Generalization and concept development as an instructional method for 8th grade American history
by Orville Neal Dodge
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
Montana State University
© Copyright by Orville Neal Dodge (1965)
Abstract:
This study was designed to test the major hypothesis that a concept-generalization development
approach to teaching American history would produce a significantly greater pupil achievement than
would a traditional approach. Examination of literature concerning the teaching of American history
revealed a need for improved techniques of teaching to help overcome the difficulties of learning and
retaining historical facts and knowledge. Little research had been done to determine the value of the
concept-generalization approach. However, the use of concepts and generalizations, which is widely
recommended in the survey of literature is in accord with generally accepted theories of learning.
An eight-week experiment was designed and an investigation conducted in which a
concept-generalization approach group of 64 pupils and a traditional approach group of 59 pupils were
selected with a different teacher for each group. The concept-generalization approach group was taught
by a teacher who selected the key ideas and developed these ideas of the unit. The traditional approach
group was taught by a teacher who emphasized facts and adhered strictly to the textbook.
Both groups used the same textbook and covered the same units of history.
The testing of the statistical hypothesis, that the concept-generalization approach would improve final
achievement in American history, showed that the concept-generalization approach group made
statistically significant gain over the traditional approach group in learning and organizing historical
knowledge. There was no significant difference in the pupils in learning of historical facts.
The following conclusions concerning the teaching of American history by the concept-generalization
approach method was made on the basis of the review of literature and the findings of this study; (1)
Concept-generalization development tends to make the pupils learning an active process, meaningful,
interesting, transferable, and unified.
(2) Concept-generalization approach produced a significantly greater achievement than a traditional
approach which involves memorization, simple question and answer technique, and strict adherence to
the textbook with an emphasis on factual acquiring of knowledge. (3) Developing concepts step by step
appears to be a crucial factor in a pupil's attaining concept-generalization skills. (4) Pupils need
guidance and practice in developing concept-generalization skills. G E N E R A L IZ A T IO N A N D C O N C E P T D E V E L O P M E N T A S A N IN S T R U C T IO N A L
M E T H O D FO R 8 th G R A D E A M E R IC A N H IST O R Y
by
O R V IL L E N F D O D G E
A t h e s i s s u b m itte d to th e G r a d u a te F a c u lt y in p a r t ia l
f u lf il lm e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r th e d e g r e e
•
D O C T O R OF E D U C A T IO N
A pproved:
M O N T A N A S T A T E U N IV E R S IT Y
B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a
December, 1965
iii
■A C K N O W L E D G M E N T
• ■
T o c o m p le t e a stu d y o f th is , k in d , o n e d e p e n d s u p o n th e a s s i s t a n c e
an d c o o p e r a t io n of m a n y p e o p le .
T h is in v e s t ig a t o r w i s h e s to th a n k th e
t e a c h e r s o f W ills o n J u n io r H ig h S c h o o l w h o s o g r a c i o u s l y c o n s e n t e d to
m o d if y t h e ir t e a c h in g p r o c e d u r e s t o p a r t ic ip a t e in t h is stu d y .
H e a ls o
w i s h e s to g iv e p a r t ic u la r r e c o g n it io n to D r . M e lv in M o n s o n ,. and D r .
J o h n P ic t o n , f o r th e g u id a n c e arid s u g g e s t io n s , h e r e c e i v e d w h ile D r.
M ilf o r d F r a n k s , m a j o r a d v i s e r , w a s on le a v e .
T h e w r it e r d e e p ly a p p r e c ia t e d th e d ir e c t io n , c o u n s e l, and
s u g g e s t io n h e r e c e i v e d f r o m D r . M ilfo r d F r a n k s , D r . A lto n O v ia tt,
D r . R a y m o n d H en ju m ,. an d D r .' W illis V a n d iv e r d u r in g th e c o u r s e o f
t h is stu d y .
,
'O. N . D.
Z
iv
' •
T A B L E OF CO NTENTS
C h a p te r
Page
i
L
IL
I N T R O D U C T I O N ...............................................
I
P u r p o s e o f th e S t u d y ............................................................. ....
P r o c e d u r e ............................................... ........................ . . . , . . . ,
L i m i t a t i o n s .................................................................
D e f in it io n o f T e r m s
2
3
4
5
R E V IE W O F L IT E R A T U R E ..................................................................
8
S ta tu s: o f T e a c h in g A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y ...........................................
8
R e p o r t e d D i f f i c u l t i e s E n c o u n t e r e d in th e L e a r n in g
a n d R e t e n t io n o f A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y ............................
14
T h e T e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y b y th e
C o n c e p t T e c h n iq u e . . .
.......................................... .... . . . 15
P s y c h o lo g y o f L e a r n in g a s R e la t e d to th e U s e
o f C o n c e p ts in L e a r n i n g ....................................................................... 20
. P r e v i o u s an d C u r r e n t .R e la te d S t u d ie s in
C o n c e p t D e v e l o p m e n t ............................................................. -. . . 27
P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s .................................................................... ... • •
C u r r e n t S t u d ie s ' .................................................
Sum m ary
■ ..............................................................................................
III.
27
31
32
T H E E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E .................................................. 3 4
T h e T h r e e U n it C o n c e p t - G e n e r a liz a t io n M e th o d . . . .
T h e C o n c e p t s an d G e n e r a liz a t io n s , to b e
I n c lu d e d in th e U n i t s ................................. ■• ' ................................
D e t e r m in a t io n o f th e T im e R e q u ir e d fo r
C o m p le t in g th e U n its
.................................
C o n te n t o f t h e U n its
................................................
S e le c t io n an d A s s ig n m e n t o f T e a c h e r s • ' ........................ .... .
I n fo r m a t io n U s e d in C o m p a r in g th e C o n c e p tG e n e r a liz a t io n G ro u p and th e T r a d it io n a l
A p p r o a c h G r o u p ........................................................................
C o m p a r in g th e I. Q. *s o f t h e C o n c e p tG e n e r a liz a t io n A p p r o a c h G ro u p a n d th e
T r a d it io n a l A p p r o a c h G r o u p .......................
H is to r y G r a d e s fr o m P r e v io u s S e m e s te r
T e s t ................................................... ....................................... .... . . .
P r e - t e s t o f K n o w le d g e o f F a c t s in
A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y .......................................
34
35
36
36
37
37
39
39
41
V
C h a p te r
Page
T e a c h in g P r o c e d u r e
............................................................................
42
S u m m a r y ............................................................................................................ ' 4 3
IV.
V.
V I.
N A T U R E O F U N IT S O F IN S T R U C T IO N F O R T H E
E X P E R IM E N T A L G R O U P ................... ' . . ................................
45 '
T H E E F F E C T ON F IN A L A C H IE V E M E N T O F A
'
C O N C E P T -G E N E R A L IZ A T IO N A N D T R A D IT IO N A L ,
A P P R O A C H TO T H E "TEACHING OF T H R E E UNITS
O F A M E R IC A N H I S T O R Y ............................
51
S u m m a r y ................... .... ........................................................................
.
57
S U M M A R Y , C O N C L U S IO N S, A N D
R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S .......................................................................
59
S u m m a r y ...........................................................................................
C o n c lu s io n s .................................................................................................
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ................................
59
61
52
. L IT E R A T U R E C O N S U L T E D .................................................................... 6 4
A P P E N D I X .......................
,
73
A p p e n d ix A:
P r e -T e st
. ..................................
74
A p p e n d ix B :
U n it I O u tlin e '............................."..............................
82
A p p e n d ix C : -U n it II O u t l i n e .............................................................
,86
A p p e n d ix D : U n it I T e s t
. . . ...................................... ....
.
89
A p p e n d ix E :
. .........................................................
97
U n it II T e s t
A p p e n d ix F : U n it HI T e s t ....................................................
A p p e n d ix G:
P o st-T e st
A p p e n d ix H:
T a b le s
..........................................
. .
106
114:
123
vi
L IS T O F T A B L E S
T a b le
I.
2.
- 3.
4.
/
Page
A n a l y s e s o f V a r ia n c e an d D if f e r e n c e B e t w e e n P r e v i o u s
H i s t o r y T e s t R a w S c o r e , I n t e lli g e n c e Q u o tie n t, a n d
P r e - T e s t of A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y , R a w S c o r e o f C o n c e p tG e n e r a liz a t io n A p p r o a c h G r o u p 'a n d T r a d it io n a l
' A p p r o a c h G r o u p ..........................................................................................
40
A n a l y s is o f V a r ia n c e an d D if f e r e n c e B e t w e e n th e U n it
T e s t T o t a l R a w S c o r e s and th e U n it T e s t o f C o n c e p ts
o f E x p e r im e n t a l an d C o n tr o l G r o u p s ........................... « .
53
I n t e lli g e n c e Q u o tie n t, P r e v io u s H i s t o r y T e s t , P r e - T e s t ,
U n it I T e s t , U n it II T e s t , U n it III T e s t , an d P o s t - T e s t
R a w S c o r e s f o r E a c h P a r t ic ip a t in g P u p il in th e C o n c e p tG e n e r a liz a t io n A p p r o a c h G r o u p .
124
I n t e lli g e n c e Q u o tie n t, P r e v i o u s H is t o r y T e s t , P r e - T e s t ,
U n it I T e s t , U n it II T e s t , U n it III T e s t , a n d .P o s t - T e s t
R a w S c o r e s f o r E a c h P a r t ic ip a t in g P u p il in th e
T r a d it io n a l A p p r o a c h G ro u p
........................................................... 126
/
I
v ii
ABSTRACT
T h is s tu d y w a s d e s ig n e d to t e s t th e m a j o r h y p o t h e s is th a t a
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n d e v e lo p m e n t a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y w o u ld p r o d u c e a s ig n if ic a n t l y g r e a t e r p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t th a n
w o u ld a t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h . E x a m in a t io n o f li t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n in g
'th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y r e v e a l e d a n e e d fo r im p r o v e d
t e c h n iq u e s o f t e a c h in g to h e lp o v e r c o m e th e d if f ic u l t ie s o f le a r n in g
an d r e t a in in g h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s an d k n o w le d g e . L it t le r e s e a r c h had
b e e n d on e to d e t e r m in e th e v a lu e o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h .
H o w e v e r , th e u s e o f .c o n c e p ts and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s , w h ic h i s w id e ly
r e c o m m e n d e d in th e s u r v e y o f l i t e r a t u r e i s in a c c o r d w ith g e n e r a l ly
a c c e p t e d t h e o r i e s o f le a r n in g .
A n e i g h t - w e e k e x p e r im e n t w a s d e s ig n e d and an in v e s t ig a t io n
c o n d u c te d in w h ic h a c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p o f 64 p u p ils
a n d a t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p o f 59 p u p ils w e r e s e l e c t e d w ith a
d if f e r e n t t e a c h e r f o r e a c h g r o u p . T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h ■
g r o u p w a s ta u g h t b y a t e a c h e r w h o s e l e c t e d th e k e y id e a s an d d e v e lo p e d
t h e s e id e a s of th e u n it. T h e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p w a s ta u g h t b y
a t e a c h e r w h o e m p h a s iz e d f a c t s and a d h e r e d s t r i c t l y to th e te x tb o o k .
B o th g r o u p s u s e d th e s a m e t e x t b o o k and c o v e r e d .t h e s a m e .u n it s o f
h is t o r y .
T h e t e s t in g o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l h y p o t h e s i s , th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l ­
iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h w o u ld im p r o v e f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y ,,
s h o w e d th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p m a d e s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s ig n if ic a n t g a in o v e r th e .t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p in le a r n in g a n d
o r g a n iz in g h i s t o r i c a l k n o w le d g e . T h e r e w a s n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in th e p u p ils in l e a r n in g 'o f h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s .
T h e f o llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s c o n c e r n in g th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h m e th o d w a s m a d e on th e
b a s i s o f th e r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e and th e f in d in g s o f t h is stu d y ; (I)
C o n c e p t - g e n e r a li z a t io n d e v e lo p m e n t t e n d s t o m a k e th e p u p ils 'le a r n in g
a n a c t iv e p r o c e s s , m ea n in g fu l-, in t e r e s t i n g , t r a n s f e r a b le , and u n ifie d .
(2) C o n c e p t - g e n e r a li z a t io n a p p r o a c h p r o d u c e d a s ig n if ic a n t l y g r e a t e r
a c h ie v e m e n t th a n a t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h w h ic h in v o lv e s m e m o r iz a t io n ,,
s im p le q u e s tio n and a n s w e r te c h n iq u e , a n d s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o th e
te x tb o o k w ith ' an e m p h a s is on f a c t u a l a c q u ir in g of k n o w le d g e . (3) D e ­
v e lo p in g c o n c e p t s s t e p b y s te p a p p e a r s t o b e a c r u c i a l f a c t o r in a
p u p il's a tta in in g c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s k i l l s . (4) P u p il s n e e d g u id a n c e
an d p r a c t i c e in d e v e lo p in g c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s k i l l s .
CHAPTER I
IN T R O D U C T IO N
M u ch h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d l a t e l y a b o u t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o r ie n tin g a
s o c i a l s t u d ie s c u r r ic u lu m to w a r d a c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n d e v e lo p m e n t
ap p roach .
T h e r e a r e t h r e e p r im a r y r e a s o n s f o r t h is a p p r o a c h :
(I)
E m e r g in g n a t io n s a r e c o m in g in to in t e r n a t io n a l p r o m in e n c e an d d e m a n d
m o r e a tte n tio n in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s c u r r ic u lu m .
H o w e v e r , s in c e s c h o o l
t im e h a s n o t b e e n e x t e n d e d to a n y g r e a t e x te n t a n y a d d it io n a l c u r r ic u la r
m a t e r i a l m a y r e s u l t in d e le t io n o r " 'w a terin g -d o w n " o f e x i s t i n g s u b j e c t
m a t t e r in a s o c i a l s t u d ie s c u r r ic u lu m in o r d e r to in c lu d e t h e s e n e w ...
n a t io n s .
(2) If w e e m p h a s i z e c u r r e n t p r o b l e m s s u c h a s t h o s e in th e
n e w n a tio n s w e m ig h t n e g l e c t th e p r o b le m s o f C o lo n ia l A m e r ic a , w h ic h
a r e im p o r ta n t to o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f A m e r i c a ' s d e v e lo p m e n t .
(3)
F i n a l ly , th e f i e l d of s o c i a l s t u d ie s h a s b e c o m e d e p a r t m e n t a liz e d in to
v a r i o u s in d e p e n d e n t a r e a s .
N o t lo n g a g o , h i s t o r y an d g e o g r a p h y w e r e
c o n s id e r e d th e o n ly p e r t in e n t s u b j e c t s in th e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l c u r r i c u ­
lu m .
L a t e r , c i v i c s a n d e c o n o m ic s a s s u m e d t h is d e g r e e o f p e r t in e n c e ,
an d to d a y , s o c io l o g y , p s y c h o lo g y , a n d a n th r o p o lo g y s e e m to h a v e
l e g i t i m a t e c l a im s a s in d e p e n d e n t f o c i of! stu d y w ith in th e b r o a d s o c i a l
‘ \
s t u d ie s c u r r ic u lu m . ■
A n a d o p tio n o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h t o th e
t e a c h in g o f s o c i a l s t u d ie s i s an a tte m p t t o c o r r e l a t e and c o n d e n s e th e
m a n y s u b j e c t s w ith s t r e s s on th e im p o r t a n t an d c r u c i a l c o n c e p t s w h ic h en co m p a ss':,{:h e t o t a l s o c i a l s t u d ie s a r e a .. .., .
2
A c u r r ic u lu m b a sed , on c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m a y b e d e s ig n e d
tst o a llo w th e p u p ils , a s t h e y m o v e f r o m g r a d e to g r a d e , t o e x te n d and
d e e p e n t h e ir c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s b y g a t h e r in g an d o r g a n iz in g
in f o r m a t io n , th u s , a d d in g n e w d im e n s io n s o f m e a n in g to t h e m .
T h is w r i t e r b e l i e v e s th a t th e p u p ils , b y r e ly in g On b a s i c c o n c e p t s
w h ic h p e r m e a t e s o c i a l s t u d ie s w o u ld , ( I ) b e b e t t e r p r e p a r e d to
a p p r e c ia t e m a n 's in g e n u it y , ( 2 ) b e p r o n e to h a v e a p o s it iv e a ttitu d e
- to w a r d th e d ig n it y o f m a n k in d , and (3) b e a w a r e o f an d p o s s e s s a d e e p
u n d e r s ta n d in g a n d a p p r e c ia t io n of A m e r ic a n d e m o c r a c y .
M o r e im p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , th a n th e a d v a n ta g e s o f im p r o v e d
s o c i a l a ttitu d e , c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t in s o c i a l s t u d ie s m a y p r o v id e a
k e y to th e m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s o f th e in d iv id u a l l e a r n e r w h ic h , o n c e u n ­
lo c k e d , m ig h t b r in g c o n f id e n c e , s t a b i lit y , an d c r i t i c a l th in k in g t o th e
p u p il.
/
■ P u r p o s e of S tu d y
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h is s tu d y w a s to d e t e r m in e w h e th e r o r n o t a
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n d e v e lo p m e n t in a n e ig h t h g r a d e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y
c o u r s e h ad m o r e e f f e c t on th e f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t o f th e p u p il th a n d id th e
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h .
T h e m a j o r h y p o t h e s i s to b e t e s t e d w a s th a t p u p ils w h o w e r e , ta u g h t
b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n m e th o d w o u ld sh o w an im p r o v e m e n t in
3
f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t o v e r p u p ils w h o w e r e ta u g h t e ig h th g r a d e A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y in th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h .
L i t t l e e x p e r im e n t a l r e s e a r c h i s a v a ila b le in th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a r e a o f s o c i a l s t u d ie s .
S o m e e x p e r im e n t s on c o n c e p t
d e v e lo p m e n t o u t s id e th e f ie l d of s o c i a l s t u d ie s do e x i s t .
H o w e v e r , it
d o e s n o t a p p ly n e c e s s a r i l y th a t s u c h s t u d ie s c a n b e u s e d a s e v id e n c e
t o s u p p o r t th e u s e "of c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t in th e t e a c h in g o f s o c i a l
s t u d ie s s in c e th e c o n te n t o f e a c h s u b j e c t w o u ld b e d if f e r e n t .
.
.
P rocedure
•
C o n c e p t - g e n e r a li z a t io n d e v e lo p m e n t in s o c i a l s t u d ie s w a s u s e d a§
a m e th o d o f in s t r u c t io n to d e t e r m in e th e e f f e c t on f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t in
an e ig h th g r a d e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y c o u r s e .
A n e x a m in a t io n o f th e li t e r a t u r e r e la t in g to th e p r o b le m o f th e
stu d y w a s m a d e to d e t e r m in e :
(I ) th e s t a t u s o f th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y , (2 ) th e r e p o r t e d d i f f i c u l t i e s p u p ils e n c o u n t e r e d in th e le a r n in g
an d r e t e n t io n o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y , (3) th e t e a c h in g of A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y
b y th e c o n c e p t t e c h n iq u e , (4) th e p s y c h o lo g y of le a r n in g a s r e l a t e d to
th e u s e o f c o n c e p t s in le a r n in g , and (5) p r e v io u s and c u r r e n t r e la t e d
s t u d ie s in c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t .
In o r d e r to o b ta in d a ta fo r t e s t in g th e h y p o t h e s is , i t w a s
n e c e s s a r y to e n l i s t th e a id o f tw o t e a c h e r s o f e ig h th g r a d e A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y f r o m W ills o n J u n io r H ig h S c h o o l, B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a , w h o w e r e
a s s i g n e d to th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p and to th e
4
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p .
T h e t e a c h e r o f th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h ta u g h t h is c l a s s in th e
p r e s c r i b e d m a n n e r in w h ic h th e t e x t w a s f o llo w e d w ith l i t t l e a tte n tio n
to m a in i d e a s .
s e s s io n s .
T h e f a c t s w e r e d i s c u s s e d th r o u g h q u e s tio n and a n s w e r
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p w a s ta u g h t by-
d e v e lo p in g th e m a in id e a s o f th e u n it.
In o r d e r to p r o v id e a d d itio n a l in f o r m a t io n , t e s t s w e r e s e l e c t e d
to m e a s u r e th e s t u d e n t 's c o m p r e h e n s io n o f A m e r ic a n ,h is t o r y , and to
m e a s u r e h i s a b ilit y to g e n e r a l i z e f r o m m a t e r i a l s h e h a d a lr e a d y
le a r n e d .
T h e t e s t s s e l e c t e d fo r t h is p u r p o s e w e r e th e C o o p e r a t iv e
T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n ,H i s t o r y ,
A m e r ic a n H is t o r y .
2
an d S e le c t e d T e s t I t e m s in
T h e s e t e s t s w e r e a d m in is t e r e d - t o th e p u p ils in
th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p and th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h
group
'''
' 'V
L im it a t io n s
C e r ta in l i m it a t io n s a r e in h e r e n t in t h is stu d y .
T h e s e li m it a t io n s
in c lu d e :
C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H is t o r y : E d u c a t io n a l
T e s t in g S e r v i c e , P r i n c e t o n ,- *!^ J. , 19 6 3 , 7 pp. S e e A p p e n d ix .
2
A n d e r s o n , H o w a r d R . and L in d q u is t , E . F . , 1lS e l e c t e d T e s t
I t e m s in A m e r ic a n H is t o r y , 11 W a s h in g to n , D . C. , N a t io n a l C o u n c il
f o r th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s , B u lle t in N o . 6 , M a y , 1964, . S e e A p p en d ix .. G.
5
(1)
T h e e x p e r im e n t a l p o r t io n o f t h is stu d y w a s c o n fin e d to e ig h th
g r a d e p u p ils o f th e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y c l a s s in th e W ills o n J u n io r H ig h
S c h o o l, B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a .
(2)
T h e tw o t e a c h e r s p a r t ic ip a t in g in t h is stu d y w e r e r e g u l a r ly
a s s i g n e d t e a c h e r s t o th e W i l l s o n J u n io r H ig h S c h o o l
in. th e e ig h th
g r a d e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y p r o g r a m .
(3)
T h e p o p u la tio n o f 123 p u p ils w a s r e s t r i c t e d to 64 p u p ils in
th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p and 59 p u p ils in th e t r a d it i o n ­
a l a p p ro a ch grou p .
(4)
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p w a s a s s i g n e d to
o n e p a r t ic ip a t in g t e a c h e r ; A he t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p w a s a s s i g n e d
to th e r e m a in in g .- t e a c h e r .
(5)
T h e a c t u a l e x p e r im e n t w a s d e s ig n e d fo r an e ig h t w e e k p e r io d
a t th e b e g in n in g of th e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r of A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
/
( 6 ) T h r e e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n u n it s w e r e d e s ig n e d fo r th e
e ig h t w e e k p e r io d .
(7 ) T h e t e s t s w e r e s e l e c t e d to m e a s u r e th e p u p ils ' k n o w le d g e of
h i s t o r y and t h e ir a b ili t y t o r e c o g n i z e s t a t e m e n t s w h ic h te n d e d to s u p p o r t
.
c o n c e p t s and' g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s .
D e f in it io n of T e r m s
B e f o r e r e v ie w in g th e r e s e a r c h d e v o t e d to th e t r a d it i o n a l and
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n a p p r o a c h e s to th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y ,
a d e f in it io n of (I) c o n c e p t , (2) g e n e r a l iz a t i o n , (3) le a r n in g , (4) c o n c e p t -
v
6
. g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h , and (5) t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g of
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w a s n e c e s s a r y .
(1)
h is t o r y .
C o n c e p t.
T h e m a in id e a s th a t m ig h t b e ta u g h t in A m e r ic a n
T h e c o n c e p t s a r e a l s o a b s t r a c t io n s th a t a p p ly to a c l a s s or
g r o u p o f o b j e c t s o r a c t i v i t i e s th a t h a v e c e r t a in q u a lit ie s in c o m m o n .
z
T h e fo llo w in g i s an ex a m p ile.
I n te r d e p e n d e n c e h a s b e e n a c o n s t a n t a n d im p o r ta n t f a c t o r
in h u m a n r e l a t io n s h i p s e v e r y w h e r e . ^
(2)
G e n e r a liz a t io n .
S t a t e m e n t s o f b r o a d a p p lic a b ilit y th a t i n ­
d ic a t e th e r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n c o n c e p t s .
A p r in c ip le o r c o n c e p t
t e s t e d b y a p p lic a t io n ( r e p e a t e d u n til th e id e a b e c o m e s p e r m a n e n t ly
p a r t o f th e p e r s o n . )
(3)
L e a r n in g .
■ -x
L e a r n in g r e f e r s to a c h a n g e in b e h a v io r e x h ib it e d
b y a liv in g o r g a n is m w h ic h o c c u r s a s th e r e s u l t o f s o m e a f f e c t o f th e
e n v ir o n m e n t..
(4)
C o n c e p t - G e n e r a liz a t io n A p p r o a c h .
In s o c i a l s t u d ie s th e
'
d e v e lo p m e n t o f a d e f in it e c o n c e p t w i l l u s u a l l y le a d to a s p e c i f i c
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n .
T h e r e f o r e , in t h is s tu d y c o n c e p t a n d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
w e r e u s e d a s a s in g le t e r m m e a n in g th e m a j o r id e a to b e d e v e lo p e d in
h is t o r y . 3*
3
•
C a lif o r n ia S ta te C u r r ic u lu m C o m m i s s i o n , . S o c ia l S tu d ie s F r a m e w o r k fo r th e P u b lic S c h o o ls of C a lif o r n ia , S a c r a m e n tQ S ta te D e p a r t m e n t
o f E d u c a tio n ,'. Id a y 11, 1964- p7- 94.
7
T h is m e th o d o f t e a c h in g i m p li e s ( I ) d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e m a i n
id e a , (Z) p r e s e n t a t io n of s u p p o r tin g i d e a s , (3) d e v e lo p m e n t of
s u p p o r tin g id e a s b y th e p r o v is io n o f a v a r i e t y of d ir e c t e x p e r i e n c e s ,
■
e n c o u r a g e m e n t of th o r o u g h v e r b a l d i s c u s s i o n , .d ir e c t in g th e p u p ils
in th e d i s c o v e r y of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o m m o n to th e m a in id e a b e in g
ta u g h t, and (4) e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f p u p ils to b u ild c o m p r e h e n s iv e u n d e r ­
s ta n d in g of m a in i d e a s . '
-■(5) T r a d it io n a l A p o r o a c h .
T h is t e a c h in g a p p r o a c h m a k e s
h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s im p o r t a n t in t h e m s e lv e s ..
It in v o lv e s s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e
t o a te x tb o o k and p l a c e s e m p h a s is on m e m o r i z a t io n r a t h e r th a n on
c r i t i c a l o r r e f l e c t i v e th o u g h t.
T h is m e th o d o f t e a c h in g i m p li e s (I ) th e t e x t i s r e a d , (2) th e
f a c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d th r o u g h q u e s tio n an d a n s w e r s e s s i o n s ,
and (3) th e
p u p ils a r e t e s t e d to s e e h o w m u c h of th e f a c t u a l in f o r m a t io n h a s b e e n
r e t a in e d .
C H A P T E R II
R E V IE W O F L IT E R A T U R E .
T h e p u r p o s e o£ th e r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e w a s to p r o v id e b a c k g r o u n d
in f o r m a t io n c o n c e r n in g th e h i s t o r y a n d p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f th e t e a c h in g o f
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y a s r e l a t e d to th e e f f e c t o f th e u s e o f g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s
a n d c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t on f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t an d to p r e s e n t a b r i e f
s u m m a r y o f p r e v i o u s i n v e s t ig a t i o n s o f t h is and c l o s e l y r e l a t e d p r o b le m s ;
F i v e p h a s e s p e r t in e n t to th e p r o b le m o f t h is stu d y w e r e c o n s id e r e d in
th e r e v ie w :
(I ) th e s t a t u s o f th e te a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y , (2) th e
r e p o r t e d d i f f i c u l t i e s s tu d e n ts e n c o u n t e r e d in th e s tu d y o f A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y , (3) th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y b y th e c o n c e p t t e c h n iq u e ,
(4) th e p s y c h o lo g y o f le a r n in g a s r e l a t e d to th e u s e o f c o n c e p t s in
le a r n in g , an d (5) p r e v i o u s and c u r r e n t r e l a t e d s t u d ie s in c o n c e p t
d e v e lo p m e n t . '
7
S ta tu s o f th e T e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n H is t o r y
A s e a r c h o f th e l i t e r a t u r e r e la t in g to th e s t a t u s o f t h e t e a c h in g
o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w a s m a d e to d e t e r m in e if a n e e d e x i s t e d fo r n e w
te a c h in g t e c h n iq u e s s u c h a s th e c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t a p p r o a c h u s e d in
t h is stu d y .
T h e in v e s t ig a t i o n o f th e l i t e r a t u r e r e la t in g to th e s t a t u s o f
t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y d i s c l o s e d an a p p a r e n t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n in th e
a r e a o f in s t r u c t io n .
F r o m th e la t e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y v a r i o u s n a t io n a l
c o m m i t t e e s h a v e h e lp e d to s h a p e s o c i a l s t u d ie s
in s t r u c t io n .
T h e ir
9
e f f o r t s w e r e a t f i r s t d ir e c t e d to w a r d s e t t in g up f a i r l y d e t a ile d c o u r s e s '
o f stu d y , b u t in th e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y t h e ir s u g g e s t i o n s h a v e b e e n
b r o a d e r an d l e s s p r e s c r i p t i v e , r e f l e c t i n g th e n e w a t t it u d e s and id e a s '
w h ic h h a v e a c c o m p a n ie d c h a n g e s in A m e r ic a n li f e a n d A m e r ic a n
e d u c a tio n .
H a r o ld and E a r l e R u g g ^ s e v e r e l y c r i t i c i z e d t h e m e t h o d s o f
c u r r ic u lu m c o n s t r u c t io n e m p lo y e d b y th e n a t io n a l c o m m i t t e e s .
The
R u g g s w e r e l e a d e r s o f a m o v e m e n t to s e l e c t c o n te n t fo r th e s o c i a l
s t u d ie s b y u s in g q u a n tita tiv e m e t h o d s to a n a ly z e a c t i v i t i e s in t e r m s o f
t h e ir s o c i a l w o r th o r u t ili t y .
T h e a c t i v i t i e s w h ic h p r o v e d to b e of th e
g r e a t e s t v a lu e w o u ld th e n b e o r g a n iz e d in to t e a c h in g u n it s on th e b a s i s
o f e x p e r i e n c e o r u n d e r s ta n d in g .
In th e e a r l y 1 9 2 0 's , w id e ly u s e d h ig h s c h o o l h i s t o r y te x tb o o k s
w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o v io l e n t a t t a c k s - - s o m e o f w h ic h r e a c h e d th e p o lit i c a l
5
aren a.
T e c h n iq u e s f o r m o ld in g p u b lic o p in io n , h ig h ly d e v e lo p e d
d u r in g th e w a r , w e r e e m p lo y e d in an a tte m p t t o c o n t r o l th e -c o n te n t of
s o c i a l s t u d ie s in s t r u c t io n in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls .
T h e C o m m is s i o n on th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s w a s a p p o in te d and b e g a n
I
w o r k in 1929.
M a n y o f th e c o n c lu s io n s o f t h is C o m m is s io n w e r e *
A
R u g g , H a r o ld ,- an d R u g g ,. E a r l e . N a tio n a l S o c ie t y f o r th e S tu d y
o f E d u c a tio n , T w e n t y - S e c o n d Y e a r b o o k , P a r t II, " T h e S o c ia l S tu d ie s in
th e E le m e n t a r y an d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l, 11 B lo o m in g t o n , 111, P u b lic S c h o o l,
1923, p p . 9 - 1 0 , 6 0 - 6 6 .
^ B e a le , H o w a r d K. , -A m e r ic a n T e a c h e r s F r e e ? ) N e w Y ork :
S c r ib n e r , 1936, pp. 2 7 7 -3 1 9 .
10
s e v e r e ly c r itic iz e d .
T h e C o m m is s io n f e l t th a t a p r o g r a m of s o c ia l
e d u c a tio n m u s t p r o v id e r i c h and m e a n in g f u l e x p e r i e n c e s in th e b a s i c
a s p e c t s o f li f e and m u s t p r o m o t e o p tim u m p e r s o n a l d e v e lo p m e n t and
e f f e c t i v e p a r t ic ip a t io n in a d e m o c r a t i c s o c i e t y .
s o c i a l e d u c a tio n , th e C o m m is s io n i n s i s t e d ,
S u c h a p r o g r a m of
sh o u ld b e b u ilt on th e
p e r s o n a l - s o c i a l n e e d s of a d o l e s c e n t s , a s r e v e a le d b y a stu d y o f •
a d o l e s c e n t s t h e m s e l v e s a n d of th e c u lt u r e in w h ic h t h e y l i v e .
th e c u r r ic u lu m m u s t b e f l e x i b l e , g r o w in g f r o m
'
.
p e o p le , n o t r ig id and u n c h a n g in g .
Thus
th e n e e d s o f you n g
6
G r e a t h o p e s w e r e .h e ld th a t th e n e w i n t e r e s t in th e s o c i a l
s t u d ie s and th e n e w c o u r s e s in c lu d e d in s o m e p la n s o f s tu d y w o u ld
r e s u l t in a h ig h e r d e g r e e o f s o c i a l c o m p e t e n c e fo r th e A m e r ic a n
p u b lic .
H o w e v e r , th e im m e d ia t e r e s u l t s w e r e d is a p p o in t in g .
A m e r ic a
d id n o t s u c c e e d t o a n y d e g r e e in e q u ip p in g s tu d e n ts w ith k n o w le d g e of
c o n t e m p o r a r y i s s u e s o r th e h i s t o r i c a l , e c o n o m ic , a n d s o c i o l o g i c a l
f a c t o r s b e h in d t h o s e i s s u e s .
I n s te a d th e s c h o o ls c o n tin u e d to put
t h e ir g r e a t e s t e m p h a s is on t e a c h in g f a c t s an d s u b j e c t m a t t e r - -w h ic h
s h o w e d n o m a r‘k e d s u c c e s s .
\
T h e N e w Y o r k T im e s d i s c o v e r e d s o m e y e a r s l a t e r th a t highs c h o o l g r a d u a t e s w e r e n o b e t t e r o ff th a n p r e v io u s h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s .
