t o f a v o r a b ly in flu e n c e ' p a r e n ts in. th e adopt­
io n :.of improved p r a p t i p e s .
•4 . G r e a t e r - l e a d e r . - p a r t i c i p a t i o n seems t o c a r r y w ith i t .a g r e a t e r
community f e e l i n g of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo p .y o u th .w o rk and th u s -more
s u p p o rt f o r t h e " a c t i v i t i e s .
.All. o r g a n iz a ti o n s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s study, have in c o rp o ra te d th e use of
v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s , in. one form or a n o th e r , i n t o - t h e i r progpam s. The 4-H
:
•
ty p e clu b s presum ably w ork.through a d u lt and j u n io r v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s ;
sch o o l .clu b s a n d .v o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n t r y t o use them as c o l l a b o r a t o r s ,
- •'■Kaehler (4 3 ) , however, .was unable t o prove t h i s d i f f e r e n c e in. an.
,experim ent conducted in .M ic h ig an , USA.
' 43
.members■of a d v is o r y committees and supplem entary t e a c h e r s .
(2 5 , 3 2 , . 5 8 ,
65)
■Despite .apparent adherence t o ^ h i s t h e o r e t i c a l program m e th o d ,.r u r a l
youth work has grown v e ry slo w ly i n : t h e l a s t few y e a r s .a n d some programs,
• n o te .F ig u r e I I , even re p o rte d .a .m e m b e r s h ip .d e c r e a s e . ■W hile.no d o u b t, many
, f a c t o r s , c o n t r i b u t e t o th is ,-s lo w grow th, .both youth, o r g a n i z a t i o n o f f i c i a l s
and the. In te r-A m erica n :Rupal Youth T e c h n ic a l A d v isers s t a t e d t h a t th e
problem in p a r t . i s ' d u e . t o ' t h e f a c t t h a t peo p le a r b i t r a r i l y , s e l e c t e d by
. th e clu b p r o f e s s i o n a l s .are g u id in g th e . clubs- r a t h e r - t h a n . . r e a l -community
l e a d e r s ( 3 8 ).
. T h e . r a t i o , o f number o f le a d e r s t o , c l u b s , a b : l i s t e d by., 1'6.-programs,
i s . h i g h e r th a n f o r . t h e U n ite d S ta te s ..
The 2,845 .clubs i n th e 16 programs
a r e r e p o r t e d as-h av in g , ;1 1 ,577 ■le a d e r s :,.a . r a t i o - o f -4 t o - 1 , . w h i l e th e US
.D epartm ent. of A g r ic u ltu r e reports-.-.about 3 t o - 1 -f o r t h e n a t i o n ,as .a, whole.
N otable d e v ia t io n s , from th e average o f th e .1.6 programs -were Surinam w ith
1 0 : 1 , . C h ile and Puerto"N ico-W ith 6 :1 , and Costa R ic a ,w ith l e s s . th a n onet h i r d le a d e r p e r club .
T h e .n u m b e r.a n d .,-o c c u p a tio n a l..d is trib u tio n -o f v o l­
u n ta ry . le a d e r s a r e d e t a i l e d in T a b le .21.,
R u ral sch o o l teachers--made ■up -a., la r g e p e rc e n ta g e o f . t h e le a d e rs i n '
some c o u n t r i e s .
The h i g h e s t was 90 $.. i n ,Uruguay b u t.o n e o r g a n iz a ti o n ,
, G u a te m a la n ;4 - S ,.r e p o r te d - n o ,te a c h e r s ,whatever. -Farmers- make u p ,,a .la r g e r
s h a re of th e - le a d e r s , th a n ,do homemakers .,
a..sm all .number.
Other o c c u p a tio n s , p ro v id e , only
The. r a t e of . l e a d e r s who a re o r,h a v e been ^members, of th e
c lu b s -v a r i e d from -none -i n , ' e i g h t . systems t o 7 8 .-.and .85 ^ - r e s p e c t i v e l y in.
P u e rto 'R i c o 1s : 4r-H and . Uruguay ' s , CAJ. ■
% decrease
70 65 60
I
I
55
I________ I
50 4 5
i
i
40
i
i
% I nc r e as e
35 3 0 2 5 2 0
_______ I
i
i
15
i
i
10
5
I
15_ 20 2 5
_I
I
I
30
i 35 4 0 4 5
Guatepiala
Nicaragua
Haiti
Paraguay
Argentina
El S a l v a d o r
Co s t a Rica
Jamaica
Peru
Veneiaela
Av e r a g e
Mexico
Honduras
Panama
Ecuador
Brazil
B olivia
Chile
Colombia
F i g u r e Il
I
Co mp a r a t i v e incr eas e or d e c r e a s e of 18 p r o g r a ms between 1959 and I 9 6 0
50
I 55 6 0 65 70
45
■T ra in in g
E d u c a t i o n a l . i n s t i t u t i o n s such as secondary, s c h o o l s . and u n i v e r s i t i e s
p r i m a r i l y t r y t o te a c h background knowledge and r a r e l y a tte m p t to p ro v id e
. t h e t r a i n i n g n e c e s s a ry f o r c o n d u c tin g .th e d a i l y r o u t i n e of a jo b .
.In
, a d d i t i o n , s o m e sch o o ls do not te a c h a l l th e s u b je c ts b a s ic t o th e s p e c i a l
ta s k s of a p a r t i c u l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n .
While some te c h n iq u e s a re le a r n e d
sim ply by. w o r k in g ,. many, i n d i v i d u a l . o r g a n iz a ti o n s p ro v id e th e ir-o w n . spec­
i a l , o r i e n t a t i o n through p r e - s e r v i c e or i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g .
-E d u catio n f o r s u c c e s s f u l r u r a l youth work covers a v a r i e t y , of s u b je c t
m a tte r s p e c i a l i t i e s , in c lu d in g th e fo llo w in g t h a t f i t a l l programs:
: 1 . A sound b a s i s in. g e n e r a l education, in c lu d in g ,m ath em atics, s c ie n c e ,
h i s t o r y , . language a r t s , , a n d c i v i c s . T h i s . b a s i s i s n e c e s sa ry f o r
e f f e c t i v e communication and t o en ab le th e p e rs o n t o f u r t h e r im­
prove h im s e lf ,
. 2 . . T e c h n ic a l education. I n / a g r i c u l t u r e , home econom ics, . o r . c r a f t i n ­
d u s t r i e s so t h a t he has p r a c tic a l.k n o w le d g e t o . i m p a r t t o -youth.
3 . -A f ir m knowledge of th e s o c i a l s c ie n c e s in c lu d in g an th ro p o lo g y ,
. s o c i o l o g y , . and psychology. P a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l a r e th o s e d i r e c t ­
ed to w a rd .th e u n d e rs ta n d in g and man.ag’,ing •' i n d i v i d u a l s . a n d groups
as th e y a c t and r e a c t in. s o c i a l change.
4 . A sound g ra sp of p ed ag o g ic a l m ethods, . both th o s e in v o lv e d in
c l a s s r o o # , l a b o r a t o r y . a n d shop.work and "out of s ch o o l" e d u catio n
such as .extension, or community developm ent.
5. S p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g i n th e o b j e c t i v e s , ,m ethods, a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , p ro ­
g ra m m in g ,a n d r e p o r t i n g d e v ice s of th e s p e c i f i c o r g a n i z a t i o n . ( 2 ,
13, 2 9 ,.6 6 )
. This e d u c a tio n i s a la r g e o r d e r , . o n e which few American c o u n tr ie s ,h a v e
been .able t o p ro v id e t o - d a t e . - Programs, . th e n , f u r n is h much. of th e nec­
e s s a r y knowledge and s k i l l s through p r e - s e r v i c e a n d . i n - s e r v i c e . t r a i n i n g .
TABLE .21. •PERCENTAGE'DISTRIBUTION OF VOLUNTARY LEADERS BY PROFESSION AND-MEMBERSHIP IN A CLUB IN
I 6 PROGRAMS IN i 9 6 0 .
.
. Program
I.- B o liv ia 4 - S
2. B ra z il 4 -S
3 . B r i t i s h .Guiana..4-H
4 . C h ile 4 - C ..
. 5 . Costa R ica 4 - S
6 . Ecuador 4 - F
7 - -El S a lv a d o r-4 - C
8 . Guatemala,4rS
9• Honduras 4 - S
10. Mexico CJR
11. Mexico FAM
12. N icaragua 4rS
13. Paraguay..4-S
14. Peru CAJP
15 . - P u erto Rico .4-H
l 6 . Surinam-4-H
17• Uruguay CAJ
TOTAL
a
Not r e p o r t e d
N o ..o f
Clubs
N o . of - ^ . D i s t r i b u t i o n According t o Occupation
Leaders
Farmers
House­
Teachers
Others
wives
202
a
45
233
330
231
20
30
30
21
282
150
■23
2
98
292 ■
112 ,
125
69
275
■ 72
36
14 0
10
10
22
28
31
76
51
80
-59
145
72
.36
-122
280
■1 ,2 3 7
45
92 -
.2,845
•
45 -■52
21
.21
.1 6
8
.35
20
69
18
.21
28
42
62
7
30
11
18
7,362
470
. 21
28
a
I
15
a
I
612
10
0
23
a
68
90
, .11/907
-
■-
-
1 ,3 0 0
13
'
52
30
33
2
2
18
48
57
24 '
34
,46
29
32
55
% t h a t are
or were
members
0
25
48
3
0
■8
0
0
37
22
0
6
0
0
0
0
.0
I
.3
0
'0
34
.
a
30
-
44
78
0
0
85
—
-
47
Of 21 programs r e p o r t i n g on .p r e - s e r v ic e a n d . i n - s e r v i c e e d u ca tio n in
.the p r e s e n t s t u d y , . 1 9 -provided some t r a i n i n g f o r t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l s d u rin g
i 960 -and a l l i n d i c a t e d th e y had o f f e r e d some in p re v io u s y ears,.
■mount of t h i s supplem entary, e f f o r t d i f f e r e d w id e ly .
The a-
Three o r g a n iz a tio n s
o f f e r e d no t r a i n i n g in. i 960 bu t one, Surinam, p ro v id e d 56 days'. . Vocat­
i o n a l programs o f f e r e d a g r e a t e r number of days of i n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e i r •
p e rs o n n e l than, d id most 4-H or sch o o l c l u b s . .Tablp 22 in c lu d e s a . t a b u ­
l a t i o n o f a l l t r a i n i n g o f f e r e d by th e p ro g ra m s .
TABLE 22. DAYS ALLOCATED TO IN-SERVICE .TRAINING OF PROFESSIONALS AND
VOLUNTARY LEADERS.IN.22 PROGRAMS
• Program
I .. ■Argentina, 4 - A
. 2 . .B o liv ia 4 - S
3 . . B r i t i s h B u id n a -4-H
4 . C h ile 4-C
5 . C olom bia-4-S
.6 . Costa R ica 4-S
7 . Ecuador 4-F
8 . E l S a lv a d o r 4-C
9 . Guatemala 4-S
10. H a i t i 4-C
11. .Jam aica 4-H
12-. Mexico FAM
1 3 . . N ic a ra g u a ,4-S
14. ■Panama C ooperdtiva
Juvepal
1 5 . Panama 4-S
l 6 . Panama FFP
17.■ Peru CAJP
l 8 . •Peru FAP
1 9 . P u e rto R ico,4-H
2 0 . P u e rto -Rico FFA
21.. Surinam 4-H
.22. Uruguay CAJ
V oluntary
Leaders
•Days
No.
P r o f e s s io n a ls
Days
No.
156
0
50
79
.96
4
40
43 '
11
22
15
44
.30
7
66
342
99
132
0
3
31
15
5
260
0
0
16
. .67
0
0
85
0
10
900
4
15
4
105
50
.
0
120
0
2
6
0
•
20
.0
10
,
0
4
-5
3
•0
0
5
.I
.0
0
8
0
.4
'0
3
2
0
I
300
.1 8
6
0
0
140
-5
0
7808
0
52
>5
56
0
'
63
-704
.0
2
0-
9
66
48
A ll th e programs re c o g n iz e d th e need f o r t r a i n i n g t h e i r -voluntary
le a d e r s but only 12 of 22 -had-given, ,co u rses ■in i 9 6 0 .. .Most of t h i s .edu­
c a t i o n ;was of l e s s th a n a w eek's d u r a tio n but Uruguay devoted 66 days t o
th is ta sk .
P u e rto Rico, , t r a i n e d y,8o8 v o lu n ta r y le a d e r s i n . a two-rday
s e s s i o n and B r i t i s h Guianan. 4 - H gave 9 00,a f i v e - d a y c o u r s e .
That th e c u r r e n t l e v e l of ed u catio n .-o f both p r o f e s s i o n a l s a n d .v o l­
untary. l e a d e r s i s in a d eq u a te i s r e f l e c t e d no t only from t h e . s t a t i s t i c s
bu t a l s o from th e o p in io n s e x p re sse d by th e o f f i c i a l s .
These r e p e a te d ly
emphasized th e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , f o r a l l . p e r s o n n e l l e v e l s .
F u r t h e r , . t h e a d v is e r s t o th e In ter-A m efican R ural Youth Program, i n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l l y renowned.youth p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,..recommended in December,. 1 9 6 1 ,.
.t h a t th e h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y f o r t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n be p la c e d on t r a i n i n g
.a c tiv itie s
( 3 8 ).
■D e sp ite th e fr e q u e n t m ention of th e need f o r more e d u ca tio n ,.w h e n
th e o f f i c i a l s of r u r a l youth, o rg a n iz a tio n s .w e r e asked t o - l i s t th o se prob­
le m s - th a t l i m i t e d th e execution, of th e program ,., not one named-lack of
tra in in g ,
Y e t , . in co n g ru o u sly ,.w h en .asked -for s u g g e s tio n s on,how t o In­
c re a s e t h e . i n t e r e s t of t h e i r p e rs o n n e l i n youth w o r k , . 3 7 . of 4 7 . l i s t e d
, t r a i n i n g •or s c h o la r s h ip s . . T h i s - s u g g e s t i o n - f a r outnumbered t h e . n e x t
n earest ones:
re c o g n itio n , w ith 17 and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e w ith 13•
It
sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l and s o c i o l o g i c a l b a se s were never
s p e c i f i c a l l y named as t r a i n i n g n e e d s .a lth o u g h i t may.have been im plied i n
such r e q u e s t s as "how t o work w ith l e a d e r s ," "how t o h an d le d i s c i p l i n e
p ro b le m s," and "how t o m o tiv a te th e members,"
49
TABLE-.23. • PRINCIPAL-PROBiiEMS THAT MAKE EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAMS,DIFFI­
CULT AND OFFICIALS' OPINIONS ,ON THE ORDER ,OF SEVERITY OF THE PROBLEMS
Number of E n t i t i e s M entioning th e Problem
as o f :
G re a te s t
Second
T h ird
S e v e r ity
S e v e r ity
S ev e rity
T o tal
Problem
I . ■Shortage of
economic re s o u rc e s
9
6
4
19
2 . Lack of p r o f e s ­
s i o n a l p e n s Onnela
.9
4
5
18
3. Lack o f v o lu n ta r y
le a d e r s
2
6
3
11
4 . Lack of f e e l i n g f o r
th e im portance of
th e work
.2
3
2
7
9. Lack of g e n e r a l and
s o c i a l e d u c a tio n of
people
I
I
3
5
6. Lack o f , c o l l a b o r ­
a t i o n from p a r e n t s ,
government
,—
2
. I
3
.I
O
7 .■Lack of autonqmy
of d i r e c t i o n
---- ---— . . . .
-ru
----
,
O
I -
a Lack of p r o f e s s i o n a l- ^ b rs o n n e l day s o m e tim e s-Ue ciup t o la c k of re s o u rc e s
bu t some programs m entioned both and t h e r e f o r e both item s a r e in c lu d e d
in. th e . a n a l y s i s .
• Program Needs
Probably no program i s . c a r r i e d out w ith maximum e f f e c t i v e n e s s r e g a r d ­
l e s s of th e l e v e l of a c h ie v e m e n t.
Higher g o a l s , .w ider s c o p e ,a n d .m o r e e f ­
f i c i e n c y sh o u ld always impel any o r g a n iz a ti o n t o look a t i t s e l f and itsr e s o u r c e s . w i t h an eye t o .improvement.
I n e v i t a b l y t h i s phase of s t r u c t u r a l
50
TABLE.24. FREQUENCY OF SUGGESTIONS ;OF OFFICIALS OF 47 PROGRAMS,ON ,HOW TO
INCREASE, INTEREST IN .RURAL YOUTH WORK
s u g g e s tio n s
.
General
P u b lic
I., P u b l i c i t y
38
--
—
2 . -H e co g n itio n
3 . T ra in in g
-
R e c r e a tio n
8 . G reater. p a rtic le
p a t i o h i t i . p la n ­
n in g .and a c t ! v. !tie s
. 9 .
Home.and farm
v isits
10. .In te rn a tio n a l
exchanges
26
7-
.3
-2 '
6 , T e c h n ic a l a s s i s • tan.ce
'
-
-
-13
-T
■
-
3
5
■
8
.
—
17
'T '
.8
• 17
.
11
22
24
21
40
-
.
.6
-11
8
6
I
-5
2
5
.7
6
4
I
3
3
-
•4
.r
.
2
2
I
-
-
•2 .
3
—
J - .
‘
.
10
4
-.
-
11
_
I
13■ C om petition
14. • R educe. compet■i t i o n
■
.
1 1 . . Tours, w i t h i n
t h e co u n try
1 2 . N a tio n a l and re^
g i o n a l . committees
—
.