In o r d e r '.'to d e t e r m in e th e a m o u n t o f U n ite d S t a t e s h i s t o r y th a t th e h ig h
A
" T h e S o c ia l S t u d ie s in G e n e r a l E d u c a tio n , " N e w Y o rk : - A p p le to n ,
1940, p p . 3 8 2 - 3 8 4 ..
11
s c h o o l g r a d u a te r e t a i n s f r o m h is s e c o n d a r y c o u r s e , "
g a v e an e x a m in a t io n to s e v e n th o u s a n d g r a d u a t e s .
y
th e n e w s p a p e r
The te s t w as
!
in a d e q u a te , b e c a u s e it d e a lt w ith q u e s t io n s w h ic h r e q u ir e d rotem e m o r i z a t io n r a t h e r th a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f b a s i c g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s ,
y e t th e r e s u l t s ' s h o w e d c l e a r l y th a t m a n y s tu d e n ts h a d f o r g o t t e n ,
m i s l e a r n e d , o r n e v e r le a r n e d im p o r t a n t f a c t s a b o u t th e h i s t o r y of
t h e ir c o u n tr y .
In 1934 s e v e r a l c o m m it t e e s w e r e a p p o in te d b y n a t io n a l a s s o c i a ­
t io n s to r e - e v a l u a t e s o c i a l s t u d ie s in s t r u c t io n , b u t th e s c h o la r s of
th e N a t io n a l A s s o c i a t i o n c o u ld n o t a g r e e a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s s u f f i c ie n t l y
t o p r e s e n t u n if ie d r e c o m m e n d a t io n s .
In 1938, th e P e n n s y lv a n ia S tu d y a n d th e R e g e n t s ' In q u ir y ,
c o m m o n ly c a l l e d P . S. , fo u n d th a t N e w Y o r k s tu d e n ts k n e w a b o u t a
th ir d to a h a lf o f th e i t e m s on c o n v e n t io n a l t e s t s o f c i v i c in f o r m a t io n
an d A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
,
T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia S tu d y c o n c lu d e d th a t if s tu d e n ts a r e to a c q u ir e
th e u n d e r s ta n d in g n e c e s s a r y fo r e f f e c t i v e p a r t ic ip a t io n in g r o u p li v in g ,
th e y m u s t h a v e m a n y o p p o r t u n it ie s to m e e t im p o r ta n t s o c i a l and
e c o n o m ic c o n c e p t s .
In t h is w a y , th r o u g h p r o g r e s s i v e s tu d y and r e -
V
f le c t io n , th e b a s i c g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s w o u ld b e c o m e a p a r t o f th e s t u d e n t s '
7
W ils o n , H o w a r d E .
•M cG raw , .1 9 3 8 , pp. 2 0 - 2 7 ,
. E d u c a tio n f o r C it iz e n s h ip ,
N e w Y ork :
12
m e n t a l e q u ip m e n t, to b e in t e r p r e t e d an d a p p lie d in h i s d a ily liv in g .
In 1943, in an e f f o r t to d i s c o v e r h o w w id e ly U n ite d S t a t e s
h i s t o r y w a s b e in g ta u g h t, th e A m e r ic a n H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , th e
M i s s i s s i p p i V a lle y H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , and th e N a t io n a l C o u n c il
f o r th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s a p p o in te d th e C o m m it t e e on A m e r ic a n H is t o r y
in .S c h o o ls an d C o lle g e s ,, w ith E d g a r B . W e s le y a s d ir e c t o r .
■•
T h e e v id e n c e g a t h e r e d b y th e c o m m it t e e sh o w e d th a t n e a r l y ■
a l l h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s in th e 1 9 4 0 's h a d ta k e n c o u r s e s in A m e r ic a n
h i s t o r y a t l e a s t t h r e e t i m e s . • T h e c o m m it t e e 's fin d in g s ^ a l s o d e m o n ­
s t r a t e d th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s p r o g r a m in th e g r e a t m a j o r it y o f ,A m e r ic a n
s c h o o ls h a d n o t a l t e r e d m a r k e d ly , a n d e v id e n c e f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s
.9
s u p p o r te d t h is c o n c lu s io n . A p p a r e n t ly a s E r lin g H unt s a id , "It i s ,
a g a in , n o t th e q u a n tity b u t th e k in d an d t h e q u a lity of h i s t o r y th a t w e
t e a c h th a t n e e d a t t e n t io n . "
.
.
T h e im p o r t a n c e o f w e l l - q u a l i f i e d a n d w e l l - t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s h a s
b e e n a m a j o r t h e m e in th e c o m m it t e e r e p o r t s w h ic h s h a p e d s o c i a l '
s t u d ie s in s t r u c t io n in th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
S tu d ie s
10
T h e C o m m it t e e on S o c ia l
w r o t e in 1916, " P r o b a b ly th e g r e a t e s t o b s t a c le t o th e
N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n , D e p a r tm e n t of S u p e r in t e n d e n c e ,
F o u r t e e n t h Y e a r b o o k , " T h e S o c ia l S tu d ie s C u r r ic u lu m , W a s h in g to n , D .
C . : T h e D e p a r t m e n t , 19 3 6 , pp. 6 3 - 9 0 .
o
■
'
■
H u n t, E r l i n g , " M o re A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y , " S o c ia l E d u c a tio n V I,
O c to b e r 1942, p . 2 5 2 .
. uN a t io n a l E d u c a t io n A s s o c i a t i o n , A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f
S c h o o l A d m i n is t r a t o r s , T h ir t y - S e c o n d Y e a r b o o k , E d u c a tin g fo r A m e r i c a n C it iz e n s h ip , W a s h in g to n , D. C . , th e A s s o c i a t i o n , 19 5 4 , p. 3 7 7 .
13
v it a l iz a t io n o f th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s i s th e la c k o f p r e p a r a t io n on th e p a r t
o f t e a c h e r , 11 and t h ir t y y e a r s la t e r th e C o m m it t e e ’ on A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y
in S c h o o ls and C o lle g e s
11
w r o te th a t a l l o th e r f a c t o r s w h ic h m ig h t r a i s e
th e q u a lity o f s o c i a l s t u d ie s in s t r u c t io n " a r e in e f f e c t u a l u n l e s s th e
w o r k i s d ir e c t e d b y a g o o d t e a c h e r . "
S in c e th e S o v ie t U n io n la u n c h e d i t s f i r s t S p u tn ik in O c to b e r , 1 9 5 7 ,
th e h ig h s c h o o ls h a v e g iv e n i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s is t o m a t h e m a t ic s ,
s c ie n c e ,
an d f o r e i g n la n g u a g e s , an d s o m e e d u c a t o r s h a v e f e a r e d th a t th e s o c i a l
s t u d ie s m ig h t b e n e g le c t e d .
A r e s o lu t i o n o f th e N a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r
S o c ia l S t u d ie s , N o v e m b e r 2 9 , 1957, s t a t e s :
T h e m o s t s e r i o u s is s u e s of o u r t i m e s a r e w ith in th e f ie ld
of h u m a n a f f a i r s . In th e s o lu t io n o f t h e s e p r o b le m s w e m u s t
lo o k t o th e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s an d to t h e h u m a n it ie s .
T h e s o c i a l s t u d i e s , . a s w e l l a s A m e r ic a n e d u c a t io n g e n e r a lly ,
h a v e u n d e r g o n e a v ig o r o u s r e a p p r a i s a l s in c e th e la u n c h in g of S p u tn ik I.
R e c e n t ly s t a t e and n a t io n a l le a d e r s h i p in c u r r ic u lu m r e c o n s t r u c t io n h a s
13
b e e n i n c r e a s i n g l y e m p h a s iz e d . S u th e r la n d
s t a t e s th e h i s t o r y c u r r i c u la
n e e d th e s a m e , s o r t of e v a lu a t io n w h ic h h a s b e e n g iv e n o th e r d i s c i p l i n e s
1 1Ib id , , p . 9 4 .
12
•
N a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r S o c ia l S t u d ie s , S o c ia l E d u c a t io n , X XII,
F e b r u a r y , 1958, p. 5 3 . .
13
,
S u th e r la n d , N e i l , " S tr u c tu r e in th e H is t o r y C u r r ic u la r " ,-.^ S o c ia l
E d u c a tio n , X X V I, M a r c h , 1962, p. 133.
14
in r e c e n t y e a r s .
R e p o r t e d D if f ic u l t i e s E n c o u n t e r e d in th e
■ L ea rn in g and R e t e n t io n o f A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y
T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d in th e le a r n in g and r e t e n t io n of
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w e r e r e v ie w e d to d e t e r m in e w h ic h d if f ic u l t ie s
c o u ld b e o v e r c o m e b y th e u s e o f c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t t e c h n iq u e s of
in s t r u c t io n e m p lo y e d in t h is stu d y .
T h e a r e a in w h ic h p u p ils e x p e r ­
ie n c e t h e ir g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t i e s in th e s tu d y o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y h a v e
b e e n r e p o r t e d in a s tu d y c o n d u c te d b y L e a r n e d an d W ood.
14
T h e stu d y
p o in ts out th a t th e p u p ils a r e u n a b le t o h a n d le b o o k s and li b r a r y
f a c i l i t i e s ; to in t e r p r e t d a ta ; to a n a ly z e i s s u e s ; to d r a w g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s ;
to id e n t if y an d d e v e lo p k e y c o n c e p t s ; t o m a s t e r th e t e c h n iq u e and t o o ls
o f c o m m u n ic a t io n .
T h e stu d y a l s o p o in t s o u t th a t:
I n s t e a d o f b u ild in g up in th e p u p il th r o u g h p r o g r e s s i v e
stu d y an d r e f l e c t i o n a w e l l - k n i t b o d y o f k n o w le d g e w o r th
k e e p in g a li v e a n d th e n e x p e c t in g th e p u p il to g r o w in h is
p o w e r to a p p ly and in t e r p r e t it , th e s c h o o l in v it e s h im t o
d e p o s it i s o l a t e d l a y e r s . o f in f o r m a t io n m a n y of w h ic h m u s t
15
c h ie f l y a p p e a l to h im a s v a lu a b le in o r d e r to p a s s th e c o u r s e .
14
L e a r n e d , W illia m S. , an d W ood , B e n j a m in D . , T h e S tu d e n t an d
H is K n o w le d g e , B u ll e t in N o . 2 9 , N e w Y o rk : C a r n e g ie F o u n d a tio n f o r th e
A d v a n c e m e n t o f T e a c h in g , 19 3 8 , p. 147.
15
D r e s s e l , P a u l L . , " E v a lu a tio n P r o c e d u r e s f o r G e n e r a l
E d u c a tio n O b j e c t i v e s , E d u c a t i o n a l R e c o r d , . A p r il 1950, pp„ 9 7 -1 2 2 ;
L in d q u is t, E . F . ,. E d u c a t io n a l M e a s u r e m e n t , W a s h in g to n , D . C . ,
A m e r ic a n C o u n c il on E d u c a t io n , 1951,. C h ap t.' 5; M u r r a y , T h o m a s R . ,
J u d g in g S tu d e n t P r o g r e s s , N e w Y o rk ; L o n g m a n s , G r e e n a n d C o m p a n y ,
1954, C hapE IT
15
In th e l i t e r a t u r e r e v ie w e d , t h e r e w a s a ' g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s by'
w r i t e r s th a t p u p ils o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y o fte n e x p e r i e n c e c o n s id e r a b le
d i f f i c u l t i e s k n o w in g w h ic h s p e c i f i c f a c t s sh o u ld b e r e m e m b e r e d .
F u rst*
c o n s id e r e d th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f t h e m a t e r i a l s t o b e le a r n e d a s
m o s t e s s e n tia l.
A n e x a m in a t io n o f l i t e r a t u r e in d ic a t e d th a t a lth o u g h o th e r a r e a s
o f d if f ic u lt y in th e s tu d y o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y e x i s t e d , th e a r e a w h ic h
c a u s e d m a j o r d i f f i c u l t i e s c o n c e r n in g th e p u p ils w a s th e le a r n in g o f s o
m a n y is o la te d f a c t s .
C o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t a lo n g w ith o r g a n iz a t io n of
r e l a t e d k n o w le d g e i s b e l i e v e d b y th e w r it e r to b e a d e v ic e to o v e r c o m e
17
th e d i f f i c u l t i e s in r e t a in in g th e is o l a t e d f a c t s .
T h e T e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n H is t o r y b y th e C o n c e p t T e c h n iq u e
S in c e th e m e t h o d o f in s t r u c t io n u s e d in t h is stu d y w a s c o n c e p t
d e v e lo p m e n t , a s e a r c h o f th e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n in g th e p la c e o f c o n r
c e p t s in th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w a s m a d e .
T h e C o m m it t e e
on C o n c e p ts a n d V a lu e s o f th e N a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r t h e S o c ia l S tu d ie s
1^ F u r s t , E d w a r d J. , " E ff e c t o f th e O r g a n iz a t io n of L e a r n in g
E x p e r i e n c e s U p o n t h e O r g a n iz a tio n of L e a r n in g O u t c o m e s , " J o u r n a l
o f E x p e r im e n t a l E d u c a t io n ,. X V lII, M a r c h ,. 1954, pp. 2 1 5 -2 2 8 .
17Ib id .
p . 218.
'
16
d e v e lo p e d f o u r t e e n t h e m e s a s a g u id e f o r c o n te n t in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s .
T o d e v e lo p t h e s e t h e m e s , th e f o llo w in g i l l u s t r a t i v e c o n c e p t s ,
Ig
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s and c o n te n t w e r e s u g g e s t e d .
1.
I n t e llig e n t u s e s o f th e F o r c e of N a tu r e
2.
R e c o g n it io n an d U n d e r s ta n d in g o f W o rld I n t e r d e p e n d e n c e '
3.
R e c o g n it io n o f th e D ig n it y and W o rth of th e I n d iv id u a l
4. ■ T h e u s e o f I n t e lli g e n c e to I m p r o v e H u m a n L iv in g
5'.
/
T h e V it a li z a t io n of ou r D e m o c r a c y th r o u g h an I n t e llig e n t
u s e o f our P u b l i c E d u c a t io n a l F a c i l i t i e s .
.
6.
T h e I n t e llig e n t A c c e p t a n c e b y I n d iv id u a ls an d G r o u p s , of
R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r A c h ie v in g D e m o c r a t ic S o c ia l a c t i o n .
7.
I n c r e a s in g th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e F a m i l y a s a B a s i c S o c ia l
I n s t itu t io n .
1
8.
T h e e f f e c t i v e D e v e lo p m e n t o f M o r a l and S p ir it u a l V a lu e s .
9.
' T h e I n t e llig e n t an d R e s p o n s ib le S h a r in g of P o w e r in o r d e r to
a t t a in j u s t i c e .
■
/
10.
T h e i n t e l lig e n t U t ili z a t io n o f S c a r c e R e s o u r c e s t o A tta in th e
W id e st. G e n e r a l W e ll- b e in g .
11.
A c h ie v e m e n t o f A d e q u a te H o r iz o n s o f L o y a lt y .
12.
C o o p e r a t io n in th e I n t e r e s t o f P l a c e and W e lf a r e .
13. ■A c h ie v in g a B a la n c e B e t w e e n S o c ia l S t a b ilit y an d S o c ia l C h a n g e .
14.
W id e n in g an d D e e p e n in g th e A b i l i t y to L iv e M o r e R ic h ly .
N a t io n a l C o u n cil' fo r th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s , R e p o r t of th e C o m m it t e e
on C o n c e p ts a n d V a lu e s ; A G u id e to C o n te n t in .th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s , '
W a s h in g to n , D . C . ; N a tio n a l. C o u n c il fo r t h e S o c ia l S t u d ie s .
17
In 1950, G o t t s c h a lk b e li e v e d th a t h i s t o r ia n s w e r e in c r e a s i n g
'
V
t h e ir u s e o f g e n e r a l iz a t i o n b y s a y in g :
D e s p i t e p e r s i s t e n t and w i d e - s p r e a d a p p r e h e n s io n s , th e u s e of
s o c i a l s c i e n c e g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s b y th e h is t o r ia n s i s i n c r e a s i n g - H e e n d e a v o r s (I) to d i s c o v e r s in g le c a s e s th a t w i l l i l l u s t r a t e a
s o c i a l - s c i e n c e g e n e r a l iz a t i o n . T h e im p o r t a n c e of u n d e r s ta n d in g
g e n e r a l p r in c i p l e s o f k n o w in g w h e th e r a s in g le c a s e w ith w h ic h
t h e y d e a l, f i t in to a n y g e n e r a l iz a t i o n , h a s o fte n e s c a p e d theh is t o r ia n . T h is i s w h y .h is to r y ; . . . d o e s n o t f e e l c a l l e d u p o n ■
to e x p la in w h y it sh o u ld b e of i n t e r e s t to a n y o n e e l s e , ( 2 ) to
d i s c o v e r s in g le c a s e s th a t w i l l c o n t r a d ic t a s o c i a l - s c i e n c e
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n to a h i s t o r i a n t r e n d o r s e r i e s of s i m i l a r e v e n t s .
T o b e a g e n e r a l iz a t i o n it m u s t b e d e l i b e r a t e l y s tu d ie d w ith a
v ie w to s e e in g w h e th e r v a lid c o n t r a d ic t io n and e x c e p t io n ca n
b e fou n d in th e p a s t b y h is t o r ia n s .
D e w e y s t a t e d th a t e d u c a t io n b u ild s on th e e x p e r i e n c e of th e
le a r n e e .
H e a l s o s t r e s s e d th e f a c t th a t e d u c a tiv e e x p e r i e n c e s d e ­
v e lo p "Out in to a n e x p a n d in g w o r ld of s u b j e c t m a t t e r , ' a s u b j e c t m a tte r
o f f a c t s o r in f o r m a t io n and of id e a s . "
20
In e m p h a s iz in g t h is p o in t -
h e m a d e a s t a t e m e n t th a t s e e m s a lm o s t p r o p h e tic :
F a i l u r e to g iv e c o n s ta n t a t t e n t io n to d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e
in t e l l e c t u a l c o n te n t o f e x p e r i e n c e s and to o b ta in e v e r i n c r e a s ­
in g o r g a n iz a t io n o f f a c t s an d id e a s m a y in th e en d m e r e l y
s t r e n g t h e n th e t e n d e n c y .to w a r d a r e a c t io n a r y b e t w e e n i n t e l l e c ­
tu a l and m o r a l a u th o r ita r ia n is m . ^
G o tts c h a lk ,. L o u is , U n d e r s t a n d in g H is t o r y , A P r i m e r of
H i s t o r i c a l M eth o d , N e w Y o r k : - .A lf r e d A . Knot," 19507" p . 2 5 2 .
20
,
D e w e y ,. J o h n , - E x p e r i e n c e s a n d E d u c a t io n ,. N e w Y o rk :
M a c m illa n C o m p a n y , 1 9 4 9 , p . 111.
2 l Ib id , ,p . 109.
The
18
A n d e r s o n an d G a te s
22
w e r e m o r e s p e c i f i c in s t a t in g th e s c h o o ls
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y fo r t e a c h in g g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s :
A lm o s t a l l le a r n in g , an d c e r t a in ly th e g r e a t b u lk o f th a t
fo r w h ic h th e s c h o o l a s s u m e s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , h a s s ig n if ic a n c e
o n ly a s it "is g e n e r a l iz e d . . . W ith in r e c e n t y e a r s a l m o s t a l l w h o h a v e s tu d ie d and d i s c u s s e d th e e d u c a t io n a l p r o c e s s h a v e
e m p h a s iz e d u n d e r s ta n d in g an d o f a p p ly in g w h a t h a s b e e n
le a r n e d to a w id e v a r i e t y o f n o r m a l l i f e p r o b le m s .
S in c e th e m id 1940 1s it h a s b e e n th e c o n c e r n of th e C o m m it t e e on
H i s t o r i c a l A n a l y s is o f th e N a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r th e S o c ia l S tu d ie s to
d i s c o v e r t h e n a t u r e , s c o p e , v a lid it y an d u s e o f th e im p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s
23
an d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s u s e d b y h i s t o r i a n s . D im o n d
p o in te d o u t th e
tr e n d in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s to w a r d t e a c h in g c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s
r a t h e r th a n f a c t s ; to w a r d our e m p h a s is o n -th e u s e of in f o r m a t io n r a t h e r
th a n j u s t th e a c q u is it io n o f it .
H e s a w a t w o - f o ld r o l e f o r th e c o n c e p t s
a n d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s :
/
1.
T o p r o v id e th e f r a m e w o r k a r o u n d w h ic h f a c t s c a n b e
a c q u ir e d a n d o r g a n iz e d .
2.
T o p r o v id e th e o p p o r tu n ity t o t e s t th e tr u th o r f a l s i t y
o f c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s .
- -
22
A n d e r s o n , G. L e s t e r , an d G a te s ,- A r th u r I. , " T he G e n e r a l
N a tu r e o f L e a r n in g , " L e a r n in g and I n s t r u c t io n , F o r t y - n in t h Y e a r b o o k
o f th e N a t io n a l S o c i e t y fo r th e S tu d y o f E d u c a tio n , P a r t I, C h ic a g o : T h e
U n i v e r s i t y of C h ic a g o P r e s s , 19 5 0 , p . 2 0 .
23
D im o n d , S t a n le y C. , " T h e R o le of G e n e r a liz a t io n s in T e a c h in g
th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s , " S o c ia l E d u c a t io n ,. X X II, M a y 1958, p p . 2 3 2 - 2 3 4 : ,
2 4 Ib id . , pp. 2 3 2 - 2 3 4 . '
.
•
19
P r e s t o n ‘S
s t a t e d th a t i t i s th e r o l e of th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s to h e lp
c h ild r e n to u n d e r s ta n d th e c o n c e p t s th a t d e s c r ib e a n d e x p la in h u m a n
s o c i e t y and to d e v e lo p th e k n o w le d g e an d s k i l l s r e q u ir e d b y d e m o ­
c r a t i c c i t i z e n s h ip .
H e u r g e d th a t w e u n d e r s ta n d th e c a p a c it y of
s tu d e n ts to d e a l w ith s u b s t a n t ia l c o n te n t.
S o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s s e e m to b e p la c in g i n c r e a s e d v a lu e u p on th e
r o l e of g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s fo r th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l.
C a r tw r ig h t
26
o u tlin e d th e c o n tr ib u tio n h i s t o r y m a k e s to e f f e c t iv e
c i t i z e n s h ip , b u t s t r e s s e d th e f a c t th a t t h e s e c o n t r ib u t io n s a r e s e c u r e d ,
n o t th r o u g h e m p h a s iz in g n a m e s a n d d a t e s , b u t th r o u g h th e u s e o f
c o n c e p t s a n d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s .
M a n o l a k e s ^ r e p o r t e d th e f in d in g s of a c o m m it t e e w h ic h
e x a m in e d s o c i a l s t u d ie s t e x t b o o k s .
C o n c e p ts r e c e i v e d ,s e c o n d a r y o r
in c id e n t a l c o n s id e r a t io n in t h o s e t e x t b o o k s s tu d ie d .
O n ce in tr o d u c e d ,
c o n c e p t s w e r e o fte n in a d e q u a t e ly r e i n f o r c e d , d is t o r t e d , o r c o n t r a d ic t e d
b y th e r e l i a n c e .o f th e a u th o r s on s t e r e o t y p e in th e i l l u s t r a t i v e m a t e r i a l s
2 ^ P r e s t o n , R a lp h C. , " T he R o le o f S o c ia l S tu d ie s in E le m e n t a r y
E d u c a tio n , " F i f t y - S i x t h Y e a r b o o k o f th e N a tio n a l S o c ie t y f o r th e S tu d y
o f EducationTTK iart Z, 19 5 7 , C h ic a g o ; N a t io n a l S o c ie t y fo r th e S tu d y of
E d u c a tio n , pp. 4 - 6 .
2 ^ C a r tw r ig h t, W illia m H. , " T he R o le of H i s t o r y T e a c h in g in
C it iz e n s h ip E d u c a tio n , " T h e H ig h S c h o o l J o u r n a l, -X L IV , D e c e m b e r ,
1960, pp. 112-117.
27
M a n o la k e s , G e o r g e , " C o n c e p t D e v e lo p m e n t in S o c ia l S tu d ie s
T e x t b o o k s , " N a t io n a l E le m e n t a r y P r i n c i p a l Sj •X X X V II ,. M a y , 1958,
pp. 2 5 -2 7 .
20
u sed .
,
In 1959,■ D a v is
28
in d ic a t e d th a t c h ild r e n a r e c a p a b le of
le a r n in g c o m p le x c o n c e p t s . 'He e m p h a s iz e d th a t i t i s u n d e s ir a b le
an d p r o b a b ly i m p o s s ib le to r i g id ly a s s i g n c o n c e p t s t o p a r t ic u la r
g r a d e l e v e l s , an d th a t c o m p le t e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f a c o n c e p t i s n o t
n e c e s s a r y in th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l.
T h e u s e of c o n c e p t s an d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n in th e t e a c h in g of
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w a s w id e ly r e c o m m e n d e d in th e li t e r a t u r e - r e v i e w e d .
/
P s y c h o lo g y o f L e a r n in g a s R e la t e d to th e U s e of C o n c e p ts in L e a r n in g
T h e c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g h a s i t s b a s i s in
th e f i e l d t h e o r y o f le a r n in g .
T h e e s s e n c e o f th e f i e l d t h e o r y i s th a t
" a ll e v e n t s in n a tu r e - - and t h is s t a t e m e n t p la in ly in c lu d e s p s y c h o lo g ic a l
a n d e d u c a t io n a l p h e n o m e n a - - a l w a y s o c c u r w ith in s o m e f ie l d , b ig o r
l i t t l e , w h o s e p r o p e r t ie s an d s t r u c t u r e e x p la in th e l o c a l i z e d o c c u r r e n c e ..
' th a t it e m b r a c e s a n d s im u lt a n e o u s ly p e r m it i n c r e a s e d c o n t r o l o v e r
28
D a v is , O. L . , J r . , " C h ild r e n C an L e a r n C o m p le x C o n c e p t s , "
E d u c a t io n a l L e a d e r s h ip X V II, D e c e m b e r ,. 1959, pp. 1 7 0 -1 7 5 .
$i■
^ H a r t m a n , - " T h e F i e l d T h e o r y o f L e a r n in g an d i t s E d u c a t io n a l
C o n s e q u e n c e , " in T h e P s y c h o lo g y o f L e a r n in g , F o r t y - f i r s t Y e a r b o o k ,
p t. 2, pp. 16 4 -2 1 4 ,“ e d it e d b y N e ls o n B .. H e n r y ,. N a t io n a l S o c ie t y fo r
th e S tu d y o f E d u c a tio n ,. C h ic a g o , 19 4 2 .
,
21
M o d e r n p s y c h o l o g i s t s a g r e e th a t le a r n in g i s th e c h a n g e w h ic h
t a k e s p la c e in an in d iv id u a l a s a r e s u l t o f e x p e r ie n c e ; t h is c h a n g e
1
e n a b le s h im to do s o m e t h in g w h ic h h e c o u ld n o t do p r e v i o u s ly . . H o w e v e r ,
p s y c h o l o g i s t s a r e n o t in a g r e e m e n t on th e n a tu r e of th e le a r n in g
p r o c e s s , th e c o n d it io n s u n d e r w h ic h le a r n in g t a k e s p l a c e , o r t h e .w a y
to o b ta in th e m a x im u m a m o u n t of le a r n in g .
H ilg a r d
30
p o in t s out
t h a t , . " A ll th e t h e o r i s t s a c c e p t a l l of th e f a c t s . " T h e m a in d if f e r e n c e s
a r e in' in t e r p r e t a t io n .
N o one, h o w e v e r ,
a s y s t e m in v u ln e r a b le to c r i t i c i s m .
" h a s s u c c e e d e d in p r o v id in g
T h e c o n s t r u c t io n o f a f u lly
s a t i s f a c t o r y t h e o r y o f le a r n in g is , l i k e l y to r e m a in fo r a lo n g t im e an
u n c o m p le t e d t a s k . "
A lth o u g h t h e r e i s m u c h d is a g r e e m e n t ab ou t th e le a r n in g p r o c e s s ',
c o n tin u e d r e s e a r c h s e e m s to s u b s t a n t ia t e th e f o llo w in g g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s '
an d in d ic a t e th e k in d s of le a r n in g s it u a t io n s s o c i a l s t u d ie s t e a c h e r s
/
s h o u ld p r o v id e if t h e y w is h to a c h ie v e th e g o a ls o f d e m o c r a t i c e d u ­
c a tio n .
W hen th e p r o b le m s a r e r e a l and m e a n in g f u l to th e l e a r n e r ,
p r o b le m s o lv in g p r o v id e s th e r i c h e s t le a r n in g e x p e r i e n c e .
A s lo n g
a s o ld w a y s o f b e h a v in g a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y in a c h ie v in g a g o a l, an
in d iv id u a l h a s no in c e n t iv e to le a r n n e w w a y s .
W hen th e o ld w a y s a r e
u n s a t i s f a c t o r y an d w h e n th e l e a r n e r f e e l s b lo c k e d or f r u s t r a t e d , .•
30
H ilg a r d ,. E r n e s t R . , T h e o r i e s o f L e a r n in g , N e w Y o rk :
A p p le to n , 195 6 , pp. 9 -1 5 .
- \ i;
'
'
22
h e s e e k s n e w and m o r e e f f e c t i v e m e a n s in a c h ie v in g h is g o a l.
In ■
d o in g t h is , h e b r in g s t o th e s it u a t io n a ll h is e x p e r i e n c e s an d u s e s
w h a t H ilg a r d c a l l s th e " p r o v is io n a l t r y . "
31
T h is d if f e r s f r o m
r a n d o m t r i a l and e r r o r in th a t th e l e a r n e r i s n o t g u e s s i n g b lin d ly
a t a s o lu t io n b u t i s u s in g h is p a s t e x p e r i e n c e s in a m a n n e r a p p r o ­
p r ia t e t o th e s o lu t io n .
If th e t r y i s s u c c e s s f u l , it i s a d o p ted ; i f it
f a i l s , o th e r t r i e s a r e m a d e u n t il a s a t i s f a c t o r y p a th o f a c t io n i s
fo u n d ./
/ ■
L e a r n in g th r o u g h p r o b le m s o lv in g i s a r e o r g a n iz a t io n o f
e x p e r ie n c e .
It in v o lv e s c h a n g e - - s e e in g n e w r e l a t io n s h i p s , d i s ­
c o v e r in g n e w a s p e c t s in th e s itu a tio n , fin d in g n e e d e d d a ta - -a n d
c o n s o lid a t io n o r in t e g r a t io n of a l l th e f a c t o r s in to m o r e m e a n in g ­
fu l c o n c e p t s .
In a t t e m p t in g to c h a n g e h i s b e h a v io r t'o fin d n e w w a y s
o f a c h ie v in g h is g o a l,. th e l e a r n e r d if f e r e n t i a t e s a m o n g b o th s t im u li
/
an d r e s p o n s e s . A t f i r s t b o th p e r c e p t io n and r e s p o n s e s te n d to b e
g e n e r a l and v a g u e ; th r o u g h d if f e r e n t ia t io n , th e l e a r n e r r e c o g n i z e s
d e t a i l s , p e r f o r m s d i s c r e t e a c t s , and s e e s d i f f e r e n c e s and
s im ila r itie s .
32
I n s i g h t - - t h e p o in t in th e le a r n in g p r o c e s s w h en th e le a r n e r
p e r c e i v e s m e a n in g in th e s it u a t io n a n d s e e s th a t w h a t h e i s d o in g
^ ‘'’Ib id . , p p . 4 6 9 - 4 7 2 .
32
A n d e r s o n , L e s t e r G= , and G a t e s , A r th u r I. , " T he G e n e r a l
N a tu r e o f L e a r n in g , " N a t io n a l S o c ie t y fo r th e S tu d y of E d u c a tio n ,
F o r t y - N in t h Y e a r b o o k , p t. I, L e a r n in g an d I n s t r u c t io n , C h ic a g o ,
U n i v e r s i t y of C h ic a g o " P r e s s , T95 p% TST
23
m a k e s s e n s e - - o c c u r s a t e a c h ste p ; w h e n h e f o r m u la t e s a h y p o t h e s is ;
a s h e g a t h e r s a n d o r g a n iz e s d a ta in t e r m s o f th e h y p o t h e s is ; and w h en
h e f in a ll y r e a c h e s a c o n c lu s io n o r d e c i d e s on a c o u r s e o f a c t io n .
W h en
th e n e w in s ig h t g a in e d th r o u g h e n la r g in g , r e f in in g , and r e c o n s t r u c t in g
. e a r l i e r in s ig h t s h a s b e e n t e s t e d in m a n y s it u a t io n s , it b e c o m e s
g e n e r a l iz e d .
A lm o s t a l l le a r n in g , and c e r t a in ly m o s t o f th a t w h ic h
t a k e s p la c e in a s o c i a l s t u d ie s c l a s s r o o m , " h a s s ig n if ic a n c e o n ly a s
it i s g e n e r a l iz e d . "
33
'■
W h e th e r it i s a s k i l l , an a ttitu d e , a p p r e c ia t io n ,
in f o r m a t io n , or th e a b ili t y to g e t a lo n g w ith o t h e r s , le a r n in g m u s t b e
g e n e r a l i z e d s o th a t it i s u s e f u l in m e e t i n g a s m a n y o f the d e m a n d s of
li f e a s p o s s i b l e .
L e a r n in g , lik e b e h a v io r in g e n e r a l , i s g o a l d ir e c t e d .
The
le a r n e r m u s t b e m o t iv a t e d if h e i s to le a r n . . H e le a r n s b e c a u s e h e i s
d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith t h in g s a s t h e y a r e , o r i s b lo c k e d in d o in g w h a t h e
/
w a n ts to d o, o r h a s a g o a l to w a r d w h ic h h e is s t r iv in g .
"The goal
o f th e l e a r n e r i s th e e n d - s t a t e w h ic h g iv e s d ir e c t io n to m o t iv a t e d
b e h a v io r .
It m u s t a lw a y s b e d e fin e d a c c o r d in g to the a r o u s e d
m o t iv e s - of th e l e a r n e r . . . T h e g o a l i s w h a t th e l e a r n e r i s s e e k in g
r a t h e r th a n th e in c e n t iv e th a t th e t e a c h e r i s p r o v id in g .