.' —
—
-17
3
3
5
-
28
.
25
•
5 . ■Programs b a s e d .o n
.member i n t e r e s t -
-
17
- 4 . Economic Help
. 7 .
, Number-of S u g g estio n s
on How t o In c re a s e I n t e r e s t of
Program Volun­
Young Older Ppssib le memta ry
mem­
O ffimembers
d a is
Leaders ’ h e r s
bers
•
51
s e l f e v alu a tio n , must be done by each o r g a n i z a t i o n i f th e g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t
i s : t o be r e a l i z e d ( 1 3 ) .
Some g e n e r a l needs a re c e rta in , t o -be common t o s e v e r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
h o w e v er,.a n d may le n d them selves t o e x t e r n a l a s s i s t a n c e .
With .t h i s in
m i n d , o f f i c i a l s were asked t o e n u m erate , . in. o rd e r of s e v e r i t y , . th r e e p ro b ­
lems t h a t make t h e . e x e c u tio n .of th e programs d i f f i c u l t .
N ineteen of 36
f u r n i s h i n g in fo rm a tio n f o r t h i s s e c t i o n of th e q u e s ti o n n a ir e named the
l a c k of economic r e s o u r c e s and p la c e d i t a s of g r e a t e s t s e v e r i t y nine
tim es (Table 2 3 ) .
Sixteen, m entioned th e la c k of p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rso n n e l
and 11 th e s c a r c i t y of v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s .
F if te e n .c o m p la in e d of t h e . l a c k
of co n sc io u sn ess of th e v a lu e of r u r a l youth, work under such c a te g o r ie s
as:
" la c k of f e e l i n g f o r i t s importance"
"low g e n e r a l and s o c i a l education."
" L itt le c o lla b o ratio n "
Most re sp o n d en ts, c o n sid e re d t h a t i n t e r e s t c o u ld .b e s tim u la te d in. th e
g e n e r a l p u b lic through r e g u l a r mass communications media such as th e
r a d i o , p r e s s , and a tte n d a n c e a t p u b lic f u n c t i o n s . . These were a ls o ,m o s t
o f t e n . s u g g e s t e d as m e th o d s ,fo r re c ru itin g ,n e w .m e m b e rs. .In a d d i t i o n ,
th e y named programs b a s e d .o n t h e i n t e r e s t of member -and 1 0 . l i s t e d
and farm v i s i t s .
home
A ll o f th e s u g g e s tio n s a r e a n aly z e d .in . Table 24.
.More o f f i c i a l s , l i s t e d "economic h e l p " as b eing of f i r s t - c o n s i d e r a t i o n
in. in c r e a s in g p r e s e n t members^ i n t e r e s t , b u t t h i s was c l o s e l y fo llo w ed by
"program based on. i n t e r e s t of. members," " r e c o g n i t i o n , " and " r e c r e a t i o n "
in. t h a t o r d e r .
.V o lu n tary le a d e rs .w e r e alm ost e x c lu s iv e ly th o u g h t to be
s t im u la te d through t r a i n i n g . a n d -r e c o g n itio n .
52
TABLE ;25- - OFFICIALS' ESTIMATES OF TEdHNICIANS, .VOLUNTARY LEADERS, AND
ADDITIONAL FUNDS NEEDED.TO EFFECTIVELY SERVE THE.RURAL YOUTH OF EACH
COUNTRY
. ‘
‘
'
Country
I.. •A rg e n tin a
. 2 . .B e liz e
3 B o liv ia
4. B ra zil
5. B r i t i s h
.Guiana
6 . C hile
7 • Colombia
8 . .C osta -Rica.
9 -■Dominican
•Republic
10. Ecuador
11.; El S a lv ad o r
1 2 . ' French Guiana
1 3 . Guadeloupe,
. M artinique
14. .Guatemala
1 5 . .H a iti
1 6 . Honduras1 7 . Jamaica
1 8 . .Mexico.
1 9 . -Nicaragua
2 0 . • Panama
2 1 .■Paraguay
2 2 ; -Peru
2 3 . -P u erto Rico
2 4 . ■Surinam,
N e th . • Ant *
2 5 . Uruguay
2 6 .■Venezuela
2 7 , West In d ie s
TOTAL;
N o ..of
TechniciansNeeded
,N o ..o f
V oluntary
Leaders
Needed
.844
20
37
3,800
8,090
. 30,000
160
5,000
35,300
1 0 0 ,0 0 0
800
.80
■150
.0
. 1 ,8 0 0
A d d itio n a l
■Funds
Needed
($us)
6 , 6 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 0 ,0 0 0
, 1 0 0 ,0 0 0
. 1 1 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0
100
200
30
80
.3 ,007,500
-300,750
300
600
..1 ,1 9 0
.100
■10
10
5 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 0 0 ,0 0 0
400,000
25,000
1,250
20
80
120
99
265
5 i 300
400
.500
5 ,0 0 0
. 1 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0
.131,800
.. 1 1 5 ,0 0 0
75,000
162,000
.6,600,000
. 1 0 ,0 0 0
1 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0
544,275
500,000 , 2 5 0 ,0 0 0
•15
38
■ 1 , 752 ,
20
350
200
5,000
200
. 2 8 ,0 0 0
. 2 5 2 ,7 5 0
1,505,375
.42,000
8,930-
'71,964
30,690,250
80
1 ,0 0 0
160
-120
8
32
.3,800
■
.620
.64
2 ,0 0 0
/-
'
53
A n t i c i p a t i n g in. advance t h a t most programs had a s c a r c i t y . o f r e ­
s o u r c e s , th e o f f i c i a l s were asked t o e s tim a te how many te c h n ic ia n s , and
v o lu n ta ry , l e a d e r s ..and how. much a d d i t i o n a l , money, were .needed t o a d e q u a te ly
s e rv e a l l r u r a l youth i n . t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
A ll c o u n tr ie s but C hile
r e p o r t e d i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n n e l as can be n o te d in Table 25,
. and a l l but th r e e needed v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s .
Colombia added a n o te t o , i t s
answer on not la c k in g v o lu n ta r y le a d e r s s a y in g , " I f we.had th e p r o p e r ly
t r a i n e d , . h a r d w orking .te c h n i c ia n s we would g e t th e l e a d e r s .
p l e n t y h e r e ; :we j u s t a r e n ' t making use of them ."
a d d i t i o n a l funds was.
There are
About $ 3 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,in
judged n e c e s s a ry t o a d e q u a te ly expand r u r a l youth
work, .Approxim ately 9,000 p r o f e s s i o n a l s and. 72.,000..v o lu n ta ry , le a d e rs
were E stim a te d as n e c e s s a ry to f u l l y complement, th e working f o r c e ,
■Role o f . P r i v a t e and I n t e r n a t i o n a l O rg a n iz a tio n s
Many o r g a n iz a tio n s = a r e a s s i s t i n g w ith r u r a l youth work throughout
th e Americas. .The U n ited S t a t e s Agency f o r . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development;
U n ited N ations-Food and A g r ic u ltu r e O rg a n iz a tio n ; U nited N ations Educat­
i o n a l , S o c ia l and C u ltu r a l . O r g a n i z a t i o n p lu s th e O rg a n iz a tio n of American
S t a t e s a re th e c h i e f government a g e n c ie s o p e r a tin g i n , t h e f i e l d .
Aside
.from t h e s e , s e v e r a l r e l i g i o u s and p h i l a n t h r o p i c groups..such a s .F o r d Found­
a t i o n , R o c k e f e lle r Foundation,.G uggenheim Fo u n d atio n , American I n t e r n a t i o n
a l A ssociation,.C A R E , H e if e r P r o j e c t , . F r i e n d s S e rv ic e Committee, t h e . Mennon.ite Church, C a th o lic World S e r v i c e s , .and th e U n ited . C h r i s t i a n Board
are m ak in g ..sig n ific an t.c o n tr ib u tio n s .
A n t i c i p a t i n g ■th e c a t e g o r i e s of n e c e s s i t i e s th a t.w q u ld be l i s t e d by
34
th e c o u n t r i e s ,■a s e r i e s o f e ig h t q u e s tio n s was f o r m u la t e d - t o .o b ta in th e
o p in io n s of youth program o f f i c i a l s on th e r o l e of p r i v a t e and . i n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l , o r g a n iz a ti o n s i n . a s s i s t i n g , r u r a l youth work..
These w ere.ask ed
i n o rd e r t o h e lp o b ta in the,maximum e f f i c i e n c y through such a i d by e s ­
t a b l i s h i n g p r i o r i t i e s i n each p h a se .
.The in q u ir y about how t o h e lp ,w ith t r a i n i n g . b r o u g h t f o r t h s e v e ra l
s u g g e s tio n s ,.m o s t of them o f about eq u al s t r e n g t h (Table .26-A ).
These
■in c lu d e d o f f e r i n g s c h o la r s h ip s f o r s h o r t t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s , ,.postgraduate
c o u r s e s , , a n d w o rk s h o p s;.p ro v id e te a c h in g m a t e r i a l s and p r o f e s s i o n a l ad­
v i c e ; and c o o rd in a te w hatever c o u rses a r e o f f e r e d i n . r a t i o n a l p r o g r e s s i o n .
This f i n a l recommendation ,was e x p la in e d as n e c e s s a ry because many e n t i t ­
i e s now g iv e t r a i n i n g but d o , i t in d e p e n d e n tly from each o t h e r , th u s r e ­
s u l t i n g in. d u p l i c a t i o n .and o f te n i l l o g i c a l . o r d e r .
I n . s p e c if y in g .a b o u t
o f f e r i n g s c h o la r s h ip s (T a b le . 27- A ) , .most re sp o n d en ts su g g e s te d o f f e r i n g
them f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n n e l t o s h o r t and p o s tg ra d u a te c o u r s e s , , in
.th a t.o rd e r.
Only n in e asked f o r s c h o la r s h ip s f o r le a d e r s and s e v e n .f o r
" c o o r d in a t io n of e x i s t i n g .s c h o la r s h ip programs" and " f in a n c i n g t r i p s to
i n t e r n a t i o n a l , m e e t i n g s ."
The la c k of. r e f e r e n c e s t o f a c i l i t a t e youth work was i n d i c a t e d as an
immediate n eed .
The o f f i c i a l s f e l t t h a t more s h o u ld .b e a v a i l a b l e in
t h e i r languages and asked t h a t th e y be d i r e c t l y p ro v id ed ..o r an in te rc h a n g e
•of e x i s t i n g .m a te r ia ls b e , o rg a n iz ed among th e c o u n tr ie s
(Table 2 8 -A ).
The
n a t i o n a l . o f f i c e s u s u a l l y had a good r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r y b u t were o fte n un­
a b le t o a d a p t , . - t r a n s l a t e , . o r p u b lis h m a t e r i a l s i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s
f o r f i e l d p e r s o n n e l.
55
. The only sh arp d iv is io n ..o f o p in io n .among t h e . o f f i c i a l s . d e v e l o p e d con­
c e rn in g , t o u r s .a n d exchanges (Table 29-A ). .While 1 9. s u g g e s tio n s were made
t o o rg a n iz e i n t e r n a t i o n a l ex ch an g es, 18 were j u s t as s k e p t i c a l of t h i s
f u n c t i o n , s t a t i n g t h a t th e y were of l i m i t e d v a l u e , . to o e x p e n s i v e , . or t h a t
o th e r program item s w e r e .o f g r e a t e r im p o rta n c e .
The a d v is o r y committee,
t o th e In te r-A m erica n R u ral Youth Program c o n sid e re d t h i s same q u e stio n
in l a t e 1961 and unanimously recommended t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchanges be.
r e l e g a t e d t o a. p o s i t i o n ,of- l e s s e r program a c t i v i t y t h a n , t r a i n i n g .
They
f u r t h e r , recommended t h a t t h e . e f f e c t s of an -experim ental program now oper. a t i n g in C e n tr a l America.be thoroughly, s t u d i e d b e fo re e x te n d in g i t to
-o th e r c o u n tr ie s (3 8 ).
■Properly rew arding o u ts ta n d in g ,e ffo rt-w a s n o ted as a n e c e s s a ry p ro ­
gram .item by many youth group o f f i c i a l s and I 5 su g g este d t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n ­
a l re c o g n itio n , .be o rg a n iz e d (Table 3 0 -A ).
Some s p e c i f i e d th e ty p e s of
r e c o g n i t i o n .d e s ir e d ,.m e n tio n in g economic re m u n e ra tio n .most o f te n .
Pub­
l i c i t y f o r r u r a l . y o u t h . w o r k w a s.th o u g h t b e s t handled th rough an I n t e r American. magazine and an i n t e r n a t i o n a l In fo rm a tio n s e r v i c e (Table. 31-A ).
.The 'Ford F o u n d a tio n :h a s r e c e n t l y expanded i t s r u r a l youth yearbook (28)
t o e d i t i o n s and supplem ents in .S p a n is h .a n d Portuguese as w e ll as E n g lis h .
O b tain in g symbolic c l u b . m a t e r i a l s i s o f t e n a problem f o r s m a l l . o rg a n iz ­
a t i o n s a n d .th e tw o - c h ie f s u g g e s tio n s c o n ce rn in g t h i s p o s s i b l e . function,
were t o . o r g a n i z e an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e r v i c e or t o h e lp in.som e way t o r e ­
duce xth e cost, of such m a t e r i a l s
s e r v i c e u n n e c e s sa ry .
(Table 3 2 -A ). '.Five c o n s id e re d such a
56
Only a few c o u n tr ie s h a v e .s o -f£r ,o rg an ized n a t i o n a l committees or
fo u n d a tio n s t o f o r w a r d . r u r a l .youth work.- .Mexico, El S a lv a d o r, Costa
R ic a , V enezuela, B r a z i l , . P e r u , . Paraguay, U ruguay,.and C h ile have r e c e n t l y
formed such e n t i t i e s a n d , . o f c o u r s e , . P u e rto Rico - p a r t i c i p a t e s i n th e US
N a tio n a l Committee f o r Boys and G ir ls Club Work and th e N a tio n a l 4 - H Club
F o u n d a tio n . .Thirteen, d i r e c t o r s of th e s tu d ie d programs ask ed f o r inform ­
a t i o n . a b o u t form ing such groups and 1 2 - e x p re ss e d th e need f o r te c h n i c a l
■ assistan ce in .forming ,them (Table 35--A) •
To sum up th e needs of th e p r o g r a m s .a s .s e e n ,b y t h e . o f f i c i a l s , . econ. omic re s o u r c e s c u r t a i l much of t h e . advancement b e lie v e d p o s s i b l e .
Pro­
f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n n e l and v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s a r e needed by p r a c t i c a l l y every
program .and .most, club movements f e e l th e s e c an .b e se c u re d i f o th e r prob­
lems were le s s e n e d . .Most of th e programs d e c la r e d a s s i s t a n c e to -b e nec^
e ss a ry . w ith t r a i n i n g , . p u b l i c i t y , . r e c o g n i t i o n , m a t e r i a l s ,. and .the fo rm atio n
of n a tio n a l.c o m m itte e s o r f o u n d a t i o n s .
CHAPTER V
MEMBERS' IMAGES OF CLUB ACTIVITIES
Why yo u th s j o i n .a clu b and why th e y c o n tin u e t o work in i t or r e s ig n
from th e c lu b , i s of v i t a l im portance t o p erso n s working w ith th e se o r ­
g a n iz a tio n s.
R ural youth programs a re d e s t i n e d t o educate r u r a l youth
and u n le s s th e young people a r e t h e r e t o r e c e iv e th e b e n e f i t s , edu/"
c a ti o n and r e s u l t a n t p r o g r e s s cannot be a c h ie v e d . .K r e itlo w , P i e r c e ,
and M id d le to n ,, in Who J o in s 4-H Clubs (4 6 ), s t a t e d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t
th o s e who jo i n a re th o s e who h o ld a f a v o r a b le image of th e club and t h a t
t h i s image must c o n ta in th e element of o p p o rtu n ity f o r p e r s o n a l aggran­
dizem ent .
To determ in e th e images h e ld by members, 115 boys and g i r l s
( 65 ^) of s i x clu b s in f o u r c o u n tr ie s were in te rv ie w e d .
This c h a p te r ex­
p l a i n s th e image concept and p r e s e n t s th e f in d i n g s from th e i n t e r v i e w s .
D e f i n i t i o n of th e Image Concept
The image of a program i s th e t o t a l - p ic tu r e h e ld in a p e r s o n 's mind
or th e t o t a l p e r c e p tio n he has of t h a t p r o g r a m P a l m e s
(64) d e fin e d i t
as th e t o t a l i t y of what we remember"of p re v io u s s e n s o r i a l p e r c e p t i o n s ,
th e meaning g iv e n t o them, and t h e accompanying or r e s u l t a n t em otions.
Image may be both conscious and u n c o n sc io u s; i t i s always i n d iv id u a l but
i s in p a r t s o c i a l l y d i c t a t e d .
I t i s d e r iv e d from e x p e rie n c e s r e l a t e d to
th e program which may be in th e form of d i r e c t p h y s ic a l c o n t a c t , c o n ta c t
w ith s i m i l a r p ro g ram s, . or i n d i r e c t c o n ta c t through th e e x p e rie n c e s of
I Many
atmosphere
situ a tio n s
image, see
terms a re used f o r e s s e n t i a l l y th e same c o n c e p t: imagery ( 5 1 ),
e f f e c t ( 3 5 ), i n t e g r a t e d p e r c e p tio n (7 1 ), c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n of
(7 6 ), mnemonic r e p r e s e n ta tio n . 978). For o th e r s t u d i e s on
A lers-M ontalvo (2) and Jones (40) .