. ,34
h a v e m u c h or l i t t l e in c o m m o n . "
T hey m ay
T h e l e a r n e r " is d r iv e n to do
3 3Ib id . , p. 2 0 .
^ H i lg a r d ,' E r n e s t R . , an d R u s s e l , . D a v id M . , " M o tiv a tio n in
S c h o o l L e a r n in g , " N a t io n a l S o c ie t y f o r th e S tu d y of E d u c a t io n ,
L e a r n in g an d I n str u c tio n ,' p. 39.
24
s o m e t h in g , n o t in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e w a y s o m e b o d y e l s e d e f in e s
■
h i s g o a ls o r n e e d s , b u t in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e w a y h e h i m s e l f
p e r c e i v e s th e s it u a t io n and d e c id e s w h a t m u s t b e d o n e in o r d e r to
35
g e t w h a t he w a n t s . "
L e a r n in g e x p e r i e n c e s h o u ld b e s o o r g a n iz e d t h a t th e le a r n in g s
fr o m on e e x p e r i e n c e a r e c o n t in u a lly e x p a n d e d in to l a r g e r and m o r e
m e a n in g fu l u n d e r s t a n d in g s . ■ " E a c h s t a g e in th e d e v e lo p m e n t of
b e h a v io r i s an o u tg r o w th of s o m e e a r l i e r s t a g e , n o t a m e r e a d d itio n
3A
th e r e to . "
T h e f a c t th a t le a r n in g i s a d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s m e a n s th a t
i
th e s e q u e n c e o f .le a r n in g e x p e r i e n c e s i s im p o r ta n t.
le a r n in g ,
C o n c e p tu a l
f o r e x a m p le , m o v e s " F r o m c o n c r e t e to a b s t r a c t , fr o m
v a g u e to c l e a r ,, f r o m in e x a c t to d e f in it e . " M o r e r e c e n t l y w e h a v e
h e a r d th e h y p o t h e s is th a t th e y o u n g c h ild c a n b e h e lp e d , th r o u g h
/
c o n c r e t e e x p e r i e n c e s , t o p e r c e i v e in t u it iv e ly c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l i ­
z a t io n s th a t h e w i l l la t e r le a r n to h a n d le a t th e a b s t r a c t l e v e l of
E i s e r e r , P a u l’ E . , an d C o r e y ,. S te p h e n M . , "H ow Y outh L e a r n
to M e e t T h e ir N e e d s , " N a t io n a l S o c ie t y fo r th e S tu d y of E d u c a tio n ,
F i f t y - F i r s t Y e a r b o o k , P a r t I, A d a p tin g th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l P r o g r a m
to th e N e e d s o f Y o u th , C h ic a g o , U n i v e r s it y of C h ic a g o P r e s s , 195 3, p . 4 9 .
3
\
C o m m in s , W. - D . , P r i n c i p l e s of E d u c a t io n a l P s y c h o lo g y , N e w
Y o r k , R o n a ld C o. , 19 3 7 , p. 33L
37
B r o w n e ll, W illia m A . , an d H e n d r ic k s o n , G o r d o n , "How
C h ild r e n L e a r n I n fo r m a t io n , C o n c e p ts and G e n e r a liz a t io n s , " N a t io n a l .
S o c ie t y fo r th e S tu d y o f E d u c a t io n ,. L e a r n in g an d I n s t r u c t i o n ,. p. 107.
'
I
l o g i c a l th o u g h t.
T h o s e w h o ta k e t h is p o s it io n h a v e b e e n in f lu e n c e d '
l a r g e l y b y th e w o r k o f P i a g e t an d h is a s s o c i a t e s .
T hey su g g est
th a t "any s u b j e c t c a n b e ta u g h t e f f e c t i v e l y in s o m e i n t e l l e c t u a l l y
h o n e s t f o r m to a n y c h ild a t a n y s ta te o f d e v e lo p m e n t" a s lo n g a s th e
w a y th e c h ild v ie w s h is w o r ld i s u n d e r s to o d and r e s p e c t e d .
38
T h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s . o f le a r n in g s u g g e s t th a t th e p r i n c i p l e s ,
t h e o r i e s , o r g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s o v e r w h ic h a p u p il w i l l g a in a n d r e ta in
c o n t r o l w i l l b e t h o s e th a t h e f r e q u e n t ly a p p lie s w ith s u c c e s s .
S tu d ie s
o f c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t in d ic a t e th a t a l e a r n e r m a y q u ic k ly l o s e a
c o n c e p t h e h a s o n c e u n d e r s to o d if h e h a s n o f u r t h e r o c c a s io n to u s e
it .
T h a t i s , th e p e r m a n e n c e a n d b r e a d t h of th e c h ild 's g r a s p o f a
c o n c e p t a r e a f f e c t e d b y th e a m o u n t, o f r e in f o r c e m e n t th e c o n c e p t
r e c e i v e s th r o u g h a p p lic a t io n .
^
^
A s a p u p il d e v e lo p s c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s , h e g a in s
■ .
p o w e r fu l t o o l s fo r le a r n in g and th in k in g .
/
H e ca n u s e th e c o n c e p t s a n d
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s h e h a s a b s t r a c t e d f r o m h i s e x p e r i e n c e to id e n t if y an d
c a t e g o r i z e n e w o b j e c t s , id e a s , an d e v e n t s th a t h e e n c o u n t e r s .
H is
c o n c e p t u a l s t r u c t u r e fo r a t o p ic , o r a b r o a d f ie l d o f k n o w le d g e e n a b le s
h im to s e le c t ,' r e l a t e , and o r g a n iz e p e r t in e n t m a t e r i a l s .
A s one
OQ
B r u n e r , J e r o m e S. , T h e P r o c e s s o f E d u c a t io n ,. C a m b r id g e , .
M a s s . , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s it y P r e s s , ' i 9 6 0 , pT- 9TI
■ ^ R u s s e l l , D a v i d H . , " C o n c e # s , " E n c y c lq p e d ia o f E d u c a t io n a l
R e s e a r c h ,' T h ir d E d it io n . ■ E d it e d b y C h e s t e r W. H a r r i s ,. N e w Y ork :
M a c m illa n C o m p a n y , I 9 6 0 , pp.- 1 081-1085.
26
p s y c h o l o g i s t h a s p u t it , " c o n c e p t u a liz in g m a k e s p o s s i b l e r a t io n a l ■
b e h a v io r - - e x p lo r in g , o r d e r in g , s o lv in g , c r e a t in g , an d p r e d ic t in g .
J oh n D e w e y ^ p o in te d out m o r e th a n tw o d e c a d e s a g o , th e
e s s e n c e o f th e e d u c a t iv e p r o c e s s i f th e " p r o g r e s s i v e o r g a n iz a t io n o f
k n o w le d g e . " . ‘
R e c o g n iz in g th a t e x p e r i e n c e i s b a s i c to le a r n in g , h e
r e m in d e d h i s r e a d e r s th a t "no e x p e r i e n c e i s t r u ly e d u c a t iv e th a t
d o e s n o t te n d b o th to k n o w le d g e of m o r e f a c t s and e n t e r t a in in g
o f m o r e id e a s an d to a b e t t e r , a m o r e o r d e r ly , a r r a n g e m e n t
o f th e m . " A s t r u c t u r e o r c o n c e p t u a l " fra m ew o rk th a t b e c o m e s
an in t e g r a l p a r t o f a c h ild 's th o u g h t w i l l s t r e n g t h e n h i s i n t e l l e c ­
t u a l a c t i v i t y th r o u g h o u t l i f e .
C o n c e p ts an d g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s , o r g a n iz e d in to m e a n in g f u l
p a t t e r n s , f o r m t h e b o d ie s of k n o w le d g e on w h ic h w e d e p e n d w h e n w e
m e e t n e w e x p e r i e n c e s and c o n s id e r t h e w o r ld in w h ic h w e l i v e .
It i s
b y h e lp in g th e s tu d e n t f o r m m e a n in g f u l p a t t e r n s o f k n o w le d g e an d
d e v e lo p c l e a r v a lu e s th a t th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s p r e p a r e h im fo r l i f e .
42
A s e a r c h w a s m a d e to fin d r e p o r t s of p r e v io u s in v e s t ig a t i o n s
c o n c e r n in g th e u s e o f c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n in th e t e a c h in g of
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y .
\
4 0 I b i d / , p. 3 2 3 . '
x
4 ^ D e w e y , J o h n ,■E x p e r i e n c e and E d u c a t io n ,, N e w Y o rk : M a c m illa n
C o . , 1938, pp. 8 6 -1 1 2 . “
:
:
4 2 Ib id . , p. 325.
-------\
'
27
P r e v io u s and C u r r e n t R e la t e d
S t u d ie s in C o n c e p t D e v e lo p m e n t
. ,
■A n e x a m in a t io n o f th e li t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d to th e p r o b le m o f t h is
s tu d y w a s m a d e to d e t e r m in e w h a t r e s e a r c h h a d b e e n d o n e c o n c e r n in g
th e u s e of g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s and c o n c e p t s in th e t e a c h in g of A m e r ic a n
h is t o r y .
P r e v io u s s t u d ie s :
M a n y s t u d ie s h a v e b e e n m a d e to i t e m i z e
c o n c e p t s , but n o n e h a s id e n t if ie d t h e m a s to w h a t t h e y a r e .
T h is
w r i t e r fo u n d o n ly tw o p a p e r s d e a lin g w it h c o n c e p t s in s o c i a l s t u d ie s .
/
•
G r iffin ,'s
43
,
,.
d i s s e r t a t i o n , w h ic h w a s m o r e on d e f in it io n o f t e r m s w h ic h
h e c a l l s c o n c e p t s , an d B r u n e r , Q o o d n o w an d A u s t in ' s
44
p a p e r , w h ic h
w a s a r e f in e m e n t o f G r if f in 's c o n c e p t io n o f a c o n c e p t.
M c P h i e ^ in 1 9 5 9 , l i s t e d a ll d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s in s o c ia l
s t u d ie s e d u c a tio n fo r th e p r e c e d in g 25 y e a r s ,, and it i s d o u b tfu l th a t
t
h e o v e r lo o k e d a s in g le m a j o r stu d y .
T h e l i s t r e f l e c t s n o s u s t a in e d
c o n c e r n w ith f o r m u la t in g and c l a r if y in g t h e o r y fo r t e a c h in g th e
s o c ia l s tu d ie s .
T h e s t u d ie s h a v e a l s o n o t b e e n .t h e k in d l i k e l y to
43
G r if f in ,. A . F . , nA P h il o s o p h ic a l A p p r o a c h to th e S u b j e c t M a tte r P r e p a r a t io n of T e a c h e r s o f H is t o r y ," u n p u b lis h e d d o c t o r a l
d i s s e r t a t i o n , O h io S ta te U n i v e r s it y , 1942.
^ B r u n e r , J. S. , G o o d n o w , . J a c q u e lin e J . , an d A u s t in , G. A . ,
. "A S tu d y o f T h in k in g , " N e w Y o rk : W ile y , 1956.
^ M c P h i e , . W. , "A. C o m p r e h e n s iv e B ib lio g r a p h ic G u id e to
D o c t o r a l D i s s e r t a t i o n s in S o c ia l S tu d ie s E d u c a tio n , " R e s e a r c h
■C o m m it t e e , N a t io n a l C o u n c il fo r th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s , 1959.
28
c o n tr ib u te to t h e o r e t i c a l k n o w le d g e .
D i s s e r t a t i o n s h a v e r e s u l t e d in
t e a c h in g m a n u a ls , c o u r s e o u t lin e s , t r e n d id e n t if ic a t io n ,
sta tu s
s t u d ie s w h ic h a r e s o o n o u t-o f-d a te , s u r v e y s of l o c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s ,
h i s t o r i c a l s t u d i e s , an d te x tb o o k a n a l y s i s . ' M a n y s t u d ie s a r e lo c a l
an d d a te d in n a t u r e , an d n o a t t e m p t h a s b e e n m a d e t o r e l a t e th e m to
q u e s tio n s in t e a c h in g th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s .
In th e la t e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y ,. H a ll s t a r t e d a s e r i e s o f s t u d ie s
4f>
' '
d e a lin g w ith c h ild r e n 's c o n c e p t s . H a ll, ,
in h is r e p o r t p u b lis h e d in
1903, in d ic a t e d th a t " ch ild ren s t a r t e d s c h o o l w ith a n u m b e r o f in '
,
■_
:4:7
a c c u r a t e and in c o m p le t e s o c i a l and s c i e n t i f i c c o n c e p t s . P i a g e t
'
w a s a l s o d o in g e x t e n s iv e r e s e a r c h in th e a r e a of c h il d r e n 's k n o w le d g e
of c o n c e p t s .
F r o m t h e s e e a r l y r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s o f H a ll and P i a g e t
h a v e c o m e a s p a te o f s t u d ie s d e a lin g w ith th e id e n t if ic a t io n o f c o n c e p t s
in m a t h e m a t ic s , in t i m e , in s c i e n c e , in s o c i a l c o n c e p t s , in m o r a l f
r e l i g i o u s c o n c e p t s , and in s c a t t e r e d a r e a s s u c h a s c o n c e p t s o f d e a th , '
c h il d r e n 's c o n c e p t s o f h u m o r and o f a d u lt s .
48
;
4 ^ H a ll, G. S t a n le y , an d B r o w n e , C . E . , ' " C h ild r e n 's Id e a of F i r e ,
.H e a t , F r o s t , and C o ld , " P e d a g o g i c a l S e m in a r y , 1 0 : 2 7 - 8 5 , 1903.
47
'■
P i a g e t , J e a n , . " J ea n P i a g e t , " H i s t o r y of P s y c h o lo g y in
A u to b io g r a p h y , C a r l A . M u r c h is o n , (e d . ) W o r c e s t e r , M a s s . T C la r k
U n i v e r s it y , 1 9 5 2 , p p . 2 3 7 - 5 6 .
4 ^ R u s s e ll , D a v id H . , " C o n c e p ts , " E n c y c lo p e d ia o f E d u c a t io n a l
R e s e a r c h , T h ir d e d it io n , N e w Y o rk : T h e M a c m illa n C o m p a n y , I9 6 0 ,
pp. 3 2 8 -3 2 9 .
29
A n e a r l y .s t u d y in th e id e n t if ic a t io n o f c o n c e p t s in th e b r o a d a r e a
o f s o c i a l s c i e n c e s w a s c o n d u c te d b y B i l l i n g s .
49
F r o m an a n a ly s is o f
s o c i a l s c i e n c e b o o k s h e m a d e a l i s t o f 8 8 8 g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s c o n s id e r e d
,-
to b e u s e f u l in u n d e r s ta n d in g m o d e r n l i f e .
L a t e r s t u d ie s h a v e b e e n
m o r e d e f in it iv e o f c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s p e c u li a r to v a r io u s
d i s c i p l i n e s w ith in th e s o c i a l s c i e n c e a r e a .
D e v it t f ^^ in 1 9 5 7 , a tt e m p t e d to d e li m it th e c o n te n t o f A m e r ic a n '
h i s t o r y b y g a th e r in g a c o m p r e h e n s iv e l i s t o f b a s i c c o n c e p t s to b e ta u g h t;
h e s u b m itte d 938 c o n c e p t s to t h r e e s e p a r a t e j u r ie s on a n a tio n a l l e v e l
t o v a lid a t e th e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s .
th a n h e d id c o n c e p t s .
H o w e v e r , D e v it t l i s t e d f a c t s m o r e o fte n
M a n y o f t h e s e f a c t s w e r e o f th e f o llo w in g o r d e r :
" C o lu m b u s d i s c o v e r e d A m e r ic a in 14 9 2 . " B e c a u s e o f s u c h i t e m s w h ic h
a p p e a r e d on D e v i t t 1s l i s t , i t i s q u e s tio n a b le w h e th e r h e id e n t if ie d b a s i c
c o n c e p t s to b e ta u g h t in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y o r w h e t h e r h e e v e n d i s ­
tin g u is h e d c o n c e p t s f r o m f a c t s .
T h e e x p e c t a t io n s r e g a r d in g s o c i a l s t u d ie s i n s t r u c t io n and th e
'
c o h e s iv e p r in c i p l e s h a v e r e c e i v e d r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e r e s e a r c h a tte n tio n
in c o m p a r is o n w ith r e s e a r c h d e v o te d to p a t t e r n s o f c u r r i c u la r o r g a n i­
z a tio n .
T h e li t e r a t u r e r e v e a l s a m a r k e d la c k o f a g r e e m e n t on g o a ls
' " ^ B illin g s , N e a l, A D e t e r m in a t io n o f G e n e r a liz a t io n s B a s i c to th e
S o c i a l S tu d ie s C u r r ic u lu m ) B a lt im o r e : W a r w ic h and Y o r k , In c . , 19 2 9 .
■ 50
D e v it t , J . J . , " T he R e la t iv e I m p o r ta n c e o f U n ite d S t a t e s H i s t o r y
C o n c e p ts in G e n e r a l E d u c a tio n P r o g r a m s a t th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l L e v e l , "
u n p u b lis h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , B o s t o n U n i v e r s it y , 19 5 7 .
30
an d p u r p o s e s o f in s t r u c t io n a m o n g e d u c a t o r s an d s p e c i a l i s t s .
s tu d y b y K a t h e r in e J o n e s ,
52
51
O ne
f o r e x a m p le , in d ic a t e d t h is a g r e e m e n t
a m o n g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r i a n s on c o n te n t a n d in s t r u c t io n in A m e r ic a n
h is t o r y .
A s r e f l e c t e d in c o u r s e s o f s tu d y , g o a ls an d p u r p o s e s a r e s t a t e d
in e x c e e d in g ly a b s t r a c t t e r m s , and t e a c h e r s a r e s e e m i n g l y u n a w a r e o f
th e r o l e o f o b j e c t iv e s in c u r r i c u la r p la n n in g , an d v ie w t h e m a s h a v in g
o n ly a g e n e r a l g u id a n c e fu n c tio n .
53
A stu d y b y C la r e n c e S a m fo r d
54
o f s t a t e c o u r s e s o f s tu d y , fo r
e x a m p le , c o n v in c e d th e w r it e r th a t no c u r r i c u la r p a t t e r n w a s s u g g e s t e d
b y th e s t a t e m e n t o f o b j e c t iv e s c o n ta in e d in th e m .
55
In a n o th e r s tu d y b y C h a r lo tte H u ck ,
it w a s fo u n d th a t o n ly ■
5 p e r c e n t o f th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s c o n c e p t s u n d e r s to o d b y f i r s t g r a d e r s
c a m e fr o m th e s c h o o l, w h ile 95 p e r c e n t c a m e fr o m e n v ir o n m e n t a l
i n f lu e n c e s .
H e r e th e s ig n if ic a n c e l i e s n o t in th e f in d in g s o r th e
K in s m a n , K e p h a s A . , " R e p r e s e n t a t iv e P a t t e r n s o f O r g a n iz a tio n
o f th e S o c ia l S tu d ie s in th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o ls o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , " u n ­
p u b lis h e d m a n u s c r ip t . U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a lif o r n ia , 1948.
52
J o n e s x K a t h e r in e G. , " T he V ie w s o f S e le c t e d A m e r ic a n H i s t o r i a n s
on I s s u e s B e a r in g U p o n th e T e a c h in g o f H is t o r y , " u n p u b lis h e d d o c t o r a l,
d i s s e r t a t i o n , O hio S ta te U n i v e r s it y , 19 5 5 .
C O
0S a n d , O le P . , " C o n tin u ity an d S e q u e n c e in S o c ia l S tu d ie s C u r r ic u ­
lu m , " J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t io n a l R e s e a r c h , X L IV , A p r il, 195Ix p p . 5 6 1 - 5 7 3 .
S a m fo r d , C la r e n c e D . , " C an S o c ia l S tu d ie s O b j e c t iv e s b e
A c c o m p l i s h e d w ith P r e s e n t - d a y T e x t b o o k s ? " S o c ia l S t u d ie s X L V ,
A p r il, 1954 , p p . 1 3 4 -3 7 .
55
.H u ck , C h a r lo t t e , " C h ild r e n L e a r n fr o m . T h e ir C u ltu r e , "
E d u c a t io n a l L e a d e r s h ip , ■X III, O c to b e r , 1955, pp. 171-175.
31
q u e s tio n o f th e q u a lity o f th e s in g le s tu d y a s m u c h a s in it s im p li c a t io n s
f o r ou r la c k o f k n o w le d g e a b o u t w h a t th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s m a y r e a s o n a b ly
b e e x p e c t e d to c o n tr ib u te .
A s p e c t s o f th e l o g i c a l p r in c ip le a r e c u r r e n t ly r e c e iv i n g w e l l d e s e r v e d a tte n tio n .
A s tu d y a t S y r a c u s e
56
and a c l u s t e r o f s t u d ie s
a t S t a n f o r d ^ a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f s o m e e f f o r t s to id e n t if y b a s i c
c o n c e p t s f r o m th e v a r i o u s s o c i a l s c i e n c e d i s c i p l i n e s .
■
.
I
•
M u ch of o u r r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s h a v e b ,eeh p la c e d on c u r r ic u la r
o r g a n iz a tio n in s t e a d o f in th e m o r e fu n d a m e n ta l a r e a s o f th e
e x p e c t a t io n s an d c o h e s iv e p r in c i p l e s o f s o c i a l s t u d ie s in s t r u c t io n .
At
th e s a m e t i m e , th e p a s t f iv e or te n y e a r s h a v e s e e n th e b e g in n in g o f
r e s e a r c h w h ic h i s m o r e b a s i c and o f g r e a t e r lo n g - r u n s ig n if ic a n c e .
C u r r e n t S tu d ie s :
A lth o u g h s o c i a l s c i e n c e r e s e a r c h h a s m a d e a
s ig n if ic a n t c o n tr ib u tio n to th e stu d y o f h u m a n b e h a v io r and v a s t a r e a s
o f n e w k n o w le d g e h a v e b e e n o p e n e d up' in r e c e n t y e a r s , t h e r e h a s b e e n
n o c o m p r e h e n s iv e r e v i s i o n o f th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s c u r r ic u lu m s in c e th a t
fo llo w in g th e r e p o r t of th e C o m m is s i o n on th e R e o r g a n iz a t io n of
' S e c o n d a r y E d u c a t io n in 1916.
T h e C u r r ic u lu m C e n te r in 't h e S o c ia l
bbN a s h , J o h n F . , 11A S tu d y o f th e R e le v a n c e o f S e le c t e d M a jo r
C o n c e p ts a n d G e n e r a liz a t io n s f r o m th e F i e l d of S o c io lo g y to C o m m o n ly
A c c e p t e d O b j e c t iv e s o f th e S o c ia l S t u d ie s in th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l, 11
'(Cfnpubiish e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , S y r a c u s e U n i v e r s it y , 1-962.
' I
' S tr a tto n , V in to n S. ,• " S o c ia l S c ie n c e G e n e r a liz a t io n s fo r U s e in
th e S o c ia l S tu d ie s C u r r ic u lu m : P r o v id in g E d u c a tio n , " u n p u b lis h e d
d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , S ta n fo r d U n i v e r s it y , 1957.
32
S tu d ie s a t S y r a c u s e U n i v e r s it y i s c u r r e n t l y e n g a g e d in a f iv e y e a r
p r o j e c t to p r o v id e th e u n d e r p in n in g s fo r j u s t s u c h a r e v i s i o n .
T h e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t iv e s in t h is e f f o r t a r e : (I) to id e n t if y th e
m a j o r c o n c e p t s f r o m th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s and a ll ie d d i s c i p l i n e s th a t
a p p e a r t o b e a p p r o p r ia t e fo r an e l e m e n t a r y and s e c o n d a r y p r o g r a m in
th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s ; ( 2 ) to e x a m in e th e m a j o r w o r k w a y s o f t h e s e
d i s c i p l i n e s , s u c h a s o r g a n iz in g p r i n c i p l e s , r e a d i n e s s t o p u r s u e
e m p i r i c a l ’ d a ta , w i l l i n g n e s s to d is c a r d u n w a r r a n te d a s s u m p t io n s ,
a w a r e n e s s of th e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s o lid e v id e n c e an d s im p ly
in f o r m e d o p in io n , a n d s u b o r d in a tio n o f s u b j e c t iv e p r e f e r e n c e to
o b j e c t iv e e v id e n c e ; and (3) to d e v e lo p an d e v a lu a t e a t t h r e e g r a d e
l e v e l s i l l u s t r a t i v e m a t e r i a l s fo r u s e b y t e a c h e r s and s tu d e n ts th a t
e f f e c t i v e l y t r a n s la t e th e c o n c e p t s an d w o r k w a y s in to c l a s s r o o m
p r a c tic e .
■S u m m a r y
T h e r e p o r t s in th e li t e r a t u r e r e v i e w e d in d ic a t e d th a t, g e n e r a l ly
s p e a k in g , th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y h a s n o t b e e n c o n s id e r e d
e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r a t l e a s t th e p a s t 80 y e a r s .
T h e r e a s o n s fo r
t h is d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n a p p e a r e d to l i e in th e d if f ic u l t ie s w h ic h th e p u p il
e n c o u n t e r e d in th e stu d y o f th e s u b j e c t .
A lth o u g h o th e r a r e a s of
d if f ic u lt y e x i s t , th e o n e w h ic h c a u s e d th e g r e a t e s t d if f ic u lt y c o n c e r n e d
th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f th e m a t e r i a l to b e Ie a h h e d 1.
33
T h e l i t e r a t u r e s e e m s to e m p h a s iz e th e f o llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s : •
(I) T h a t th e g r e a t e m p h a s i s on r e s e a r c h in m a t h e m a t ic s a n d t h e s c i e n c e s
in th e 1 9 5 0 's r e s u l t e d in a n e g l e c t o f th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s ; (2) th a t t h e r e
i s a n e e d to s e c u r e th e h e lp o f th e s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t f r o m a l l d i s c i p l i n e s .
to d e t e r m in e w h a t s h o u ld b e ta u g h t in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s ; (3) th a t h i s t o r y
a lw a y s h a s . s e r v e d and c o n t in u e s to s e r v e , an im p o r ta n t fu n c tio n in th e
s c h o o l c u r r ic u lu m ; (4) th a t t h e r e i s a n i n c r e a s i n g r e c o g n it io n o f th e
n e e d to s t r e s s g e n e r a l iz a t i o n and c o n c e p t s , r a t h e r th a n is o l a t e d
f a c t u a l m a t e r i a l in th e s o c i a l s t u d ie s .
T o d e t e r m in e th e e f f e c t on f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t in A m e r ic a n h is t o r y
w h e n g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a n d c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t i s u s e d a s a m e th o d of
in s t r u c t io n , a n e x p e r im e n t w a s d e s ig n e d a n d c o n d u c te d . . A d e t a ile d
d e s c r ip t i o n o f th e d e s ig n of th e e x p e r im e n t and th e i n v e s t ig a t i o n a l
p r o c e d u r e s f o llo w e d a r e p r e s e n t e d in C h a p te r III.
/
C H A P T E R III
T H E E X P E R IM E N T A L P R O C E D U R E
T h e w r it e r b e li e v e d th a t an in t e n s iv e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
d e s ig n in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w o u ld im p r o v e f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t in l e a r n ­
in g an d r e t a in in g k n o w le d g e o f th e d e v e lo p m e n t a l g r o w th o f A m e r ic a ,
a t h r e e u n it e x p e r im e n t w a s d e s ig n e d in v o lv in g tw o t e a c h e r s and th e
p u p ils in th e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y c l a s s e s o f W ills o n J u n io r H ig h School?,
B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a . • A n in v e s t ig a t i o n w a s c o n d u c te d to d e t e r m in e i f
t h e r e w a s a n y s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in th e "final a c h ie v e m e n t in th e
le a r n in g an d r e t a in in g of A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y b y p u p ils w h o w e r e ta u g h t
b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d or b y th e t r a d it io n a l fa c t u a l,
m e m o r i s a t i o n m e th o d of n a m e s , d a t e s , p l a c e s , and t r e a t i e s .
The
f o llo w in g i t e m s w e r e c o n s id e r e d in d e s ig n in g th e e x p e r im e n t and
c o n d u c tin g th e in v e s t ig a t io n :
(I )
th e t h r e e u n it c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n '
'm e th o d , (2.) s e l e c t i o n and a s s ig n m e n t o f t e a c h e r s , (3) in f o r m a t io n to
b e u s e d in c o m p a r in g th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d g r o u p and th e ■
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p , an d (4) th e t e a c h in g p r o c e d u r e s .
\
T h e T h r e e U n it C o n c e p t - G e n e r a liz a t io n M eth o d
T h e t h r e e u n it c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d w a s s t a r t e d at th e
b e g in n in g o f th e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r r a t h e r th a n th e f i r s t s e m e s t e r b e c a u s e
it w a s b e l i e v e d th a t th e f i r s t s e m e s t e r w o u ld g iv e th e p u p ils s u f f ic ie n t
b a c k g r o u n d in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y s o th a t t h e y c o u ld m o r e r e a d i ly a d a p t
35
t h e m s e l v e s t o a c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n u n it in .A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
T h r e e c r i t e r i a w e r e c o n s id e r e d in d e v i s i n g th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n .
u n it:
(I )
th e c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s to b e in c lu d e d in th e u n it,
.
(2) th e t i m e r e q u ir e d f o r th e c o m p le t io n o f th e u n it s , an d (3) th e
a c t i v i t i e s t o b e in c lu d e d in th e u n it s .
,
T h e c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s tp b e in c lu d e d in th e u n its :
It
w a s b e li e v e d th a t c e r t a in c r i t e r i a sh o u ld b e m e t in s e l e c t i n g c o n c e p t s
and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s fo r th e u n it.
c o n c r e te w e r e s e le c te d .
C o n c e p ts fr o m th e a b s t r a c t to
T h e c o n c e p t s w o u ld b e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to
th e u n it in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y .
F o r e x a m p le , in th e u n it U n ite d
S t a t e s G a in s M o r e L a n d an d R e a c h e s f r o m S e a to S e a , th e c o n c e p t
w a s "In th e f i r s t f iv e d e c a d e s o f th e 19th c e n t u r y th e U n ite d S t a t e s
th r o u g h p u r c h a s e , a n n e x a tio n , t r e a t i e s , an d c o n q u e s t, e x p a n d e d
b e y o n d th e b o u n d a r ie s of 1783 u n til it r e a c h e d th e P a c i f i c . "
/
B e c a u s e th e e x p e r im e n t w o u ld b e o n ly e ig h t w e e k s in d u r a tio n ,
i t w a s a d v is a b le th a t o n ly t h r e e u n its b e d e s ig n e d .
T h e u n it s c o v e r e d
th e 77 y e a r s o f d e v e lo p m e n t in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y f r o m th e W e s tw a r d
E x p a n s io n th r o u g h th e C iv il W ar.
H o w e v e r , th e t im e a ll o t e d fo r th e
u n it s w o u ld b e s u f f i c ie n t to a llo w p u p ils t o g a in a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g
o f t h is p e r io d in A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
T h is c o u ld h a v e an e f f e c t on
t h e ir fin a l a c h ie v e m e n t , an d sh o u ld b e s u f f ic ie n t to p e r m it m e a s u r e m e n t
o f th e e f f e c t o f th e p u p ils ' f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t .
■ T h e m a in c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s s e l e c t e d fo r t h is s tu d y c o n ­
s i s t e d of th e f o llo w in g : • U n it O ne:
In th e f i r s t f iv e d e c a d e s of th e
36
19th C e n tu r y , th e U n ite d S t a t e s th r o u g h p u r c h a s e , a n n e x a tio n , t r e a t i e s ,
a n d c o n q u e s t, e x p a n d e d b e y o n d th e b o u n d a r ie s o f 1783 u n t il it r e a c h e d
th e P a c i f i c .
U n it T w o: • E a r l y in our h is t o r y , d is t in c t r e g io n a l
s e c t i o n s m a n if e s t e d t h e m s e l v e s , w ith d i v e r s e e c o n o m ic b a s e s and
i n t e r e s t c h a r a c t e r iz i n g N e w E n g la n d , th e M id d le C o lo n ie s , th e S o u th ,
a n d th e F r o n t i e r .
S e c t io n a l is m ,
s la v e r y , and s t a t e s ' r ig h t s
g r a d u a lly d r o v e a m ig h t y w e d g e b e t w e e n th e N o r th and Sou th.
T h ree':
U n it
T h e C iv il W a r,, w o n b y th e N o r th , p it t e d th e U n io n w ith v a s t ly
s u p e r io r m a n p o w e r a n d in d u s t r ia l s t r e n g t h a g a in s t th e C o n fe d e r a c y .
T h e s e u n it s o f c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n p r o v id e d o p p o r t u n it ie s fo r
th e p u p ils to m o r e f u lly u n d e r s ta n d and a p p r e c ia t e t h is p e r io d of
A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
'
D e t e r m in a t io n of th e t im e r e q u ir e d fo r c o m p le t in g th e u n it s . In
p la n n in g th e u n it s p e r t in e n t t o th e g r o w th of A m e r ic a f r o m 1800 to
1877, it w a s n e c e s s a r y to d e t e r m in e th e t im e t o b e d e v o t e d to e a c h
u n it.
T h e w r it e r , f r o m p a s t t e a c h in g e x p e r i e n c e , b e l i e v e d th a t tw o
w e e k s w e r e s u f f ic ie n t t im e t o d e v e lo p c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n fo r th e
W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n ; t h r e e w e e k s w e r e s u f f ic ie n t to d e v e lo p th e u n it
d e a lin g w ith S e c t io n a l is m , an d th e u n it d e a lin g w ith th e C iv il W ar.
T h e e ig h t w e e k s of c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n r e p r e s e n t e d a p p r o x im a t e ly
o n e - h a lf th e s e m e s t e r .
T h is p r o v id e d a m e a s u r e m e n t of th e c o n c e p t -
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d o f in s t r u c t io n in A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
C o n te n t of th e U n its : ' T h e t h r e e u n it s s e l e c t e d fo r th e e x p e r i ­
m e n t a l p o r tio n o f t h is s tu d y d e a lt w ith th a t p e r io d of A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y
37
'fr o m 1800 to 1 8 7 7 .