58
o th e rs.
O rg a n iz a tio n s a re c o m p licated and b e s id e s .th e t o t a l program .Image,
s e p a r a te images w i l l be b u i l t up -of th e p e r s o n n e l, th e o th e r members,
. th e a c t i v i t i e s , .and th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s p l a c e , r o l e . a n d s t a t u s , w ith in each
f a c e t . of th e p ro g ram .
A t t i t u d e s d e riv e d from th e im ages, , such as p e r ­
s o n a l conduct in .an o r g a n i z a t i o n , . th e d e c is io n .to -rem ain a. member or
q u i t , w hether t o p a r t i c i p a t e or n o t . i n . a n . a c t i v i t y , depend upon two c r i ­
t e r i a : : w hether s t a t u s w ith o th e rs i s t h r e a t e n e d and w hether p e rs o n a l im­
provement can .b e e x p ected ( 1 0 ).
S ta tu s may not n e c e s s a r i l y be sought.among th o se, i n d i v i d u a l s f ix e d
by a d u lt s t a n d a r d s ; . they, may be p a r e n t s , . c e r t a i n o th e r clu b members, . th e
o t h e r . s e x , or th e p e r s o n , i n . c h a r g e , depending upon -the im portance th e club
. member has p la c e d on th e p erso n or p e rso n s
P e rso n a l improvement, borne-
tim es c a l l e d th e development of c r e a t i v i t y , i s seen .as an o p p o rtu n ity t o
- e n j o y , . t o - l e a r n , . t o - a c c o m p l i s h , . t o g a i n , . or t o enhance . s t a t u s w ith o th e rs
(8 5) .
I t fo llo w s th e n t h a t a s t u d y . o f . o n l y th e s t r u c t u r e . o f . an o r g a n iz a tio n
and of o f f i c i a l s ' o p in io n s of i t does not complete th e p i c t u r e .
Two.other
phases can be s t u d i e d : . th e im p a c t.o f th e program and th e members' images
of th e p ro g ram .
Im p a c t,as a pure s tu d y in v o lv e s b e fo re and a f t e r r e s e a r c h
so as t o m e a s u re .c h a n g e .
.d y .
This phase was n o t p o s s ib le i n . t h e p r e s e n t -s tu -
The s e c o n d ,.h o w e v e r,.w a s .a tte m p te d -and th e images of 115 members a re
p r e s e n te d as th e y r e p o r te d .o n th e o b je c tiv e s -, . a c t i v i t i e s ,. b e n e f i t s to
th e m s e lv e s , . and p e rs o n n e l a d v i s i n g , t h e i r c l u b s .
So .th a t th e o p in io n s of
the.members c an .b e a s s e s s e d p r o p e r l y , . some. c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - of th e group
59
a r e in c lu d e d as an i n t r o d u c t i o n .
■Some C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e Clubs and Members
Of th e 115 members .whos'e program images were, s t u d i e d , ■55 were boys-.
Only 18 (34$) wanted t o be farm ers w h en.they grew up.and I? o f . t h e s e i n ­
d i v i d u a l s were from one c l u b .
The o th e r d e s i r e d p r o f e s s i o n s w ere:.m e­
ch an ic (26 %), te a c h e r ( 2 1 ^ ) , . e n g in e e r (15$)> and o th e rs (4 $ ).
No.boy
over 13 y e a r s of age a s p i r e d t o , b e a fa rm e r alth o u g h f o u r th o u g h t th ey
might not a ch ie v e t h e i r f i r s t choice and would have t o fo llo w a g r i c u l ­
tu re .
.The 62 in te rv ie w e d g i r l s d i s t r i b u t e d t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l p r e f e r ­
e n c e s . a s : s e a m s tre s s ( 6 l $ ) t e a c h e r ( 29 $ ) , .homemaker ( 6 $ ) , , and o th e r
(4 $ ).
Some 72$ named homemaker as second c h o ic e .
Although th e c lu b s.w e re open t o anyone between th e ages of 1 0 .and
2 1 , , only one club had members over 16 and .two- clu b s had no.members over
14.
Five of th e s i x clu b s were le a d by r u r a l sch o o l te a c h e r s and met in
th e sch o o l b u i l d i n g .
The s i x t h grqup had a club house of i t s own i n which
t o .m e e t.
The s t a f f doing th e in te r v ie w in g v i s i t e d only 64$.o f th e , h o m e s t h e
r e s t of th e members were in te rv ie w e d a t sch o o l or a t a club m eetin g .
The members of one club l i v e d in a v ery poor a g r i c u l t u r a l ,zone and not
one farm exceeded t h r e e a c r e s .
The houses were, c o n s tr u c te d of cane or
rough lumber and.w ere m o s tly .w ith o u t f l o o r s .
f o o t except t h r e e .
A l l . t h e members were b a r e ­
N e v e r t h e l e s s e v e r y member showed a p r o j e c t , m o s t of
which were w orthw hile economic or home improvement e n t e r p r i s e s .
A ll o th e r clu b s were l o c a t e d in . f a i r t o poor a g r i c u l t u r a l zones bu t
showed l e s s p o v e rty than, th e one d e s c r ib e d .
.While none of th e f i v e demon­
.60
s t r a t e d as much en th u siasm and a c t i v i t y as th e . ' f i r s t s o m e members in
e v ery club e x h i b i t e d p r id e i n . h i s and th e c l u b 's accom plishm ents.
Al­
th o u g h .a few e x c e l l e n t p r o j e c t s were s e e n , . some .'members could show no
p r o j e c t a t a l l . and..some had only s m a l l . o n e s . such .as a p a r t .in a school
g a r d e n , , embroidery, work, or j e l l y making.
Some. of th e b e t t e r p r o j e c t s
in c lu d e d p l o t s of h y b r i d . c o r n , a . t h r i v i n g r a b b i t e n t e r p r i s e , , a _ h a l f a c r e of v e g e t a b l e s , food p r e s e r v a t i o n , a n d , m a n y w o rth w h ile . home g a rr
d e n s . . In one clu b a mute boy had a p l a n t n u r s e r y .
Members' Images of th e Club Program
The members' images of th e. club program were conceived as .having
th ree p r in c ip a l.a s p e c ts :
1. The o b j e c t i v e s of th e program
2 . The a t t r a c t i o n of th e program f o r members
3 . . Members' views of th e v a rio u s a c t i v i t i e s . .
None. of t h e s e . i s c o m p letely independent of "the o t h e r s ; .some mutual r e ­
l a t i o n s h i p s p ro b a b ly always e x i s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y between a t t r a c t i o n s and
a c tiv itie s.
Gates (3 3 ), Lacy ( 4 9 ) , . Willman ( 8 6 ), Rogers ( 6 9 ) , and N elson, Ram­
sey a n d .V erner ( 5 9 ) h a v e . a l l s t r e s s e d th e e d u c a tio n a l.im p o rta n c e of know­
in g what a .p ro g ra m .e x p e c te d t o accom plish and th e a cc e p tan c e of a t . l e a s t
some. p a r t of th e program as p e rs o n a l g o a l s .
They have concluded t h a t
.w ith o u t t h i s u n d e rs ta n d in g and a c c e p ta n c e , . i n t e r e s t and p a r t i c i p a t i o n
w i l l be s h o r t l i v e d and th e p r o j e c t doomed t o f a i l u r e . ^
I Examples of th e need t o u n d e rs ta n d th e program a re Holmberg (35),
Pucara case in. .A lers-M ontalvo (3 ), Cimarron in Arce and.M orales ( 6 ).
6i
In th e p r e s e n t s t u d y , , only $ 4 ^ ,g iv e an o p in io n .a s t o what w e re .th e
p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e s of th e c l u b ; . th e o t h e r -46$ .was composed e n t i r e l y
of '10-13 y e a r o l d s .
Of th o s e who gave an a n s w e r ,. most s t a t e d th e O bject­
iv e s in terms, of p e r s o n a l improvement or le a r n in g something u s e f u l .
A
few m entioned community improvement.and one saw th e program as one of
so c ia l a c tiv ity .
Table 34 in c lu d e s th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e . o p in io n s . on
o b je ctiv es.
.TABLE 34. FREQUENCY OF OPINIONS ON .CLUB -OBJECTIVES .ACCORDING TO SEX AND
AGE GROUPS OF MEMBERS
Number of M entions. bya
O b je ctiv es
. Boys'
10--13
G ir ls
14-21
■10-13
14-21
I , . Community improvement
3
4
4
■ 5
2 . P e rso n a l .■improvement
4
0
■4
3
12
12 '
10
,10
4 , C areer o th e r than, farm
or home
.2
0
,4
0
5 . S o c ia l-a c tiv ity
0
.0
' .1 6
0
'21
0
37
. 16
44
■18
3 . . U s e f u l . l e a r n i n g f o r farm
or hqme '
6 . Did n o t .know
TOTAL
I _
0
A. t o t a l , of 1 1 5 ,members ( 65 $) from s i x . c l u b s were in te r v ie w e d .
The members,' re a so n s f o r j o i n i n g th e club a re l i s t e d - in .Table 35 and
i t sh o u ld be n o te d t h a t th e s e d id no t always c o in c id e w ith th e o b j e c t i v e s .
For exam ple, . n o .one s a i d he j o i n e d ' t o improve th e community and th e l a r g e s t
62
g ro u p , . 4 8 ^ , .became members t o , l e a r n or o th e rw ise Improve th e m s e lv e s .
Twenty m em b ers,. I n c lu d in g n e a r ly h a l f of th o s e 14 a n d .o v e r , hoped .to
.
*
•
?
le a r n something th a t.w o u ld le a d t o , c a r e e r s away from th e home or farm .
Twenty jo in e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o be w ith t h e i r companions and 10 ,more f o r
g e n e r a l s o c i a l a c t i v i t y . . Only f i v e m a n ife s te d p a r e n t a l or te a c h e r p r e s ­
s u re a s . t h e re a so n f o r a s s o c i a t i o n w ith th e c l u b .
. TABLE ;35- FREQUENCY OF OPINIONS.ON REASONS FOR JOINING CLUB ACCORDING
TO SEX AND AGE .GROUPS OF MEMBERS
Number of Mentions by:
O b je c tiv e s
Boys
10-13
G ir ls
14-21
10-13
1,4-21
I . Community improvement
0
0
Q
0
2 .. • P e rs o n a l improvement
8
■2
4
3
16
6
. 18
5
4 . C areer o th e r th a n farm
or. home
0
.8
6
6
'5. S o c ia l, a c t i v i t y
3 '
0
7
,0
6 ,. Adult p r e s s u r e
2
0
3
0
7 . Companionship
.8
0
6
4
37
.' 16
44
18
3. U sefu l le a r n i n g f o r farm
or home
TOTAL
Examining .the o p in io n s on club a c t i v i t i e s , . most were " l i k e d
much" or "somewhat,"
very
I t can .b e n o t e d . i n Tablp $6 t h a t th e two most popu­
l a r a c t i v i t i e s were i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s and r e c r e a t i o n . . Only t w o , . c o l.- I e c t i y e p r o j e c t s a n d .c o m p e titi o n s , sh o w ed .ten d en cies tow ard la c k of fa v o r
63
and th e s e were not s tro n g .
I t should .be o b s e r v e d ,. however, . t h a t no p ro ­
gram a c t i v i t y was u n i v e r s a l l y a p p r e c i a t e d .
•TABLE ,36. .MEMBER RATINGS ..ON-DEGREE OF APPRECIATION OF VARIOUS CLUB
ACTIVITIES
Degree of A p p re c ia tio n
A c tiv ity
Liked..
v ery much
Liked
somewhat
Unde­
cided
Liked
little
Not p a r t i c i ­
p a te d
I . .Meetings
74
23
.4
14
0
2 . R e c re a tio n
.86
. 14
0
15
0
p ro je c ts
92
7
4
12. .
0
4 . . C o lle c ti v e
p ro je c ts '
23
■44
21
17
10
5 . . F a irs
52
31
0
I
. 31
6 . ,C om petitions
37
29
20
13
16
7 . .Conventions
33
'27
2
.1 1
142
8 . Achievement day
66
30
,4
4
11
3 . . I n d iv i d u a l
Members' Images
of
P e rs o n a l B e n e f it s .f r o m th e Program
I f a program i s p r o p e r ly .d e s ig n e d and e x e c u t e d , . p a r t i c i p a n t s should
f e e l t h a t . t h e y , have g a in ed something tow ard.w hat th e y needed and, e x p e c te d .
Some c o n c re te a c q u i s i t i o n s should be n o te d .b y th e members. . I f n o t, even,
younger c h i l d r e n , a r e u n l i k e l y t o . v o l u n t a r i l y remain (53,- 5 7 » - 8 l ) .
To a s -
e r t a i n w hether th e in te rv ie w e d members were conscious , of ha/ving ,accom-,
■l i s h e d a n y th in g , each was ask ed t o name what he had le a r n e d through th e
. c lu b -a n d i f he h a d . d i r e c t l y used any of th e s e s k i l l s . o r knowledge on ,his
64
farm or In h i s home.
Every member -was a b le
and a few made long l i s t s .
t o name.something
le a r n e d
Fewer a p p l i c a t i o n s pf s k i l l s were mentioned
b u t every in te rv ie w e e could name a t l e a s t one ite m .
Asked t o r a t e th e u s e f u ln e s s of th e club-program f o r th e m s e lv e s ,
.44^ d e c la r e d "much," 46^ ."some," and IO^ " l i t t l e . " ' Table' 3 7 . i s a tabu^
l a t i o n of t h e i r r e p l i e s ..
None co m p letely n e g a te d club u t i l i t y .
Boys
and g i r l s 14 t o 2 1 .y e a r s o ld r a t e d th e program -low er th an d id th o se
y o u n g e r.
TABLE 37-PROGRAM
FREQUENCY OF MEMBERS' OPINIONS AS TO THE-USEFULNESS OF CLUB
' G ir ls
Boys
Degree o f U sefulnes.
■10-13
■14-21
10-13
14-21
I . Much
18
2
26
5
2 . Some
15
9
18
11
0
,2
0
3. L i t t l e
4
5 -
4 . None
o
0
0
37
1.6
44
TOTAL
.
18 .
To a d i r e c t q u e s tio n as t o w hether th e club had p ro v id e d what was
needed and e x p e c te d , 6 $..Answered " y e s , " 34 s a i d "in. p a r t , " and 11 d e c la re d
"no" (Table 3 8 ).
As in. th e c a s e - o f a p p r e c i a t i o n ,of - a c t i v i t i e s , and p ro ­
gram -.u se fu ln e ss, th e younger members..were more s a t i s f i e d th a n - t h e o ld e r
o n e s > :only two- (3 %) of th e young group ..answered no w h ile n in e .(26 $) of
th e o ld e r ones d id .
65
TABLE -38. FREQUENCY OF 'MEMBERS' 1 OPlNldNS AS TO WHETHER TRE .CLUB-HAD-PRO­
VIDED WHAT WAS NEEDED AND .'EXPECTED '
.
Boys
-
G ir ls
Answer
10-13
I . Yes
'1 4 -2 1
10-13
14-21
■28
I
.36
.4
.2 .. In. p a r t
7
9
8
10
3- No
2
6 '
0
4
■37
. 16 .
44
18
TOTAL
Members' Images of the-P rogram P e rso n n e l
C e r t a i n . p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e s t a f f of an o r g a n iz a ti o n can
s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f f e c t th e program image (14, 4 l , , 4 5 ) *
This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
t r u e Whfen;o n l y . one or two p erso n s d i r e c t th e a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e i r i n f l u ­
ence th e n looms g r e a t i n th e t o t a l p i c t u r e .
A .d e te r m in a tio n of th e image
of th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a program i s im p o r ta n t, th e n , in..an. .a n a ly s is of
th a t o rg a n iz atio n .
To d is c o v e r images of p e r s o n n e l,, th e club members in te rv ie w e d i n . t h i s
s tu d y were a s k e d .to -n a m e .th e p e rso n s th e y w o u l d . l i k e . f o r a . t e a c h e r i n . a
p r a c t i c a l c o u rs e -
A s p e c i f i c s u b je c t was named such a s . c o f f e e growing,
.making a bee h i v e , . o r canning b e e t s , d e p e n d i n g . u p o n th e a r e a and th e sex
of th e club-member.
While th e t o t a l number of mentions was about equal
i n , e a c h . c a t e g o r y , . t h e o r e t i c a l l y th e v o lu n ta ry , le a d e r s h o u ld .h a v e been men,
ti o n e d more f r e q u e n t l y t h a n . t h e , o t h e r s and th e t e c h n i c a l , p e rs o n n e l should
have r e c e iv e d more mentions th a n , f o r exam ple, . o t h e r - t e a c h e r s because
th e f i r s t two,were in. charge o f . t h e program .
This was p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e
66
s in c e , s u b j e c t s ,were p ic k e d t h a t bot.h. p r o f e s s i o n a l s and l e a d e r s . h a d t a u g h t .
.C o n s i d e r a b l e . d i f f e r e n c e was-•observed among t h e . c l u b s - a s to-whom was
sele c ted .
C lu b s -D.,and .F, f o r .example,. a l m o s t . completely,, ig n o re d t h e i r d i ­
rectors.- w h ile Club E,,.almost e x c l u s i v e l y chose th e s e p erso n s .
Tjhe. frequen-.
cy, of t h e i r . c h o i c e s I s s h o w n ,in .Tablp 39- •
TABLE. „39. ■EBEQUEMCY .OF' 'MEMBERS’1 CHOICES ,FOR .A TECHNICAL -COURSE TEACHER
Club
-Club pror;
fe ssio n a l
Member1zP r e f e re n c e s a
-V oluntary
T e a c h e rs ,
- lead ers
not l e a d e r s
8
B
■19
.14
C
3
■D-
0
' ,0
-E
26 .
27
F
4
■0
I—I
4.6
ITS
TOTAL,
2-
2 ,
6 ■
12
-6
T
3
9
I—I
•4
CO
,A
Others
,4
, 8
6
'
!•53
' -Al
52
•a The same 115 members-were in te rv ie w e d b u t.th e y . w e re .a llo w e d ..m u ltip le
. '
•
■
■•••••' •
re p lie s.
•A fte r each person.w as named7, . th e .-in te rv ie w e e s were asked,why th ey
chose h i m , . i n o rd e r t o d is c o v e r some of th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e s i r e d . i n
su c h -a t e a c h e r .
Younger children.-of.ten. . h a d ,.d if f ic u lty in.^answering but
those- over 14. u s u a lly , mentioned th re e , dr more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . .
Those
■6?
q u a l i t i e s named w e re , . in ..o rd e r of freq u e n cy , of mention.1 :
1. Good te a c h e r
2. Knows-, th e s u b je c t
3.. Nice perso n
4 . -Wants t o h e lp
5 --P atien t
N o -a p p re c ia b le d i f f e r e n c e was n o ted among th e v a rio u s c l u b s . a s t o th e
q u a litie s lis te d .
Many c h ild ren , named both "g,q6 d te a c h e r " and "knows
th e s u b j e c t , " a p p a r e n tly d i s c r i m i n a t i n g betw een .p e d ag o g ic a l.an d t e c h n i c ­
a l .knowledge.
.C o n sid e rin g a l l th e f a c t o r s i n v e s t i g a t e d , . th e o v e r a l l image appears
t o be fa v o r a b le of both th e club p r o f e s s i o n a l s .and th e v o lu n ta ry , l e a d e r s .
This
is
tru e ,
. t o o , , w ith t h e . g e n e r a l l y fa v o r a b le o p in io n s on t h e pro?,
gram and-on th e in d i v i d u a l a c t i v i t i e s .
The programs a p p a r e n tly , a re more
a t t r a c t i v e t o -younger c h ild r e n , t h a n , t o .oldeir ones a n d , t h i s may. in p a r t . b e
.a r e f l e c t i o n of t h e i r y e a rn in g s t o le av e th e r u r a l a re a s and f i n d o th e r
. o c cu p atio n s.
Summarizing th e s t u d y . o f members' o p in io n s on t h e program, f i v e
m ajor p o in ts sh o u ld be em phasized. .To l e a r n something u s e f u l
f o r farm
and home, . companionship a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s , p e r s o n a l ,improvement, and
t o - advance toward an ,.urban .c a r e e r w ere, in, o rd e r of fre q u e n c y , th e p r i n ­
c i p a l reaso n s, why members jo in e d t h e . c lu b s
I n d iv i d u a l p r o j e c t s and
^In a m a sters stu d y by th e a u th o r ( 4 0 ) , .w ith a g ro u p .o f bpys 15 to
23 y e a r s o ld , th e fo llo w in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were nam ed,. i n . :o r d e r : .-knows
c o f f e e , h a r d . w o r k e r , good t e a c h e r , . i n t e l l i g e n t , ,h o n o ra b le , knows the
p e o p le , "good g u y ," p r a c t i c a l , . w a n t s t o . h e l p , . k e e p s h i s w ord, d o e s n 't
a c t s u p e r i o r . Nye ( 6 2 ) '-rep o rted a . s i m i l a r l i s t but w ith " c o o p e ra tiv e "
in. second p l a c e .
68
re c re a tio n ..w e re th e most fa v o re d c l u b . a c t i v i t i e s w hile c o l l e c t i v e p ro ­
j e c t s and .co m p etitio n s-w ere, lik ed - l e a s t .
.had b e e n . u s e f u l t o them.
About, 90%..thought th e program
Boys and g i r l s -14 and o ld e r were more c r i t i c a l
of th e r u r a l . y o u t h o r g a n iz a ti o n .than.w ere younger o n e s ..
Club p r o f e s ­
s i o n a l s , v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s , . t e a c h e r s , . and o t h e r s ■in th e community were
about e q u a lly .c h o s e n as p r e f e r r e d p e rso n s t o g iv e a t e c h n i c a l course
t o club members.
/
CHAPTER V I
SUMMARY,. CONCLUSIONS, AND'RECOMMENDATIONS
".The c e n t r a l problem f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h w a s:
To s tu d y th e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s between .some so cio -eco n o m ic:n eed s o f . r u r a l . y o u t h and th e f u n c tio n ■
Ihg of e x i s t i n g , r u r a l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s i n th e Americas.
P e rso n a l
in te rv ie w s w ith g u id in g q u e s ti o n n a ir e s were used t o g a th e r in fo rm atio n
on socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s and .youth .o r g a n iz a tio n s from t h e . o f f i c i a l s
■of h e a l t h , . a g r i c u l t u r e , home econom ics, and r u r a l youth a g e n c ie s i n ..a l l
th e p o l i t i c a l u n i t s of th e Americas except th e U nited S t a t e s and Canada.
. W ithin .th e se p o l i t i c a l . u n i t s , th e g e n e r a l f u n c tio n in g o f -49 - r u r a l youth
programs.was s t u d i e d . . The members, o f . s i x clu b s in f o u r c o u n t r i e s were
in te rv ie w e d , t o ■determ in e t h e i r opinions, on .the club p ro g ram s.
The f i n d i n g s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . a r e summarized In t h i s . c h a p t e r .
The summary i s th e n fo llo w e d by th e c o n c lu s io n s and recommendations.
• Summary
The. summary i s d iv id e d in t o 't w o s e c t i o n s because o f . t h e e x te n t of
th e f i n d i n g s .
The f i r s t s e c t i o n , Some Socio-Economic Needs,. b r i e f l y
l i s t s th e p r i n c i p a l problems f a c i n g r u r a l y o u th .
The second s e c t i o n ,
.Nature of . t h e -49 .Rural Youth P r o g r a m s ,.is a s h o r t d e s c r ip ti o n - .o f the
. r u r a l yo u th o r g a n iz a ti o n s and t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n g .
Some Socio-Economic Needs
One of th e most p re s s in g , problems a f f e c t i n g r u r a l yo u th i s th e heavy
c o m p e titio n for- farm la n d .
While th e .average p opulation, d e n s i t y i s only
•1 0 .p e r sq u are k i l o m e t e r , .th e C a r ib b e a n .is la n d s and El S a lv a d o r a l l . h a v e
70
more th a n 120.-per sq u are k i l o m e t e r . .Because t h e r e i s r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e
a r a b l e !a rid ,, th e e f f e c t i v e d e n sity , of m o s t. c o u n tr ie s is a p r e s s i n g prob­
lem.
Poor la n d d i s t r i b u t i o n i s c h ro n ic ; • l a tif u n d iu m ,,m in if u n d iu m ,.and
com binations of b o t h , m a k e farm ing as a v o c a tio n f o r youth d i f f i c u l t or
n e a r l y im p o ssib le in some c o u n t r i e s .
•Rural youth a re handicapped by th e la c k o f e d u c a tio n when, .they seek
non-farm employment.
The a v erag e l i t e r a c y r a t e v a r i e s from 11# to 87 # in
th e 28 c o u n t r i e s and th e r a t e in. th e r u r a l a r e a s i s even lo w e r.
The p e r ­
cen tag e of l i t e r a c y shows a c lo s e c o r e l a t ion.'w ith th e p e rc e n ta g e r u r a l
and th e p e rc e n ta g e now e n r o lle d , in. s c h o o l.
Only 3 8 . 2 # -of th o s e from 7
t o 19 y e a r s o f age a tte n d e d sch o o l i n i 9 6 0 .and only about 10 # w ill.c o m ­
p l e t e p rim ary s c h o o l .
Rural, l i v i n g i n . t h e 28 .c o u n tr ie s i s d i f f i c u l t and th e main problems
f a c in g r u r a l youth were s t a t e d as u n s a t i s f a c t o r y fa m ily r e l a t i o n s , mal­
n u t r i t i o n , . and la c k of economic r e s o u r c e s .
P a r a s i t e s , poor h y g ie n e ,.a n d
many in fe e tu p u s d is e a s e s .plague th e .p o p u la c e . . General s a n i t a t i o n i s
r a t e d as d e f i c i e n t or bad by co u n try a u t h o r i t i e s . ■-The house and i t s f u r ­
n is h in g s a r e g e n e r a l l y d e s c r ib e d as in a d e q u a te .
.While fo o d s c a r c i t y i s
r e p o r t e d by only one n a t i o n , . a s h o rta g e -of p r o t e i n s , v ita m in s , and.min­
e r a l s i s e n co u n te re d in. a l l .
Homemakers 1 knowledge and s k i l l s a re judged
•as f a i r t o .very d e f i c i e n t .
Nature of th e 49 R ural Youth Programs
The seco n d .m ajo r p a r t of th e problem was t o stu d y th e e x i s t i n g r u r a l
youth programs and t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n g .
The 49 p ro g ra m s.w e re . c l a s s i f i e d in
71
f o u r ty p e s ; 4 -H ,-p rim a ry sch o o l c l u b s v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n , . and cooper­
a tiv e s .
School clubs.m ake up about 45$,.-of th e t o t a l membership of r u r a l
youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s and,4-H w a s ■th e second l a r g e s t g ro u p .
The total.m em ­
b e r s h ip was 2 2 9 ,5 1 2 in. i 960 .which comprised about 0 . 8 $ of th e e l i g i b l e
youth p o p u latio n -, ■ T h irty r-s i x .programs s p e n t.a b o u t f i v e m illio n , d o l l a r s in
. i 9 6 0 . f o r an. average of $ 2 1 .6 7 p e r m em b er,,h ig h er th an th e e s tim a te d $1 5 .0 0
f o r US members.
School clu b s u s u a l l y sp en t th e l e a s t p e r member, as low
as $ 0 . 3 8 , v o c a ti o n a l .the most, up t o $ 1 5 8 . 7 3 , and 4-H in. b e tw e e n .
Ven­
e z u e l a 's $302.94 p e r 5-V p a r t i c i p a n t was th e h ig h e s t of a l l th e programs ,
F iv e s o c i a l , . e d u c a tio n a l, and economic o b j e c t iv e s were u n iv e r s a l
w ith a l l 49 r u r a l youth o r g a n i z a t i o n s . . These were:
1. To a c q u ir e farm in g and home s k i l l s and,knowledge.
2 . To f o s t e r cooperation, and community developm ent.
3« To ,develop b e t t e r c i t i z e n s .
4 . To make wise use of l e i s u r e time'.
5 . To f o s t e r a f a v o r a b le a t t i t u d e toward p r o g r e s s .
"L earning by doing" was emphasized-among th e employed methods of l e c t u r e s ,
d e m o n s tra tio n s , w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s , s u p e r v is e d p r a c t i c e , shop .or k i tc h e n
and l a b o r a t o r y work, and home and farm p r o j e c t s . .The l a t t e r were c o n s id e r ­
ed d i f f i c u l t f o r many club members because of th e c o s t in v o lv e d and so a re
no t r i g i d l y r e q u i r e d .
M i n i s t r i e s of a g r i c u l t u r e or e d u c a t i o n 1'a re most f r e q u e n t l y th e spon­
s o r in g ,ag en cies of r u r a l youth work.
E x te n s io n s e r v ic e s and a g r i c u l t u r a l
education, d ep artm en ts g e n e r a l l y a re th e d i r e c t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of r u r a l
youth p ro g ra m s.
In. th e s tu d y of th e p e rs o n n e l of th e r u r a l youth p ro g ram s, eighteen.
■72
o r g a n iz a ti o n s r e p o r t e d u s in g ,a n average of 0 .1 1 professional..m an-ryears
p e r member but th e am ount.v a r i e d from .003 i n . P u e r t o Rico t o .055 in
A r g e n tin a .
A m a jo r ity of th e te c h n i c i a n s .:are v o c a ti o n a l -school gradu­
a t e s ; , o th e r s v ary from p rim ary t o u n i v e r s i t y , p o s t g r a d u a t e s .
v e r s i t y g ra d u a te s a re on th e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f s .
Most uni­
Comparisons w ith
p re v io u s s t u d i e s in d ic a te ' t h a t e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l s o f . p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f s
. have not ris e n , a p p r e c ia b ly in r e c e n t y e a r s . •
N early a l l youth, .movements r e p o r t e d some degree of use of v o lu n ta ry
lead ers.
The av erag e ■l e a d e r s - t o - c l u b s . r a t i o was.-4 t o ^ l , .h ig h e r than f o r
th e US., ,The h i g h e s t re p o rts ,d was, 10 t o I a n d .th e low est was l / 3 t o . I .
P r e - S e rv ic e and i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g .fo r p r o f e s s i o n a l s was o f f e r e d
,by. 90 % of th e in fo rm in g ,g ro u p s ^n i 9 6 0 , and .57 % gave some i n s t r u c t i o n . t o
,v o lu n ta r y le a d e r s .
V o c a tio n a l 0 dueat ion. u s u a l l y p ro v id e d more d a y s-o f
c l a s s e s f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s t h a n d id th e o t h e r . t y p e s bu t U ruguay's school
-Club program devoted 66 days 'to -the t a s k . . O f f i c i a l s o f t e n , u r g e n t l y . r e ­
q u e ste d a s s i s t a n c e w ith t r a i n i n g b u t i n . l i s t i n g items l i m i t i n g program
p r o g r e s s , , n o t one i n c l u d e d ,th e la c k of t r a i n i n g
■Functional, l i m i t a t i o n s o f th e programs most o f te n -epoounterod ,were
th e l a c k .of economic r e s o u r c e s , p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n n e l , . a n d . v o l u n t a r y
l e a d e r s . . I t w a s . f e l t t h a t i n t e r e s t cou^d b eg t be s tim u la te d in th e gen­
e r a l p u b lic and p o t e n t i a l members through mass c o m m u n ic atio n s.m e d ia ;.in
.p re s e n t members by economic h e lp , i n t e r e s t i n g programs, r e c o g n i t i o n ,
Ad­
d i t i o n a l . a s s i s t a n c e n e c e s s a ry t o e f f e c t i v e l y reach most of th e young, people
w a s .$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , . 9 ,0 0 0 p r o f e s s i o n a l s , and 7 2 ,0 0 0 v o l u n t a r y . l e a d e r s .
73
Gf 115 interviewed...members .of s i x c lu b s i n fo u r c o u n t r i e s , . 40^ .ex­
p r e s s e d i n t e r e s t i n farm ing or homemaking .as an ,o c cu p a tio n .
G ir ls p r e ­
f e r r e d t o .be seam stresses- o r te a c h e r s . a n d b o y s , .mechanics, o r t e a c h e r s .
.Boys made u p "46$, of th e sample a n d .o n ly 28$,-of th e in te rv ie w ee s, were
o v e r ■15 y e a r s of age .even though . t h e . e l i g i b l e b ra c k e t.w a s 10 t o 21, -Five
clubs, were l e d ,b y r u r a l p rim ary sch o o l te a c h e r s , and a i l Six ..w ere-located
in .from f a i r - to - p o o r a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s .
In d e te rm in in g ,the members' images o f t h e i r club p r o g r a m s , . i t was
d is c o v e re d t h a t 46$ .did no t l i s t a p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i v e . f o r t h e i r c lu b . '
.Of th o s e who ..did a n sw e r,. most th o u g h t i t was- t d - le a rn , something u s e f u l
.and '48$ s a i d th e y jo in e d f o r t h a t . r e a s o n .
Tw enty.m em bers.joined s p e c i f ­
i c a l l y t o h e lp th em selves tow ard a c a r e e r away from th e r u r a l a re a s and
.28 jo in e d because, of companions,-or s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s .
I n d iv i d u a l p ro ­
j e c t s . a n d . r e c r e a t i o n were th e most p o p u la r of th e club a c t i v i t i e s now
b e in g c o n d u c t e d ; . c o l l e c t i v e p r o j e c t s a n d .c o m p e titio n s were th e l e a s t
,p o p u la r.
, In .an. open, question, as t o whom th e y would l i k e t o te a c h .a t e c h n i c a l •
c o u rs e , club p r o f e s s i o n a l s , .v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s , and .te a c h e rs r e c e iv e d .a-?
bout e q u a l.m e n tio n ..
C o n s i d e r a b l e .d i f f e r e n c e was n o ted among , c l u b s , .w ith
o n e.alm o st e x c l u s i v e l y nam ing.the le a d e r and,.club agent w h ile in. two
c lu b s t h e s e were h a r d ly m entioned. - Q u a l i t i e s d e c la r e d a s - d e s i r e d in th e s e
peo p le w e re , . i n o rd e r o f f r e q u e n c y g o o d .te ac h e r,.k n o w s th e s u b j e c t , n ic e
p e r s o n , . w a n t s . t o h e lp , and p a t i e n t .
74
,Conclusions
'
The. conclusions- p r e s e n te d .in . th is , sectio n ..w ere drawn from th e r e ­
s u l t s ■of' th e .stu d y as. l i s t e d . . i n . C h a p t e r s I I I , IV, and V.,
For c la rity ,
.th e c o n c lu s io n s have been g r o u p e d .in to -tw o p a r t s , R u r a l Youth Needs-.and
R u ral Youth Program Needs-.