T h e f i r s t u n it w a s th e W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n ; the
s e c o n d u n it d e a lt w ith S e c t io n a lis m ; and th e th ir d u n it d e a lt w ith th e
C iv il W a r.
t
S e le c t io n an d A s s ig n m e n t o f T e a c h e r s .
In o r d e r to d e t e r m in e th e e f f e c t on f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t o f th e
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h is t o r y , it
w a s n e c e s s a r y to s e c u r e th e a id o f tw o t e a c h e r s w ho w o u ld t e a c h
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y a c c o r d in g to th e m e t h o d p r e s c r i b e d f o r th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h a n d fo r th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h .
T h ese
t e a c h e r s w e r e th e n a s s i g n e d to th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d an d
t o th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h m e th o d b y th e in v e s t ig a t o r ,, to o b ta in d a ta
f o r d e t e r m i n i n g 'if t h e r e w a s a n y s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in "final a c h i e v e /
m e n t b e tw e e n p u p ils w ho stu d y A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y in th e t r a d it io n a l
m a n n e r , an d p u p ils w h o c o m p le t e d th e e i g h t - w e e k c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g .A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
tea ch er s.
B o th w e r e e x p e r ie n c e d
T h e tw o t e a c h e r s ta u g h t a t o t a l o f 123 p u p ils .
I n fo r m a tio n U s e d in C o m p a r in g th e C o n c e p t - G e n e r a liz a t io n G roup
a n d th e T r a d it io n a l A p p r o a c h G roup
T o d e te r m in e , th e e f f e c t o n fin a l- a c h ie v e m e n t o f im p r o v in g and
u n d e r s ta n d in g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y a s a r e s u l t o f e ig h t w e e k s o f t e a c h in g
38 '
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n , it w a s n e c e s s a r y to c o m p a r e th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p and th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p to
d e t e r m in e th e e x t e n t in w h ic h th e y w e r e s i m i l a r p r io r t o th e b e g in n in g
o f th e e x p e r im e n t . ' T h r e e f a c t o r s w e r e u s e d fo r c o m p a r is o n of th e
tw o g r o u p s :
( I ) in t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t, ( 2 ) h i s t o r y g r a d e f r o m th e
p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t , an d (3) p r e - t e s t o f h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s .
T h e a n a ly s is o f v a r i a n c e t e s t , o r F - t e s t , ^ an d th e t e s t fo r
'
' 59
a n a l y s i s o f d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m e a n s , o r s tu d e n t t - t e s t ,
w ere u sed
to d e t e r m in e th e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
m e th o d of t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w h e n th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
a p p r o a c h g r o u p and th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p w e r e c o m p a r e d .
In e a c h c a s e t e s t e d u n d e r th e F - t e s t
th e n u ll h y p o t h e s is
w a s th a t
n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the' v a r i a n c e s o f th e s c o r e s
o f th e tw o g r o u p s . ■ T he' n u ll h y p o t h e s is t e s t e d u n d e r th e s tu d e n t
t - t e s t w a s th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e tw e e n t h e m e a n s o f
T h e F - t e s t i s d e fin e d a s f o llo w s :
F =
S1
1^
s 2
2
2
2
W here s
i s th e la r g e r o f th e tw o s a m p le v a r i a n c e s a n d s
i s th e s m a l l e r o f th e tw o s a m p le v a r i a n c e s . (D o w n ie , N . M. ,
• an d H e a th , R . W . , B a s i c S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d s , p. 1 3 4 .)
)
T h e t - t e s t i s d e fin e d a s f o llo w s :
— *
t = X
- X9
I
^
W h e r e X j and X ^ a r e th e m e a n s an d sd ^ i s th e s ta n d a r d e r r o r
o f th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e tw o m e a n s . (Ib id . , p. 135. )
•
39
th e s c o r e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s is of th e stu d e n t
t t e s t w a s th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t ly
h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n d id th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h gro.up.
C o m p a r in g th e I. Q .'jT o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h
g r o u p and th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p : T h e I. Q. s c o r e s o f th e
64 p u p ils in th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p and 59 p u p ils of th e
t r a d it io n a l
a p p r o a c h g r o u p w e r e o b ta in e d f r o m th e s c h o o l c o u n s e lo r .
T h e I. Q. t e s t s c o r e s r e p o r t e d w e r e b a s e d on th e O tis M e n ta l M a tu r ity ,
w h ic h h a d b e e n g iv e n th e p u p ils w h e n t h e y e n t e r e d th e s e v e n t h g r a d e .
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 0 2 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d no
s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the, v a r i a n c e s on th e I. Q 1s o f th e tw o
grou p s.
T h e r e f o r e , i t w a s a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t fo r th e d if f e r e n c e
b e tw e e n th e m e a n s o f th e I. Q.- s c o r e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e v a lu e
o f t w a s c o m p u te d t o b e . 38, w h ic h a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0 .0 1
u n d e r a o n e - t a ile d t e s t , w o u ld in d ic a t e th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x i s t e d b e tw e e n th e m e a n s o f th e I. Q. s c o r e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s . •
(S e e T a b le I, p a g e 4 0 . ). ■T h e r e f o r e , i t w a s a s s u m e d th a t t h e r e w a s
n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e o f i n t e l l e c t u a l a b ili t y b e t w e e n t h e tw o g r o u p s .
H is t o r y g r a d e f r o m p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t .
T h e h is to r y g ra d es
f r o m th e p r e v i o u s s e m e s t e r test', o f th e 64 p u p ils in th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p , and 59 p u p ils in th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g ro u p ,
w e r e o b ta in ed from th e t e a c h e r s .
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 0 1 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d n o
s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s on th e h i s t o r y g r a d e s
40
TABLE L
A N A L Y S IS O F V A R IA N C E A N D D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N
P R E V IO U S H IST O R Y T E S T R AW S C O R E , IN T E L L IG E N C E Q U O ­
T IE N T , A N D P R E - T E S T O F A M E R IC A N H IST O R Y , R A W SC O R E
O F C ON CE P T -G E N E R A LI Z A T I ON A P P R O A C H G R O U P A N D
T R A D IT IO N A L A P P R O A C H G R O U P
G ro u p m e a n
E xper.
up 11
C o n tr o l
v a lu e *
1 0 8 .,5 7
I. 02
s ig n if ic a n c e
o f " F " v a lu e
a t . 01 l e v e l
"t"
v a lu e * *
s ig n if ic a n c e
o f "t" l e v e l
a t . 01 l e v e l
I. Q.
1 0 9 .J43
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
H is to r y G rade
81. 68
. ■ 8 1 .4 9 "
. 38
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
./
I. 01
N ot s ig n ific a n t'
I. 05
N ot- s ig n if ic a n t
I . 00
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
. 15
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
P re -T est
4 4 . 07
43. 84
* F m in im u m t
* * t m in im u m
1 .8 2
2» 62
O.*01 l e v e l
0 . 0 1 le v e l
41
fr o m p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s
a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t fo r th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e
h i s t o r y g r a d e s f r o m p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t o f th e tw o g r o u p s /
The
v a lu e o f t w a s c o m p u te d t o b e I. 0 0 , w h ic h a t a s ig n if ic a n t l e v e l o f
0 . 0 1 u n d e r a o n e - t a ile d t e s t , w o u ld in d ic a t e th a t no s ig n if ic a n t
d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e h i s t o r y g r a d e s fr o m
p r e v i o u s s e m e s t e r t e s t o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
(S e e T a b le . I, p a g e 4 0 . ).
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a s s u m e d th a t t h e r e w a s n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e
in th e a b ilit y o f th e p u p ils to a c h ie v e in h is t o r y .
P r e - t e s t o f k n o w le d g e o f f a c t s in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y . In J a n u a r y
o f 1965, th e p u p ils in th e tw o g r o u p s to o k th e C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l
T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H is t o r y , T e s t 3.
T h e t e s t s c o v e r e d fa c tu a l
m a t e r i a l p e r t in e n t t o A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y f r o m 1801 to 1840.
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 0 5 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d no
s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s on th e p r e - t e s t s c o r e s
o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a p p r o p r ia te to t e s t f o r the
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e p r e - t e s t s c o r e s o f th e tw o
grou p s.
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s c o m p u te d to b e .1 5 , w h ic h a t a
s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0 . 0 1 u n d e r a o n e - t a ile d t e s t , w o u ld in d ic a t e
th a t no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e m e a n s of th e p r e ­
t e s t s c o r e s o f t h e tw o g r o u p s .
( S e e T a b le I, p a g e 4 0 . ).
T h e r e fo r e ,
i t w a s a s s u m e d th a t t h e r e w a s n o 's ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in k n o w le d g e
,
in th e a r e a s t e s t e d , o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y , b e tw e e n th e tw o g r o u p s .
■
42
B a s e d u p on t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s , th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p an d th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p s h o w e d n o s ig n if ic a n t
• -
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n in I. Q. , p r e v io u s h i s t o r y g r a d e , and
p r e - t e s t .b a s e d on f a c t u a l h i s t o r y f r o m 1801 to 1840.
T e a c h in g P r o c e d u r e
T h e in v e s t ig a t io n w h ic h w a s c o n d u c te d in r e la t io n to th e p r o b le m
o f th e s tu d y r e q u ir e d c e r t a in p r o c e d u r e s to b e f o llo w e d b y th e
t e a c h e r o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h m e th o d , a n d th e
t e a c h e r o f th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h m e th o d .
A t th e f i r s t r e g u la r c l a s s m e e t in g o f th e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r , th e
C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y , T e s t 3, w a s g iv e n
to th e c l a s s e s an d th e s u g g e s t e d o u t lin e s fo r t e a c h in g th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a liz a t io n 'm e t h o d c l a s s e s w e r e g iv e n to th e c o o p e r a t in g t e a c h e r
w h o h ad b e e n a s s i g n e d to th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p .
D u r in g th e f i r s t tw o w e e k s o f th e c o u r s e th e t e a c h e r f o llo w e d
th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o u t lin e o f th e W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n :
In
th e f i r s t f i v e d e c a d e s o f th e 19th C e n tu r y , th e U n ite d S t a t e s th r o u g h
p u r c h a s e , a n n e x a tio n , t r e a t i e s , and c o n q u e s t, e x p a n d e d b e y o n d th e •
b o u n d a r ie s o f 1783 u n t il it r e a c h e d th e P a c i f i c .
T h is m a j o r c o n c e p t -
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n w a s f o llo w e d w ith s u p p o r tin g c o n c e p t s .
D u r in g th e t h ir d , fo u r th , and f if t h w e e k s ,' th e t e a c h e r f o llo w e d
th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f S e c t io n a lis m : • E a r l y in o u r h i s t o r y
d i s t i n c t r e g i o n a l s e c t i o n s m a n if e s t e d t h e m s e l v e s , w ith d i v e r s e
43
e c o n o m ic b a s e s and i n t e r e s t c h a r a c t e r iz i n g N e w E n g la n d , th e
M id d le C o lo n ie s , th e S o u th , and th e F r o n t i e r .
t
■
S e c t io n a l is m ,
s l a v e r y , and s t a t e s ' r ig h t s g r a d u a lly d r o v e a m ig h t y w e d g e
b e t w e e n th e N o r th an d S o u th .
T h is c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n w a s "
f o llo w e d w ith th e s u p p o r tin g c o n c e p t s .
D u r in g th e s ix t h ,
-
s e v e n t h , and e ig h th w e e k s , th e t e a c h e r
f o llo w e d th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n o f th e C iv il W ar: ■T h e C iv il W ar,
w o n b y th e N o r th , p it t e d th e U n io n w ith v a s t l y s u p e r io r m a n p o w e r
an d in d u s t r ia l s t r e n g t h , a g a in s t th e C o n f e d e r a c y . . A g a in , t h is
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n w a s f o llo w e d w ith s u p p o r tin g c o n c e p t s .
. On th e l a s t d a y o f th e e x p e r im e n t , in M a r c h , 19 6 5 , th e
S e le c t e d T e s t I t e m s in A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y w a s a d m in is t e r e d fo r th e
p u r p o s e o f e v a lu a t in g t h is stu d y .
S e e A p p e n d ix jG .''
T h e 't e a c h e r o f th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p ta u g h t th e c o u r s e
/
■
in th e m a n n e r p r e v io u s h i s t o r y c o u r s e s h a v e b e e n ta u g h t.
T h e s a m e p r e - t e s t g iv e n to th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g ro u p ,
th e C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y , T e s t 3, w a s
g iv e n to th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p .
C e r t a in s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s w e r e n e c e s s a r y in 'p la n n in g
f o r th e e v a lu a t io n o f th e d a ta w h ic h w e r e o b ta in e d w h e n th e c o o p e r a t in g
t e a c h e r s c o n d u c t e d .t h e ir c l a s s e s a c c o r d in g to th e p r e s c r i b e d m e t h o d s .
Sum m ary
T h e b e l i e f o f th e w r i t e r w a s th a t p u p ils s tu d y in g A m e r ic a n
44
h i s t o r y b y m e a n s o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h w o u ld h a v e
'a b e t t e r f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y th a n w o u ld p u p ils
stu d y in g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y th r o u g h th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h .
A
t h r e e u n it c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d o f t e a c h in g w a s d e s ig n e d
fo r u s e w ith th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h g r o u p .
c l a s s e s w e r e c o m p o s e d o f e ig h th g r a d e p u p ils
H ig h S c h o o l, B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a .
The
o f W ills o n J u n io r
T h e s e , c l a s s e s and tw o t e a c h e r s
w e r e s e l e c t e d fo r th e e x p e r im e n t b y th e s c h o o l p r in c ip a l.
The
t e a c h e r • a s s i g n e d t o th e e x p e r im e n t a l g r o u p u s e d th e c o n c e p t - ■
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h in th e t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y , and
th e c o n t r o l g ro u p t h e t e a c h e r u s e d th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h in
■the t e a c h in g o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
A p r e - t e s t a n d p o s t - t e s t w e r e u s e d to m e a s u r e th e a ch i e v e \
m e n t o f th e p u p ils .
T h e e x p e r im e n t l a s t e d e ig h t w e e k s .
T h e s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t fo r th e a n a l y s i s o f d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
m e a n s , th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t , w a s u s e d t o c o m p a r e th e p u p ils in
th r e e a r e a s:
I. Q. , h i s t o r y g r a d e f r o m p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t ,
an d th e p r e - t e s t o f k n o w le d g e o f f a c t s in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y .
In
e a c h a r e a t h e r e w a s no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s
o f th e tw o g r o u p s a t th e 0 . 01 l e v e l .
C H A P T E R IV
N A T U R E O F U N IT S O F IN S T R U C T IO N
F O R T H E E X P E R IM E N T A L G R O U P
T h e in v e s t ig a t io n w a s d e s ig n e d to t e s t th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n on e ig h th g r a d e A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y p u p ils a s c o m p a r e d to
th e t r a d it io n a T a p p r o a c h o f t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
T h is n e c e s s i t a t e d
th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e x p e r im e n t a l in s t r u c t io n a l u n it s b a s e d u p o n c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
T h r e e u n its w e r e d e v e lo p e d fo r
th e e i g h t rw e e k e x p e r im e n t , .W e stw a r d E x p a n s io n , S e c t io n a l is m , and
th e C iv il W a r.
T h e o n e w h ic h w a s s e l e c t e d b y th e w r i t e r fo r i n ­
c l u s io n in t h is d i s s e r t a t i o n i s U n it III, th e C iv il W a r.
.The r e a s o n
U n it III w a s s e l e c t e d w a s b e c a u s e it w a s b e li e v e d th a t th e r e a d e r
w o u ld a lr e a d y b e f a m il ia r w ith the m a t e r i a l in clu d ed T a n d c o u ld , t h e r e ­
fo re., g e t a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e n a tu r e o f th e in s t r u c t io n a l
/
m e th o d .
T h e o u t lin e s f o r U n its I and II m a y b e s e e n in a p p e n d ix C an d D.
'
"
/
’
I
F o llo w in g i s th e s p e c i f i c o u tlin e u s e d f o r t e a c h in g th e p u p ils
a b o u t U n it III, th e C iv il W a r, b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a liz a t io n :
'■
■
■
C IV IL WAR
U N IT III
C o n c e p t:
T H E C IV IL W A R, WON B Y T H E N O R T H , P I T T E D T H E
U N IO N , W ITH V A S T L Y SU P E R IO R . M A N -P O W E R A N D '
IN D U S T R IA L S T R E N G T H , A G A IN ST T H E C O N F E D E R A C Y
46
S u p p o rtin g :
T h e N o r t h w e s t , W e s t and S o u th w e r e s e p a r a t in g on a
v a r i e t y o f i s s u e s su c h a s th e t a r if f , th e s a l e o f
w e s t e r n la n d , and s la v e r y . ,
T h e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e s e t t le d th e q u e s tio n of
s l a v e r y in th e t e r r i t o r i e s fo r t h ir t y y e a r s .
T h e i s s u e o f th e p r o t e c t iv e t a r i f f w a s s o b it t e r in_
th e e a r l y 1 8 0 0 's th a t S o u th C a r o lin a c o n s id e r e d s e c e s s i o n .
A N o r t h e r n f a c t io n s e e k in g th e a b o lit io n o f s la v e r y
■began a c a m p a ig n o f a g it a t io n w h ic h i n c r e a s e d in
in t e n s it y an d k e p t t e m p e r s h o t fo r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s .
T h e c o n t r o v e r s y o v e r s l a v e r y q u ic k e n e d in te m p o n e a r
th e m id d le o f th e ISOO1I s w h e n T e x a s p e t it io n e d fo r
a d m is s io n to th e U n io n , a b o lit i o n is t s b e in g o p p o se d
to th e f u r t h e r s p r e a d o f s la v e r y .
In th e s e c o n d q u a r te r o f th e 19th c e n t u r y th e S o u th and
W e s t p e r i o d i c a l l y w e r e p o l i t i c a l a l l i e s a g a in s t th e
in d u s t r ia l N o r t h e a s t .
A f t e r 1850, th e C o m p r o m is e s and o th e r f a c t o r s w h ic h
h a d k e p t th e S o u th b o u n d t o th e U n io n b e g a n t o b r e a k
■d ow n , and a s e r i e s of e v e n t s le d to th e c r i s i s b e f o r e
th e C iv il W ar.
T h e C o m p r o m is e o f 1850, p r o v id in g f o r th e a d m is s io n
o f C a lif o r n ia to th e U n io n , w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y to n e it h e r
th e N o r t h n o r th e S o u th .
B y 18 60 , th e p o l i t i c a l a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n W e s t and
S o u th c o l la p s e d o v e r th e i s s u e s of s l a v e r y , in t e r n a l
im p r o v e m e n t s a n d p u b lic la n d s , f o r c in g th e Sou th to
sta n d a lo n e a g a in s t th e N o r th and W e s t.
In th e la t e 1 8 5 0 's , th e D r e d S c o tt D e c i s i o n , s t r if e in
K a n s a s , and J o h n B r o w n 's r a id a t H a r p e r 's F e r r y
c l e a r l y in d ic a t e d th a t N o r th and S o u th w e r e no lo n g e r
c o m p a t ib le .
T h e t r iu m p h o f L in c o ln and th e a n t i - s l a v e r y R e p u b lic a n
P a r t y in 18 61 m a d e c o n tin u e d m e m b e r s h ip in th e U n io n
in t o le r a b le f o r m o s t p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s in th e S ou th .
B y e a r l y 1861, th e C o n f e d e r a c y o f s e c e d in g s t a t e s :
had b e e n fo rm ed .
47
■'t.
E le v e n t h h o u r a t t e m p t s a t c o m p r o m is e f a ile d , and
th e C iv il W ar b e g a n in th e S p r in g o f 1861.
A f t e r b it t e r fig h t in g , th e N o r th e r n p la n o f b lo c k a d e an d
o f d iv id in g th e S o u th r e s u l t e d in v ic t o r y .
T h e W ar b e t w e e n s t a t e s c a u s e d g r e a t d e s t r u c t io n in th e
S o u th a n d le d to g r e a t c h a n g e s in b o th th e N o r th and
S o u th .
A s sh o w n , th e m a j o r c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n w a s s e l e c t e d and
b r o k e n , d ow n in to s u p p o r tin g c o n c e p t s .
T h e s e s u p p o r tin g c o n c e p t s w e r e
e m p h a s iz e d an d a m p le t im e w a s p r o v id e d f o r d i s c u s s i n g m e a n in g s and
t e r m s r e l a t e d to th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n .
T h e im p o r t a n c e o f i n ­
s ig h t s and u n d e r s ta n d in g s w a s s t r e s s e d d u r in g th e d i s c u s s i o n s in o r d e r
th a t t h e r e w a s a c l e a r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n b y
,
■^
a l l o f th e p u p ils .
T h e r a i s i n g o f q u e s t io n s th a t s t im u la t e th in k in g w a s one o f th e
m o r e im p o r t a n t m e t h o d s o f in s t r u c t io n b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
approach.
T h e f o llo w in g i s an e x a m p le o f th e ty p e o f q u e s t io n s a s k e d
b y th e t e a c h e r and p u p ils d u r in g th e s tu d y o f th e u n it on th e C iv il W a r.
T e a c h e r : "W hy d id th e N o r th a n d S o u th fig h t in s t e a d of r e s o lv i n g
t
t h e ir d i f f e r e n c e s ? " P u p ils : " B o th th e N o r th a n d S o u th th o u g h t th e y
w e r e r ig h t . " "Both th e N o r th and S o u th th o u g h t th e y c o u ld w in th e w a r . "
" N o rth h a te d s l a v e r y . " " T h e S o u th h a d b e t t e r g e n e r a l s a n d th o u g h t
t h e y c o u ld w in . V " T h e S o u th w o u ld n 't a g r e e to s e l l i t s s l a v e s fo r
a f a ir p r i c e , a s L in c o ln h a d s u g g e s t e d . "
th e U n io n . " " T h e S o u th s t a r t e d th e w a r . "
"T he N o r t h w a n te d to s a v e
48
L a t e r th e p u p ils d is c o v e r e d th r o u g h t e a c h e r le d d i s c u s s i o n , th a t
m a n y S o u t h e r n e r s a l s o h a te d th e in s t it u t io n o f s la v e r y .
T h is c a u s e d
th e p u p ils to th in k m o r e th o r o u g h ly a b o u t th e f a c t o r s in v o lv e d .
O ften
t h e y c h a n g e d t h e ir b e l i e f s and s t a t e m e n t s th e y h ad p r e v i o u s l y m a d e
a b o u t th e q u e s t io n s .
P u p il s w e r e g iv e n th e o p p o r tu n ity to e x te n d th e m a in c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n o f t h e ,u n it th r o u g h r e a d in g s u p p le m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l
s u c h a s n o v e ls an d s h o r t s t o r i e s and b y s e e in g t e l e v i s i o n d o c u m e n t a r ie s
p e r t a in in g to th e u n it.
T h e id e a s f r o m t h e s e v a r io u s s o u r c e s w e r e
r e p o r t e d to th e c l a s s b y p u p ils .
•
A g a in , d i s c u s s i o n s r e s u l t e d and
p u p ils b e c a m e a w a r e o f th e p r e j u d ic e s o f w r i t e r s , an d in s o m e c a s e s
o f t h e ir ow n b i a s .
' D u r in g th e d i s c u s s i o n th e t e a c h e r s h o w e d a t r a n s p a r e n c y
6o
c o m p a r in g th e N o r th and S o u th in p o p u la tio n , w e a lt h p r o d u c e d , fa r m
a c r e a g e , v a lu e o f c r o p s , r a i lr o a d m i l e a g e , f a c t o r i e s , ir o n p r o d u c tio n ,
a n d b a n k d e p o s it s .
T h e t r a n s p a r e n c y h e lp e d t o r e i n f o r c e th e c o n c e p t -
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f th e u n it, and h elp ed ' th e p u p ils t o u n d e r ­
s ta n d th e a d v a n t a g e s o f th e N o r th .
O v e r la y s o f th e t r a n s p a r e n c y w e r e u s e d to s h o w th e p la n th e
N o r th h a d to w in th e w a r and h o w th e U n ite d S t a t e s w a s d iv id e d b y
" C iv il W ar 18 6 1 -1 8 6 5 , " T h is t r a n s p a r e n c y c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e
t r a n s p a r e n c i e s p r in t e d in f iv e c o l o r s . D C A E d u c a t io n a l P r o d u c t s , I n c , ,
48 65 S te n to n A v e n u e , P h ila d e lp h ia , .P e n n s y lv a n ia .
49
th e w ar.. ; T h e s e o v e r l a y s w e r e o f "help in sh o w in g h o w th e N o r th d id
w in th e w a r , and a l s o in e x p la in in g th e R e c o n s t r u c t io n P e r io d a f t e r
th e w a r .
T h e in s t r u c t io n u s e d f o r th e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p f o r U n its I
a n d II w a s s i m i l a r .
In a l l u n it s th e e v a lu a t io n o f th e p u p ils ' u n d e r ­
s ta n d in g o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n w a s b a s e d u p o n t h r e e g e n e r a l
g u id e li n e s :
(I ) h o w w e l l th e p u p ils c o u ld s t a t e an d a p p ly a c o n c e p t -
g e n e r a l iz a t i o n to a n e w s it u a t io n , ( 2 ) h o w w e l l th e y c o u ld o r g a n iz e
n e w c o n c e p t s a s n e w i d e a s w e r e g a t h e r e d , and (3) th e p u p ils ' p r o ­
f i c i e n c y a t d i s c u s s i n g and s o lv in g q u e s t io n s w h ic h a r o s e d u r in g th e
s tu d y o f th e u n it s .
M an y a c t i v i t i e s w e r e u s e d in th e in s t r u c t io n o f th e u n it s .
I n d iv id u a l p u p il r e p o r t s , s u p p le m e n t a r y r e a d in g s , 'tim e li n e c h a r t s ,
d e b a t e s , m a p s tu d y an d o th e r i l l u s t r a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s w e r e d e v e lo p e d .1
/
an d u s e d .b y th e p u p ils an d th e t e a c h e r .
T h r o u g h o u t th e p e r io d o f in s t r u c t io n o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p th e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t iv e s of (T) le a r n in g th e im p o r t a n t f a c t s , (2)
g e ttin g an u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e p r o b le m , an d (3) d e v e lo p in g s k i l l s 1
an d v a l u e s w e r e k e p t c o n s t a n t ly in m in d .
T h is w a s a im e d a t
d e v e lo p in g th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a n d m a j o r u n d e r s ta n d in g s o f
th e p e r i o d o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y b e in g s tu d ie d .
A t th e c l o s e o f th e e i g h t - w e e k e x p e r im e n t in s t r u c t io n a l p e r io d
th e a c h ie v e m e n t o f p u p ils in th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p an d
50 .
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p w a s m e a s u r e d an d c o m p a r e d on th e b a s i s
of s e le c te d t e s t s .
A d i s c u s s i o n o f th e a n a l y s i s o f p o s t - t e s t d a ta i s
p r e s e n t e d in C h a p te r V .
/
/
CHAPTER V
T H E E F F E C T O N F I N A L A C H IE V E M E N T CF' A
C O N C E P T -G E N E R A L IZ A T IO N A P P R O A C H T O T H E
T E A C H IN G O F T H R E E U N IT S OF A M E R IC A N H IS T O R Y .
■■
T h e m a j o r h y p o t h e s is to b e t e s t e d w a s th a t p u p ils w h o w e r e
ta u g h t b y th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h w o u ld s h o w an im p r o v e ­
m e n t in f in a l a c h ie v e m e n t o v e r p u p ils w ho w e r e ta u g h t A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y
in th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h .
T o d e t e r m in e th e e f f e c t on f in a l a c h i e v e ­
m e n t in A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y of t h r e e u n its :
W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n ,
S e c t i o n a l i s m , and th e C iv il W a r, t h r e e u n it a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t s and
one p o s t-te s t w as u sed .
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y p u p ils r e g u l a r ly e n r o lle d in W ills o n J u n io r
H ig h S c h o o l, B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a w e r e u s e d ;
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p f o llo w e d a s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s ig n e d p r o g r a m o f in s t r u c t io n b a s e d on
t h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h t o le a r n in g A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
The
t e a c h e r o f th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g ro u p ta u g h t th e c o u r s e in th e
m a n n e r p r e v io u s h i s t o r y c o u r s e s h a v e b e e n ta u g h t'w ith a c o n c e n t r a t io n
on m e m o r i z in g f a c t s a n d d a t e s .
T h e tw o g r o u p s w e r e c o m p a r e d
s t a t i s t i c a l l y in t e r m s o f I. Q. , h i s t o r y g r a d e s f r o m p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r
t e s t , and a p r e - t e s t .
T o m e a s u r e th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
a p p r o a c h t o th e le a r n in g o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y , a s t a n d a r d iz e d t e s t .
C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H is t o r y , T e s t 3 , w a s u s e d a s
a p r e -te st.
T h e S e le c t e d T e stT te r O s in A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y , w a s u s e d
a s an a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t f o r th e p o s t - t e s t .
to s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s fo r e v a lu a t io n .
T h e s e r e s u lt s w e r e su b je c te d
. 52
A f t e r p r e - t e s t i n g , t h r e e u n it s o f in s t r u c t io n w e r e d e v is e d to
l a s t e ig h t w e e k s fo r th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g ro u p ; th e t r a d it io n a l
.a p p r o a c h g r o u p f o llo w e d th e m a n n e r p r e v io u s h i s t o r y c o u r s e s h a v e
b e e n ta u g h t w ith a c o n c e n t r a t io n on m e m o r i z in g f a c t s a n d d a t e s .
In e a c h c a s e t e s t e d u n d e r th e F - t e s t , th e n u ll h y p o t h e s i s , w a s
th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e ' e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s o f th e
s c o r e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s is t e s t e d u n d e r th e
s tu d e n t t - t e s t w a s th a t no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e
m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s of th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s is o f
th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t w a s th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p a c h ie v e d
s ig n if ic a n t l y h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n d id th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p .
T h e a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t o f U n it I, W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n , c o n ta in e d
30 o b j e c t iv e t e s t it e m s and 10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s p e r t a in in g to th e
W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n ,
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e I, 2 8 , w h ic h
in d ic a t e d n o s i g n if ic a n t .d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s on th e 30
f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s .
T h e r e f o r e , .it w a s a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t fo r
th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s c o m p u te d to b e . 5 7 , w h ic h a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l
o f 0 . 0 1 u n d e r a o n e - t a i l e d t e s t w o u ld in d ic a t e th a t no s ig n if ic a n t
d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s
o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
(S e e lh b le 2, p a g e 5% ^ ) .
T h e f a c t th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t
d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s t io n s c o r e s
m ig h t in d ic a t e th a t n e it h e r th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h n o r th e
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h c a u s e d s ig n if ic a n t l y d if f e r e n t l e v e l s o f im p r o v e m e n t
53
T A B L E 2. A N A L Y S IS O F V A R IA N C E A N D D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N
T H E U N IT T E S T T O T A L R AW S C O R E S A N D T H E U N IT T E S T OF
C O N C E P T S O F E X P E R IM E N T A L A N D C O N T R O L G R O U P S
G rou p m e a n
C o n tr o l
E xper.
npn
v a lu e *
S ig n if ic a n c e
of, "F" v a lu e
at . 0 I le v e l
"t"
v a lu e * *
S ig n if ic a n c e
o f "t" v a lu e
a t . 01 l e v e l
T e s t I T o ta l
2 8 .3 1
I. 28
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
57
6 . 11
I. 35
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
4 .0 9
29.33
I. 41
N o t ^ s ig n if ic a n t
.5 1
'L 39
N ot sign if i c an t
3. 18
S ig n if ic a n t
I. 38
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
2. 68
S ig n if ic a n t
5 . 13
I. 7 2
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
4 .8 8
S ig n if ic a n t
27. 54
I. 39
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
2 .7 4
S ig n if ic a n t
2 7 .7 ,4
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
T e s t I C oncept
8 .4 7
S ig n if ic a n t
T e s t II T o t a l
29.81
N o t s ig n if ic a n t
T e s t II C o n c e p t
6.22
4. 8*8
T e s t III T o t a l
31 . 51
29.36
T e s t III C o n c e p t
6 . 87
P o st T est
3 0 . 43
,* F m in im u m
* * t m in im u m
I. 8 2
2. 62
0 . Ol l e v e l
0 . 01 l e v e l
o f p u p il s k i l l s in th e stu d y o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
T h e F - t e s t , on th e
10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s , w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 3 5 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d no
s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T here­
f o r e , i t w a s a p p r o p r ia t e t o t e s t fo r th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s
o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t -w a s c o m p u te d
to b e 4. 09 a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0 . Ol u n d e r a o n e - t a i l e d t e s t .
(S e e T a b le 2, p a g e 5 3 . ) /
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s i s , w h ic h .s t a t e d th a t no
s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t m e a n s o f
th e tw o g r o u p s , w a s r e j e c t e d .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s is th a t th e
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t l y h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n
d id th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g ro u p , w a s a c c e p t e d .
d if f e r e n c e c o u ld b e
T h is s t a t i s t i c a l
a t t r ib u t e d t o th e f a c t th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p , w h ic h s tu d ie d A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y f r o m th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
a p p r o a c h , h ad a - b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e c o n c e p t s o f W e s tw a r d
E x p a n s io n b e c a u s e o f th e s t r u c t u r e d t e a c h in g p la n o f th e u n it.
T h e a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t o f U n it II, S e c t io n a l is m , c o n ta in e d 30
o b j e c t iv e t e s t i t e m s a n d 10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s p e r t a in in g to S e c tio n a lis m .
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e T . 4 1 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d n o s ig n if ic a n t
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s on th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t fo r th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
c o m p u te d to b e
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s
51, w h ic h a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l of 0 . 0 1 u n d e r a
o n e - t a i l e d t e s t w o u ld in d ic a t e th a t no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d
b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
55 '
(S e e TjabIe 2, p a g e 53,„ ) ,
T h e f a c t th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x i s t e d b e tw e e n th e m e a n s o f th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s m ig h t
in d ic a t e th a t n e it h e r th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h m o r th e
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h c a u s e d s ig n if ic a n t l y d if f e r e n t l e v e l s o f im p r o v e |
'
m e n t o f p u p il s k i l l s in th e stu d y o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y . T h e F - t e s t ,
on th e 10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s , w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 3 9, w h ic h in d ic a te d
no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t fo r th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e stu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s
c o m p u te d t o b e 2 . 68 a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0 . 0 1 u n d e r a o n e ta ile d t e s t .
( S e e T a b le 2, p a g e 5 3 /j y
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s is , w h ic h
s t a t e d th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e p u p il a c h i e v e ­
m e n t m e a n s o f t h e Iwo g r o u p s , w a s r e j e c t e d .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s is
th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g ro u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t l y h ig h e r
s c o r e s th a n d id th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p , w a s a c c e p t e d .
T h is
s t a t i s t i c a l d if f e r e n c e c o u ld b e c o n t r ib u t e d to th e f a c t th a t th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p , w h ic h s tu d ie d A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y fr o m th e c o n c e p t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h , h ad a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e c o n c e p ts o f
S e c t io n a l is m b e c a u s e o f th e s t r u c t u r e d t e a c h in g p la n o f th e u n it.
T h e a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t o f U n it III, th e C iv il W a r , c o n ta in e d 30
o b j e c t iv e t e s t it e m s an d 10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s p e r t a in in g to th e C iv il
W ar.
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d to b e I. 4 1 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d n o s i g n i f i ­
c a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s on th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s c o r e s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a p p r o p r ia t e t o t e s t for. th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
56
m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s
c o m p u te d t o b e 2 . 68 a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0 . 0 I u n d e r a o n e - t a i l e d r
test.
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s i s , w h ic h s t a t e d th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t m e a n s o f t h e tw o g r o u p s , w a s
reje cted .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s is , th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t l y h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n d id th e t r a d it io n a l
ap p ro a ch grou p , w as a c c e p te d .
T h is s t a t i s t i c a l d if f e r e n c e c o u ld b e
a t tr ib u te d to th e f a c t th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p w h ic h
s tu d ie d A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y f r o m th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h h a d
b e g u n to d e v e lo p th e c o n c e p t s and g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s and h a d in c o r p o r a t e d
t h e f a c t s in to an o v e r - a l l p ic t u r e o f th e t o t a l s it u a t io n c o n c e r n in g th e •
C iv il W ar.
T h e F - t e s t , o n th e 10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s , w a s c o m p u te d to
b e I. 7 2 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s
o f th e tw o g r o u p s .
T h e r e f o r e , i t w a s a p p r o p r ia t e to t e s t f o r th e
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s c o m p u te d to b e 4. 8 8 a t a s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l of 0. 01
:
u n d e r a o n e - t a i l e d t e s t . . (S ee'T a b le 2, p a g e SSj
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s is ,
w h ic h s t a t e d th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e p u p il
a c h ie v e m e n t m e a n s o f th e tw o g r o u p s , w a s r e j e c t e d .
T h e a lt e r n a t e
h y p o t h e s is th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t ly
h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n d id t h e .t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p , w a s a c c e p t e d .
T h is s t a t i s t i c a l d if f e r e n c e c o u ld b e c o n tr ib u te d to th e f a c t th a t th e
c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p , w h ic h s tu d ie d A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y fr o m
th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h , h a d a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f
t h e c o n c e p t s o f th e C iv il W ar b e c a u s e o f th e s t r u c t u r e d t e a c h in g p la n
J
57
o f th e u n it.
T h e p o s t - t e s t . S e le c t e d T e s t I t e m s in A m e r ic a n H is t o r y ,
c o v e r e d m a teiri^ J s f r o m th e t h r e e u n it s . W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n ,
S e c t io n a l is m , an d th e C iv il W a r.
T h e F - t e s t w a s c o m p u te d t o b e
I. 3 9 , w h ic h in d ic a t e d no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e v a r i a n c e s
on th e p o s t - t e s t s c o r e s .
T h e r e f o r e , it w a s a p p r o p r ia te to t e s t fo r
th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e m e a n s o f th e s c o r e s u s in g t h e s tu d e n t t - t e s t .
T h e v a lu e o f t w a s c o m p u te d to b e 2. 7 4 .
( S e e T a b le 2, p a g e 53) ^
T h e n u ll h y p o t h e s i s , w h ic h s t a t e d th a t n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e
e x i s t e d b e t w e e n th e ■ p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t m e a n s o f th e tw o g r o u p s , w a s
reje cted .
T h e a lt e r n a t e h y p o t h e s i s , th a t th e c o n e e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p a c h ie v e d s ig n if ic a n t l y h ig h e r s c o r e s th a n d id t h e t r a d it io n a l
ap p roach grou p , w a s a c c e p te d .
T h e s e f in d in g s te n d to in d ic a t e th a t
th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s b y u s in g im p o r t a n t f a c t s
a s a b a s i s f o r a u n it of A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y in a s t r u c t u r e d an d
s y s t e m a t i c m a n n e r m a y h e lp p u p ils t o u n d e r s ta n d th e im p o r t a n t id e a s
o f A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
Sum m ary
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p an d th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h
g r o u p u s e d in t h is s tu d y w e r e e q u iv a le n t a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e
e x p e r i m e n t b a s e d on th e c o m p a r is o n o f th e m e a n s of th e tw o g r o u p s
w ith r e s p e c t t o I. Q. , h i s t o r y g r a d e s o f p r e v io u s s e m e s t e r t e s t , and
th e s c o r e s o b ta in e d f r o m th e p r e - t e s t . C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in
58
A m e r ic a n H is t o r y , T e s t 3„
T h e F - t e s t w a s u s e d .in c o m p a r in g th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
v a r i a n c e s , an d th e s tu d e n t t - t e s t w a s u s e d in c o m p a r in g t h e d if f e r e n c e
o f th e m e a n s o f th e tw o g r o u p s on th e t h r e e f a c t o r s a t t h e b e g in n in g of
th e e x p e r im e n t , fo r th e u n it t e s t s , an d th e p o s t - t e s t .
In a l l s t a t i s t i c a l
a n a ly s e s th e s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l w a s s e t a t 0 . 0 1 .
B a s e d u p o n th e a c h ie v e m e n t o f th e p u p ils o f t h e .t w o g r o u p s a s
m e a s u r e d b y th e d if f e r e n c e o f th e m e a n s on th e t h r e e u n it t e s t s and'
th e p o s t - t e s t th e - f o llo w in g r e s u l t s w e r e n o te d .
. T h e r e w a s n o s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t f o r th e
30 f a c t u a l q u e s t io n s on u n it t e s t s I a n d II.
T h e r e w a s a s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t f o r th e
10 c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s o f a l l t h r e e u n it t e s t s , th e 30 f a c t u a l q u e s tio n s
f o r u n it t e s t III, and f o r th e p o s t - t e s t .
C H A PTER VI
S U M M A R Y , C O N C L U SIO N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S
>
. E d u c a te d c i t i z e n s in a d e m o c r a c y a r e c a p a b le o f c r i t i c a l
th in k in g an d r e a s o n e d in q u ir y , w h ic h e n a b le s th e m to r e s o l v e
c o n t r o v e r s i e s a n d c o n f li c t s th r o u g h m u t u a l c o o p e r a t io n r a t h e r th a n
th r o u g h s u p p r e s s io n o f o p p o s in g v i e w s .
T h e s c h o o ls h a v e a m a j o r
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in th e e d u c a t io n o f t h e s e c i t i z e n s and m u s t h e lp
f o r m u la t e an d in it i a t e p o l i c i e s w h ic h m a k e s u c h an e d u c a tio n
p o s s ib le .
T h e c o n c e p t a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n a d v o c a te d a s a l o g i c a l
t e a c h in g m e th o d in ju n io r h ig h s c h o o l fo r p r o d u c in g th is ty p e of
■ ■
e d u c a tio n .
H i s t o r i c a l l y , c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t h a s i t s t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s in
f ie l d p s y c h o lo g y . . D u r in g th e p r o c e s s of s o lv in g p r o b le m s , th e
o r g a n is m s h o w s c r i t i c a l an d a n a ly t ic a l f u n c tio n r a t h e r th a n r a n d o m
t r i a l an d e r r o r .
A r e v i e w o f c l a s s r o o m r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d th a t t h e r e i s a n e e d
.
fo r m o r e e x p e r im e n t a l stu d y b e f o r e c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t c a n b e
a c c e p t e d e m p i r i c a l l y a s an e f f e c t i v e t e a c h in g m e th o d .
T h is stu d y w a s
d e s ig n e d to e x a m in e th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e c o n c e p t a p p r o a c h in ■
a id in g - s tu d e n ts in th e a c q u is it io n an d r e t e n t io n of h i s t o r i c a l k n o w le d g e
an d in th e le a r n in g an d r e t e n t io n o f p r o b le m s o lv in g s k i l l s .
The
b e l i e f o f th e w r i t e r w a s th a t a c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n a p p r o a c h to t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y p r o d u c e s s ig n if ic a n t l y g r e a t e r p u p il
a c h ie v e m e n t in .k n o w le d g e o f h i s t o r y c o n c e p t s and in p r o b le m -
•
6 0 ':
s o lv in g th a n d o e s th e t r a d it i o n a l a p p r o a c h .
In o r d e r t o t e s t th e w r i t e r ' s b e l i e f , a c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p an d a t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h g r o u p w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m th e e ig h th
g r a d e o f W ills o n J u n io r H ig h S c h o o l, B o z e m a n , M o n ta n a .
T he grou p s
w e r e c o m p a r e d on t h r e e v a r i a b l e s : I.' Q. , h i s t o r y g r a d e f r o m p r e v io u s
s e m e s t e r , an d p r e - t e s t .
,
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n g r o u p w a s ta u g h t b y u s in g id e n t if ie d
c o n c e p t s a s a m e a n s o f a r r iv in g a t t e n a b le s o lu tio n s , to h i s t o r i c a l
fa c ts.
T h e c o n t r o l g r o u p w a s ta u g h t b y a t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h w h ic h
in v o lv e d s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e to th e t e x t a n d e m p h a s iz e d p r i m a r i l y th e
a c q u is it io n o f f a c t s .
B o th g r o u p s u s e d th e s a m e t e x t an d c o v e r e d
th e s a m e m a t e r i a l .
T h e s t a t i s t i c a l r e s u l t s o f th e t e s t i n g w e r e c o m p a r e d b y u s in g
t h e p a r a m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t e s t (IT -te st) and th e t e s t fo r
a n a l y s i s o f d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m e a n s ( t - t e s t ) .
It w a s a s s u m e d th a t
t h e o b s e r v a t io n s w e r e in d e p e n d e n t, th e p o p u la tio n w a s n o r m a lly /
d is t r ib u t e d an d h o m o g e n e o u s in v a r i a n c e , an d th a t th e m e a s u r e m e n t
w a s on an i n t e r v a l s c a l e .
A s ig n if ic a n c e l e v e l o f 0. 01 w a s s e t f o r
a l l s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s u s e d in t h is stu d y b e c a u s e a h ig h c o n f id e n c e l e v e l
w a s d e s ir e d .
T h a t i s , it w a s d e s i r e d to s e t a l e v e l w h ic h w o u ld
a s s u r e th a t h y p o t h e s e s w o u ld b e r e j e c t e d in e r r o r n o t m o r e th a n o n e
t im e in a h u n d r e d .
T h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s sh o w e d th a t th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n
g r o u p m a d e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t g a in s o v e r th e t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h
g r o u p n o t o n ly in le a r n in g and r e t e n t io n o f h i s t o r i c a l k n o w le d g e but
61.
a ls o , in th e le a r n in g a n d r e t e n t io n o f -..p r o b le m -s o lv in g s k i l l s .
T here­
f o r e , th e w r i t e r ’ s b e l i e f , th a t s ig n if ic a n t l y g r e a t e r a c h ie v e m e n t in
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y w o u ld r e s u l t f r o m t e a c h in g th e c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t
a p p r o a c h r a t h e r th a n f r o m t e a c h in g b y t h e 't r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h , w a s
s u p p o r te d .
C O N C L U SIO N S .
T h e f o llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s c o n c e r n in g th e r e la t io n s h i p to and
im p o r t a n c e o f c o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t in le a r n in g w e r e m a d e on th e
b a s i s o f th e " r e v ie w o f li t e r a t u r e an d th e e x p e r im e n t a l stu d y :
I.
L e a r n in g t h e o r i s t s a r e n o t in a g r e e m e n t a s to a s in g le
d e f in it io n o f lea rn in g -.
2„
T h e r e i s a g r e e m e n t to v a r y in g d e g r e e s a m o n g a u t h o r it ie s
th a t m e m o r y , p e r c e p t io n , c o g n it io n , an d d is c r i m in a t io n a r e m e n t a l
p r o c e s s e s w h ic h a f f e c t g e n e r a l iz a t i o n , c o n c e p t f o r m a t io n ,' and
t r a n s f e r o f le a r n in g .
3.
C o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t t e n d s to m a k e le a r n in g a n a c t iv e
p r o c e s s , m e a n in g f u l, in t e r e s t i n g , t r a n s f e r a b le , in d iv id u a liz e d , and
u n if ie d .
4.
C o n c e p t d e v e lo p m e n t a s a t e a c h in g m e th o d , w h ic h r e q u ir e s
p u p ils t o th in k c r i t i c a l l y an d to u s e a r e a s o n e d a p p r o a c h to c o n t r o ­
v e r s i a l i s s u e s , p r o d u c e s a s ig n if ic a n t l y g r e a t e r a c h ie v e m e n t th a n a ■
t r a d it io n a l a p p r o a c h w h ic h in v o lv e s m e m o r i z a t io n , s im p le q u e s tio n
a n d a n s w e r te c h n iq u e , an d s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e to th e te x t b o o k w ith
62
an e m p h a s is on f a c t u a l a c q u is it io n .
5.
D e v e lo p in g c o n c e p t s b y s t e p s a p p e a r s to b e a c r u c i a l f a c t o r
in a tta in m e n t o f c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s k i l l s .
T h e la c k o f g u id a n c e
an d p r a c t i c e a p p e a r s to d e t e r e f f e c t i v e le a r n in g .
6.
T h e r e w a s no s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e in th e p u p il a c h ie v e m e n t
o f th e f a c t u a l q u e s t io n s .
7.
T h e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d d id sh o w a s ig n if ic a n t
d if f e r e n c e in c o n c e p t q u e s t io n s .
R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S
T h e f o llo w in g r e c o m m e n d a t io n s w e r e c o n s id e r e d a p p r o p r ia t e in
th e lig h t o f in f o r m a t io n r e v e a l e d b y th e in v e s t ig a t io n .
1
.
1. S im il a r s t u d ie s sh o u ld b e m a d e o v e r a lo n g e r p e r io d o f t im e
in o r d e r to' e x a m in e th e r e t e n t io n o f le a r n e d f a c t s an d s k i l l s in
■ A m e rica n h is t o r y .
/
'
2. . E x p e r im e n t a l r e s e a r c h s h o u ld a tte m p t t o d e t e r m in e a
g r a d e - b y - g r a d e .s e q u e n tia l p a tte r n o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e c o n c e p t s in
A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y th a t a r e id e n t if ie d .
3.
S tu d ie s a r e n e e d e d w h ic h w i l l id e n t if y th e s p e c i f i c a b i l i t i e s
h e e d e d fo r s u c c e s s in w o r k in g w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l c o n c e p t s of
A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
W hat a b i l i t i e s o r s k i l l s c a n b e im p r o v e d b y
u s in g th e c o n c e p t - g e n e r a l iz a t i o n m e th o d o f t e a c h in g A m e r ic a n h is t o r y .
63
4.
S tu d y o f th e S o c ia l S tu d ie s P r o j e c t , b e in g c a r r i e d o u t a t
th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S y r a c u s e , w h ic h i s a m o r e d e t a ile d e x p e r im e n t,s h o u ld b e u s e d to - c l a r i f y th e f a c t w e n e e d to k n o w m o r e a b o u t c o n ­
c e p t s , an d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o n c e p t s ;
'
'X
/
■ L IT E R A T U R E C O N S U L T E D
65
■ L IT E R A T U R E C O N S U L T E D
A n d e r s o n , G. L e s t e r , an d G a t e s , A r th u r I. , n T h e G e n e r a l N a tu r e of
L e a r n in g , " in L e a r n in g and I n s t r u c t io n , F o r t y - N in t h Y e a r b o o k ,
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in S e le c t e d R e a d in g s on th e L e a r n in g P r o c e s s , p p . 1 3 4 - 1 4 2 ,
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M a c m illa n & C o. , L td . , ,L ond on . 1 9 5 1 , 198 pp.
S to d d a r d , G e o r g e D . , T h e M e a n in g o f I n t e lli g e n c e , T h e M a c m illa n
C o ., N ew Y ork , 1943, 5 0 4 pp.
S tr a tto n , V in to n S . , " S o c ia l S c ie n c e G e n e r a liz a t io n s f o r U s e in S o c ia l
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71 •
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E d u c a t io n '26:133, M a r c y , 1962.
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A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f P s y c h o lo g y 7 0 : 2 6 3 - 2 6 7 , J u n e , 1957. .
T a y lo r , I r v in g A ., " T he N a tu r e o f th e C r e a t iv e P r o c e s s , " in
C r e a t iv it y , pp. 5 1 -8 2 , e d it e d b y P a u l S m ith ,. H a s t in g s H o u s e ,
(i
N e w Y o r k , 1959.
"T he S o c ia l S tu d ie s in G e n e r a l E d u c a tio n , " A p p le t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , '
In c . , N e w Y o r k , 1940,, 4 6 3 pp.
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/ ' H o u g h to n M ifflin C o . , B o s t o n , 1951, 383 pp.
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P s y c h o lo g y , p t. 2, T e a c h e r s C ollege", N e w Y o r k , 1913, 45 2 pp.
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'
T h u r s to n e , L o u is L . , T h e N a t u r e of In te l l i g e n c e , H a r c o u r t, B r a c e
& W o r ld , N e w Y o rk T
T o r r a n c e , ,E . P a u l, " C o n d itio n s f o r C r e a t iv e L e a r n in g , " C h ild h o o d
E d u c a tio n 3 9 : 3 6 7 - 3 7 0 , A p r il, 1 9 6 3 .
.
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T h e M a c m illa n C o . , N e w Y o r k , 19 6 2 ,. 313 pp.
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M ifflin C o. , B o s t o n , 19 6 0 ,- 4 8 8 pp.
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6 5 : 3 7 5 - 3 8 5 , N o v e m b e r , ■1958.
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B o o k C o . ,. I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1952, 392 pp.
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In c . , N e w Y o r k , "T957, 149 pp.
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T h in k in g , M c G r a w - H ill B o o k C o . , I n c . ,. N e w Y o r k , . I9 6 0 , 3 6 4 p p .
I
I
I
72
W h itin g , C h a r le s S. , C r e a t iv e T h in k in g , R e in h o ld P u b lis h in g
C o r p o r a t io n , N e w Y o rk , 1958, 168 pp.
W ils o n , H o w a r d E . ,' E d u c a tio n f o r C it iz e n s h ip , ' M c G r a w - H ill
B ook - C o. , In c . ,. N e w Y o rk 7 - T938j 2 7 2 pp.
W o o d r u ff,. A s a h e l D . ,. B a s i c C o n c e p ts of T e a c h in g ,. C h a n d le r
P u b lis h in g C o . ,. S an F r a n c i s c o , T9"6l,. c o n c i s e ed . , 2 3 8 pp.
/
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/
73
A P P E N D IX
?4
/
A p p e n d ix A
C o o p e r a t iv e T o p ic a l T e s t s in A m e r ic a n H i s t o r y - - T e s t 3
SCORE
S T U D E N T 'S NAM E.
D A T E ________________________________________________________________P E R I O D .
T E A C H E R 'S
N A M E _________________________________________________________
C O O PE R A T IV E
TO PIC A L
T E ST S
IN
A M ERICA N
H ISTO RY
Test 3
G row th of N a tio n a lism a n d D em ocracy
1801-1840
G E N E R A L D IR E C T IO N S
You will have 40 minutes to answer the 60 questions in this test.
Work carefully, but do not spend too much time on any one question.
Do not worry if you do not finish the test. Your score is the number
of correct answers you mark.
Your teacher will tell you how to mark your answers. Mark only
one answer for each question. If you change an answer, be sure to
erase your first choice completely.
D o n o t t u r n t h i s p a g e u n til y o u a r e t o ld to.
C O O P E R A T IV E T E S T D IV ISIO N
ED U CA TIO N A L T E S T IN G
PR IN C E T O N . N E W
SE R V IC E
J E R S E Y • B E R K E L E Y . CA LIFO R N IA
I In the first few decades of the 1800’s, the
influence of the Federalists continued to be
most evident,irfthe
A legislation of Congress.
B decisions of the national courts.
C policies of the President.
D legislation of the state governments.
I.
2 During the War of 1812, the naval, strength
of the United States was most effective in
A driving British commerce from the seas.
B breaking the British blockade of the
United States.
C gaining control of the Great Lakes.
D blockading Great Britain.
2.
3 Members of labor unions in the 1830’s and
1840’s were often advocates of
A free public education.
B unrestricted immigration.
C establishing ideal communities.
D women’s suffrage.
3.
8 Provided for a protective tariff
9 Temporarily resolved a controversy concern­
ing Congressional jurisdiction over slavery
10 Restricted the powers of the states
11 Attempts of the abolitionists to achieve their
objectives on a national scale were hampered
by
A the predominance of Southern represen­
tatives in the House of Representatives.
B the legal support given to slavery in all
the states.
C their inability to inform Southerners
about their goals.
D constitutional acknowledgment ,of the
institution of slavery.
4 In the Monroe Doctrine, the United States
declared its interest in doing all of the fol­
lowing except
A avoiding participation in European pol­
itics and wars.
B preventing future European colonization
in the Americas.
C bringing certain Latin American territor­
ies under United States rule.
D accepting European colonies already
established in the Americas.
12 “The duties of all public officers are so plain
and simple that men of intelligence may
readily qualify themselves for their perform­
ance; and I cannot but believe that more is
lost by the long continuance of men in office
than is generally to be gained by their expe­
rience.”
The ideas inthis quotation helped to provide
justification for
A extending the suffrage.
B the spoils system.
C the establishment of political parties.
D the national nominating convention.
5 The so-called Era of Good Feelings (18161824) was characterized by
A a strengthening of nationalism.
B border clashes with Mexico.
C a more humane treatment of Indians.
D strong rivalry between political parties. 5.
13 Abolitionism differed from the other reform
movements of the 1830’s in that it
A found most of its support in the North.
B aroused sectional controversy.
C did not seek immediate social change.
D was humanitarian in its objectives.
Questions 6-10 refer to the following choices:
A Calhoun’s E x p o s i t i o n a n d P r o t e s t
B The Missouri Compromise
C Clay’s American System
. D The decisions of John Marshall .
Which choice is described by each of the
following?
6 Sought to unify the nation through an
economic program
6.
14 Between 1800 and 1840, the laws governing
the saleof publiclands were often modifiedto
A provide the government with more in­
come.
B protect the interests of the Indians.
C permit sales to settlers with little wealth.
D insure the preservation of important
natural resources.
Go on to the next page.
7 Asserted that a state could nullify an act of
Congress that it deemed unconstitutional
7.
Questions 15-21 refer to the following points of
view on American foreign policy which might
have been expressed between 1800 and 1812:
Speaker I: “The best way to bring France and
England to terms is to sever all of our commercial
relations with them. They need our products and
markets more than we need theirs.”
Speaker II: “Napoleon is much more of a threat
to our national safety than is England. Our true
interests lie in making a military alliance with
England against France.”
Speaker III: “It is not in the best interests of
the United States to become involved in Europe’s
quarrels. We have our political system and the
Europeans have theirs. However, we do have
rights as a neutral nation carrying on peaceful
commerce and we should assert these rights.”
Speaker IV: “I say that we have suffered enough
indignities on the seas at the hands of England.
Furthermore, wewill never besecure until Canada
is part of the United States. We should declare
war on England without delay."
15 Which speaker expresses an idea later in­
cluded in the Monroe Doctrine?
Al
B II
C III
D IV 15.
16 The force of which argument was greatly
reduced by the Louisiana Purchase?
Al
B II
C HI
D IV 16.
17 Speaker IV is referring, among other things,
to the
A blockade of the American coast.
B arming of privateers to prey on American
shipping.
C smuggling of English goods into the
United States.
D impressment of American seamen.
17.
21 Jefferson's Embargo was an application of
which point of view?
Al
B II
C III
D IV 21
22 The issue of the rights of neutrals on the
seas ceased to be an important source of
controversy between the United States and
Great Britain as a result of the
A announcement of the Monroe Doctrine.
B Embargo of 1807.
C ending of the Napoleonic Wars.
D building of a powerful United States
navy.
22
23 Prior to the Civil War, the social reformers
who were most successful in achieving their
aims were those who advocated
A abolition of slavery.
B humane treatment of criminals and the
mentally ill.
C women’s right to vote.
D abolition of war.
23
Questions 24-27 refer to the following chrono­
logical orders:
A I occurred first, then III, then 11
B II occurred first, then III, then I
C Il occurred first, then I, then 111
D 111 occurred first, then I, then 11
Which order is correct for the three events
listed in each question?
24 I. The veto of the Second Bank,of the
United States
II. The beginning of the Panic of 1837
III. The issuance of the Specie Circular
24
25
I. The passage of the Compromise Tariff
Act and the Force Act
II. The passage of the Tariff of Abomina­
tions
III. The passage of the South Carolina Ordi­
nance of Nullification
25
26
I. The first use of the presidential nomina­
ting convention
II. The election of Harrison and Tyler
III. The dropping of property qualifications
for voting by a majority of states
26
18 Which speaker best expressed the point of
view of many western Congressmen just
before the War of 1812?
Al
B II
C III
D IV 18.
19 Which speaker’s point of view, when put into
effect, resulted in depressed economic con­
ditions in the United States?
Al
B II
C III
D IV 19.
20 The desire of the British to maintain control
of the fur trade helped to account for which
point of view?
Al
B II
C III
D IV
Go on to the next page.
20 .
27 I. The beginning of the National or Cum­
berland Road
II. The completion of the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad
III. The opening of the Erie Canal
27.
28 Which of the following was least changed by
technological improvements adopted in the
United States between 1800 and 1840?
A Tobacco farming
B Textile manufacturing
C Cotton processing
D Transportation
28.
29 Following the War of 1812, the Jefferson­
ian Republicans reversed their previous
position by
A levying a graduated income tax.
B lowering tariff rates.
C establishing a new United States Bank.
D making gold and silver the only forms
of money.
29.
30 “The government of the Union, though
limited in its powers, is supreme within its
sphere of action.”
This viewpoint was basic in a decision by
John Marshall involving the power of the
A President to vetobills passedbyCongress.
B Supreme Court to declare acts of Con­
gress unconstitutional.
C Congress to regulate interstate com­
merce.
D Senate to approve treaties.
30.
31 President Van Buren was much less popular
than President Jackson partly because Van
Buren
A opposed the spoils system.
B held office during a serious depression.
C favored a new United States Bank.
D was in constant conflict with Congress. 31.
32 An important factor accounting for the in­
effectiveness and slow growth of early labor
unions was the fact that
A public opinion and laws were generally
against unions.
B only unskilled workers joined unions.
C employers usually paid high wages and
provided good working conditions.
D most members were newly arrived im­
migrants.
32.
Questions 33-35 refer to the following quotation:
“It is an institution too great and powerful to be
tolerated in a government of free and equal laws.
Its power is more potent than that of the sword.
To whomis all this power granted? To a company
of private individuals, many of them foreigners,
and the mass of them residing in a remote and
narrowcorner of the Union. It encroaches on the
wealth and power of the states because it has
branches in every state subject to the secret and
absolute orders of the supreme central head.”
33 The institution referred to in the above
quotation is the'
A President’s Cabinet.
B Second Bank of the United States.
C Supreme Court.
D Whig party.
34 The quotation reflects most closely the view­
point of
A John Quincy Adams.
B Henry Clay.
C Daniel Webster.
D AndrewJackson.
35 The “remote and narrow corner of the
Union” referred to by the author was the
A Northeast.
C Northwest
B Southeast.
D Southwest.*1
36 “Liberty a n d Union, now and forever, one
and inseparable.”
These words were part of a speech opposing
A the policies of “King Andrew.”
B the Missouri Compromise.
1 C slavery.
D nullification.
37 Citizens of the states admitted to the Union
between 1800 and 1840 generally favored
A property qualifications for voting.
B the reservation of good land for the
Indians.
C conservative banking and currency pol­
icies.
D extensive road building.
Go on to the next page.
38 Which of the following statements concern­
ing the election of 1824 is correct?
A The electoral returns from several states
were disputed.
B One candidate secured all but one of the
electoral votes.
C The winning candidate received a major­
ity of the popular votes.
D No candidate received a majority of the
electoral votes. '
38.
41 The United States’ attitude toward Latin
America expressed in the Monroe Doctrine
found support in the policies of
A Great Britain.
C Spain.
B France.
D Russia.
41=.
42 All of the following were controversial issues
in Congress between 1825 and 1840 except
A road and canal building by the national
government.
B the status of slavery in the Louisiana
Territory.
C the system of banking to be used.
D tariff rates.
42..
39 “But every difference of opinion is not a ,
difference of principle. We have called by
different names brethrenofthesameprinciple.
We are all Republicans, we are all Federal­
ists."
The quotation is typical of the attitude
taken in
A the Monroe Doctrine.
B Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address.
C the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
D The South Carolina Ordinance of Nulli­
fication.
39.
43 Which Of the following changes occurred in
the United States during the War of 1812?
A Stimulation of agricultural production .
for export
B Stimulation of manufacturing
C Transfer of capital from manufacturing
■to shipping
D Expansion of railroad facilities
43..
40 While in office, Jackson demonstrated his
belief that the President, as well as Congress,
could represent the people by
A pursuing a strong foreign policy.
B dominating his Cabinet.
C vetoing bills.
D using the spoils system. ,
40.
44 In order to weaken the Bank of the United
States, AndrewJackson refused to allowit to
A issue paper currency.
B make loans to the government.
C sell its stock to private investors.
D serve as a depository for government
funds.
44-
Go on to the next page.
Questions 45-53 refer to the following map:
45 Textile production was first concentrated in
area
A 3.
B 6.
C 7.
D 8.
45..
50 During the 1830’s, opposition to a protective
tariff was strongest in area
A 3.
B 6.
C l .
D 8.
50
46 By compromise in 1820, slavery was to be
unlawful in the northern part of area
A 2.
B 3.
C 4.
D 7.
46.
51 American explorers of the early nineteenth
century reported as unfit for settlement the
western part of area
A l.
B 2.
C 4.
D 5.
51
47 War against England in 1812 was most
strongly opposed in area
A 3.
B 4.
C l .
D 8.
47.
48 The first commercially important canal con­
necting East and West was located in area
A 2.
B 3.
C l .
D 8.
48.
49 Which area became part of the United States
as a result of a treaty with Spain in 1819?
A 2
B 3 .C 4
D 5
49.
52 Agreement on the northern boundary of
area 2 was reached shortly after the
A Louisiana Purchase.
B War of 1812.
C proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine.
D inauguration of President Jackson.
52
53 The major American land victory in the
War of 1812 took place in area
A 2.
B 5.
C l .
D 8.
53
Go on to the next page.
Questions 54-60 refer to the following quotation:
"(I) The fateful course of events in Europe that
lifted him from his narrow view of the Constitu­
tion to the wide nationalism of the Louisiana
Purchase drew him and his immediate followers
into policies more autocratic and sweeping than
Hamilton’s boldest programs. (2) The Republi­
cans, peaceful as they were in intention, were
drawn into a struggle not of their own making,
and compelled to resort to hated measures of
revenue and finance. (3) To cap the'climax, the
same events also thrust their opponents, the
Federalists, out into utter darkness, beyond the
confines described in the Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions, and close to the border of secession
and rebellion. (4) All this flowed inexorably from
the reopening of the war in 1803 and the steady
advance of the American frontier southandwest.”
54 The President referred to in the first sen­
tence is
A James Monroe.
B John Adams.
C Andrew Jackson.
D Thomas Jefferson.
54.
55 The policies referred to in the first sentence
included the
A Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
B Monroe Doctrine.
C Embargo Act.
D reduction of the national debt.
55.
56 The situation described in the third sentence
most directly resulted in
A Federalist support for the Abolition
movement.
B the disappearance of the Federalist party.
C Clay’s American System.
D Calhoun’s E x p o s itio n a n d P r o te s t.
56.
57 Which of the following is referred to in the
third sentence?
A The Missouri Compromise
B The case of M a r b u r y v. M a d is o n
C The Whisky Rebellion
D The Hartford Convention
57.
58 In the first sentence, the author points out
that to acquire the Louisiana Territory it
was necessary to
A obtain the support of the Supreme Court.
B amend the Constitution.
C interpret the Constitution loosely.
D pursue undemocratic policies.
58.
59 The “struggle” mentioned in the second
sentence probably refers to the
A Napoleonic wars.
B contest with the Federalists.
C argument over purchasing Louisiana.
D sectional conflict between the North and
the South.
60 It may be inferred from the quotation that
the Republicans and the Federalists reversed
positions with regard to the
A struggle between Britain and France.
B desirability of government by the well­
born.
C powers of the national government.
D importance of political parties.
Look over your work on this test.
82
A p p e n d ix B
U n it I Out Iin e - - W e s t w a r d E x p a n s io n
83
W e s tw a r d E x p a n s io n
U n it I
'
'
'
C o n c e p t:
In th e f i r s t f i v e d e c a d e s o f th e 19th C e n tu r y th e U n ite d
S t a t e s th r o u g h p u r c h a s e , a n n e x a tio n , t r e a t y and
c o n q u e s t, e x p a n d e d b e y o n d th e b o u n d a r ie s o f 1783
u n t il it r e a c h e d th e P a c i f i c .
S u p p o r tin g :
L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y p u r c h a s e d fr o m F r a n c e to c o n t r o l
th e in la n d w a t e r w a y s a n d to a c q u ir e c h e a p f e r t i l e la n d .
z
•
Z
t
L e w is a n d C la r k e x p lo r e d th e t e r r i t o r y . T h is g a v e
- th e U n ite d S t a t e s in f o r m a t io n on th e n e w p u r c h a s e .
. e b u lo n P ik e e x p lo r e d m o r e o f th e t e r r i t o r y . H e s e t
ou t f i r s t to lo c a t e b e g in n in g o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i
R iv e r , w h ic h h e d id n o t fin d .