■R u ra l Youth Needs
N early 30 m i l l i o n . r u r a l . y o u t h . i n th e s t u d i e d c o u n tr ie s a re a t the
, a g e 1 0 .t o ' 1 9 , w h en.they sh o u ld be . t r a i n e d f o r a d u lt p a r t i c i p a t i o n , . i n
n a tio n a l l i f e .
O nly-30$ of th e s e .y o u n g sters were e n r o l l e d in .any k in d
o f s ch o o l, i r i -1 960 and only 0 . 8 $,,were, members of a r u r a l youth o rg a n iz ­
a tio n .
In te rv ie w e d boys and g f r l s were v i t a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n le a r n in g
something u s e f u l b u t t o . m a n y , .th e n e c e s s a ry f a c i l i t i e s were u n a v a ila b le
IAl
or what was a v a i l a b l e d i d . n o t appear s a t i s f a c t o r y t o youth ( 5 3 , S i , 8 4 ).
A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n a n d . r u r a l incomes were l o w ; . c o n c o m ita n tly ,
•r u r a l l i v i n g ,c o n d itio n s were f r e q u e n tly , in a d eq u a te f o r b a s i c h e a l t h
s t a n d a r d s , . c o m fo rt,- a n d - p e r s o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n .
F arm s.are- a lr e a d y q u ite
sm all a n d i t a p p ears h i g h l y . u n l i k e l y . t h a t . a l l r u r a l youth w i l l be able
t o -remain t h e r e even though a g r i c u l t u r a l - t e c h n i q u e s a re g r e a t l y augmented.
No ,o r g a n i z a t i o n .w as-d isco v ered t o be i n t e n t i o n a l l y p re p a rin g , people f o r
th e t r a n s i t i o n from r u r a l to,urban.- l i f e .
Most of th e c o u n t r i e s a r e e x p e rie n c in g r a p i d economic a n d . s o c i a l
change; b o th w i l l i n c r e a s e . i n .th e f u t u r e . •Even th o u g h -i n d u s t r i a l i z . a t i o n i s b e in g s p e e d ily ' in tr o d u c e d , a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l c o n tin u e t o p la y a
le a d in g r o l e i n th e n a t i o n a l , econom ies.
A ll I O y e l s -of e d u c a tio n ,.p rim a r y
75
s e c o n d a r y , . v o c a t i o n a l , - a n d .u n i v e r s i t y sh o u ld be. improved and a m p lif ie d
r a p i d l y . . I t i s b e lie v e d .th a t r u r a l youth c lu b s c a n .s e rv e w e ll i n h e lp -in g re a c h n a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n a l g o a l s ■because Some clubs a r e producing
re su lts.
T h e ir expansion, sh o u ld keep pace w ith t h a t of o t h e r e d u c a tio n ­
a l forms, i f more clu b s ..can be.made e f f e c t i v e
■Program Needs
There i s :a g r e a t d e a l y e t t o b e . l e a r n e d about a l l phases, of r u r a l
youth, work and a l l a g e n c ie s , p u b l i c , p r i v a t e , . n a t i o n a l , and i n t e r n a t ­
i o n a l , sh o u ld devote c o n s id e ra b le e f f o r t t o t h e . p l a n n i n g , . e x e c u tio n ,
d i f f u s i o n , . a n d a p p l i c a t i o n . o f re s e a rc h ,o n .p ro g ra m s t r u c t u r e , , methods,
-and im p a c t.
. I n . t h e o p in io n of most club o f f ic ia ls -a n d .m e m b e r s * r u r a l y o u th p ro ­
grams a r e no t p r o g r e s s i n g . a d e q u a t e l y .
A ll th e re a so n s f o r t h i s Inade^
quacy a re not c l e a r . . I t is e x p ected t h a t th e y .m ig h t be found i n the
f o ll o w i n g . g e n e r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s :
- I . The o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s tr u c tu r e s - a re no t s u f f i c i e n t l y c u l t u r a l l y
c o m p a tib le .
'■,
■2-.. T h e . s t r u c t u r e s , a r e not s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r . prom oting .p ro p e r pro?
■gram e x e c u tio n .
. 3 ,. The p e rs o n n e l .are no t p e rfo rm in g e f f e c t i v e l y ,.
. 4 . The program i s not s u f f i c i e n t l y based on Ohe needs of y o u th .
. 5 . Youth and t h e . p u b l i c in. g e n e r a l a r e not s u f f i c i e n t l y aware of
p o ssib le b e n e f i t s .
. I f th e program s-as th e y now e x i s t were or a r e o p e ra tin g e f f e c t i v e l y but
not expanding, th e la c k .of adequate f i n a n c i n g , ■a v a i l a b l e p e r s o n n e l, and
some o th e r p h y s i c a l . l i m i t a t i o n s , c o u ld have b e e n .a d d e d ,to th e l i s t .
76
.Inadequate f in a n c in g was e n co u n te re d and.was most o f t e n due t o th e
g e n e r a l l a c k .o f . m i n i s t r y re s o u r c e s and not t o p r e f e r e n c e fo r. other,!organ­
iz a tio n s .
A few c o u n t r i e s , however, . have e l a b o r a t e experim ent s t a t i o n s ,
,to p -h e a v y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n or s u p e r v i s i o n , . or m a n y .su b ject m a tte r s p e c i a l i s t s
•while ..the e d u c a tio n a l phase la c k s , p e rs o n n e l and equipment.
A. case in p o in t
i s t h a t of a n ,in f o r m a tio n s e r v i c e p r e p a r i n g . a one m i l l i o n d o l l a r f i l m ex.p l a i n i n g ,an. e x te n s io n s e r v i c e whose an n u al budget was. l e s s th a n t h a t .
N o;O v e ra ll.e v id e n c e i s a v a i l a b l e on c u l t u r a l . c o m p a t i b i l i t y .
In d iv id t
u a l s u c c e s s f u l c lu b s a p p a r e n tly i n d i c a t e t h a t w ith some a d a p t a t i o n t h i s
sh o u ld no t be a l i m i t i n g f a c t o r .
S tu d ie s sh o u ld .be c o n d u c te d ,, however,
.to ,in v e s tig a te th is fa c to r.
. The o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s seem t o , b e a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y s a t i s ­
fa c to ry .
A few c ase s may t o sp,me degree be program d e t e r r e n t s such as
when th o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r program p la n n in g ,h a v e no v o ic e in. b u d g e t, when
t h e s t r u c t u r e p e rm its .a p p o in tm e n ts of u n q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l , ,when perso n ­
n e l . i s moved to o f r e q u e n t l y from one a r e a t o -an o th er, ,when, youth clubs
a r e d iv o rc e d from th e farm-home-youth complex,,when, youth work i s subju­
g a te d t o , r a t h e r th a n .c o o p e ra tin g w i t h , .o th e r p a r t s of th e r u r a l edu­
c a tio n .p ro g ra m , .o r when th e e n t i r e e d u c a tio n .p ro g ra m i s r e l e g a t e d t o aux­
i l i a r y s t a t u s r a t h e r th a n -b e in g re c o g n iz e d .as an equally, im p o rtan t l i n k
in. th e r e s e a r c h , t e a c h in g , • p ro d u c tio n , ,and .d i s t r i b u t i o n , system .
I n e f f e c t i v e p e rs o n n e l c a n . r e s u l t from many, f a c t o r s .
Some p a r t i c u ­
l a r . co m p lain ts -.Of program . o f f i c i a l s In c lu d e d th e s e l e c t i o n , of p e rso n n e l
who la ck e d i n c l i n a t i o n , , i n t e r e s t , . o r p ro p e r t r a i n i n g fop th e job or who
77
,were o v e rb u rd e n ed .w ith o th e r d u t i e s .
tra in in g is s t i l l necessary.
A p p a re n tly .a g r e a t d e a l of i n - s e r v i c e
.Most p r o f e s s i o n a l s e x p re sse d no t knowing-.how
t o conduct th e work. .While la c k of t r a i n i n g , a n d heavy, lo a d can be remedr
- l e d , .th e la ck ,.o f i n c l i n a t i o n .and i n t e r e s t c an .b e l e t h a l .
F o r tu n a t e ly ,
,most d i r e c t o r s . R eported only a few. w ith th e s e c h a r a c te r is tic s ...a n d a g e n e r­
a l en th u siasm and d e s i r e t o accom plish were n o ted in .m o st o f th e t e c h n i c ­
ia n s,
A common,.problem found ,by, th e a u th o r w a s--th a t.of la c k ,of t r a i n i n g .
.Others, in c lu d e d -.an o r i e n t a t i o n tow ard su p p lem en tal a c t i v i t i e s such as
. f a i r s , . c o n t e s t s , , c o n c e n tr a tin g on e a s i l y accom plished r a t h e r t h a n . b a s i c
g o a l s , and w o r k in g .p r im a r ily w ith th e more re s p o n s iv e c h i l d r e n .
A. con­
s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t through s u p e r v i s i o n .a n d ,t r a i h i n g , c o u r s e s . i s . s t i l l nec­
e s s a r y t o p f o p e r ly eq u ip p r o f e s s i o n a l s f o r t h e i r j o b s .
. The - numbers of p e rs o n n e l ap p eared , t o ,have been, ,at l e a s t adequate f o r
th e numbers of y o u th s th e y w e r e , a t t e n d i n g . . In p ro b a b ly no.-country were
th e p ro f e s s io n a ls - lo a d ed beyond t h e i r c a p a c i t i e s ev en .though roads ..and
■other c o m m u n ic atio n s-o ften .slo w down.the w ork.
G e n e ra lly t h e , p r o f e s s i o n ­
a l s . could a t t e n d many times- more members-, were th e y u s i n g . e f f e c t i v e meth- o d s , p r o p e r ly u sin g l e a d e r s , and p la n n in g c a r e f u l l y . .More p e rs o n n e l a re
needed in ev ery c o u n try b u t . these.W ere, r e q u i r e d f o r e x te n d in g .th e ,w o rk
i n t o a r e a s . n o t now.being co v ered .
A .sev ere problem of p r o f e s s i o n a l s a p p eared t o be t h a t o f overp erfo rm in g or p e rfo rm in g f u n c tio n s p r o p e r l y . b e lo n g in g t o -o th e rs .
In.-one.
c o u n try th e i n v e s t i g a t o r v i s i t e d - n i n e clubs-,w ithout .b ein g in tr o d u c e d t o
a v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r . o f th e club p r e s i d e n t .
Thfe meetings-.-were e n t i r e l y
78
.
conducted by th e s u p e r v is o r .-or th e club a g e n t . . I n s e v e r a l c o u n tr ie s farms
and homes were v i s i t e d .w ithout n o t i f y i n g th e le a d e r and in. some th e p ro ­
f e s s i o n a l s were found t o be c o n d u c t i n g . a l l th e i n s t r u c t i o n .
• Every n a t i o n .complained about th e la c k o f v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s and y e t
mobt r e p o r t e d 3 t o -10 p e r club..
Some observed t h a t th e p e rso n s heading
th e c lu b s were no t community l e a d e r s , d i d . n o t know t h e i r w o r k ,w e r e to o
occupied t o p r o p e r ly guide th e c l u b , . d i d . n o t t r e a t members in such a way
t h a t p r o g r e s s i v e re s p o n se s were f o r th c o m i n g ,. o r t h a t t h e i r f u n c tio n s were
b e in g .m o s tly p erfo rm ed .b y th e p r o f e s s i o n a l s :.■ This l a s t problem was men­
ti o n e d ,by some program o f f i c i a l s as h a v in g s ta g n a te d th e work b e c a u s e .th e
p r o f e s s i o n a l s c o u ld no t hope to .c o m p le te a l l th e jobs n e c e s s a r y and th e
su p erse d ed l e a d e r s . f e l t d is c o u ra g e d and d i s i n t e r e s t e d .
P r o j e c t s should a t l e a s t i n , p a r t , r e f l e c t and h e l p . f u l f i l l member
needs and s in c e la r g e numbers were r e p o r t e d l y not c a r r y i n g , a p r o j e c t , . i t
must be assumed t h a t th e program e i t h e r had been unable t o .help members
se c u re p r o j e c t s , o r had no t p r o p e r ly s t i m u l a t e d t h i s a s p e c t ...
A ssuredly
many poof homes.and f a r m s ■have d i f f i c u l t y , i n p u r c h a s in g . a n y th in g . e x t r a ,
n e v e r t h e l e s s , . i n some o f t h e . p o o r e s t a r e a s , - P r o je c ts .w e r e p ro u d ly d is ­
p la y e d by members and p a r e n t s .
These s u g g e s t t h a t o r i e n t a t i o n .and en­
couragem ent.m ight be more im p o rtan t th an p h y s ic a l r e s o u r c e s .
Every program 'c o n s id e re d t h a t youth a n d th e g e n e r a l p u b lic were not
s u f f i c i e n t l y aware o f the. v a lu e o f th e o rg a n iz a tio n .a n d .m o s t c o n sid e re d
t h a t mass communications media would .be u s e f u l . .Without doubt th e s e ,c a n
.be used t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o programs and .even induce p e o p le " t o - t r y "
them.
79
•Permanent •c o n v i c t i o n , . h o w e v e r , . comes i n . a voluntary- o r g a n iz a ti o n only
when..-objective p ro o f o f u s e f u ln e s s -is .-properly, p r e s e n te d .
I f a .program
i s . e f f e c t i v e , . , t h e n e e d . f o r p ro p a g a n d a ,is g r e a t l y , red u ced b u t . t h i s , d o e s - not
n e g a te th e need f o r e f f e c t i v e p u b l i c i t y bn su ccess s t o r i e s , - r e c o g n i z i n g
member -and l e a d e r - e f f o r t , •a n d -.c o o p e ra tio n . . What t h i s does m ean .is t h a t
p u b l i c i t y . i s i n e f f e c t i v e - i f th e .p ro g ra m i s no t p ro d u cin g community- d e s i r e d , . dem onstrable r e s u l t s .
C o n sid e ra b le im portance.w as g iven t o r e c o g n i t i o n - t h r o u g h . competi­
t i o n , a w a r d s , e x c h a n g e s , , a n d . e x p o s i t i o n s as p u b l i c i t y methods-.. .These
can. serv e t o . a t t r a c t n o t i c e and. w i t h . c a r e f u l -management, g iv e r e s u l t s ,
• T w o ,c o u n trie s w ith lo n g .e x p e r ie n c e w ith th e s e events, q u e s tio n e d - th e r e l ­
a tiv e . v a lu e of them.
The o f f i c i a l s of th e s e countries- a n d .r e c e n t s tu d ie s
(42, 6 7 , . 7 2 , . 7 3 , . § 1 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e s e a re .s u p p le m e n ta r y a i d s - t o , a
sound program and t h a t d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e funds and .time sh o u ld not be sp en t
on them. .A . t r i p ,-for--one in d i v i d u a l .to ,-th e U n i t e d - S t a t e s , ■f o r example,
might e a s i l y c o s t enough, t o pay t h e . a n n u a l s a la ry , of a n o th e r t e c h n i c i a n ,
. th u s, s e r v in g hundreds i n s t e a d of o n e . .The-im portant, t h in g i s t o recog­
n iz e , w h e n .p u b lic ity . events, a r e needed and. when s o m e th in g .e ls e has p r i ­
o rity .
Recommendations
The 49 programs v ary so much i n s t r u c t u r e , . p e r s o n n e l , . m e t h o d s , . o b ­
j e c t i v e s , .-and a p p a re n t r e s u l t s - t h a t few recommendations c an .b e made. .The
-author r e c o g n i z e s ;t h a t g e n e r a l recommendations w i l l not im m ediately r e c t i ­
f y p r e s s i n g l a c k s , .Theycan, h o w e v e r ,.f u r n is h th e base from which sound
8o
programs can be b u i l t or. r e b u i l t , . t h u s , making many o th e r.k in d s - o f .prob­
lems e a s i e r t o s o l v e . -W ithout. a t t e n t i o n t o th e s e b a s ic s of r u r a l youth
work p o in ted .-o u t i n th e reco m m en d atio n s,. i t i s improbable t h a t th e p ro ­
grams w i l l have th e d e s i r e d im p a c t..
. In. o rd e r -t o o u t l i n e some a c t i v i t i e s t h a t c o u ld ..in c re a s e program
im p a c t, .recommendations a re made f o r .most - O rg a n iz a tio n s :
- I . There i s a d e c id e d l a c k - o f knowledge about most phases, of youth
work. Every c o u n try s h o u l d .im m ediately a l l o c a t e some fu n d s and
tim e t o r e s e a r c h d e sig n e d t o c o n t r i b u t e in f o r m a tio n t o - t h i s . f i e l d .
2 . -E v a lu a tio n sh o u ld be a c o n tin u a l p ro c e s s and .th o s e ,-o rg a n iz a tio n s
not now .applying th is- t o o l - s h o u l d p la n .a n d e x ecu te both s t r u c t ­
u r a l and impact s t u d i e s . The l a t t e r - a re p a r t i c u l a r l y n e c e s sa ry
as a -b a s e f o r long ran g e programming.
5 . ..Lack-of p ro p e r t r a i n i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n th e s o c i o l o g i c a l and psych­
o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s r e l a t e d t o youth w o r k ,. i s re d u c in g e f f e c t i v e ­
ness a n d -s h o u ld .b e p ro v id e d . This t r a i n i n g sh o u ld in c lu d e th e o ry
and p r a c t i c a l f i e l d work for- b o th p r o f e s s i o n a l s and l e a d e r s .
4 . -Programs need t o make use of community le a d e rs i f t h e i r e f f e c t i v e ­
n e ss and e f f i c i e n c y a re t o be m easurably in c r e a s e d . S k il ls , in.
d is c o v e ry should be developed as an. e a r l y p r i o r i t y .