E x p lo r e d w e s t w a r d f r o m S t. L o u is .
.S t a t e s o r g a n iz e d f r o m th e t e r r i t o r y a f t e r s e t t l e r s
f lo c k e d in th e n e w la n d .
. F l o r i d a P u r c h a s e d f r o m S p a in in T r e a t y , to c o n t r o l
r i v e r s an d to p r e v e n t S p a in f r o m c o n t r o llin g th e m o u th
o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R iv e r (N e w O r le a n s ) .
S p a in w a s to o w e a k to d e fe n d h e r t e r r i t o r y .
G en . A n d r e w J a c k s on in v a d e d S p a n is h t e r r i t o r y to
p r e v e n t In d ia n r a i d s on A m e r ic a n s e t t l e m e n t s .
H e c a p tu r e d tw o S p a n is h f o r t s an d a c t u a ll y
c o n q u e r e d F l o r id a .
C o n q u e r e d la n d r e t u r n e d to S p a in a n d b o u g h t b y th e
• U n ite d S t a t e s .
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s g o e s to w a r w ith M e x ic o to a c q u ir e
S o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
' z
T e x a s w in s in d e p e n d e n c e f r o m M e x ic o in th e B a t t le
o f S an J a c in t o u n d e r th e le a d e r s h i p o f G en . S a m
H o u s to n .
M e x ic o r e s e n t s th e a n n e x a tio n o f T e x a s an d d e c l a r e s
w a r on th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
. M e x ic o d is p u t e s b o u n d a r y o f th e R io G ra n d e
R iv e r .
r
A m e r ic a n s w ho w a n te d th e U n ite d S t a t e s to ex p a n d
b e g a n to lo o k b e y o n d T e x a s to o t h e r la n d s b e lo n g in g
to M e x ic o .
84
■■
N e w M e x ic o w a s land' o f t r a d e r s
A m e r ic a n s to o k an i n t e r e s t in C a lif o r n ia fo r
b u s i n e s s o f t r a d in g
W ith m u c h i l l - f e e l i n g b e t w e e n M e x ic o and th e U n ite d
S t a t e s , th e s t a g e w a s s e t f o r w a r .
U n ite d S t a t e s in v a d e s M e x ic o . G en . T a y lo r d e f e a t s
S a n ta A n n a a t B u e n a V is t a , and G en . S c o t t t a k e s
M e x ic o C ity . •
W h ile f ig h tin g w as. g o in g o n in M e x ic o th e U n ite d
S t a t e s s e i z e d c o n t r o l o f C a lif o r n ia and N e w M e x ic o .
( B e a r B llag R e v o lu tio n )
T h e w a r b r in g s a v a s t t e r r i t o r y to th e U n ite d S t a t e s
M e x ic a n C e s s i o n and G a d s e n P u r c h a s e
T h e N e w L a n d w a s e x p lo r e d and s e t t le d
'
S a n ta F e t r a i l .t o th e S o u th w e s t
O r e g o n t r a i l on th e in t e r i o r o f th e c o u n ty a n d on
th e w e s t c o a s t
D i s c o v e r y o f g o ld in C a lif o r n ia
O r e g o n C o u n tr y d is p u t e
z
\
\
-
A N N E X A T IO N
M E X IC A N R E S E N T M E N T
In d e p e n d e n t T e x a s w a n te d to b e
a n n e x e d b y U n ite d S t a t e s fo r
p r o t e c t io n .
U n ite d S t a t e s w a n te d th e R io
G r a n d e , a n a tu r a l b o u n d a r y , a s
th e b o u n d a r y lin e .
U n ite d S t a t e s w a n te d th e la n d o f
T e x a s t o d e v e lo p th e c a t t le
in d u s t r y .
M e x ic o n e v e r r e c o g n iz e d the
in d e p e n d e n c e o f T e x a s .
M e x ic o w a n te d th e N u e c e s
R iv e r a s th e b o u n d a r y lin e w h ic h
w a s n o r th o f th e R io G ran d e
R iv e r .
T h e la n d b e tw e e n th e tw o r i v e r s
w a s d is p u te d la n d .
■U n d e v e lo p e d M e x ic o w a n te d th e
d e v e lo p e d la n d o f T e x a s fo r
th e c a t t le in d u s t r y .
M E X IC A N WAR
M e x ic o so u g h t to
c lo s e h er
C a lifo r n ia to
im m ig r a tio n .
- M e x ic o so u g h t to
e x p e l s e t t l e r s fr o m
h e r la n d ...
C a lifo r n ia and N ew
M e x ic o .
U n ited S ta te s
o ffe r e d to b u y
C a lifo r n ia and
N ew M e x ic o .
oo
Ul
M e x ic o thought
th is o ffe r w a s an in s u lt to h er
■co u n try .
U n ited S ta te s
a tta c k e d M e x ic o
in th e d isp u te d
t e r r it o r y .
Uo. S. A N N E X A T IO N
B r in g
M E X IC A N R E S E N T M E N T .
R e s u l t s in
M E X IC A N WAR
A p p e n d ix C
U n it II O u t li n e - - S e c t io n a li s m
87 S e c t io n a l is m
U n it II
C o n c e p t:
S E C T IO N A L IS M , S L A V E R Y A N D S T A T E S ' R IG H TS
• G R A D U A L L Y D R O V E A M IG H TY W E D G E B E T W E E N
N O R T H A N D SO U T H .
S u p p o r tin g :
(T h e w a y s o f l i f e d if f e r e d b e t w e e n p e o p le o f th e N o r th
a n d S ou th)
S e c t io n a l h o s t i l i t y o v e r s l a v e r y
S e c t io n a l h o s t i l i t y o v e r th e ta r iff;T h e N o r th and S o u th s e t t l e d t h e ir d i f f e r e n c e s fo r m a n y '
y e a r s b y c o m p r o m is e s ..,
M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e s e t t le d th e q u e s t io n o f s l a v e r y
in th e L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y
C o m p r o m is e o f 1850 d e a lt w ith th e q u e s tio n o f s l a v e r y
in th e n e w la n d w o n f r o m M e x ic o
D e s p i t e c o m p r o m is e s , th e i s s u e o f s l a v e r y s h a r p ly
d iv id e d th e co u n try .;
K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A c t r e o p e n s th e s l a v e r y q u a r r e l
an d m a d e th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e u n c o n s t it u t io n a l
U n c le T o m 's C a b in , d r a m a t iz e d th e e v i l s o f s l a v e r y
fo r n o r t h e r n e r s an d in f u r ia t e d th e s o u t h e r n e r s
R e p u b lic a n P a r t y b o r n to k e e p s l a v e r y in s t a t e s
T h e S o u th e r n S t a t e s s e c e d e d fr o m th e U n ite d S t a t e s and
■ f o r m e d th e C o n f e d e r a t e S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a .
E le v e n s t a t e s s e c e d e d and f o r m e d th e C o n fe d e r a te
S t a t e s of A m e r ic a .
L i n c o l n ' s o v e r - a l l a im f o r th e w a r w a s t o r e s t o r e th e
u n io n o f s t a t e s
T h e W ar b r o u g h t m u c h h a r d s h ip to p e o p le in b o th th e
N o r t h an d Sou th
In N o r th th e w a r i n c r e a s e d th e n a t io n a l d e b t
In S o u th , p r o p e r t y d a m a g e w a s g r e a t , C o n f e d e r a t e ■ m oney w o r t h l e s s , an d th e s l a v e s w e r e f r e e d
S E C T IO N A L IS M
G e o g r a p h ic and e c o n o m ic
d if f e r e n c e s r e s u lt e d in
m a n y d is p u t e s .
T h e p r o b le m o f t a r i f f s
d iv id e d th e tw o r e g i o n s ,
fo r N o r th e r n e r s fa v o red
h ig h t a r if f s to p r o t e c t
t h e ir m a n u fa c tu r in g w h ile ,
th e S o u th o p p o s e d th e m .
N o r t h h a d f a r m s on w h ic h
th e o w n e r r a i s e d g r a in ,
h a y , and l i v e s t o c k , w h ile
th e S o u th g r e w c o tto n on
s m a ll f a r m s a n d la r g e
p la n t a t io n s .
SLA VER Y
Sou th o p p o s e d th e
M is s o u r i C o m p ro ­
m i s e a s it c o n ­
t r o ll e d s l a v e r y in
th e n e w t e r r i t o r i e s ,
N o r th w a s in fa v o r
o f th e M i s s o u r i '
C o m p r o m is e .
T h e S ou th c la im e d
th e n e e d f o r s l a v e s
in th e c o tto n f i e l d s ,
th e N o r th h a d no
n e e d fo r s la v e la b o r
S T A T E S ' R IG H TS
WAR
N o r t h e r n e r s w a n te d a
s tr o n g c e n t r a l g o v e r n ­
m e n t fo r th e n a tio n ,
b u t S o u th e r n e r s s t r e s s ­
ed th e r ig h t and p o w e r s
o f in d iv id u a l s t a t e s .
S ou th b e lie v e d th a t th e y
c o u ld p r o t e c t t h e ir w a y
o f liv in g if th e U n ited
S ta te s g o v e r n m e n t k e p t
i t s h a n d s out of th e p o w e r s
b elo n g in g to th e s t a t e s .
S ou th w o r r ie d th a t th e
N o r th w a s g o in g to g a in
c o m p le t e c o n t r o l o f th e
f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t.
W ith th e .
s e c e s s io n
of e le v e n
s t a t e s and
th e e le c t io n
o f R e p u b lic a n
L in c o ln the w a r
s ta r te d .
00
oo
•
A p p e n d ix D
U n it I T e s t - - T h e W e s tw a r d M o v e m e n t
90
T H E W E ST W A R D M O V E M E N T
U n it I
1. ' W hat c o n s t it u t e d th e W e s t e r n b o u n d a r y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s at'
th e en d o f th e e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r y ?
a.
A p p a la c h ia n M o u n ta in s
'
b.
R o c k y M o u n ta in s
c.
M i s s i s s i p p i R iv e r
1
d.
P a c i f i c O c ea n
2.
W h ich o f t h e s e d id th e U n ite d S t a t e s s e c u r e b y th e t e r m s of
S p a in 's c e s s i o n o f F l o r i d a to th e U n ite d S t a t e s ?
■ /a .
A c la im to T e x a s
'
■b.
F u l l t i t l e to E a s t a n d W e s t F l o r id a
c.
A c l e a r t i t l e to th e O r e g o n c o u n tr y
d.
A d e b t o f $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 000
3.
A s a r e s u l t of th e t r e a t y of 1819 w ith S p ain:
a . . T h e U n ite d S t a t e s g a in e d a c l e a r c la im t o a l l o f T e x a s
b.
O ne r i v a l f o r th e O r e g o n T e r r i t o r y w a s e lim in a t e d
c.
T h e R io G r a n d e b e c a m e th e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of S p a n ish
■A m e r i c a
. . . . .
d.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s g a in e d c o n t r o l o f th e m o u th of th e
M is s is s ip p i
'
4.
In th e F a r W e s t w h ic h o f th e f o llo w in g a p p r o x im a t e ly f o llo w e d
th e c o u r s e o f th e S n a k e and th e C o lu m b ia R iv e r s .?
atv O r e g o n T r a i l
b.
P o n y E x p r e s s r o u te
c.
S a n te F e T r a i l
d.
W ild e r n e s s R o a d .
5.
W h ich o f t h e s e r i v e r s w o u ld a F o r t y - n i n e r on h i s w a y f r o m
K a n s a s C ity to C a lif o r n ia p r o b a b ly h a v e f o llo w e d f o r p a r t of
th e w a y ?
a.
T h e C o lu m b ia
b.
T h e C o lo r a d o
• ,
Co
T h e P la t t e
d.
T he M is s is s ip p i
91
6.
W h ich of th e f o llo w in g r o u t e s e x te n d e d s o u th w e s t w a r d f r o m K a n s a s
C ity , M i s s o u r i?
a.
C u m b e r la n d R o a d
b.
O regon T r a il
Co P o n y E x p r e s s r o u te
••• d.
S a n ta F e T r a i l
7.
W h ich w o u ld a T e x a n t r a v e l in g to C a lif o r n ia in th e d a y s o f th e
g o ld r u s h p r o b a b ly h a v e p a s s e d th r o u g h ?
a.
D enver
b.
S a lt L a k e C ity
•
c.
S a n ta F e
.
d.
S t. J o s e p h
8.
A t w h ic h p o in t d id m o s t o f th e o v e r la n d t r a i l s of a b o u t 1850 b e g in ?
a . ' C h ica g o .
b.
K a n s a s C ity
c.
D enver
d.
O m aha
9.
E a r l y in th e s e c o n d q u a r te r o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , th e
in h a b ita n ts of th e W e s t w e r e c h ie f l y i n t e r e s t e d in d e v e lo p in g
t r a n s p o r t a t io n a lo n g w h ic h o f th e f o llo w in g l i n e s ?
a. . In la n d w a t e r w a y s
b.
P r i v a t e l y o w n e d tu r n p ik e s
c.
N a t io n a l h ig h w a y s
d.
R a ilr o a d s
10.
,T h e r a i lr o a d s g r e w m o r e r a p id ly th a n th e c a n a ls d u r in g th e s e c o n d
q u a r te r o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y b e c a u s e th e r a ilr o a d s :
a.
W e r e p r i v a t e l y o w n ed
b.
W e r e a l e s s e x p e n s iv e m e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t in g f r e ig h t
c.
W e r e a id e d b y g r a n t s o f p u b lic la n d
d.
W e r e n e e d e d in th e s e m i - a r i d r e g i o n s w h ic h h a d no c a n a ls 1
11.
In th e f i r s t q u a r te r o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y , w h ic h o f th e
f o llo w in g w o u ld h a v e a p p e a le d m o s t to C o n g r e s s i o n a l r e p r e ­
s e n t a t iv e s f r o m th e f r o n t ie r s t a t e s ? ■
a.
I n te r n a l im p r o v e m e n t s p a id fo r b y th e g o v e r n m e n t
b.
T a r i f f on m a n u fa c t u r e d g o o d s
c.
A n a t io n a l b a n k
d.
F r e e h o m e s t e a d s fo r In d ia n s
92
12.
W h o se a c t i v i t i e s a s a fu r t r a d e r s t r e n g t h e n e d th e c l a im o f th e
U n ite d S t a t e s to th e O r e g o n ' c o u n tr y ?
a.
John Jacob A sto r
b. . S ir W illia m B e r k e l e y
c.
S ir W illia m J o h n so n
d.
W illia m P e n n
13.
W hat w a s an im p o r t a n t ie a s on fo r e a r l y A m e r ic a n m ig r a t io n 't o ^
T exas ?
a . . T h e d e s i r e to s e c u r e t e r r i t o r y fo r th e U n ite d S t a t e s
b.
T h e lo w p r i c e c h a r g e d fo r la n d s u it a b le fo r c o tto n c u ltu r e
c.
T h e b e l i e f th a t T e x a s w a s p a r t of th e L o u is ia n a P u r c h a s e
d . , T h e w is h to a id th e M e x ic a n s in t h e ir e f f o r t s t o o v e r t h r o w
S p a n is h r u le .
14. / M o s t o f t h e im m ig r a n t s to T e x a s in th e 1820 1s an d 1 8 3 0 1s. c a m e
....“"““ " from th e:
■a . ,S ta te s f o r m e d f r o m th e N o r t h w e s t T e r r i t o r y
b.
S o u th e r n s t a t e s
c.
N e w E n g la n d s t a t e s
d.
M e x ic a n t e r r i t o r y so u th o f th e R io G ra n d e
15.
16.
17.
W hy d id M e x ic o f e e l th a t th e a n n e x a tio n of T e x a s w a s an u n f r ie n d ly
a ct?
,
a.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s h a d n e v e r b e f o r e c la im e d th a t t e r r i t o r y
b.
A n n e x a tio n b r o u g h t in to q u e s tio n th e s o v e r e i g n t y of th e la n d
b e t w e e n th e N u e c e s an d th e R io G ra n d e
c.
M e x ic o h ad d e c l a r e d th a t a n n e x a tio n w o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d
e q u iv a le n t to a d e c la r a t io n o f w a r
d.
M e x ic o w a n te d T e x a s t o r e m a in in d e p e n d e n t
F r o m th e A m e r ic a n p o in t o f v ie w , w h ic h of t h e s e f u r n is h e d th e
b e s t j u s t i f ic a t io n fo r th e a n n e x a tio n of T e x a s ?
a . ' T h e m a j o r it y of th e s e t t l e r s in T e x a s w e r e of A m e r ic a n o r ig in
b.
T e x a s h a d m a in t a in e d h e r in d e p e n d e n c e and d e s i r e d a n n e x a tio n
to th e U n ite d S t a t e s
^
c.
T e x a s h a d b e e n p a r t o f th e L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y
, "d.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s h a d r e p e a t e d ly o f f e r e d to b u y T e x a s
A n .A m e r ic a n w h o b r o u g h t m a n y s e t t l e r s t o T e x a s w a s:
a. • S te p h e n F . A u s t in
b . . S a m H o u s to n
c.
W illia m T r a v i s
'
.
d.
D avy C r o c k e tt'
93
18.
. T h e v ic t o r y w h ic h s e c u r e d in d e p e n d e n c e fo r T e x a s w a s th e
b a ttle of:
a.
T h e A la m o
b.
G o lia d
c.
G o n z a le s
d.
S an J a c in t o
i
19.
. The
a.
b.
c. .
d.
20.
. S o m e A m e r ic a n s o p p o s e d th e a n n e x a tio n o f T e x a s b e c a u s e :
a.
T e x a s w o u ld e n t e r th e U n io n a s a s la v e s t a t e
■ b.
T e x a s w a s s o la r g e
c.
T h e y th o u g h t T e x a s b e lo n g e d to M e x ic o
d.
N one of th e se
2 1.
1 T h e n e w la n d p u r c h a s e d b y th e U n ite d S t a t e s a s a r e s u l t of th e
t r e a t y of G u a d a lu p e H id a lg o w a s c a lle d :
a.
C a lif o r n ia
b.
T h e M e x ic a n C e s s io n
c.
T he G ad sd en P u r c h a s e
d.
N e w M e x ic o
f i r s t P r e s i d e n t o f T e x a s w a s:
S te p h e n F . A u s t in
W illia m T r a v i s
S a n ta Ann'a
N o n e of t h e s e
22 .
A f te r th e d i s c o v e r y o f g o ld , m a n y s e t t l e r s r e a c h e d C a lif o r n ia by:
a.
A lo n g t r ip c r o s s - c o u n t r y in a w a g o n t r a in
/
b.
S a ilin g a ro u n d th e s o u th e r n t ip of S o u t h 'A m e r ic a
c. . S a ilin g and a la n d t r ip a c r o s s th,e I s t h m u s o f P a n a m a
d.
A ll o f t h e s e
■23.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
d i s c o v e r y of g o ld e n a b le d C a lif o r n ia to:
B e c o m e ou r r i c h e s t s t a t e .
B e c o m e a s t a t e q u ic k ly b e c a u s e o f it s r a p id p o p u la tio n g r o w th
B e c o m e th e w o r ld 's l a r g e s t g o ld p r o d u c e r
A ll of th e s e ■
24.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
U n ite d S t a t e s b o u g h t L o u is ia n a fr o m :
S p a in
F rance
E n g la n d
N e w M e x ic o
94
25.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s e x p a n d e d it s b o u n d a r y to th e P a c i f i c c o a s t a s
a r e s u l t o f th e:
a.
R e v o lu t io n a r y W ar
• ,
• b.
W ar o f 1812
,
c.
M e x ic a n W ar
d.
In d ia n W a r s .
26 .
W h ich w a s th e c h ie f r e a s o n T e x a n s r e v o lt e d a g a in s t th e M e x ic a n '
g o v e r n m e n t?
a.
U n e q u a l t a x a t io n
b.
T h e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f M a x im ilia n on th e M e x ic a n th r o n e
c.
L e g i s l a t io n th a t r e s t r i c t e d im m ig r a t io n
d.
T h e e x e c u t io n of p r i s o n e r s ta k e n -a t th e A la m o
27 .
W h ich of t h e s e t e r r i t o r i e s w a s th e l a s t to b e a c q u ir e d b y th e
U n ite d S t a t e s ?
a.
N o r th w e st T e r r ito r y
b.
O regon T e r r ito r y
c.
L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y
d.
F l o r id a
28 .
W h ich o f t h e s e i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith a b o u n d a r y d is p u t e b e t w e e n th e
U n ite d S t a t e s a n d a f o r e i g n n a tio n ?
a.
T h e A la b a m a C la im s
^
b.
5 4 ° 40'
' :
c.
T h e M a s o n - D ix o n lin e
d.
3 6 ° 30'
' ' .
29 .
W h ich of t h e s e a b s o r b e d m o s t A m e r ic a n e n e r g y a n d a tte n tio n
d u r in g th e p e r io d 1840 to 1850?
a.
M a in te n a n c e o f th e M o n r o e D o c t r in e
b.
T e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s io n
c.
D e v e lo p m e n t o f th e C h in a T r a d e
d.
R e g u la t io n of b u s i n e s s
'
30.
/
T h e s lo g a n " F if t y - f o u r f o r t y o r fig h t" w a s u s e d in th e U n ite d
S ta te s in c o n n e c t io n w ith th e:
■a . . D i s p o s i t io n o f th e O r e g o n t e r r i t o r y
b.
D is p u t e o v e r th e M a in e b o u n d a r y
c. • A n n e x a tio n o f T e x a s
d.
S e t t le m e n t o f th e b o u n d a r y f r o m L a k e H u r o n to L a k e o f th e
W oods
.
•
-
95
31.
T h e e x p a n s io n o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s d if f e r e d m o s t f r o m th a t o f ■
o th e r n a tio n s in th a t it d id n o t in v o lv e w h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g ?
a.
W ar w ith a n e ig h b o r in g n a tio n
b.
C o n q u e s t o f a b a c k w a r d ,p e o p le
c„
M a in te n a n c e o f a la r g e m i l i t a r y e s t a b lis h m e n t
d.
A c q u is it io n o f p e o p le s to w h o m f u ll c i t i z e n s h ip c o u ld n o t"
b e e x te n d e d
32.
W hat w a s th e fu n d a m e n ta l f a c t o r in th e m a in t e n a n c e o f a
d e m o c r a t i c s o c i e t y in th e U n ite d S t a t e s d u rin g th e n in e te e n th
c e n tu r y ?
a.
T h e c o n tin u e d e x i s t e n c e of f r o n t ie r r e g io n s
b.
T h e r i s e o f o r g a n iz e d la b o r
c. ■ A d o p tio n o f u n i v e r s a l c o m p u ls o r y e d u c a tio n
d.
D e m o c r a t ic p r o v is io n s of th e C o n s titu tio n
33.
In th e f i r s t h a l f o fth e n in e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , m e t h o d s o f t r a n s p o r - _
ta tio n w e r e g r e a t l y im p r o v e d in th e U n ite d S t a t e s a s a r e s u lt
o f th e:
a.
G o v e r n m e n t m o n o p o ly of t r a n s p o r t a t io n f a c i l i t i e s
b.
C o m p le tio n of r a i lr o a d s lin k in g th e A t la n t ic an d P a c i f i c
c.
D r e d g in g o f th e O h io, M i s s i s s i p p i , an d M i s s o u r i r i v e r s
to p r o v id e c h a n n e ls te n f e e t d e e p t o P it t s b u r g h , M in n e a p o lis ,
an d O m a h a
d.
P o p u la r d e m a n d g r o w in g out of th e W e s tw a r d s h if t o f
p o p u la tio n
34 .
W h ich i s th e m o s t im p o r ta n t r e a s o n w h y T e x a s w a s n o t a n n e x e d
to th e U n ite d S t a t e s im m e d i a t e ly u p o n g a in in g i t s in d e p e n d e n c e
fr o m M e x ic o ?
a.
M e x ic o r e f u s e d t o r e c o g n i z e th e' in d e p e n d e n c e o f T e x a s
b.
M a n y A m e r ic a n s o p p o s e d th e e x t e n s io n o f s l a v e r y w h ic h
w o u ld r e s u l t f r o m th e a n n e x a tio n
c.
T h e T e x a n s p r e f e r r e d in d e p e n d e n c e to a n n e x a tio n to th e
U n ite d S t a t e s
d.
M e x ic o w a n te d T e x a s to r e m a in in d e p e n d e n t
35 .
W h ich w a s im p o r ta n t in p r o m o tin g th e s e t t l e m e n t o f th e W e s t
d u r in g th e p e r io d im m e d ia t e ly f o llo w in g th e W ar of 1812?
a.
R iv a lr y o f s la v e and f r e e s o i l i n t e r e s t s
b . • A d o p tio n o f t h e H o m e s t e a d A c t
c.
R e m o v a l o f th e In d ia n m e n a c e fr o m th e a r e a s o p e n to
s e t t le m e n t
>d.
E x t e n s iv e b u ild in g o f r a i lr o a d s
*
96
36.
The
b o th
a.
■b.
c.
d.
in v a s io n o f C a n a d a in th e W a r o f 1812 and o f M e x ic o in 1847
h ad th e e f f e c t of:
G r e a t ly in c r e a s i n g U . S. t e r r i t o r i a l h o ld in g s
B r in g in g a w a r to a s p e e d y en d
C r e a t in g i l l w i l l th a t to o k y e a r s to o v e r c o m e
I n c r e a s in g A m e r ic a n p o l i t i c a l in f lu e n c e in n e ig h b o r in g
c o u n t r ie s
'
37.
T h e c a m p a ig n o f K e a r n y in th e M e x ic a n W ar w a s s i m i l a r to
th a t of C la r k in th e R e v o lu t io n a r y W a r, in th a t b o th c a m p a ig n s :
a.
W e r e f o llo w e d b y t r e a t i e s w h ic h a d d e d th e t e r r i t o r i e s w h e r e
th e c a m p a ig n s h a d b e e n fo u g h t
b.
I n v o lv e d p r o lo n g e d fig h tin g w ith la r g e n u m b e r s of t r o o p s
cl
W e r e d ir e c t e d a g a in s t h o s t i l e In d ia n s
. d.
I n v o lv e d s e r i o u s d e f e a t s fo r A m e r ic a n t r o o p s
38.
M e x i c o 's c h ie f g r ie v a n c e in th e c o n t r o v e r s y w h ic h le d to w a r
w ith U n ite d S t a t e s w a s th e:
a.
O c c u p a tio n o f C a lif o r n ia b y A m e r ic a n m a r in e 's
b.
R e f u s a l o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s to r e t u r n r u n a w a y s l a v e s
c.
A n n e x a tio n o f T e x a s
d.
D e m a n d b y P o lk th a t M e x ic o a c c e p t $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 in p a y m e n t
fo r th e la n d n o r th o f th e R io G r a n d e
39.
In v ie w o f th e n a t u r e of a ll th e t e r r i t o r y a c q u ir e d , w h a t m o t iv e ■
b e s t a c c o u n t s fo r A m e r ic a n e x p a n s io n d u r in g th e p e r io d 1 8 4 0 -5 0 ?
n.
D e s i r e o f p la n ta tio n o w n e r s fo r m o r e la n d s u it a b le fo r
c o tto n r a i s i n g
-/
b.
D e s i r e of p o l i t i c a l p a r t ie s to s e c u r e a g o o d c a m p a ig n i s s u e
c . ■P o p u la r b e l i e f th a t t h e n a tio n s h o u ld e x p a n d to it s n a tu r a l
b o u n d a r ie s
■
.
d.
D e s i r e to e x p lo it th e m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s w h ic h th e r e g io n s
w e r e k n o w n to c o n ta in
40 .
W hat w a s th e g e n e r a l t r e n d of th e p u b lic la n d p o lic y o f th e
U n ite d S t a t e s f r o m 1785 to 1863 in r e g a r d to p r ic e p e r a c r e
and m in im u m s i z e of t r a c t s o ld ?
a.
T o i n c r e a s e th e p r ic e ; to d e c r e a s e th e m in im u m s i z e
b.
T o d e c r e a s e t h e p r ic e ; to i n c r e a s e th e m in im u m s i z e
c.
T o i n c r e a s e th e p r ic e ; to i n c r e a s e th e m in im u m s i z e
d.
T o d e c r e a s e th e p r ic e ; to d e c r e a s e th e m in im u m s i z e .
A p p e n d ix E
U n it II T e s t - S e c t i o n a l i s m
98
S E C T IO N A L IS M
U n it II
1.
W h ich o f th e f o llo w in g p r o v id e d f o r a b o lis h in g th e im p o r t a t io n
of s l a v e s in to th e U n ite d S t a t e s ?
a.
E m a n c ip a t io n P r o c la m a t io n
b.
S e c t io n IX , U n ite d S t a t e s C o n s titu tio n
c.
T h ir t e e n th A m e n d m e n t
'
d.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
2.
W h ich o f t h e s e e x c lu d e d s l a v e r y f r o m th e r e g io n , p a r t of w h ic h
i s n o w In d ia n a ?
a.
F l o r id a T r e a t y
b.
M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
c.
N o r t h w e s t O r d in a n c e
d.
T r e a t y of G u a d a lu p e H id a lg o
3.
In th e p e r io d f o llo w in g th e W ar o f 1812, th e in t e r n a l s la v e tr a d e
i n c r e a s e d r a p id ly b e c a u s e :
a.
T h e p r ic e o f s l a v e s im p o r t e d f r o m A f r ic a w a s to o h ig h
b.
M e x ic o in t r o d u c e d s l a v e r y a f t e r i t s r e v o lt f r o m S p a in
c.
T h e r e w a s a g r e a t d e m a n d f o r la b o r in th e c o tto n b e lt and a
s u r p lu s of s l a v e s in th e t o b a c c o r e g io n
d. ' E a s t e r n p la n te r s - p r e f e r r e d t o s e l l t h e ir s l a v e s r a t h e r th a n
s u ff e r l o s s if C o n g r e s s sh o p Id v o t e e m a n c ip a t io n
4.
B e t w e e n 1800 and 1830, th e a ttitu d e of S o u th e r n l e a d e r s on the'
s l a v e r y q u e s tio n c h a n g e d b e c a u s e th e:
a.
N o r th r e f u s e d to h a v e s l a v e s c o u n te d to w a r d c o n g r e s s io n a l
r e p r e se n ta tio n .
b.
L a n d a c q u ir e d in t h is p e r io d w a s u n s u it e d t o p la n ta tio n
fa r m in g
c.
F o r e i g n s la v e t r a d e w a s l e g a l l y c l o s e d in 1808
d.
G r o w th im p o r t a n c e of c o tto n c u ltu r e s e e m e d to m a k e s l a v e r y
a n e c e s s ity
5.
W h ich w a s an e v id e n c e o f g r o w in g s e c t i o n a l i s m r a t h e r th a n
g r o w in g n a t io n a li s m in th e y e a r s im m e d i a t e ly f o llo w in g th e W ar'
of 1812?
a„ T h e d e c i s i o n s of Joh n M a r s h a ll
b.
T h e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
c.
A n n o u n c e m e n t o f th e M o n r o e D o c t r in e
.■
d. ' E s t a b lis h m e n t of a p r o t e c t iv e t a r if f
'99
6.
T h e s t a t u s o£ N e g r o e s w a s d e t e r m in e d fo r e a c h o f th e fo llo w in g
p la c e s b y th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e . In w h ic h d id th e a n ti s l a v e r y f o r c e s s c o r e th e g r e a t e s t v i c t o r y a t th e t im e ?
a. . L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y n o r th o f 3 6 ° 30 1 e x c e p t in g M i s s o u r i
b.
M a in e
c.
M iss o u r i
d.
L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y so u th o f .36 3 0 1
..
7.
T h e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e w a s a v i c t o r y fo r th e N o r th b e c a u s e it:
a.
P r o v e d C o n g r e s s h a d th e r ig h t to r e g u la t e s l a v e r y
b.
E x c lu d e d s l a v e r y f r o m a l l th e t e r r i t o r y n o r th o f th e O h io and
e a s t of th e M i s s i s s i p p i
c.
C lo s e d m o s t o f th e L o u is ia n a P u r c h a s e t o s l a v e r y
d.
A b o lis h e d s l a v e r y in f e d e r a l t e r r i t o r y a c q u ir e d th r o u g h
p u rch ase
8.
W h ich w a s a r e s u l t o f th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e ?
a.
T h e S o u th g a in e d th e b a la n c e of p o w e r in th e H o u s e o f
R e p r e s e n t a t iv e s
b.
T h e L o u is ia n a T e r r i t o r y w a s d iv id e d e q u a lly in to s la v e an d
n o n -sla v e te r r ito r y
c.
S la v e r y w a s e x c lu d e d f r o m th e e n t ir e L o u is ia n a T e r r it o r y
d.
M i s s o u r i w a s a d m itte d a s a s la v e s ta te
9.
T h e tw o m o s t im p o r ta n t i s s u e s d u r in g th e s e c o n d q u a r te r of th e
n in e te e n th c e n tu r y w e r e :
a.
S la v e r y and t e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s io n
b.
T e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s io n and f r e e s i l v e r
c.
F r e e s i l v e r an d th e t a r if f
d.
T h e t a r if f an d f e d e r a l s u p p o r t o f in t e r n a l im p r o v e m e n t s
10.
B y 1824 th e S o u th w a s o p p o se d to a p r o t e c t iv e t a r i f f on th e g r o u n d s
th at:
a.
F o r e ig n m a n u f a c t u r e r s w o u ld n o t b u y A m e r ic a n c o tto n if
th e y c o u ld n o t s e l l g o o d s in A m e r ic a
b.
T h e r a t e s on e x p o r t e d c o tto n w e r e u n r e a s o n a b ly h ig h
c.
T h e C o n s t it u t io n d id n o t c l e a r l y g r a n t C o n g r e s s th e r ig h t
to e n a c t t a r i f f la w s
d.
S u ch l e g i s l a t i o n w o u ld r a i s e th e p r ic e of s l a v e s to th e p o in t
w h e r e im p o r t a t io n w o u ld b e u n p r o fita b le • ■
100
11.
'
The- S o u th g e n e r a l ly o p p o s e d th e t a r if f s o f 1828 an d 1832 b e c a u s e :
a.
It h ad d e v e lo p e d th e s t a t e ' s r ig h t t h e o r y
b.