Long range p la n n in g f o r youth work sh o u ld in c lu d e th e s e v i t a l f e a t u r e s .
With .a -s m a ll amount. o f s y s te m a tic t r a i n i n g and r e s e a r c h each y e a r , . con­
s i d e r a b l e p ro g r e s s can be made, toward th e s e g o a l s .
.I n .a d d itio n .to th e s e g e n e r a l recom m endations, . t h e . f o l l o w i n g more
s p e c i f i c ones would a i d in .ach iev in g b e t t e r b alan c e d p ro g ra m s •
I . .The p e rc e n ta g e s of r u r a l youth now b e in g ed u ca te d by any i n s t i t ­
u t i o n a re low. Both th e p e rc e n ta g e of g e n e r a l sch o o l and o u t- o f ­
sch o o l t r a i n i n g sh o u ld be in c r e a s e d im m ed iately . R u ral youth o r­
g a n i z a t i o n s 'a r e h e lp in g th e members i n t h e i r p e r s o n a l development
and need ,to -be in c r e a s e d in scope u n t i l th e y a r e . r e a c h i n g .at l e a s t
th o s e no t a t t e n d i n g r e g u l a r sch o o l -and p r e f e r a b l y a l s o th e maj­
o r i t y of th o s e who-could! p r o f i t from t h i s ty p e of t r a i n i n g .
■Si
2 . A g r ic u ltu r e cannot hope t o encompass a l l th e youth now being
r e a r e d in. th e r u r a l a r e a s . R u ra l youth o r g a n iz a ti o n s should
p la n d e f i n i t e education, t o . h e l p th o s e who do go t o th e c i t i e s
by p ro v id in g some v o c a ti o n a l and s p e c i a l s k i l l s . t h a t w i l l en­
a b le them t o b e t t e r a d j u s t t o t h e new en v iro n m e n t.
3• The low l e v e l s of r u r a l income i n d i c a t e t h a t a m a jo r ity of th e
club a c t i v i t i e s sh o u ld be devoted t o improvement of th e econ­
omic s i t u a t i o n .
4 . R u ra l fa m ily l i v i n g i s poor in. comparison, w ith t h a t of the
urban, s e c t i o n s . Many of th e dangers and in co n v en ien ces could
be removed or le s s e n e d w ith o u t g r e a t e x p e n d itu re s o f money.
Emphasis sh o u ld be p la c e d on th e s e a c t i v i t i e s , f o r boys as
w e ll as g i r l s .
5. Community p r o j e c t s and campaigns f o r b e t t e r s a n i t a t i o n could
w e ll be u n d ertak en by c l u b s . These could serv e t h e i r educar ■
■ tio n al pu rp o ses and s t i l l m a t e r i a l l y improve g e n e r a l l i v i n g
co n d itio n s.
'
.6 . Programs sh o u ld look f o r ways t o g iv e more emphasis t o in ­
d iv i d u a l p r o j e c t s a s .a n .- e d u c a tio n a l method. Although a lre a d y
th e most numerous of th e v a rio u s i n d iv id u a l p r o j e c t s , .home
g ardens need an even, g r e a t e r im p u ls e . .There a re v e ry few
a r e a s t h a t cannot d e c id e d ly improve g e n e r a l n u t r i t i o n through
w e ll d i r e c t e d garden p r o j e c t s . -Small anim al and p o u ltr y , p ro ­
j e c t s . co u ld a l s o h e lp t o augment th e home produced p r o t e i n
su p p lie s.
7 . 'R u ral youth c lu b s, a re n o t . w e l l known t o r u r a l peo p le i n m o s t
of th e c o u n t r i e s . One "of th e most e f f e c t i v e ways t o . b p i l d
p r e s t i g e and a t th e satije tim e guide members toward in d iv id u a l
improvement i s , b y a rra n g in g f o r w e ll t r a i n e d y o u n g s te rs t o give
w orthw hile d e m o n stratio n s t o o th e r youth apd a d u lt groups ^ Care
sh o u ld be ta k en t h a t th e d e m o n stra tio n s a re on s u b j e c t s t h a t w i l l
r a i s e th e l i v i n g .an d /o r economic l e v e l s of th e a d u l t s .
8 . -A ll a c t i v i t i e s must be w i t h i n th e i n t e r e s t and development of ■
th e y q u n g s te rs f 6 r many c u r r e n t a c t i v i t i e s a re beyond th e econ­
omic, s o c i a l , ■and p s y c h o lo g ic a l l e v e l s of club members, Teach­
ing, p la n n in g methods apd a llo w in g them t o p la n t h e i r own p ro ­
grams - w ill h e lp s o lv e many of th e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s .
9 . -The p s y c h o lo g ic a l com petition, now p r e s e n te d t o ,many y o u n g sters
i n club work may do them more harm th a n g o o d . There a re many
who cannot compete in any g ro u p . A member who i s a b le t o ex­
c e l th rough h i s own. r e s o u r c e s or th o s e of o th e rs becomes f o r
th e u n d e r p r iv il e g e d a d e g r a d a tio n . Much of t h i s c o m p e titio n
i s found i n . r e g u l a r club a c t i v i t i e s and not j u s t i n c o n t e s t s .
82
The in d i v i d u a l must r e c e i v e a t t e n t i o n as a p erso n .and not j u s t
as pa-pt of', a .g ro u p i f he i s -to .develop .as a c o n t r i b u t i n g mem­
b e r of s o c i e t y .
.While e v e n ,th e s p e c ific , recommendations a r e somewhat g e n e r a l , i f . t h e y
Wpre fo llo w e d by th e r u r a l youth program s,.m any o r g a n i s a t i o n a l and method-
o lQ g icd l ..changes.;would r e s u l t . . These changes .would b r in g .about . g r e a t e r
e f f i c i e n c y i n th e o p e r a tio n of th e p ro gram s.and c o u ld .m e a su ra b ly in c re a s e
t h e . e f f e c t i v e n e s s of r u r a l youth w o rk . in. h e l p i n g . s o l v e some of t h e s o c io ­
economic problems o f , t h e Americas
83
/
■ APPENpIX I ^
SECONDARY INFORMATION TABLES
84
TABLE 1-A. AREA AND POPULATION OF 28 COUNTRIES STUDIED, UNITED STATES,
AND CANADA IN 1960
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2Q.
21,
22 .
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
%
Rural
P o p u la tio n
p er Km^
Country
A re a , Km^
P o p u la tio n
B ra z il
A rg en tin a
Mexico
Peru
Colombia
B o liv ia
Venezuela
C h ile
Paraguay
Ecuador
B r i t i s h Guiana
Uruguay
N icaragua
Surinam, N e th e rla n d s A n t i l l e s
Cuba
Honduras a
Guatemala
French Guiana. ®
Panama
Costa R ica.
Dominican >R epublic
H a iti
B e liz e
El S a lv a d o r
Jam aica
West I n d i e s
P u erto Rico
Guadeloupe and
M artinique.
8 ,5 1 3 ,8 4 4
2 ,790,485
1 ,9 6 5 ,8 9 0
1,2 9 5 ,8 4 3
1 ,138,338
1,098,581
912,050
741,767
406,762
270,670
212,480
186,926
184,000
65,743,000
20,959,800
34,625,903
10,923,000
14,132,959
3 ,462,000
6 ,709,000
7,6 6 5 ,2 6 1
1 ,7 6 8 ,2 9 2
4 ,3 9 3 ,0 0 0
560,620
2 ,800,000
1,474,549
8
8
18
8
12
3
■7
10
4
16
3
15
10
146,934
114,524
112,008
108,627
90,000
.76,932
50,900
47,825
27,750
22,696
21,393
11,284
8,8,16
8,793
496,056
6 ,744,000
1 ,9 7 6 ,0 4 4
3 ,759,000
30,000
1 ,0 5 3 ,0 0 0
■ 1,173,537
4 ,1 3 5 ,8 7 2
3,5 0 4 ,2 6 3
82,000
2 ,613,367
1,5 5 4 ,0 0 0
1,411,000
2 ,3 4 9 ,5 4 4
3
59
17
35
l/3
14
23
84
126
4
122
137
160
267
2,849
468,250
164
73
20.568.967
.9,976,177
9.9 3 6 ,3 8 7
19,339.564
I 206.567,317
10
’ 2
19
10
56
34
23
25” “
TOTAL
Canada
U n ite d :S ta te s
TOTAL
63
25
60
62
66
85
46
35
65
71
69
50
65
64
48
69
82
40
64 .
67
76
87
60
63
65
73
59
t
17,814,000
1 7 9 ,6 4 7 ,0 0 0 .
f 197.461.000
I
a The a re a of Honduras does n o t in c lu d e th e Department of G ra c ia s a D ios,
r e c e n t l y added t o t h a t c o u n try . I t i s e s tim a te d a t about 8000 Km^.
b French Guiana was n o t added t o th e o t h e r French d e p a rtm e n ts, Guade­
loupe and M a rtin iq u e , b e c a u s e .o f th e d i f f e r e n c e s in p o p u la tio n d e n s i t y
and developm ent.
85
TABLE 2-A. FREQUENCY OF IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AS
REPORTED BY 28 COUNTRIES
E n terp rise
Frequency
I Weighted Frequency
I.
Cane o r b e e t sugar
22
156
2.
Corn, so rg o , miIo
23
154
3c
Coffee
17
138
4»
Rice
19
122
5c
Bananas, p l a n t a i n s
14
104
6.
C attle
26
103
7.
Beans, peas
16
90
8c
B ulbs, r o o t s
14
76 .
9.
C i t r u s , o th e r s
9
56
12
53
11.
Wheat
9
50
7
49
10
47
13.
Sheep, g o a ts
Cotton
7
42
15,
V eg etab les
8
40
16.
O ther g r a in s
■8
38
17.
Tobacco
8
35
18.
Coconuts
■5
34
19.
P o u lt r y
6
20.
Hemp
2
4^
Cocoa
M
.
Swine
C
N
t-H
10.
'
15
11
TABLE 3-A.
DISTRIBUTION BY AGE"GROUPS OF THE RURAL POPULATION IN THE 28 COUNTRIES
10 to 19
20 to 29
Less th an LO
No.
No.
No.
%
916,991
1,110,869 5 1,011,310 5
A rgentina
12,792 16
11,808 14
7 ,8 7 2
B e liz e
556,692 16
516,280
879,216 25
B o liv ia
10,804,036 17 13,272,312 13 5,497,943
B r a z il
112,263 20
B r i t i s h Guiana
84,361 15
59,723
C h ile
697,538 9
563,396 7
456,082
2,714,950 20 1,969,918 15 1,532,309
Colombia
203,814 20
156,257 15
115,494
Costa Rica
753,816 12
646,128 io
Cuba
575,361
Dominican R epublic
744,457 18
537,663
992,609 24
755,320 17
730,351 17
Ecuador
558,688
461,441 18
El S a lv a d o r
361,979 24
270,099
French Guiana
1,500 5
1,500 5
2,000
G uadeloupe,M artinique
100,426 21
67,916 15
51,485
708,947 19
924,714 24
Guatemala
554,282
H a iti
823,151 23
640,228 18
518,280
Honduras
374,414 20
15
286,236
214,578
Jamaica
273,841 16
219,073 15
186,212
6,232,680 18 4 ,5 7 0 ,6 3 2 13 3 ,531,852
Mexico
N icaragua
220,445 15
172,522
354,629 24
134,784 13
Panama
222,393 21
107,827
Paraguay
302,606 17
428,038 12
138,361
Peru
2,058,767 19 1,442,491 22 1,103,878
P u e rto Rico
442,735 20
246,631 11
189,973
60,320 16
Surinam, Neth. Ant.
60,319 13
44,446
366,000 12
47,320 I
25,200
Uruguay
10
Venezuela
766,452 15
355,181
515,359
270.320 23
West I n d ie s
253.176 16
159,048
33.043,611 16 29,951.165 14 18,400,176
TOTAL
Country
I.
2.
■ 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
% o f Rural P o p u la tio n
—
28
-
26
-
30 o r more
TOTAL
No.
No.
%
%
'4 2,200,780 11
5,239,950
10
16,728 20
49,200
15
990,512 29
2 ,942,700
9 9,085,158 15 38,659,449
130,960 23
11
387,307
6
965,822 13 .2 ,6 8 2 ,8 3 8
11 2,654,737 20
8 ,871,014
203,814 20
11
679,379
9 1,101,494 17
3 ,076,799
13
868,533 21
3 ,1 4 3 ,2 6 2
13 .1,076,801 24
3,121,160
494,310 20
11
1,587,829
7
7,000 23
12,000
121,992 26
11
341,819
15
893,890 24
3,082,379
15 1,067,048 31
3 ,048,707
427,068 23
11
1,302,296
11
416,239 25
1 ,0 9 5 ,3 6 5
10 6,440,436 19 20,775,600
12
210,860 14
958,456
10
208,915 20
673,919
8
280,484 16
1,149,489
10 2,167,123 20
6,772,259
8
436,551 20
1,315,890
152,388 30
9
317,473
I 1,008,000 36
1,416,520
7
688,502 14
2 ,352,494
10
361,596 25
1.044,140
9 34,677,741 17 116.072.693
; ■v
•='
30
16
%
I s
60
85
63
69
35
66
67
48
76
71
63
40
73
82
87
69
65
60
65
64
65
62
59
64
50
46
74
56
100
•87
TABLE 4-A. GROSS PRODUCT PER PERSON AND PERCENTAGES OF RURAL POPULATION
AND LITERACY
Country
I . A rg en tin a
2 . C h ile
3. French Guiana
4. Venezuela
5. Cuba
6 . Uruguay
7. Pu erto Rico
8 . •Mexico
9. B e liz e
10. Peru
11. El S a lv a d o r
12. B r a z il
13. Paraguay
14. Panama
15. Surinam, N eth , Ant.
16. Jamaica
17. ’"Nicaragua
18. Colombia
19. Costa Rica
20 . Honduras
21 . B r i t i s h Guiana
22. Ecuador
23. l e s t I n d i e s
24. Guadeloupe, M artin iq u e
25. Dominican R epublic
26. Guatemala
27. B o liv ia
28. H a iti
P e rc e n t
L i t - , Gross Product per
Person '( $US)
R u ral • e r a t e
25
35
40
46
48
46
59
60
60
62
63
63
63
64
;64
65
65
66
67
. 69
69
71
73
73
76
82
85
87
,
87
81
' 90
69
76
85
74
55
78
42
42
50
69
72
82
80
40
56
80
44
80
56
71
60
43
30
31
11
496
303
292a
550
296
382
l,2 4 8 a
210
148a
126
152
195
145a
324
312a
273a
158
■ 206
235
159
240a
125
230a
213 a
163
168
103
74
a Gross p ro d u c t p e r person i s ta k en d i r e c t l y from P re s to n Jam es' t h i r d
e d i t i o n o f L a tin America e x ce p t f o r Paraguay and th e d e p en d en cies.
The d i r e c t r e p o r t from th e c o u n try i s quoted f o r t h e s e . A ll g ro ss
p ro d u c ts a r e f o r 1955.
88
TABLE 5 - A. GROSS PRODUCT PER PERSON, PERCENTAGES OF FARM OWNERS., , LITER­
ACY, AND FARMS OF LESS THAN FIVE HECTARES INJZl COUNTRIES
Country
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
'20.
21.
P u e rto Rico
Venezuela
A rgentina
Uruguay
Panama
Surinam, N eth. Ant,
French Guiana
Jam aica
B r i t i s h Guiana
Costa Rica
West I n d ie s
Mexico
Colombia
B ra z il
Guatemala
Honduras
N icaragua
El S a lv a d o r
Paraguay
Peru
Ecuador
Gross p ro ­
d u c t per
Person ($US)
P e rc e n t
Farm
Owners
Farms l e s s
th a n 5 H.
94
42
40
54
16
1,248
550
496
382
324
312
292
273
240
235
230
.
210
..
206
195.
168
159
158
152
145
126
125
L it­
e ra te-
.
.
.74
69
87
85...
72...
82.
22
=
90
80.
85
80
51
.80
76
™■
71
60
. 55.
- 56...
79 . 50 .
30
68 .
44
28.
40
62.
42..
53.
54a
42
56
10
54
16.
14
52
. 81
9.9
92
78
44
92.
83. .
65.fr
66 fr
.89.
77b
.80b
80..
..64b
93
73
.
a P e rc e n ta g e of th o s e who have ^attended o r a re a tte n d in g school a cco rd in g
t o th e M in is t r y of E d u catio n of Paraguay..
b In c lu d e s s u b s is te n c e p l o t s n o t o f f i c i a l l y , .c l a s s i f i e d , as, farms.,-..
c A ll o th e r f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t o f f i c i a l census....bureap o r m i n i s t r y of
a g r i c u l t u r e d a ta as ta k e n from government p u b lic a tio n s of th e
in d iv id u a l c o u n trie s.
V
-f
89
TABLE 6 -A. TOTAL SCHOOL ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN AGED SEHEN TO NINETEEN
AND RURAL POPULATION OF THOSE AGES IN 1960
Country
I.
2.
. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15,
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
P o p u la tio n
7-19 y e a rs
School
E n ro llm e n t 3
.. P e rc e n t
E nrollm ent
A rgentina
B elize
B o liv ia
B r a z il
B r i t i s h Guiana
C h ile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican R epublic
Ecuador
El S a lv a d o r
French Guiana
Guadeloupe, M artin iq u e
Guatemala
H a iti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
N icaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
P u e rto Rico
Surinam, N eth . Ant.
Uruguay
Venezuela
Wes-t I n d ie s
5,526,067
.... 3,636,082.
26,785
2 0 ,2 1 0
999,723
....... 190,98.7
26,06.2,094 • . 6,662,041
176,495
. .111,746
2 ,274,028
I ,212,308
4 ,3 5 4 ,5 4 6
1 ,7.07 ,71.3,
334,620
23.0,73.7
1 ,869,583
. . . 829,900
1,042,340
......454 ,.4.52.
1 ,383,275
.. .. 509,67.5
818,720
289,800
7,333
.7,31.6
138,964
... . 126,677
1,240,470
. .257,741
1,051,279
. 1.57,23.4.
595,712
149 ,4.02
477,467. ..
276,968:
11,080,320
4,3.66,312
521,007
113,499.
326,430
. 168,626
813,704
319,480
1 ,9 4 4 ,9 6 1 . 1,501,263.
659,141.
. 59.5,53.3.
125,667
. 100,071.
■588,000
287,308.
1 ,5 8 2 ,9 7 7
755,177
463,896
346,125
51,6
. .. 39,3.
7 7 .2
9 0 .3
7 6 ,6
4 8 ,9
47.7
7 4 .6
TOTAL
66,485,304
■ 38 .2
25,384,383
65.8
7 5 .4
19.1
2 5 ,6
,j53.3..
53,3.
3.9,2.
6 8 ,9 .
4 4 .4
43..6.
.36.8.
35.4
99.8
9 1 ,3
20 , 8..
1 5 ,0 .
■ 25,1
.58,0
.3.9-».I2 1 .8
a E n ro llm e n t based on census of m i n i s t r i e s of e d u c a tio n and in c lu d e s
p rim ary , seco n d ary , and' v o c a tio n a l s c h o o ls .
c '. .
\
■90
TABLE 7 - A. ATTENDANCE AT THE VARIOUS EDUCATIONAL LEVELS-!N .1960 ACCORDING
TO PAST RECORDS-
Country
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B r i t i s h Guiana
Costa Rica
ElvSaTvador
French .'Guiana
Honduras
Mexico
N icaragua
Paraguay
VenezueTa
Attended
Prim ary
Sctioql
98
89
30
100 '
65
80
28
54
34 ‘
; P e rc e n t
Completed Completed. Completed
Primary
S u p e rio r
U n iv e r s ity
School 3
School
80
15
9
' 0 .8
I
3
0 .7 5
15
0 .4
0 .0 4
3 .
12
25
17
67
■ Q.-7'
6
"6
- 0 .5
0 .2
0 .1 -
0 .5
0 .1 5 .
, 0 .2
O.OOOi
•
0.004
0 .5
a In c lu d e s, sec o n d a ry , v o c a t i o n a l , and normal sch o o ls of l e s s th a n c o l­
le g e g ra d e .
TABLE 8 t A. FREQUENCY OF PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY OF THE PEOPLE IN 28
COUNTRIES IN 1960
Cause
■'l. D ig e s tiv e t r a c t d is e a s e s ,
'2 .' C i r c u l a t o r y d is e a s e s
3. R e s p ir a to r y d i s e a s e s
4. T u b e rg p lo s is a
5. M alaria
6 . Cancer
7. V enereal d i s e a s e s
■ 8 . P a ra sito sis9
"9V’N a tal d i f f i c u l t i e s
10. Typhoid
11. Typhus
12. "M a ln u tritio n
■Frequency
Weighted
Frequency
16
39
10
■10
22
20.
4
7
9
3
I
I
I
I
I ’
9
13.
15
5
3
3
I
I
I
a R eported s e p a r a t e l y from more g e n e ra l h e ad in g s t h a t u s u a l l y in c lu d e
them by some c o u n t r i e s .
t:
i
91
TABLE 9-A. FREQUENCY OF PRINCIPAL RURAL FAMILY LIFE PROBLEMS, AS REPORTED
BY HEALTH AND HOME ECONOMICS SPECIALISTS IN 23 COUNTRIES
Family Problems 3
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-6 .
7.
8.
In a d e q u ate :
E d u catio n
Economic r e s o u r c e s
N u tritio n
G eneral l e v e l o f l i v i n g
Hygiene
Family r e l a t i o n s
Farm ten an cy
Means o f communication
Frequency
Weighted
Frequency
15
13
22
29
27
17
11
9
7
5
3
12
14
7
5
2
a L i s te d a s r e p o r te d by th e o f f i c i a l s o f th e c o u n t r i e s even, though some
of t h e , i t e m s a re i n t e r r e l a t e d .
TABLE 1G-A. FREQUENCY OF PRINCIPAL HEALTH PROBLEMS- IN, 23 ..COUNTRIES. AS
REPORTED BY HEALTH SPECIALISTS,
H e alth Problems 3
I.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
In a d e q u ate g e n e r a l hygiene
M a ln u t r itio n
G eneral, d i s e a s e s
P a ra sites
S c a r c i t y o f m edical f a c i l i t i e s
In a d e q u ate l i v i n g f a c i l i t i e s
Frequency
14
.14
12 .
8
7
3
Weighted
Frequency
33
31
24
20
14
, 4
a L is te d as r e p o r te d by th e o f f i c i a l s i n th e c o u n tr ie s even though some
of th e ite m s a re i n t e r r e l a t e d .
92
TABLE I I -A. DEGREE OF SANITARY CONDITIONS OF .RURAL FACILITIES, IN 23 COUN­
TRIES AS REPORTED BY HEALTH AND EXTENSION SPECIALISTS
R ating
R ural F a c i l i t i e s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
P o ta b le w a ter
T o ilet f a c i l i t i e s
Garbage d is p o s a l
I n s e c t c o n tr o l
Housekeeping
Community c l e a n l i n e s s
Very
good
O
O
O.
I
. O
O
Good
4
O
I
3
D eficien t
Very
bad
13
6
11
12
10
12
10
9
14
16
6
2
B------ ---------
3
■5
TABLE 12-A. FREQUENCY OF ADEQUACY OF VARIOUS AS.EECTS OE THE RURAL HOME
AS REPORTED BY HEALTH AND EXTENSION SPECIALISTS OF 26 COUNTRIES.
A spects of th e Home
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
G eneral p r o t e c t i o n
V e n tila tio n
L ig h t
A v a ila b le space
A ccident p r o t e c t i o n
Frequency of R ating
Adequate Inadequate
8
6
18
4
20
22
2
2
24
24 .
93
TABLE 13-A. RATING OF PRODUCTION OF FOOD CROPS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION AS
REPORTED BY EXTENSION SPECIALISTS IN 21 COUNTRIES
Food Elements
R atin g by C o u n trie s
S u ffi­
In su f­
Not
c ie n t
F a ir f i c i e n t Produced
I
I . Yellow and green l e a f y
v e g e ta b le s
2. O ther v e g e ta b le s
3. G rain s
4. P o u lt r y
5. Eggs
6 . Pork
7. R ab b its
8 . O ther m eats 3
9 . Milk
10. F r u i t
I
4
6
6
14
3
3
7
9
2
0
2
I
5
14
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
6
8
12 .
11 •
3
5
5
11
.5
13
3
13
5
11
2
0 ■
a "O ther m eats" in c lu d e s t h a t from c a t t l e , sheep, and g o a ts .
TABLE 14-A. FREQUENCY OF PRINCIPAL NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN 22.
COUNTRIES AS REPORTED BY HEALTH AND HOME ECONOMICS SPECIALISTS
D e fic ien c ie s3
Frequency
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
P r o te i n s
Vitamins
M in erals
C arb o h y d rates
Food p r e p a r a t i o n '
Q u a n tity of food
20 .
.18
54
42
17
12
a Eighteen, c o u n t r i e s had r e g io n a l stu d y r e s u l t s .
were based oh th e s e s t u d i e s .
I
I
I
Weighted
Frequency
2
'
I
I
T h e ir o p in io n s
94
TABLE 15-A. ADEQUACY OF THE-RURAL HOME FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT
ACCORDING TO THE OPINIONS OF HOME ECONOMICS SPECIALISTS IN 23
COUNTRIES,
Frequency o f R ating
Home A c t i v i t i e s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
Food p r e p a r a t io n
E a tin g
S le e p in g
House c le a n in g
S o c ia l a c t i v i t i e s
Laundry
Bathing
T o ilet
S to rag e
Sewing
Adequate
Poor
13
16
9
15
13
5
■ 3
7
9
7
I
0
I
2
I
2
I
0
0
2
In ad eq u ate
9
- 7
13
6
9
16
19
16
14
14
TABLE 16-A. OPINIONS OF HOME ECONOMISTS IN 22 COUNTRIES ON THE AMOUNT '
OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL OF RURAL HOMEMAKERS ON CERTAIN ACTIVITIES,
Frequency of R ating
Home A c t i v i t i e s 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
P lan n in g and cooking meals
Food p r e s e r v a tio n
Gardening
C hild care
Housekeeping
Laundry
Sewing
Homecrafts
Use of tim e
Making home a t t r a c t i v e
Community a c t i v i t i e s
Very
high
Q
0
0
0
0
0
High
2
2
2
0
2
F a ir
Low
7
3
11
12
6
8
9
12
7
7
7
Very
low
2
10
2
5
I
3
I
5
7
I
I
2
12
6
I
7
7
6
0
0
0
0
I
6
6
2
7
11
10
8
5
5
5
95
TABLE 18-A. FREQUENCY OF MEMBER PROJECTS IN 1960 ACCORDING TO OFFICIALS
OF 39 RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS
P ro jec t
Animal Husbandry
General
Beef c a t t l e
D a iry c a t t l e
Sheep
Goats
P o u ltr y
Hogs
R a b b its
F ish
P a ra site c o n tro l3
P la n t I n d u s tr y
G eneral
S o il c o n s e r v a tio n 3
In sect c o n tro l3
V e g eta b le s
Corn
Wheat
Rice ■
P o ta to e s
F r u i t crops
Minor f r u i t s
Coffee
Flowers' and shrubs
F o re stry
P la n t n u r s e r i e s 3
Community
G en eral
Community c e n te r s
C h ild c e n te r s
Club houses
School improvement
S p o r ts f a c i l i t i e s
Road improvement
Church c o n s t r u c t i o n
Park b e a u t i f i c a t i o n
Community clea n u p •
V a c c in a tio n campaign
No. of Or­
g a n iz a tio n s
5
12
31
4
3
36
18
8
2
2
5
9
36
29
6
4
4
2
2
2
18
7
I
8
4
12
3
4
10
No*
Or­
g a n iz a tio n s,
Mechanic and Manual A rts
G eneral
4
G eneral c a r p e n tr y
5
B u ild in g c o n s tr u c ti o n
6
C o n s tr u c tio n of s a n i t a r y
fa c ilitie s
7
G eneral home i n d u s t r i e s
2
Making f i b e r a r t i c l e s '
I
C arving
I
Weaving
3
4 • .
E le c trific a tio n
T r a c to r s
3
P e rso n a l Imorovement
L e a d ersh ip
H ealth
R e c re a tio n
R e lig io u s a c t i v i t i e s
S o c ia l a c t i v i t i e s
C o o p erativ es
11
4
I
7
P ro jec t
•
Home Economics
G eneral n u t r i t i o n
Cooking
Food p r e s e r v a tio n
G eneral sewing
C lo th in g c o n s tr u c ti o n
Embroidery
G eneral home improvement
(in te rio r)
Home b e a u t i f i c a t i o n
(e x te rio r)
K itchen improvement 3
D ining room improvement 3
L iv in g room improvement 3
Bedroom improvement 3
Home equipment 3
C h ild care
14
3
5
12
27
5
18
31
19
39
21
30
18
2
11
9
19
16
3
2
I
I
3 These same p r o j e c t s may have been in c lu d e d w ith in more g e n e ra l ones
l i s t e d . However, i f a c o u n try l i s t e d them as s e p a r a te p r o j e c t s ,
th e y have been l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h i s t a b u l a t i o n .
96
TABLE 2 6 - A.
SUGGESTED A C T IV IT IE S OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA­
TIONS IN HELPING WITH TRA IN IN G , ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH
ORGANIZATION O F F IC IA L S ,
------- -
A c tiv itie s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Io
8.
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s t o e x i s t i n g c o u rses
P rovide te a c h in g m a t e r i a l s
P r o f e s s o r i a l ad v ice
O ffe r s h o r t c o u rses
C o o rd in ate o f f e r e d c o u rse s in a. r a t i o n a l
p r o g r e s s io n
O f fe r p o s tg ra d u a te c o u rses
Organize r u r a l youth workshops
Did n o t answer
„■
,
____________
No. of Times
Mentioned
23
18
16
16
16
11
6 •
3
TABLE 27-A. SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA­
TIONS IN PROVIDING SCHOLARSHIPS FOR ADVANCING RURAL YOUTH WORK, ACCORDING
TO OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION OFFICIALS,
A c tiv itie s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Io
8,
9.
10.
11.
O ffe r t e c h n i c a l p e rso n n e l s c h o la r s h ip s to
s h o r t c o u rses
O ffe r t e c h n i c a l p e rso n n e l s c h o la r s h ip s to
p o s tg ra d u a te c o u rses
O ffe r c o u rse s f o r v o lu n ta r y l e a d e r s
C o o rd in ate e x i s t i n g s c h o la r s h ip programs
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s to i n t e r n a t i o n a l
m eetings
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l
exchanges
Provide in f o r m a tio n about e x i s t i n g s c h o l a r shi ps
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s based on m e rit
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s f o r c lu b members
O ffe r s c h o la r s h ip s f o r t o u r s w ith in th e
c o u n try
Did n o t answer
No, o f Times
Mentioned
22
16
9
7
7
4
4
3
3
I
2
97
TABLE 2 S - A .
SUGGESTED A C T IV IT IE S OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANI­
ZATIONS IN HELPING WITH WRITTEN REFERENCES TO FA CILITA TE RURAL YOUTH
WORK, ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION O FFIC IA L S
A c tiv itie s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7„
P rovide m a t e r i a l s on c lu b work .
O rganize an in te rc h a n g e of m a t e r i a l s
P u b lish m a t e r i a l s from o th e r c o u n t r i e s
P u b lish in f o r m a tio n on th e psychology of youth work
P u b lish te c h n i c a l m a t e r i a l on c lu b work
P u b lish m a t e r i a l s on r e c r e a t i o n
Did n o t answer
No. o f Times
Mentioned
19
11
7
6
5
3
8
TABLE 2 9 -A. SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANI­
ZATIONS IN HELPING WITH TOURS AND EXCHANGES, ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF
RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION OFFICIALS
A c tiv itie s
I . Organize i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchanges
2. Do n o t o rg a n iz e i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchanges (exchanges
a re o f l i m i t e d v a lu e o r no t of prim ary importance)
3. Only o rg a n iz e t o u r s w ith in a c o u n try
4. O rganize an i n t e r n a t i o n a l co n g ress o r encampment
5. Did no t answer
No. of Times
Mentioned
19
18
4
4
7
$8
TABLE 3 0 - A .
SUGGESTED A C T IV IT IE S OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANI­
ZATIONS IN HELPING WITH RECOGNITION OF OUTSTANDING WORK WITH RURAL
YOUTH PROGRAMS, ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION
O FF IC IA L S
A c tiv itie s
I . O rganize i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n program
2. O ffe r r e c o g n i t i o n i n money, equipment, o r b e t t e r
p o s ts
3. P rovide p r i z e s o r money f o r e x i s t i n g r e c o g n itio n
programs
4. O ffe r s c h o l a r s h i p s as r e c o g n itio n
5. C o o rd in a te th e work of o r g a n iz a ti o n s now
o f f e r i n g r e c o g n itio n
6 . P rovide i n t e r n a t i o n a l p u b l i c i t y f o r e x i s t i n g
r e c o g n itio n
7. Did n o t answer
No. of Times
Mentioned
15
13
9
4
4
3
7
TABLE 31-A. SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANI­
ZATIONS IN HELPING WITH PUBLICITY ON RURAL YOUTH WORK, ACCORDING TO
OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION OFFICIALS'
A c tiv iti e s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
P u b lish an In te r-A m erica n magazine
P rovide an i n t e r n a t i o n a l in fo rm a tio n s e r v ic e
P rovide means of p u b l i c i t y w ith in each co u n try
P rep are f ilm s or s l i d e s
O ffe r c o u rs e s on p u b l i c i t y
I n c r e a s e th e number of a r t i c l e s on youth work in
th e magazine "E xtension en l a s Americas"
7. Did n o t answer
No. of Times
Mentioned
18
16
5
3
2
2
5
99
TABLE 3 2 - A .