T h e t a r i f f w o u ld i n c r e a s e p r i c e s on t o o l s , c lo th in g , and
o th e r c o m m o d it ie s
c.
T h e h ig h r a t e s p la c e d on s u c h s t a p le s a s c o tto n a n d t o b a c c o
w o u ld r u in th e e x p o r t t r a d e o f th e S ou th
d.
C a lh o u n m a in t a in e d th a t W e b s t e r and J a c k s o n w e r e p lo ttin g
to a b o lis h s la v e r y
12.
One of th e p r in c ip a l and r e c u r r e n t p la n k s in th e W hig p a r ty
p la t f o r m w a s:
a.
C iv il s e r v i c e r e f o r m
b. ' A p r o te c tiv e ta r iff
c.
T h e e n f o r c e m e n t o f th e F u g it iv e S la v e A c t
d. . F r e e h o m e s t e a d s
13.
One o f th e im p o r ta n t e f f e c t s o f s l a v e r y on th e S o u th w a s th at:
a.
I n d u s t r ia l d e v e lo p m e n t w a s d is c o u r a g e d
b.
T h e p o p u la tio n i n c r e a s e d m o r e r a p id ly th a n in th e N o r th
c.
T h e S o u th c a m e to f a v o r a p r o t e c t i v e t a r if f
d. 1A s t r o n g e r e c o n o m ic b o n d d e v e lo p e d b e t w e e n th e W e s t e r n and
S o u th e r n a g r i c u lt u r a l a r e a s
14.
P r e v i o u s to th e C iv il W ar th e n a tu r e o f c o tto n c u ltu r e in th e
• S o u th c a u s e d th a t s e c t io n to d e m a n d t h r e e of t h e s e a s n e c e s s a r y
fo r i t s p r o s p e r it y . W h ich w a s n o t n e c e s s a r y and n o t d e m a n d e d ?
a. ' A c q u is it io n o f n e w la n d s s u it a b le fo r r a i s i n g c o tto n
b.
R e d u c tio n o f th e t a r if f on m a n u fa c tu r e d g o o d s
c. • E s t a b lis h m e n t of a t a r if f on f o r e ig n r a w c o tto n
d.
R e la x a t io n of la w s p r o h ib it in g th e im p o r t a t io n o f s la v e s
15. . W h e r e , a c c o r d in g to th e d o c t r in e of n u llif ic a t io n , d id th e r ig h t to
d e t e r m in e th e c o n s t it u t io n a lit y o f a n a tio n a l la w f in a ll y r e s i d e ? .
a.
In th e s t a t e s
b.
In C o n g r e s s
■ •
c.
In th e S u p r e m e C o u r t
d.
In th e P r e s i d e n t
16.
Joh n B r o w n 's r a id on H a r p e r s F e r r y w a s s ig n if ic a n t b e c a u s e it:
a.
D r a m a t iz e d o p p o s it io n to s l a v e r y
b.
R e s u l t e d in a s la v e r e v o lt le d b y N a t T u r n e r
c.
U n ite d .K a n sa s u n d e r th e a n t i - s l a v e r y f o r c e s
d.
W a s th e f i r s t b a t t le of th e C iv il War
101
17. '
W h ich o f t h e s e w o u ld an. A b o lit io n is t h a v e b e e n l e a s t l i k e l y to
u s e a s an a r g u m e n t a g a in s t s la v e r y ?
a.
T h a t s la v e r y d e m o r a liz e d th e S o u th
b.
T h a t s l a v e r y w a s c o n t r a r y to th e U n ite d S t a t e s C o n s titu tio n
c . ' T h a t s l a v e r y w a s c o n t r a r y to th e D e c la r a t io n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e
d.
T h a t s l a v e r y w a s u n - C h r is t ia n
18.
W h ich o f t h e s e c o n ta in e d a s t a t e m e n t to th e e f f e c t that " n e ith e r
■' s l a v e r y n o r in v o lu n t a r y s e r v it u d e " s h o u ld e v e r e x i s t in a n y p a r t
o f th e t e r r i t o r y to b e g a in e d f r o m M e x ic o b y w a r ?
a.
X . Y. Z. P a p e r s
b.
O ste n d M a n if e s t o
c.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
' y
d.
C o m p r o m is e of 1850
19.
D y 1850 th e S o u th i n c r e a s i n g l y f e a r e d th a t th e a d m is s io n of f r e e
s t a t e s w o u ld d e s t r o y th e b a la n c e o f s la v e and f r e e f o r c e s in th e:
a.
H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t iv e s
b.
Senatec.
S u p r e m e C o u rt'
d.
S e le c t io n o f P r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d id a t e s
20 .
W hy d id m a n y S o u t h e r n e r s s u p p o r t th e C o m p r o m is e o f 1850?
a.
It e q u a liz e d N o r t h e r n and S o u th e r n r e p r e s e n t a t io n in the'
S e n a te
b.
It p r o v id e d fo r th e p o s s i b l e c r e a t io n o f f iv e s la v e s t a t e s , out
of T e x a s
c.
It c o n ta in e d a la w f o r th e r e t u r n of f u g it iv e s la v e s
d.
It l e g a l i z e d s l a v e r y in th e r e m a in in g t e r r i t o r i e s o f th e
U n ite d S t a t e s
21.
W h ich of t h e s e p r o v is io n s of th e C o m p r o m is e of 1850 p r o v e d
m o s t d if f ic u lt t o e n f o r c e ?
a.
A b o lit io n o f t h e s la v e t r a d e in th e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia
b.
A d m i s s i o n o f C a lif o r n ia a s a f r e e s t a t e
c.
E n a c t m e n t of a s t r i c t e r f u g it iv e s la v e a c t
d.
E s t a b lis h m e n t o f th e p r in c ip le o f s q u a tte r s o v e r e i g n t y in
N e w M e x ic o and U ta h
22 .
P e r s o n a l L ib e r t y A c t s w e r e p a s s e d in. m a n y N o r t h e r n s t a t e s to:
a.
G u a r a n te e g r e a t e r f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h b y a n t i - s l a v e r y l e a d e r s
b . ■E n f o r c e th e p r o v is io n s o f th e C o m p r o m is e o f 1850
c.
P r o v id e a j u r y t r i a l f o r e d it o r s o f th e a n t i - s l a v e r y p r e s s
d.
M ak e d if f ic u lt th e .e n fo r c e m e n t of th e -F u g itiv e S la v e L a w
102
23 .
W h ich o f t h e s e p e r m it t e d s e t t l e r s to d e c id e f o r t h e m s e l v e s th e
q u e s tio n of s l a v e r y in a t e r r i t o r y ?
a.
D r e d S c o tt d e c i s i o n
. b.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
c,
P o p u la r S o v e r e ig n t y
d.
M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
24.
W h ich of t h e s e a b s o r b e d m o s t e n e r g y an d a tte n tio n in A m e r ic a
a.
S e c t io n a l c o n t r o v e r s i e s
b.
T e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s io n
c.
R e g u la t io n o f b u s i n e s s
d.
M a in te n a n c e o f th e M o n r o e D o c t r in e
25.
F u n d a m e n t a lly , th e d o c t r in e o f s t a t e s ' r ig h t s a s e n u n c ia te d
b e f o r e th e C iv il W ar w a s th e m e a n s th r o u g h w h ic h of th e
fo llo w in g fou n d e x p r e s s i o n s ?
' .
a.
M a n if e s t d e s t in y
b.
S e c t io n a l is m
c.
N a t io n a lis m
\ d.
F r e e e n te r p r ise
26.
B y 1850 th e a ttitu d e to w a r d s l a v e r y h e ld b y m o s t p e o p le in
N o r th e r n s t a t e s m ig h t b e s t b e d e s c r i b e d a s:
a.
S t r o n g ly s u p p o r tin g a b o lit io n
b.
T o le r a t in g s l a v e r y 1s e x i s t e n c e , b u t o p p o sin g i t s s p r e a d
:c.
F a v o r in g a li m it e d im p o r t a t io n o f s la v e s
d.
F a v o r in g c o m p e n s a t e d e m a n c ip a t io n
27.
The
a.
b. .
c.
d. ,
K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A c t in e f f e c t p r o v id e d th at:
T h e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e b e r e p e a le d
K a n s a s and. N e b r a s k a b e d e n ie d s ta te h o o d
S la v e r y b e p r o h ib it e d in K a n s a s and N e b r a s k a
S la v e r y b e p e r m it t e d in K a n s a s an d N e b r a s k a •
28 .
The
w as
a.
b.
c.
d.
s t a t u s o f s l a v e r y in th e t e r r i t o r y o f th e L o u is ia n a P u r c h a s e
n o t a f f e c t e d b y th e:
T he D red S c o tt d e c is io n
K a n sa s-N e b r a sk a A ct
C o m p r o m is e o f 1850
M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
'
/
.103
29 .
W h ich w a s a p r o v is io n o f th e K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A c t ?
a.
K a n sa s w a s d e c la r e d a f r e e sta te
b.
T h e D r e d S c o t t d e c i s i o n w a s n u llif ie d
c.
P o p u la r s o v e r e i g n t y w a s p r o v id e d fo r in t h e s e tw o
te r r ito r ie s
d.
T h e 3 6 ° 30 1 li n e w a s e x te n d e d to th e P a c i f i c
30.
W h ich of th e f o llo w in g w a s d e a lt w ith in a l l t h r e e o f t h e s e :
th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e , th e C o m p r o m is e of 1850, and th e
K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A c t?
a.
E n f o r c e m e n t o f th e F u g it iv e S la v e L a w
b.
T h e in t e r s t a t e s la v e tr a d e
c.
T h e r i g h t s .o f f r e e d N e g r o e s
d.
S ta tu s o f s l a v e r y in th e t e r r i t o r i e s
31.
T h e a ttitu d e o f a t y p ic a l C h ic a g o f in a n c ie r on t h e K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a
B i l l w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e b e e n :
. a.
F a v o r a b le b e c a u s e r a p id s e t t le m e n t o f th e t e r r i t o r y w o u ld '■
s t im u la t e b u s i n e s s
■ b.
U n fa v o r a b le b e c a u s e th e e x t e n s io n of s l a v e r y in to t h is
t e r r i t o r y w o u ld h u r t b u s i n e s s
c.
U n fa v o r a b le b e c a u s e h e m o s t l i k e l y w o u ld h a v e b e e n an
A b o l it io n i s t
d.
F a v o r a b le b e c a u s e h is h o m e s t a t e f a v o r e d s l a v e r y
32.
T h e p a s s a g e of a h o m e s t e a d la w w a s b lo c k e d in C o n g r e s s b y
S o u th e r n l e g i s l a t o r s b e c a u s e t h e y b e li e v e d th at:
a.
M o n e y f r o m th e s a le of p u b lic la n d w o u ld p e r m it t a r if f /
r e d u c t io n
b.
It w o u ld i n c r e a s e f e d e r a l in d e b t e d n e s s
c.
S e t t l e r s f r o m N o r t h e r n s t a t e s w o u ld q u ic k ly c l a im W e s t e r n
la n d s
d.
P u b lic la n d s s h o u ld b e th e p r o p e r t y o f th e s t a t e s
33.
T h e f e a r s ' a r o u s e d a m o n g a n ti - s l a v e r y N o r t h e r n e r s b y th e
e n a c tm e n t o f th e K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a B i l l w e r e l a r g e l y g r o u n d le s s
b ecau se:
a.
S q u a t t e r s s o v e r e i g n t y w o u ld in s u r e th e d e f e a t of th e s l a v e ­
h o ld e r s in b o th t e r r i t o r i e s
b.
S la v e r y c o u ld n e v e r b e p r o f it a b ly e s t a b lis h e d t h e r e
c.
A S u p r e m e C o u r t d e c i s i o n h a d a lr e a d y l e g a l i z e d s la v e h o ld in g
th r o u g h o u t th e la n d
d.
T h e S o u th m e r e l y d e s i r e d a m o r a l v ic t o r y
1 0 4 ,<
34.
W h ich c o n ta in s a s t a t e m e n t th a t
. . N o m a t t e r w h a t th e d e c is io n
of th e S u p r e m e C o u r t m ig h t b e on th a t a b s t r a c t q u e s tio n , s t i l l
th e r ig h t o f th e p e o p le to m a k e a s la v e t e r r i t o r y or a f r e e
t e r r i t o r y i s p e r f e c t a n d c o m p le t e u n d e r th e N e b r a s k a B i l l ? ! 1
a.
L e c o m p t o n C o n s titu tio n
b.
F r e e p o r t D o c t r in e
c.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
d.
K a n sa s-N e b r a sk a A ct
35.
W hat w a s th e p r in c i p l e e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e D r e d S c o tt d e c i s i o n ?
a.
C o n g r e s s c o u ld a b o lis h s l a v e r y in th e t e r r i t o r i e s a t w ill
b.
S la v e s r e s id i n g in a f r e e s t a t e a u t o m a t ic a lly b e c a m e f r e e
c.
T h e s t a t u s of s l a v e s c o u ld n o t b e c h a n g e d b y n a t io n a l
le g is la tio n
d.
T h r o u g h s q u a tte r s o v e r e i g n t y , th e t e r r i t o r i e s h a d th e s o le
r ig h t to d e t e r m in e th e s t a t u s o f s l a v e r y
36.
W h ich w a s m o s t p o p u la r w ith th e p r o - s l a v e r y i n t e r e s t ?
a.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
b. . K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a B i l l .
c.
D r e d S c o tt D e c is io n
d.
T a llm a d g e A m e n d m e n t
37. '
W h ich o f th e f o llo w in g p r o b le m s c o n c e r n in g s l a v e r y w a s m o s t
c o n s t a n t ly b e f o r e C o n g r e s s p r io r to 1860 ?
a.
S to p p in g th e im p o r t a t io n o f N e g r o e s
b.
T h e s t a t u s of N e g r o e s in th e t e r r i t o r i e s
c.
T h e c o m p le t e a b o lit io n of s l a v e r y
d.
T h e s t a t u s o f N e g r o e s in th e N o r t h e r n s t a t e s
38.
W ho o p p o s e d s l a v e r y b e c a u s e h e b e l i e v e d th a t th e U n ite d S ta te s
c o u ld n o t c o n tin u e p e r m a n e n t ly d iv id e d on th e q u e s tio n ?
a. . J e f f e r s o n D a v is
•
b.
W illia m L lo y d G a r r is o n
• c.
A b r a h a m L in c o ln
d.
A ndrew J ack son
39.
W hat a ttitu d e to w a r d s e c e s s i o n d id B u c h a n a n ta k e d u r in g th e
c r i t i c a l p e r io d p r e c e d in g L in c o l n 's in a u g u r a tio n ?
a.
T h a t s e c e s s i o n w a s u n c o n s t it u t io n a l, but n o f o r c e sh o u ld
b e u s e d to p r e v e n t it
b.
T h a t s e c e s s i o n w a s c o n s t it u t io n a l; t h e r e f o r e , n o f o r c e
sh o u ld b e u s e d to p r e v e n t it
c.
T h a t s e c e s s i o n w a s c o n s t it u t io n a l, b u t f o r c e s h o u ld b e
u s e d t o p r e v e n t it
d.
T h a t s e c e s s i o n w a s u n c o n s t it u t io n a l, and f o r c e s h o u ld b e
u s e d to p r e v e n t it
105
40.
T h e b e s t e v id e n c e th a t p o p u la r s e n t im e n t in th e s e c e d in g s t a t e s
f a v o r e d th e m o v e m e n t to w ith d r a w f r o m th e U n io n i s th at:
a.
T h e s e c e s s i o n o r d in a n c e w a s a p p r o v e d b y th e l e g i s l a t u r e
in e a c h o f th e s e c e d in g s t a t e s
b.
In th e e l e c t io n o f I8 6 0 , - B r e c k in r id g e , th e s e c e s s i o n i s t
'c a n d id a te , c a r r ie d th e S o u th b y a 10 to I p o p u la r v o te
c.
In th e s t a t e s h o ld in g r e f e r e n d u m s , s e c e s s i o n w a s o v e r ­
w h e lm in g ly a p p r o v e d
d.
T h e r e w e r e n o s e r i o u s s la v e u p r is in g s d u r in g th e p e r io d
. of th e C iv il W ar; I
I
10 6
A p p e n d ix F
U n it III T e s t - - C i v i l W ar
'•x .
107
C IV IL WAR
U n it III
1.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
a c t io n th a t a b o lis h e d th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e w a s:
T h e D red S c o tt D e c is io n
T he K an sas -N e b r a sk a A ct
J o h n B r o w n 1s r a id
T h e e l e c t io n o f 185 6 .
2.
In 1860 , th e R e p u b lic a n p a r t y p la t f o r m c o n ta in e d a p la n k a d v o c a tin g
a.
T h e a b o lit io n o f s l a v e r y
b.
S to p p in g th e f u r t h e r e x p a n s io n o f s l a v e r y
c.
T h e a b o lit io n o f s la v e r y an d th e g r a n tin g o f c i v i l r ig h t s to
N egroes
d.
T h e a b o lit io n o f s l a v e r y and th e g r a n tin g o f b o th c i v i l and
p o l i t i c a l r ig h t s t o N e g r o e s .
3.
W h ich w a s N O T an a d v a n ta g e p o s s e s s e d b y th e N o r t h o v e r th e
S ou th a t th e o u t s e t of th e C iv il W a r?
a.
A s u p e r io r t r a n s p o r t a t io n s y s t e m
b.
G r e a t e r f in a n c ia l r e s o u r c e s
c.
S u p e r io r m i l i t a r y le a d e r s h i p
d.
D i v e r s i f i e d in d u s t r ia l d e v e lo p m e n t
-V
/
4.
T h e c h ie f o b s t a c le to a c o m p le t e ly e f f e c t i v e b lo c k a d e o f th e S o u th
d u r in g th e C iv il W ar w a s th e:
a.
C o n tr o l o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i b y th e S o u th
b.
W o rk o f C o n f e d e r a t e b lo c k a d e r u n n e r s
c.
F a i lu r e of F r a n c e and G rea t. B r i t a in to c o o p e r a t e
d.
U n g u a r d e d T e x a s - M e x ic o b o u n d a r y .
5.
T h r o u g h o u t th e C iv il W a r, p r o b a b ly th e m o s t im p o r t a n t p a r t of th e
U n io n p la n o f a t t a c k w a s:
a.
T h e c a p tu r e o f V ic k s b u r g
.‘
"
b.
S h e r m a n 's m a r c h to th e s e a
c.
T h e b lo c k a d e
d.
T h e c a p tu r e o f R ic h m o n d
6.
D u r in g th e C iv il W ar p e r h a p s th e p r in c ip a l a d v a n ta g e o f th e S o u th
la y in:
a.
H e r la r g e s u p p ly o f c o tto n '
b.
H e r b e t t e r t r a in e d a r m y
c.
H e r s la v e la b o r
d.
T h e f a c t th a t s h e w a s fig h t in g on h e r ow n s o i l
• 108
7.
T h e r u le r o f w h ic h of th e f o llo w in g c o u n t r ie s w a s m o s t f r ie n d ly
to th e C o n fe d e r a te c a u s e d u r in g th e C iv il W ar ?
a.
S p a in
'
b.
R u s s ia
c.
E n g la n d
d.
F rance
8.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
C o n f e d e r a c y f in a n c e d th e w a r l a r g e l y by:
I s s u in g u n s e c u r e d p a p e r n o t e s
' L e v y in g a t e n p e r c e n t ta x on e x p o r t e d c o tto n •
I n c r e a s in g in t e r n a l t a x e s s u c h a s e x c i s e an d in c o m e t a x e s
S e llin g b o n d s in F r a n c e an d G r e a t B r it a in
9.
The
a.
b„,
c.
d.
s t a t e s o f th e " D e e p South",- s e c e d e d w hen:
F o r t S u m te r w a s a tta c k e d
J o h n B r o w n w a s c a p tu r e d
L in c o ln w a s e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t
D red S c o tt w a s fr e e d
10.
. A f te r fig h tin g b r o k e o u t b e t w e e n th e N o r th and S o u th ,, P r e s i d e n t
L in c o ln 's g r e a t e s t h a im w a s to:
a.
F r e e th e s l a v e s
b.
P u n is h th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s ,
c.
R e s t o r e th e U n io n
d.
N o n e of t h e s e
11.
E a c h o f th e f o llo w in g w a s an a d v a n ta g e of th e N o r th e x c e p t:
a. , A l a r g e r p o p u la tio n
b.
M o r e in d u s t r ie s
c.
A s u p e r io r t r a n s p o r t a t io n s y s t e m
d.
T h e a b ilit y to f ig h t a d e f e n s iv e w a r -
12.
The
a.
b.
Co
d.
w a r p la n s o f th e C o n f e d e r a c y s u f f e r e d a s e v e r e b lo w w hen:
N o r t h e r n l e a d e r s d e c id e d on fo u r m i l i t a r y o b j e c t iv e s
E u r o p e a n n a t io n s r e f u s e d to r e c o g n i z e th e C o n f e d e r a c y
R o b e r t E . L e e j o in e d th e S o u th
L in c o ln a p p o in te d E d w in S ta n to n a s S e c r e t a r y o f W a r.
UiL
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
b a t t le a t V ic k s b u r g w a s a p h a s e o f th e N o r t h 's o b j e c t iv e to:
B lo c k a d e th e S o u th
C a p tu r e th e M i s s i s s i p p i R iv e r
C a p tu r e C h a tta n o o g a
C a p tu r e th e C o n fe d e r a te c a p ita l..
I
109
14.
E x p e r t s c o n s id e r th a t th e tu r n in g p o in t o f th e w a r w a s th e b a ttle , of:
a.
V ic k s b u r g
b.
N e w O r le a n s
c.
C h a tta n o o g a
d.
N o n e of t h e s e
15.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
16 .
G e n e r a l L e e m a d e h i s d e c i s i o n to s u r r e n d e r w hen:
a.
H is s u p p lie s w e r e e x h a u s te d
b.
H is a r m y w a s w e a k e r 't h a n e v e r
c.
H is a r m y w a s p r a c t i c a l l y s u r r o u n d e d
'
d.
N o n e of t h e s e
■17.
fa m o u s " M a r c h to th e S ea " w a s le d b y:
G rant
S h erm an
P ic k e tt
B row n
E a c h o f th e f o llo w in g c o n tr ib u te d to th e h a r d s h ip s s u f f e r e d d u r in g
th e w a r b y th e p e o p le in th e S o u th e x c e p t:.
a. ■ T h e b lo c k a d e
b . . L o s s of m a n p o w e r
c.
T h e T w e lfth A m e n d m e n t
d. _ T h e m a n y b a t t le s fo u g h t in th e S o u th .
^
18.
The
w as
a.
b.
c.
d.
g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n iz a tio n e s t a b l i s h e d to h e lp f o r m e r s l a v e s
c a l le d th e:
F r e e d m e n 1s B u r e a u
'
K u K lu x K la n
R e c o n s t r u c t io n C o r p o r a t io n
S c a la w a g s
19.
The
a.
b.
c.
d.
m a n w h o p r o p o s e d th e C o m p r o m is e o f 1850 w a s:
D a n ie l W e b s te r
J o h n C. C a lh o u n
H e n r y C la y
S te p h e n D o u g la s
2 0
.
E a c h o f th e f o llo w in g w a s a p r o v is io n o f th e C o m p r o m is e of 1850
e x c e p t:
a.
P r o h ib it io n o f s l a v e r y n o r th of la titu d e 36 30 1 in w e s t e r n
te r r ito r ie s
b . . A d m i s s i o n o f C a lif o r n ia a s a f r e e s t a t e
c.
T h e s l a v e r y q u e s tio n in th e M e x ic a n C e s s i o n w a s to b e d e c id e d
b y th e p e o p le
d.
P a s s a g e o f a s t r i c t F u g it iv e S la v e L a w .
no
21.
P o p u la r s o v e r e i g n t y m e a n t th at:
a.
T h e w e s t e r n t e r r i t o r i e s w o u ld b e c o m e s la v e s t a t e s
b.
T h e w e s t e r n t e r r i t o r i e s w o u ld b e c o m e f r e e s t a t e s
c.
C o n g r e s s w o u ld d e c id e th e s l a v e r y i s s u e in th e t e r r i t o r i e s
'd.
N one of th e s e .
22.
The
a.
b. .
c.
d.
m a n w h o p r o p o s e d th e id e a o f p o p u la r s o v e r e i g n t y w a s:
A b r a h a m L in c o ln
S te p h e n D o u g la s
H e n r y C la y
N one of th e s e .
23.
I m m e d ia t e ly a f t e r th e d e a th of L in c o ln , th e m a n w h o to o k o v e r a s
■ P r e s i d e n t w a s:
a.
Joh n W ilk e s B o o t h .
b.
A n d r e w J o h n so n
c.
U l y s s e s S. G r a n t
d.
T haddeus S te v e n s.
.
24.
T h e a m e n d m e n t w h ic h p r o v id e s th a t n o A m e r ic a n c i t i z e n sh o u ld b e
d e p r iv e d of th e r ig h t to v o t e b e c a u s e o f h is r a c e o r c o lo r i s th e:
. a.
T w e lfth
b.
T h ir t e e n t h
, c.
F o u rtee n th
'
d.
F if t e e n t h .
25 .
. W h ich w a s th e l a r g e s t s o u r c e o f in c o m e in th e f in a n c in g o f th e
C iv il W ar b y th e N o r t h ?
'
a.
S a le of b o n d s
b . ' I n c r e a s e d in t e r n a l ta x a t io n
c.
H ig h e r t a r i f f r a t e s
d.
I s s u e of p a p e r m o n e y .
26 .
A f te r h a v in g d e c id e d u p o n i t s a d v is a b ilit y ; L in c o ln d e f e r r e d
i s s u i n g th e E m a n c ip a t io n P r o c la m a t io n u n t il a fte r :
'
a.
T h e b o r d e r s t a t e s h a d g iv e n t h e ir c o n s e n t
b.
T h e S o u th h a d r e j e c t e d c o m p e n s a t e d e m a n c ip a t io n
c.
C o n g r e s s h a d a d jo u r n e d
d.
T h e N o r th h a d g a in e d a s ig n if ic a n t v ic t o r y .
27.
W h ich o f th e f o llo w in g a b o lis h e d s l a v e r y in th e s t a t e s o f D e la w a r e
and K e n tu c k y ?
a.
M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
.
b.
E m a n c ip a t io n P r o c la m a t io n
. ' ■
c.
T h ir t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t
d.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
Ill
2 8 ..
W h ich of t h e s e r e s u l t s o f th e C iv il W ar w a s m o s t g e n e r a lly r e c o g n iz e d . a s o n e o f i t s o b j e c t iv e s in 1861?
a.
P r e s e r v a t i o n of th e U n io n
b.
P r o m o t io n o f in d u s t r y a t th e e x p e n s e of a g r ic u lt u r e
c.
A b o lit io n o f s l a v e r y
d.
G r e a t ly i n c r e a s e d a u t h o r it y o f th e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t .
29 .
W h ich c a u s e d th e g r e a t e s t l o s s o f c a p it a l to th e S o u th d u rin g
th e C iv il W ar p e r io d ?
a.
C o n f is c a t io n o f la n d
b.
A b o lit io n o f s l a v e r y
c.
D e s t r u c t io n o f f o r e ig n c o m m e r c e
d.
D e s t r u c t io n o f r a i lr o a d s an d f a c t o r i e s .
30.
The
h ad
a.
b.
c.
d.
31 .
32.
33.
K u K lu x K lan , th e l i t e r a c y t e s t , a n d th e " G ra n d fa th e r c la u s e "
a s one c o m m o n p u r p o s e :
R id d in g th e S o u th of th e c a r p e t b a g g e r s
P r e v e n t in g th e N e g r o f r o m v o t in g
K e e p in g th e p o o r w h it e s u n d e r c o n t r o l
P r e v e n t in g t r a d e u n io n s f r o m b e c o m in g p o w e r f u l in th e S o u th .
W hy d id th e S ou th b e l i e v e th a t G r e a t B r i t a in w o u ld in t e r f e r e w ith
an e f f e c t i v e b lo c k a d e o f the- s e c e d in g s t a t e s b y th e N o r th ? •
' a.
T h e B r i t i s h r e s e n t e d th e c o m p e t it io n o f N o r t h e r n i n d u s t r i a l ­
is ts
b.
G r e a t B r i t a in f e a r e d th e c r e a t io n o f a p o w e r f u l n a v y b y th e
U n ite d S t a t e s
c.
G r e a t B r it a in w a s c o m m it t e d to a p o lic y of m a in ta in in g
f r e e d o m of th e s e a s
d. - T h e B r i t i s h t e x t i l e in d u s t r y n e e d e d r a w c o tto n .
W h ich i s p r o b a b ly th e c h ie f r e a s o n w h y E n g la n d s to p p e d th e
b u ild in g o f s h ip s fo r th e C o n f e d e r a c y ?
a.
E x h a u s t io n of S o u th e r n fu n d s fo r s u c h p u r p o s e
' b.
F e a r o f fu tu r e A m e r ic a n r e t a l ia t io n in k in d
c.
B e l i e f th a t th e t h r e a t e n in g E u r o p e a n s it u a t io n m a d e n e c e s s a r y
th e a u g m e n ta tio n of h e r ow n f le e t .
d.
G r o w in g c o n v ic t io n th a t th e C o n f e d e r a c y w o u ld w in w ith o u t
B r i t i s h a id .
D u r in g th e f i r s t y e a r of th e W ar th e p o s it io n o f th e U n io n w a s
g r e a t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d by:
a.
G a in in g c o n t r o l o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i
b.
C a p tu r in g th e C o n f e d e r a t e c a p it a l a t R ic h m o n d
c.
D e f e a t in g L e e ' s a r m y a t G e tty s b u r g
d . . . K e e p in g s e v e r a l b o r d e r s t a t e s lo y a l to th e U n io n .
112
34.
D u r in g th e C iv il W a r, w h y w a s th e c a p tu r e o f C h a tta n o o g a and
A tla n ta an< im p o r ta n t o b j e c t iv e o f th e U n io n A r m y ?
a.
T h e y w e r e th e m o s t s t r o n g ly f o r t if i e d c i t i e s in th e S o u th
b.
T h e y w e r e im p o r t a n t r a i lr o a d c e n t e r s
c.
T h e y w e r e s u c c e s s i v e l y th e c a p it a ls o f th e C o n f e d e r a c y
d.
T h e y w e r e u s e d a s b a s e s fo r s u d d e n a t t a c k s on W a sh in g to n ,
35.
W h ich w a s th e m o s t im p o r ta n t f a c t o r r e s t r a i n i n g F r a n c e fr o m
r e c o g n iz in g th e C o n f e d e r a c y ?
a.
T h e a ttitu d e o f E n g la n d
b.
T h e d e s i r e to s e c u r e A m e r ic a n r e c o g n it io n fo r th e n e w
M e x ic a n r e g i m e
c.
D e p e n d e n c e on im p o r t s of A m e r ic a n w h e a t
d.
B e l i e f on th e p a r t o f N a p o le o n III th a t th e S o u th c o u ld n o t w in
36.
W hy w a s th e E m a n c ip a t io n P r o c la m a t io n n o t i s s u e d im m e d i a t e ly
a f t e r th e o u tb r e a k of th e C iv il W ar ?
a.
S u c h a c t io n w a s u n c o n s t it u t io n a l p r io r to' th e r a t if i c a t io n o f
th e T h ir t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t
b.
S u ch a c t io n m ig h t h a v e c a u s e d th e b o r d e r s t a t e s t o s e c e d e
c.
S u ch a c t io n w a s o p p o s e d by la b o r u n io n s , w h ic h f e a r e d th e
c o m p e t it io n o f f r e e N e g r o la b o r
■'
d.
S u c h a c t io n w o u ld h a v e r e s u lt e d in th e r e c o g n it io n of th e
S o u th b y F r a n c e and E n g la n d
37.
W hat w a s an im p o r ta n t im m e d ia t e r e s u l t o f th e E m a n c ip a t io n
P r o c la m a t io n ?
■ a.
It i n c r e a s e d th e n u m b e r o f N e g r o v o t e r s in th e N o r th
b.
It f o r e s t a l l e d a B r i t i s h r e c o g n it io n o f th e C o n f e d e r a c y
c.
It d e p r iv e d th e D e m o c r a t ic p a r t y o f i t s c h ie f p o l i t i c a l p la n k
d.
It i n c r e a s e d th e h o s t i l i t y o f t h e b o r d e r s t a t e s to w a r d th e
S ou th
38.
In th e a g r i c u lt u r a l S o u th , th e g e n e r a l e f f e c t of th e f r e e in g o f
th e s l a v e s w a s:
a.
I n c r e a s e d e m p h a s is u p on th e g r o w in g of s t a p l e s , a lm o s t to
th e e x c l u s i o n of d i v e r s i f i e d f a r m in g .
b.
T h e end o f th e " r e ig n o f K in g C o tto n " a s th e c h ie f e x p o r t
crop
c.
I n c r e a s e d d e p e n d e n c e u p on o th e r s e c t i o n s f o r f o o d s t u f f s
d.
T h e d iv is i o n o f la r g e p la n t a t io n s in to s m a ll f a r m s l e a s e d to
p o o r w h it e s an d N e g r o e s
Z
113
39. '
W h ich o f th e f o llo w in g m a j o r m i l i t a r y o b j e c t iv e s of th e N o r th
in th e C iv il W ar w a s th e l a s t to b e r e a l i z e d ?
a.
T o c a p tu r e th e C o n fe d e r a te c a p it a l
b.
T o e s t a b l i s h an e f f e c t i v e b lo c k a d e of th e C o n f e d e r a c y
c.
T o g a in c o n t r o l o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i
d.
T o d iv id e th e C o n f e d e r a c y in tw o b y a d r iv e f r o m C h a tta n o o g a
to A tla n ta to S a v a n n a h .
40 .
The
th a t
a.
b.
c.
d.
s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e S h e n a n d o a h V a lle y d u r in g th e C iv il W ar i s
it:
W as th e a p p r o a c h u s e d b y G r a n t to c a p tu r e R ic h m o n d
W as u s e d r e p e a t e d l y b y th e S o u th in r a id s w h ic h t h r e a t e n e d
W a s h in g to n
L in k e d th e e a s t e r n an d w e s t e r n h a lv e s o f th e C o n f e d e r a c y
W a s th e s i t e o f th e m o s t im p o r ta n t n o r th - s o u t h r a ilr o a d
c o n t r o lle d by th e so u th .