SUGGESTED A C T IV IT IE S OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGAN­
IZA TIO N S IN HELPING-PROVIDE SYMBOLIC MATERIALS, ACCORDING TO OPINIONS
OF RURAL YOUTH ORGANIZATION O F FIC IA L S,
A c tiv itie s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
No. of Times
Mentioned
Organize an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e r v ic e
Help to reduce c o s ts
P rovide funds f o r buying m a t e r i a l s
A s s is ta n c e n o t n e c e s s a ry
Did no t answer
16
9
6
5
9
TABLE 33-A. SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGAN­
IZATIONS IN HELPING WITH THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
COMMITTEES OR FOUNDATIONS, ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF RURAL YOUTH
ORGANIZATION OFFICIALS,
A c tiv itie s
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
No. of Times
• Mentioned
Provide in fo rm a tio n about forming committees
Help w ith p e rs o n a l c o n s u l t a t i o n
Help o r s tr e n g th e n e x i s t i n g committees
Organize an i n t e r n a t i o n a l committee w ith'
members of n a t i o n a l committees
Did n o t answer
13
12
4
4
8
I
t'.i
M7; r //,
I
'(' I
10 0
APPENDIX. I I
RURAL YOUTH PROGRAMS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY
101
A rg en tin a
CONPEDERACION DE ATENEOS RURADES DE LA JUVENTUD.ARGENTINA
A d d ress: Avenida Leandro Aleman 3 6 , P i s o -13, Buenos A ires
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : ; autonomous
Symbol: A rg en tin e c r e s t
Area: P ro v in ces of S an ta F e C o r r i e n t e s E n t r e .Rios and th e F e d e ra l
D istric t
Membership: 8 .clubs,.3 0 0 male members
CONFEDERACION.DE JUVENTUDES AGRARIAS COOPERATIVISTAS
A ddress: R e c o n q u is ta -468; I - P i s o , Buenos A ires
■O rg a n iz a tio n .-re sp o n s ib le : autonomous
Symbol: Twcirp in e s on. A rgentine c r e s t
A re a : 6 p ro v in c e s
Membership: • 1 0 0 . clubs, 8400 males, 3 6 0 0 . females
4 -A
A d d re ss: : R iv ad av ia 1439, Buenos A ires
O r g a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : I n s t i t u t e N a c io n a l.d e T ecnologia A grico la
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 A's
A r e a r E n t l r e co u n try
Membership : ■97 clu b s ,. 1276 . m a le s , 884 fem ales
4 -C
A d d r e s s : = R e s i s t e n c i a , , E l Chaco, Arge ntina
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : M in is t e r io de A g r ic u ltu r e , El Chaco
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 C s
Area: Province only
Membership:•10 clubs, 140 males, 220 females
4 -M
A d d re ss: ; C a lle San Lorenzo y B o liv ia
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : M i n is t e r io de Asuntos A g r a r io s , Misiones
Symbol: C lover l e a f . w ith 4 M^s
Area: Province only
Membership: ,2 7 clubs,.410 males,.102 females
B e liz e
4-H
Address: B elize, B r i t i s h
Organization responsible
Symbol: Clover l e a f w ith
A r e a : E n t i r e c ountr y
Membership: 4 c l u b s , 2 0 4
Honduras
: M in is t r y o f ' A g r i c u l t u r e . and Lands
4 H's
members
102
Bolivia
4 -S
A ddress: C a lle A g u stin Aspiazu 356, La P a z , B o liv ia
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e :■E x ten sio n A g ric o la , M in is t e r io de A g r ic u ltu r a
Symbol: C lover Leaf w ith 4 S 's
Area: E n t i r e co u n try
Membership■ 202 c lu b s , 2284 m a le s , 803 fem ales
B ra zil
CLUBES AGRICOLAS
Address: M i n i s t e r i o da A g r i c u l t u r a , Rio de J a n e ir o
O rg an izatio n , r e s p o n s i b l e S e c a o -de Extensa© A g rico la
Symbol:, Each club chooses
Area: E n t ir e co u n try
Membership: 584 clubs,, . 64,474 members .
CLUBES AGRICOLAS ESCGLARES
Address :' M i n i s t e r i o de Eduacacao, Ri1Ojde J a n e ir o
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : , Secao .de Educacao R ural
4 -S
A ddress: Rua Pedro Angelo 105, F o r t a l e z a , . Ceara
O r g a n i z a t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e : A ss oc .■N o rd e st in a de C r e d i t o e A s s i s t e n c i a
Rural do Ceara
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 's
A re a : S t a t e of Ceara
Membership: I club, 6 males, 12 females
4-S
A d d re ss: . E d i f i c i o G e tu lio V a r g a s , Rua Joao Gaetano, V i t o r i a , E s p i r i t o
Santo
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : A s s o c .,de C r e d i t o -e A s s i s t e n c i a -Rural de
E s p i r i t o Santo
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 's
A re a : S t a t e of E s p i r i t o Santo
M e m b e r s h i p 15 c l u b s , .1 6 5 m a le s , 1 92 fem ales
•4-S
Address: Rua da B a h i a , •10 65 / 7 - Andar, Belo H o riz o n te , Minas G erais
O rg a n iz a tio n R es p o n s ib le : A s s o c . de C re d ito e A s s is te n c ia R ural
Sym bol:: C lover l e a f w i t h . 4 S 's
A re a : i S t a t e of Minas G erais
Membership:•113 c l u b s , . 1195 m a le s ,.1 0 5 8 fem ales.
. 103
B r a z i l (contin ue d)
FEDERACAO DE CLUBES. AGRICOLAS DO ESTADO BE.SAO PAULO (4-H, 4 -S , Club
A g ric o la . E s c o l a r , Club A g r ie o la , Club J u v e n il Rui?al)
Address: Avenida A n g e lic a .752, Sao P a u lo , Sao- Paulo
-O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : Autonomous
Symbol:-Each k in d .of- club has i t s own
A r e a : , S t a t e -of Sao Paulo
Membership:■42 c l u b s , . 4$0.members in-4-H and 4-S
B r i t i s h Guiana
4-H and Y0#NG FARMERS
Address : .-Department of A g r ic u ltu r e , .Georgetown
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : Department of A g ric u ltu re
Symbol: C lover l e a f . w i t h 4 H1s
A re a :.-E n t i r e co u n try
Membership: 45 c l u b s , , 2 97 9 -members
, C hile
4 -C
A d d r e s s A g u s t in a . 8 5 3 , . 2 ° P is o , S a n tia g o
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : , M l n i s t e r l o .d e A g r ic u ltu r a
Symbol: C lover l e a f .with 4 C s
A re a : -22 p ro v in c e s
Membership: 84I m ales, 680 fem ales
Colombia
4-S
.A ddress: C a r re ra 10 #20-30, Bogota
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : - M i n i s t e r l o .d e A g r ic u ltu r a
.Symbol: . C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 1s
A r e a : . E n t i r e co u n try
Membership :■ 186 clubs-, 1 3 1 7 . m a l e s , .199^ fem ales
Costa Rica.
4-S
A d d re ss:■ M i n is t e r io de A g r i c u l t u r a , E x ten sio n A g ric o la , San Jose
O rg a n iz a ti o n . . r e s p o n s i b l e M in is t e r io de A g r ic u ltu r e y G anaderia
A re a : - E n tir e co u n try
Membership:■282 c l u b s , £l04 m a l e s , -2537 fem ales
104
B r a z i l (contin ue d)
4-S',
A d d re ss :■ Rua E l i s e n Cesar 40 I^ Andar, Joao Pessoa, P a ra ib a
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : Assoc. C re d ito e A s s is te n c ia R ural do Estado .da
P a ra ib a
Symbol: C lover l e a f w i t h .4 S 1s
A r e a : . S t a t e of P a ra ib a
Membership:; 5 c l u b s , . 4 l . male's,. 4$ fem ales
4 - P and PUTTJROS ,EINQUEROS'.DE .PARANA
A d d r e s s :, S e c r e t a r i a . d e A g r l c u l t u r a , . C u r i t i b a , Parana
O rg a n iz a tio n re sp o n sib le .:,,'S e rv ic o de O rie n ta ca o T e c n ic a .
-Symbo I :.-C-Iover l e a f w ith 4 P 's and PEP s h i e l d
A re a : , S t a t e o f ■Parana
Membership:■14 c l u b s , . 8 0 0 .males
4- S
A d d re s s :-Rua 13 de Maio 450, C u r i t i b a , . Parana
O rg a n iz a tio n . r e s p o n s i b l e :. A s s o c . .de C re d ito e A s s is te n c ia
R ural do -Estado .de. Parana
Symbol: . C lover -l e a f w ith 4 S 's
Area : , S t a t e of Parana
.Membership:■ 4 c l u b s ,. 33,-males, .3 0 .fem ales
■4-S
. A d d r e s s S e r v i c e .de Extensa© R u ra l,-R e c ife ,-P e rn a m b u c o
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : A s s o c ..N o r d e s t i n a . d e . C re d lto e
A s s is te n c ia . R ural de Pernambuco
Sym bol:. C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 's
A re a : . S t a t e of Pernambuco
■Membership: : I c l u b , .8 m ales, 12 fem ales
4^8
A d d r e s s ;:Rua Q iq u e ira Campos 1184, P o rto A l e g r e , . Rio Grande do Sul
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : A ssoc. -S u lin a de C re d ito .e A s s i s t e n c i a Rural
Symbol: C lover l e a f with. 4 S 's
A re a .:.S ta te of Rio Grande do -Sul
Membership: 24 c l u b s , -214 m a le s ,■2.88 fem ales
4-S
Address : ; Caixa P o s ta l 502, F l o r i a n o p o l i s ,. S an ta C a ta rin a
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : . A ssoc. .de C re d ito e A s s is te n c ia
■Rural do E stado de S anta C a ta rin a
Symbolr C lover -le a f w ith 4 S 's
A r e a : - S ta te of S anta C a ta rin a .
Membership.: 26 c lu b s , . 276 males,, .283 fem ales
105
Ecuador
4 -F
A d d r e s s :;C a r r e r a Guayaquil 1 9 1 4 , . Quito
O rganization- r e s p o n s i b l e : . S e r v i c i o de E x ten sio n ,Nacional
Sym bol:-C lover l e a f . w i t h 4 F 's
A re a : -18 p ro v in c e s
Membership: ■1025 males-* 6 6 9 , f e m a le s , . 51. clu b s
El Salv ad o r
4-C
Address : .Santa- T e c l a , El Salv ad o r
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : Departamento de D iv u lg acio n A gropecuaria
,Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith la r g e C in fce n t e r
Area: 3 departm ents
Membership:: 5'1 clu b s ,, 450 m a le s , 410 fem ales
Guatemala
IG
A d d re ss:■ E d u c a tiv e R u ra l, I I a Ave. 9 -7 0 Zona I
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : . D e s a r r o llo 'S o o io - E d u c a tiv o R ural
Symbol: Corn,- q u e t z a l , - s u n , - plow
Area-: -E n t i r e c o u n try
M e m b e r s h i p 7 5 , c l u b s , 5000 m a le s ,.2 5 0 0 fem ales
4-S
A d d re ss: D iv is io n d e - E x te n s io n ,,La Aurora
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : I n s t i t u t e A gropecuario -Nacional
Symbol: Clover l e a f vfith 4 S 's
A re a : -19 of 22 d epartm ents
Membership: 8 0 , c l u b s , . l 6 lO members
H a iti
4 -C
A d d re ss: : S p rv ice de P r o d u c tio n .et de V u lg a r is a ti o n A g ric o le s , Damien,
' - Portr-au-P rince
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e $.Department de I 1A g ric u ltu re
Sym bols.H eart w ith l a r g e C
A r e a : - E n tir e co u n try
Membership: ; 255 c lu b s .,, 2722 members
io 6
Honduras
4 -S
."Address: A partado 509,. T egucigalpa
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e S e r y ic io de E x ten sio n A g ric o la
Symbol.: C lover l e a f ,w ith .4 8^6
A r e a :: E n t i r e co u n try
Membership: 59 c l u b s , .513 m a le s , .3 8 9 f e m a le s .
Jamaica
4 -H
A d d re ss::1 0 .North P a ra d e , K ingstop
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : Jamaica A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c ie ty
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith .4 H1s
A re a : . E n ti r e c o u n try
Membership.:: 564 c lu b s , .8 9 3 1 males,.. 14924 fem ales
TMexico
CLUBES JUVENILES.RURALES
A ddress: B ald era s 9 4 , . Mexico I , D . „F,
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : ; S e c r e t a r i a de A g r lc u ltu r a
■Symbol: Boy. s o w i n g , . g i r l . i r r i g a t i n g
A re a : . E n t i r e co u n try
Membership: •_145 c l u b s ,. 2465 m a le s ,. 438 fem ales
FUTUROS. AGRICULTORES Dg MEXICO
Address : B r a s i l 3 1 ,. Mexico, . D. ,F'.
, O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : . S e b r e t a r i p de Educacion P u b lic a
Symbol: Youth f i g u r e
A re a :•18 s t a t e s
Membership : 7 ?'- c l u b s , • 1308 m ales, . 797 ■fem ales
N eth erlan d s A n t i l l e s
(v a rio u s c lu b s )
A d d re ss :. Department of C u ltu re and E d u c a tio n , F o rt Amsterdam 11, Curacao
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : • Autonomous
A re a : , Curacao - and Aruba
Membership: .E s tim a te d 2300
107
Nicaragua
4-S
A ddress: S e r v l c l o de E x te n s io n , E d i f i c l o B ern er, Managua
O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e : . M in i s t e r l o . d e A g r ic u ltu r a y G anaderia
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 's
A re a : . E n tir e , co u n try
Membership:■42 c l u b s ,,6 9 4 m a le s ,.3 1 5 fem ales
Panama
COOPERATIVE JUVENIL
■Address: E sc u ela Maclonal de A g r i c u l t u r a , .D iv is a , Panama
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : I n s t i t u t e N acional de A g r ic u ltu r a
Membership: I c lu b , 85 members
4-S
A d d re ss:. D iv u lg a cio n A g ric o la de Panama, Panama
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : M i n ls t e r io de A g r i c u l t u r a , Comercio e I n d u s t r i a
,Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith 4 S 's
A re a : ■E n t i r e co u n try
Membership: 135 c l u b s , 1630 .m ales,■iy44 fem ales
EUTUROS,FINQUEROS, DE PANAMA
A d d r e s s :,S e r v l c i o C o o p erativ e In te ra m e ric a n o de Educacio n , Panama
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : S e r v ic io C o o p erativ e In te ra m e ric a n o de Educacion
Symbol: Sun,, plow, .corn
A re a : 3 departm ents
•Membership : ■3 c l u b s ,. HO males
Paraguay
4-C
A d d re ss : C a s l l l a de Correos 8 l 9, Asunsion
O rg a n iz a tio n .r e s p o n s ib le : S e r v ic io Tecnico In te ra m e ric a n o .de Cooperacion
A g ric o la
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith C
A re a : ■10.departm ents
M em bership::1 2 2 .c l u b s , 2040 m ales, 1100 fem ales
Peru
CLUBES AGRICOLAS JUVENILES' DE PERU
A ddress: S e r v i c i o . d e I n v e s t i g a c i o n y Promocion A g r a r i a , A v en id a.S a l a v e r r y ,
. Lima
O rg a n iz a tio n r e s p o n s i b l e : M in is t e r io de A g r ic u ltu r a
Symbol: C lover l e a f w ith CAJP
A re a : . E n t i r e co u n try
Membership: . 2 8 0 . c l u b s , 3281 m a le s ,.1 5 3 5 fem ales
108
Peru (c onti nued )
PUTUROS' AGRICULTORES ;DE PERU
Address : S e r v ic io P e ru a n o -In te ra m e ric a n o de Educacion,... Lima
O rganization, re s p o n sib le .:; D epartm ento.de Educacion A gropecuaria
.Symbol: ■c o rn s h i e l d w ith PAP
Area-:--21 of 23 departm ents'
•Membership: 37. c l u b s ,.3 6 0 0 members
P u erto Rlco
4 -H
"Address.: Box 6 0 7 , ■Rlo P ie d ra s
O rg a n iz a tio n re s p o n s ib le .: S e r v i c i o . d e Extension.
.Symbol: . C lover l e a f w ith 4 H1s
A rea: . E n ti r e s t a t e
Membership : ; 1237 c l u b s , . 17137. males ,,. 17125 females.
FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA
A d d re ss : .A g r ic u ltu r a V o c a c io n a l, Hato Rey
O rg an izatio n , r e s p o n s i b l e : D e p artam e n to -de I n s tr u c c lo n P u b lic a
S y m b o l C o r n , ■plow, s u n , . owl
.A r e a : . E n t i r e s t a t e
Membership: ■104 c h a p t e r s ,. 4410 ,.males
.FUTURE HOMEMAKERS .OF AMERICA
.A d d re ss: . D iv is io n d e -Eeonomia .Domesti c a , Rato Rey
O rg an izatio n , r e s p o n s i b l e : Departamen.to .de I n s t r u c e i o n P u b lic a
Symbol: Home h e ld in c o u p le 's hands
A re a : E n t i r e &tate
Membership:. 504 c h a p t e r s ,■16222 fem ales
Surinam
4-H
A d d re ss:, C u ltu u r t u i n l a a n , - Paramaribo
O rganization, r e s p o n s ib le M in is try of A g r ic u ltu r e
Symbol: C lover l e a f with, 4 H1s
Are^.:" E n t i r e co u n try
Membership:-45 c l u b s , .2 3 8 m a l e s , . 2 6 5 .fem ales
Uruguay
CLUBES AGRARIOS JUVENILES
.A d d re ss : Buenos- A i r e s -462, Montevideo
,O rganization, r e s p o n s i b l e :,M ovim iento.de l a .Juventud A g ra ria
Symbol: . Three c i r c l e s . w i t h l e t t e r s . MJA
A r e a Ent i r e co u n try
M embership:; 9 2 . c l u b s , ; 3 0 0 0 ,m a le s, 2500.fem ales
109'
Venezuela5-V
Address r ■Centro'Simon. B o liv a r , Caracas
O rg a n iz a tio n re s p o n s ib le :' M ln l s t e r i o . d e A g r ic u ltu r a
-Symbol; Five V s in s i d e .each :o th e r
Area: E n t i r e c o u n try
Membership: 254 c lu b s , 1570.,m a l e s , , 2955 fem ales
West In d ie s
4 - H b eg in n in g w ith M i n i s t r i e s of A g r ic u ltu r e ■i n . s e v e r a l : i s l a n d s .
HO
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