114
A p p e n d ix G
P o st T est
'X
/
115
P O S T -T E S T
I..
One of th e s ig n if ic a n t r e s u l t s of th e L o u is ia n a P u r c h a s e w a s th e:
a.
P r e c ip it a t i o n o f th e S e c o n d W ar w ith G r e a t B r it a in
. b.
W ip in g out o f th e n a tio n a l d eb t
c.
C o n tr o l o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i and i t s f e r t i l e v a l l e y b y A m e r ic a n s
,
d. . E x t e n s io n of th e t e r r i t o r y of th e U n ite d S t a t e s to th e P a c i f i c
2.
U n d er J e f f e r s o n , R e p u b lic a n c o n g r e s s m e n w e r e w illin g t o v o te
f e d e r a l fu n d s to b u ild a n a tio n a l h ig h w a y in to th e W e s t b e c a u s e :
a . . S u ch a p r o g r a m w a s c o n t r a r y to F e d e r a l i s t p r in c i p l e s
b.
T h e y w e r e a f r a id a to o r a p id r e d u c t io n o f th e n a t io n a l d eb t
w o u ld b e d is a d v a n t a g e o u s
c.
T h e f a r m e r s in t h is s e c t io n w e r e m o s t l y R e p u b lic a n s and
n e e d e d th e h e lp
d.
T h e n a t io n a l d e b t h a v in g b e e n p a id , t h e r e w a s a s u r p lu s of
m o n e y in th e t r e a s u r y .
3.
A b o u t h o w m u c h w a s th e t e r r i t o r y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n c r e a s e d b y
th e L o u is ia n a P u r c h a s e ?
a.
T w e n t y - f iv e p e r ce n t
b.
F ifty p er cen t
c.
O ne h u n d r e d p e r c e n t
d.
T w o hundred p er cen t
'
•v.
4.
W h ich o f t h e s e w a s a p a r t of th e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y of th e L o u is ia n a
P u rch ase?
a.
A p p a la c h ia n M o u n ta in s
/.
b.
M i s s i s s i p p i R iv e r
c.
P a c ific O cean
"
- •
d.
R o c k y M o u n ta in s
5.
W hat w a s J e f f e r s o n ' s c h ie f c o n c e r n in b e g in n in g n e g o t ia t io n s w h ic h
le d to th e p u r c h a s e o f L o u is ia n a ?
a.
T o s e c u r e a f r e e o u tle t to th e s e a fo r th e p r o d u c t s o f w e s t e r n
U n ite d S t a t e s
-b.
T o p r e v e n t B r i t i s h e x p a n s io n in to th e M i s s i s s i p p i v a l l e y
c.
T o e l im in a t e F r a n c e a s a c o lo n ia l p o w e r .in N o r th A m e r ic a
d.
T o p r o t e c t A m e r ic a n p io n e e r s e t t le m e n t s f r o m S p a n is h a t t a c k s .
6.
In th e p e r io d b e f o r e th e C iv il W a r, N e w E n g la n d g e n e r a l ly o p p o s e d
th e o p e n in g o f c h e a p W e s t e r n la n d s b e c a u s e t h is w o u ld :
a.
D e p r iv e h e r o f h e r la b o r s u p p ly
b . . R e d u c e th e m a r k e t fo r h e r g o o d s
c.
A d d to th e p o w e r of th e S o u th e r n p la n t e r s
d.
H u r t t r a d e w ith th e P a c i f i c c o a s t .
116
7.
8.
9.
N e w E n g la n d o p p o s e d th e l i b e r a l s a le o f p u b lic la n d s b e c a u s e :
a . ' M e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t a t io n w e r e s o p o o r ly d e v e lo p e d
b.
It e n c o u r a g e d f o r e ig n im m ig r a t io n
c.
It c r e a t e d a d r a in on h e r la b o r s u p p ly
d.
T h e a g r ic u lt u r a l a r e a s w a n te d it
B e f o r e b e in g a d m it t e d to th e .U nion, e v e r y n e w s t a t e w a s r e q u ir e d
to do w h ic h of t h e s e ?
' a.
F r a m e a c o n s t it u t io n
b.
P a s s th r o u g h th e t e r r i t o r i a l s t a g e o f g o v e r n m e n t
c.
C e d e it s la n d to th e N a t io n a l G o v e r n m e n t
d.
R a t if y th e N a t io n a l C o n s titu tio n
The
a.
b„.
c.
d.
U n ite d S t a t e s g o v e r n m e n t s o ld la n d v e r y c h e a p ly in o r d e r to:
G e t it in to p r iv a t e h a n d s s o th a t it c o u ld b e ta x e d
P r o m o t e s e t t le m e n t and e n c o u r a g e n a tio n a l g r o w th
C r e a t e b u s i n e s s fo r th e r a i lr o a d s
P r e v e n t o v e r p o p u la tio n in th e E a s t .
10.
A s a r e s u l t of th e t r e a t y of 1819 w ith S p ain :
a.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s g a in e d a c l e a r c la im to a l l o f T e x a s
b.
O ne r i v a l fo r th e O r e g o n T e r r i t o r y w a s e lim in a t e d
c.
T h e R io G r a n d e b e c a m e th e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of S p a n ish
A m e r ic a
d.
T h e U n ite d S t a t e s g a in e d c o n t r o l o f th e m o u th o f th e M i s s i s s i p p i
11.
D u r in g th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f J a c k s o n , W e s tw a r d e x p a n s io n w a s
e n c o u r a g e d by:
a.
G r a n ts of f r e e p u b lic la n d to s e t t l e r s
b.
M o v in g e a s t e r n In d ia n s to la n d s w e s t of th e M i s s i s s i p p i
c.
B u ild in g n e w f e d e r a l r o a d s
d.
R .ed u cin g f a r e s on th e r a i lr o a d s .
12.
W hy d id th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s a t t r a c t f e w im m ig r a n t s d u r in g th e
p e r io d p r e v io u s to th e C iv il W a r?
a.
T h e s e s t a t e s h a d s t r i c t e r im m ig r a t io n la w s th a n th e N o r th e r n
sta tes
b . . T r a n s p o r t a t io n f a c i l i t i e s to t h is r e g io n w e r e u n d e v e lo p e d
c.
F r e e la b o r c o u ld n o t c o m p e t e w ith s la v e la b o r
• d.
M o s t o f th e im m ig r a n t s o f t h is p e r io d w is h e d t o b e c o m e w a g e
e a r n e r s r a t h e r th a n f a r m e r s
•117
13,
W hy d id th e S o u th f a i l to d e v e lo p in d u s t r ia ll y b e f o r e t h e C iv il W ar ?
a.
T h e p la n ta tio n s y s t e m p r o d u c e d l i t t l e liq u id c a p it a l fo r i n v e s t ­
m en t p u rp o ses
b.
M o s t o f th e S o u th 's s u r p lu s c a p it a l w a s in v e s t e d in th e N o rth ,
w h e r e i t y ie ld e d la r g e r r e t u r n s
c.
S o u r c e s o f r a w m a t e r i a l s w e r e lo c a t e d to o fa r f r o m s o u r c e s of
p o w e r t o b e u t i l i z e d p r o f it a b ly
d.
E n g la n d r e f u s e d to b u y r a w c o tto n u n le s s th e S o u th p u r c h a s e d
h e r f in is h e d p r o d u c t s \
14.
W h ich o f th e f o llo w in g p r o v id e d f o r a b o lis h in g th e im p o r t a t io n of
s l a v e s in to th e U n ite d S t a t e s ?
a.
E m a n c ip a t io n P r o c la m a t io n
b.
S e c t io n IX , U n ite d S t a t e s C o n s titu tio n
c.
T h ir t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t
d. . W ilm o t P r o v i so , ■
15.
In th e p e r io d f o llo w in g th e W ar o f 1812, th e in t e r n a l s la v e tr a d e
in c r e a s e d r a p id ly b e c a u s e :
a.
T h e p r ic e of s l a v e s im p o r t e d f r o m A f r ic a w a s to o h ig h
b.
M e x ic o in t r o d u c e d s l a v e r y a f t e r i t s r e v o l t f r o m S p a in
c.
T h e r e w a s a g r e a t d e m a n d fo r la b o r in th e c o tto n b e lt and a
s u r p lu s o f s l a v e s in th e t o b a c c o r e g io n
d.
E a s t e r n p la n t e r s p r e f e r r e d to s e l l t h e ir s l a v e s r a t h e r th a n
s u f f e r l o s s i f C o n g r e s s s h o u ld v o t e e m a n c ip a t io n
16 .
T h e p o o r w h ite S o u t h e r n e r s w h o s u p p o r te d th e s la v e h o ld in g ■
i n t e r e s t s d id s o c h ie f l y b e c a u s e :
a.
E v e n n o n - s l a v e h o l d e r 8 c o u ld h ir e s l a v e s
b.
T h e s l a v e s p r o v id e d a c o n s u m in g c l a s s t o u s e th e c o r n m e a l
an d p o r k r a i s e d b y th e w h ite f a r m e r s
c.
T h e y w e r e a f r a id of s la v e u p r is in g s an d a N e g r o - d o m in a t e d
s o c ia l sy ste m
d.
T h e y b e li e v e d th a t s l a v e r y w a s r e q u ir e d b y th e C h r is t ia n
r e lig io n /-,
17.
B y 1 8 2 4 th e S o u th w a s o p p o s e d to a p r o t e c t iv e t a r i f f on th e g r o u n d s
th at: '
a.
F o r e i g n m a n u f a c t u r e r s w o u ld n o t b u y A m e r ic a n c o tto n if t h e y
c o u ld s e l l g o o d s in A m e r ic a
b.
T h e r a t e s on e x p o r t e d c o tto n w e r e u n r e a s o n a b ly h ig h
c.
T h e C o n s t it u t io n d id n o t c l e a r l y g r a n t C o n g r e s s th e r ig h t to
e n a c t t a r i f f la w s .
d.
SuCh l e g i s l a t i o n w o u ld r a i s e th e p r ic e of s l a v e s to. th e p o in t
w h e r e im p o r t a t io ii w o u ld b e u n p r o fita b le
. HS
18.
19.
. S ou th C a r o lin a w o n a p a r t ia l v i c t o r y in th e n u llif ic a t io n c o n t r o v e r s y
of 1 8 3 2 -3 3 in that:
a.
H e r s p o k e s m a n , C a lh o u n , w a s e l e c t e d V i c e - P r e s i d e n t in 1832
b.
T h e o r ig in a l i s s u e a t s ta k e w a s c o m p r is e d in h e r fa v o r
c.
T h e c o m p a c t t h e o r y o f F e d e r a l U n io n b e c a m e c o m m o n ly
a cce p te d
d.
S o u th C a r o lin a 's l e g i s l a t u r e n e v e r d id r e p e a l th e o r d in a n c e o f
s e c e s s io n •
T h e S o u th g e n e r a l ly o p p o s e d th e t a r i f f s of 1828 and 1832
a.
It h a d d e v e lo p e d th e states", r ig h t t h e o r y
b.
T h e t a r i f f w o u ld i n c r e a s e p r i c e s on t o o l s , c lo th in g ,
c o m m o d it ie s
c.
T h e h ig h r a t e s p la c e d on s u c h s t a p l e s a s c o tto n a n d
w o u ld r u in th e e x p o r t t r a d e o f th e S o u th
d.
C a lh o u n m a in t a in e d th a t W e b s te r and J a c k s o n w e r e
to a b o lis h s la v e r y ■
b ecau se:
and o th e r
to b a c c o
p lo ttin g
20.
W hat w a s th e s t a t u s o f th e m o v e m e n t fo r th e a b o lit io n o f s la v e r y
in- A m e r ic a d u r in g th e p e r io d 1 8 3 0 -4 0 ?
a.
T h e m in o r it y in fa v o r .o f it w e r e lo o k e d u p o n a s d a n g e r o u s
r a d ic a ls b y m o s t p e o p le , e v e n in th e N o r th
b.
T h e m o v e m e n t w a s s o u n im p o r ta n t a s to e v o k e l i t t l e c o m m e n t
c.
T h e m a j o r it y of th e p e o p le in th e N o r th f a v o r e d it , w h ile th e
m a j o r it y in th e S o u th o p p o s e d it
d.
T h e m a j o r it y o f th e p e o p le in th e c o u n tr y a s a v h o le f a v o r e d
it .
21 .
W h ich o f t h e s e w o u ld an A b o lit io n is t h a v e b e e n l e a s t l i k e l y to u s e
a s an a r g u m e n t a g a in s t s la v e r y ?
a.
T h a t s l a v e r y d e m o r a li z e d th e S o u th
b.
T h a t s l a v e r y w a s c o n t r a r y to th e U n ite d S t a t e s C o n s titu tio n ■
c.
T h a t s l a v e r y w a s c o n t r a r y to th e D e c la r a t io n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e
d. . T h a t s l a v e r y w a s u n -C h r istia n .-
22.
W h ich o f t h e s e c o n ta in e d a s t a t e m e n t to th e e f f e c t th a t " n e ith e r
s l a v e r y n o r in v o lu n t a r y s e r v it u d e " sh o u ld e v e r e x i s t in a n y p a r t
of th e t e r r i t o r y to b e g a in e d f r o m M e x ic o b y w a r ?
a.
X . Y. Z. P a p e r s
b.
O s te n d M a n if e s t o
c.
W ilm o t P r o v i s o
.
d.
C o m p r o m is e o f 1850/.,
.
119
23.
The
1850
a.
b.
ct
d.
p o s tp o n e m e n t o f th e f in a l b r e a k b e t w e e n N o r th an d S o u th fr o m
to 1861 w a s im p o r ta n t b e c a u s e :
It g a v e th e g o v e r n m e n t a c h a n c e to d e v e lo p a sta n d in g a r m y
In th e m e a n t im e th e N o r th d e v e lo p e d a p o w e r f u l n a v y
R a ilr o a d c o n s t r u c t io n s e r v e d to lin k th e e c o n o m ic i n t e r e s t s
o f N o r th an d W e s t
T h e p o p u la tio n o f th e S o u th w a s s t e a d ily d e c r e a s i n g
24.
In th e e l e c t io n o f 1 8 5 2 o n ly a b o u t f iv e p e r ,.c e n t o f th e p o p u la r v o te
w a s c a s t fo r t h e F r e e S o il P a r t y . W h at d id t h is p r o b a b ly in d ic a t e ?
a.
M o s t p e o p le p r e f e r r e d to le t th e s l a v e r y q u e s tio n r e s t
b.
S la v e r y w a s n o lo n g e r a m a j o r n a tio n a l i s s u e
c.
T h e D r e d S c o t t d e c i s i o n h a d s e t t le d th e q u e s t io n o f s la v e r y
d.
S la v e h o ld in g w a s b e c o m in g i n c r e a s i n g l y p o p u la r ,'
25.
T h e tw o d iv e r g e n t i n t e r e s t s w h ic h f in a ll y c o m b in e d in th e f o r m a t io n
of th e R e p u b lic a n p a r t y w e r e th e:
a.
A n t i- N e b r a s k a D e m o c r a t s and th e S o u th e r n W h ig s
b.
F r e e - s o i l e r s and th e f r e e - t r a d e r s
c.
A n t i- J a c k s o n D e m o c r a t s and t h e N o r t h e r n W h ig s
d.
F r e e - s o i l e r s and th e p r o t e c t io n is t s .- '
y
26.
*
T h e b e s t e v id e n c e th a t p o p u la r s e n t im e n t in th e s e c e d in g s t a t e s
f a v o r e d th e m o v e m e n t to w ith d r a w f r o m th e U n io n i s th a t:
a.
T h e s e c e s s i o n o r d in a n c e w a s a p p r o v e d b y th e l e g i s l a t u r e in
e a c h o f th e s e c e d in g s t a t e s
b.
In th e e l e c t i o n of 18 60, B r e c k i n r id g e , th e s e c e s s i o n i s t
' c a n d id a te c a r r i e d th e S o u th b y a 10 to I p o p u la r v o te
c.
In th e s t a t e s h o ld in g r e f e r e n d u m s , s e c e s s i o n w a s o v e r ­
w h e lm in g ly a p p r o v e d
d.
T h e r e w a s n o s e r i o u s s la v e u p r is in g d u r in g th e p e r io d of
th e C iv il W ar
27 .
W h ich f a c t o r w a s m o s t im p o r ta n t in m a k in g it d if f ic u lt fo r th e
S o u th to s e c u r e f o r e i g n lo a n s d u r in g th e C iv il W a r?
a.
T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e N o r t h e r n b lo c k a d e
■b.
T h e r e f u s a l o f f o r e ig n n a t io n s t o r e c o g n i z e th e C o n f e d e r a c y
c. ■ T h e s u r p lu s s u p p ly of c o tto n in E n g la n d
d.
T h e d e c lin e in th e v a lu e o f C o n f e d e r a t e c u r r e n c y ..
28.
'In 1861 S o u th e r n h o p e s f o r an e a r l y e n d to th e W ar w e r e e n c o u r a g e d
by:
a.
T h e s u c c e s s o f th e M e r r im a e (o r V ir g in ia ) in b r e a k in g th e
U n io n b lo c k a d e
b.
T h e b e l i e f th a t N o r t h e r n D e m o c r a t s w o u ld o p p o s e th e w a r
e ffo r t
c.
G e n e r o u s lo a n s f r o m E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s
d.
D ip lo m a t ic d i f f i c u l t i e s b e t w e e n th e U n io n an d R u s s i a o v e r
•A la sk a
120
29.
30.
T h e f in a n c ia l p r o b le m s o f t h e C o n f e d e r a c y w e r e c o m p lic a t e d b y
th e f a c t th at:
a.
T h e ir m o n e y flu c t u a t e d in v a lu e w ith t h e ir m i l i t a r y f o r t u n e s
b.
T h e ir t a x p r o g r a m w a s a f a ilu r e
• c.
T h e r e w a s n o m a r k e t fo r C o n fe d e r a te b o n d s
d.
F o r e ig n c o u n t r ie s w o u ld s e l l g o o d s o n ly fo r g o ld c o in s .
One
a.
b.
c. i
d.
of th e e c o n o m ic r e s u l t s o f t ie C iv il W ar w a s th e:
A d o p tio n o f th e f i r s t p r o t e c t i v e t a r if f
C r e a t io n o f a n a tio n a l b a n k in g s y s t e m
A d o p tio n o f th e g o ld s ta n d a r d
D e m a n d b y in d u s t r ia l i n t e r e s t s fo r f r e e t r a d e .
3,1.
On w h ic h of t h e s e a s s u m p t io n s d id L in c o ln a n d J o h n s o n b a s e t h e ir
p o w e r to r e c o n s t r u c t th e S o u th ?
,'a.
T h a t th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s h a d n e v e r b e e n out o f th e U n io n ■
b.
T h a t b y s e c e s s i o n th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s h a d r e v e r t e d to th e
sta tu s of t e r r it o r ie s
c. , T h a t th e C o n s t it u t io n s p e c i f i c a l l y g a v e th e P r e s i d e n t th e
r ig h t to m a in t a in a r e p u b lic a n f o r m o f g o v e r n m e n t in e a c h
sta te
d . . T h a t th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s w e r e to b e r e g a r d e d a s f o r e ig n
s o i l a c q u ir e d b y c o n q u e s t.
32.
A n u n d e r ly in g r e a s o n f o r th e h a r s h R e c o n s t r u c t io n p r o g r a m
a d o p te d b y C o n g r e s s w a s th e f e a r th a t th e South:
a.
W as a b o u t to r i s e in r e v o l t
b.
W ou ld r e f u s e to p a y i t s s h a r e o f th e n a tio n a l d e b t
,
c.
W ou ld u n ite w ith th e W e s t in o p p o sin g th e p o l i c i e s of th e
in d u s t r ia l s t a t e s of N o r th
d.
M ig h t p r o v e d i s l o y a l in th e w a r w h ic h t h r e a t e n e d to b r e a k out
a s a r e s u l t of th e F r e n c h in v a s io n o f M e x ic o .
33 .
F o llo w in g th e C iv il W a r, th e b a s i c r e a s o n fo r c o n g r e s s io n a l
o p p o s it io n t o ’th e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e S ou th b y th e P r e s i d e n t was::'
a.
F e a r th a t a n u n p u n is h e d S o u th m ig h t r e s u m e h o s t i l i t i e s
b.
U n c e r t a in t y a s to w h e th e r P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n f a v o r e d im m e d ia t e
N e g r o s u f f r a g e th r o u g h o u t th e U n io n
c.
D is a p p r o v a l o f th e e x p e n s iv e r e l i e f m e a s u r e s a d v o c a te d b y b o th
L in c o ln and J o h n so n
d.
R e s e n t m e n t a t th e le n i e n c y s h o w n th e S ou th an d a t th e a r b it r a r y
e x e r c i s e o f e x e c u t iv e p o w e r .
121
34.
35 .
36.
37.
38.
39.
A n im p o r t a n t f a c t o r w h ic h h e lp e d th e R e p u b lic a n p a r t y to r e m a in in
' p o w e r in th e d e c a d e f o llo w in g th e C iv il W ar w a s th e:
a.
S u p p o r t g iv e n it b y th e N e g r o v o t e
b.
R e d u c tio n o f t a r i f f s
c.
I n tr o d u c tio n o f th e A u s t r a lia n b a llo t
d.
C o n s is t e n t p r e s e n t a t io n b y th e R e p u b lic a n s o f a so u n d
a d m in is t r a t iv e p r o g r a m .
T h e F if t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t p r o v id e d w h ic h of th e f o llo w in g r ig h t s
for. a ll , r e g a r d l e s s o f r a c e ?
a.
T h e r ig h t to v o t e
" '
b.
T h e r ig h t to b e r e p r e s e n t e d in C o n g r e s s
c.
F r e e d o m f r o m s la v e r y .
d. . T h e r ig h t to s e r v e on a ju r y .
W h ich of t h e s e , th o u g h h e o c c u p ie d th e h ig h e s t p o s it io n in b o th
c i v i l a n d m i l i t a r y l i f e , w a s s u c c e s s f u l o n ly in th e l a t t e r ?
a . . D a v id G. F a r r a g u t b.
U l y s s e s S. G ra n t
'
■ c.
A ndrew Jack son
d. -G e o r g e W a sh in g to n
i
In w h a t r e s p e c t w a s th e n a tio n a l p o l i t i c a l s it u a t io n d u r in g th e p e r io d
1816-1824 s i m i l a r to th a t d u r in g th e p e r io d 18 6 4 -1 8 7 4 ?
a.
E f f e c t i v e o p p o s it io n to th e p o l i t i c a l p a r ty in p o w e r w a s
p r a c t i c a l l y n o n e x is t e n t ■■
b.
T h e P r e s i d e n t s r e p r e s e n t e d s e c t io n a l r a t h e r th a n n a tio n a l
in te r e s ts
. .
/
■
c.
T h e c o n t r o l o f th e e x e c u t iv e and l e g i s l a t i v e d e p a r t m e n t s b y
o p p o sin g p a r t ie s p r e v e n t e d c o n s t r u c t iv e l e g i s l a t i o n
d.
T h e l e g i s l a t i v e d e p a r t m e n t w a s s o p o w e r fu l th a t th e s e p a r a t io n
o f p o w e r s p r o v id e d in th e. C o n s titu tio n d id n o t e x i s t in f a c t . ■ ■
' W h ich o f t h e s e m e a n s o f e x p r e s s in g d is a p p r o v a l o f n a t io n a l p o l i c i e s
h a s c e a s e d to b e u se d ?
a . . P o p u la r n u llif ic a t io n
b.
T h r e a t of s e c e s s i o n i
c.
C o n t e s t in g th e c o n s t it u t io n a lit y o f m e a s u r e s in th e. c o u r ts
d. . O r g a n iz a tio n of t h ir d p a r t i e s .
T h e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e L in c o ln - D o u g la s d e b a te s a n d th e C o o p e r
"U nion" s p e e c h w a s th at:
a.
D o u g la s , i n c r e a s e d h i s fo llo w in g
b . . L in c o ln b e c a m e n a t io n a lly k n o w n
c.
L in c o ln an d D o u g la s b e c a m e b it t e r e n e m ie s
d. . L e g i s l a t io n w a s p a s s e d a d m it t in g K a n s a s a s a f r e e s t a t e .
122
Dj P
S o u th e r n l e a d e r s o p p o s e d th e p r e s id e n t ia l c a n d id a c y o f S te p h e n A.
D o u g la s in 1860 b e c a u s e h e:
F a v o r e d th e e x c l u s i o n of s l a v e r y f r o m th e t e r r i t o r i e s
H a d v io la t e d th e p r o v is io n s o f th e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m is e
in h is c a m p a ig n s p e e c h e s
c.
O p p o se d th e h o ld in g s o f p o p u la r r e f e r e n d u m s in th e t e r r i t o r i e s
, to d e t e r m in e th e s t a t u s o f s l a v e r y
d.
W as n o t w illin g t o ta k e th e p o s it io n th a t C o n g r e s s sh o u ld
p r o t e c t s l a v e r y in th e t e r r i t o r i e s a g a in s t u n f r ie n d ly
le g is la tio n .
A p p en d ix H
T a b le s
12 4
T A B L E 3.
I N T E L L I G E N C E Q U O T IE N T , P R E V IO U S H IST O R Y T E S T ,
P R E - T E S T , U N IT I T E S T , U N IT II T E S T , U N IT III T E S T , A N D
■
P O S T - T E S T R A W S C O R E S F O R E A C H P A R T I C I P A T I N G P U P I L IN
THE C O N C E P T -G E N E R A L IZ A T IO N A P P R O A C H GROUP
Studen t
Code
Num bc ;r
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
O il
01 2
01 3
014
015
016
017
018
019
02 0
021
02 2
023
024
025
026
027
028
0 29
030
031
0 32
033
034
035
036
037
I. Q.
Prev.
H ist.
T est
102
85
70 ■
99
101
■ 72
129
' 96
86 68
106
83
100
78
108
86
112
84
128
99
90
119
123
93
125
97
100
76
81
113
92
61
96 • . 72
1 18
88
121
94
125
96
72
105
70
91
101 •
72
89 .
119
1 14
86
121
89
75
109
60
. 82
62
88
93
126
122
' 90
118
' 87
95
124
81
106
101
78
112 ■ 85
117
80
I
PreT est
45
46
37
52
33
46 .
42
43
50
59
56
59
57
38
43
28
35
45
55
54 ■
40
34
43
46
45
46
33
31
30
51
45
44
53
43
' 41
43
46
U n it I
T est
T o t a l C on.
32
28
25
30
16
22
21
35
31
I 37
31
26
33
26
21
20
18
29
30
34
24
27
28
30
33
31
25
22
17
34
30
31
36
28
30
31
24
U n i t II .
U n it III
P ost
Te S t
T est
T est
T o t a l Con. T o t a l Con
10
34
8 ' . 29
2.4
9
10
31
3
17
6'
23
22
-9
10
34 '
34
9
10
. . 38
10
33
24
9
10
33
27
6
.8
24
4
22
5
21
■ 33
8
30
10
10
36
30
6
7
29
5
26
.33
10
10
38
10
32
8
28 ,
2
22
0
• 19
10
' 40
10
30
33
9
10
' 37
7
29
32
V6
10
35
3
26
8
4
4
8
I
3
5
8
8
10
7
6
7
-5
4
3
3
7
8
9
6.
6
5
8
9
8 ■
7
4
0
10
6
7
8
4
7
9
8
33
30
28
29
19
25
24
35
37
38
34
28
34
30
26
35
20
34
33
39
29
3:1
30
36
39
34
30
24
18
39 •
33
36
38
31
34
36
28
, 9
7
5
7
2
4
4
9
10
9
8
7
6 '
6
5
5
4
8 '
7
10
7
6
6
9
10
8 ;
8
5
I
10
7
8
9
5
9
9
7
34
30
30
35
16
25
•24
. 36
35
37
32
30
36
29
28
26
18
32
31
38
30
28
29
38
35
32
27
20
14
38
32
33
40
29
30
34
24
125
T A B L E 3.
Student
Code
N um ber
I. Q.'
Prev.
H ist.
T est
PreT est
68
36
038
91
130
58
98
0 39
84
106
38
0 40
80
041
109
39
44
121
042
88
115
46
043
86
0 4 4 ■ 108
■ 72
34
42
045
78
107
40
75
046
111
047
60
31
83
103
45
0 48
79
114
049
89 . . 49
050
120
57
91
051
42
108
78
052
70
96
39
0 53
101
37
71
054
85 . " 86
115
055
40
104
82
056
95
57
127
0 57
HO
90
48
058
30
62
85
32
58.
0 59
86
50
060
114 .
91
061
57
97
129
44
062
83
■ 107
06 3
90
118
49
064
' 50
117
86
(C o n tin u e d )
U n it I
U n it II
T est
T est
T o t a l C on . T o t a l C on.
23
2
10
. 37
. 32
. 9
28
7
10
34
10
32
23
7
8
26
20
5
3
18
8
27
10.
34
33
10
30
7
20
4
5
18
32
10
31 • 9
10
38
10
34
23
7.
4
20
10.
34
10
39
7
28
10
38
■ 34 . 9
28
6 •
33
7
34
7
6
• 29
8
33
10
34
4 '
27 '
25
4
3
24
0
19
30
7
35
9
8
32
33
7
. 3
23
20
I
8x
34
32
7
39
9
8
35
3
24
2
22
33
7
10
38
31
7 .
36
9
8
37
U n it III P o s t
. T est
T est
T o t a l Con.
29
35
35
31
34
36
■ 29
26
25
. 20
31
35
34
36
23
22
35
33
39
37
26
25
35
• 39
34
36
36
6 ‘ 26
8
36
32
7
7
30
8
36
35
9
5
26
6
27
4
28
2
11
5
28
8
34
7
32
34
'9
. 4
19.
2
24
3 4 -9
33
7
10
40
36
9
5 ' 28
4
21
7
36
10
40
8
32 '
37
9
36
9
z
126
T A B L E 4. I N T E L L I G E N C E Q U O T IE N T , P R E V IO U S H IS T O R Y T E S T ,
. P R E - T E S T , U N IT I T E S T , U M T H T E S T , U N IT III T E S T , A ND
P O S T - T E S T R A W S C O R E S F O R E A C H P A R T I C I P A T I N G P U P I L IN
THE T R A D IT IO N A L A P P R O A C H GROUP
S tu d e n t
Code '
N um ber
.
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
no
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
•120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134 .
135
136
137
138
I. Q.
P rev.
H ist.
T est
107
82
98
111
100
109
121
108
115
125
92
104
102
HO
106
126
115
■ 117
123
86
84
103
120
HO
92
102 .
126
123
120
97
86
107
109
128
123
113
129
112
81
60
76
80
70
86
88
83
81
99
69
82
83
80
79
95
88
89
93
62
60
79 '
89
74
68
72
97
93
88
70
63
81
77
96
92
91
99
85
PreT est
46
32
39
43
34
45
44
37
40
56
35
44
41
42
43
58
44
43
50
29
31
34
46
43
34
40
54
. 56
47
34
27
41
40
58.
59
57
58
50
U n it I
T est
T o t a l C on.
30
18
20
26
21
33
35
• 30
33
33
23
25
32
28
27
34
31
30
32
16
23
25
30
25
26
27
.33
31
30
19
19
22
24
34
30
31
36
31
6
2
4
5
4
7•
8
6
7
8
0
2
8
5
4
9
8
8
■
8
0
I 6
6
6
3
5
‘
9 I
8
6
4
3
6
4
10
9
9
10
9
U n it II
T est
T o ta l Con.
31
18 ..
24
26
27
34
33
31 31
35
24
26
32
30 '
29
36
32
31
33
19
23
26
32
28
■
28
29
35 .
34
32
21
22
25
27
35
32
33
38
30
U n it III
P ost
T est
T est
T o t a l C on
5
0
2
2
3
6
6
7
6
6
3
5
6
5
2
8
6 .
6
6.
0
2
4
6
5
4
5 \
8 '■
8
6
2
2
2
4
•
9
6
6
9
5
32
20
25
27
29
35
32
30
32
34
26
27
30
31
30
35
34
32
34
17
21
24
33
29
30
27
37
33
31
18
24
23
25
32
30
34
35
33
5
26
13
T
3
28
5
29
4
25
8
33
33
6
6
29
5
30
7
33
4
25
24
5
5
■ 29
6
29
5
28
8 •
35
30
6'
32
6 /
35
7
10
I
4
19
3
23
31
. 7
5
27
4
29
5
28
34
8
30
6
30
5
3
17
20
4
2
26
4
27
31
6
5
29
32
6
34
7
30
6
T A B L E 4 (C o n tin u ed )
j___ _________
Stu dent
I. Q. P r e v . P r e C ode
H ist. T e s t
NTumber_______ ■ T e s t
139
140
141
142
143'
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152 ■
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
114 '
85
78
99
105
82.
92
• 70
127
96
98
70
92
68
87
119
105
84
125 .
95
119
89 .
107
83
126
96
H O 90
86
59
61 '
91
111
89
121
94
106
80
114
84
70
98
45
41
47
. 38
55
40».
34
44
42 .
53
50
44
55
49
32
33
48
56
40
44
36
-'
U n it I
T est
T o ta l Con.
32
' 22
' 24
18
32
25
26
30
29
34
34
27
34
30
19.
18 ■
30
33
30
31
26
8
7
5
.2
10
6
4
8
7
10
9
6 ■
10
7
I '
0
8
9
6
8
4
——
------------------------- —-------- U n it II
U n it III
P ost"
T est
T est
T est
T o t a l. C on. -T otal Con.
33
25
26
20
34
27 ■
29
32
32
35 '
35
30
33
31
20
21
.29 ‘
34
31
34
28
6
30
3
23
3
27
2
21
7
31
4
. 28
3
23
6
30
6
31
7
36
8 '
34
5
31
7
35
5
32
3
22
2
.22
5.
31
'"7
35
6
33
7
35
3
31
5
4
5
‘4
'
■ 5 .
4
I
5
6
8
7
5
7
•5
4
2
6
7
7
7
6 ,
29
26
27
19
27
24
20
31
29
33
32
29
34
31
17
19
27
32
29
32
25
O
«
•
I
cop. 2
Generalization and concept
development ...
OUND^V