The water quality and fishery resource in a surface coal mine sediment pond in eastern Montana
by Anne Elizabeth Tews
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Fish
and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Anne Elizabeth Tews (1986)
Abstract:
The water quality and productivity in a coal strip mine sediment pond near Colstrip, Montana, were
studied in 1983 and 1984 to determine the pond’s potential to produce fish. Although the sediment
pond received water from the mine pit, it had higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and total
alkalinity than two area stock ponds (controls). It contained amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium,
sulfate and hydrogen ions that were intermediate to those in the control ponds. Soluble reactive
phosphorus, maximum chlorophyll a_ and maximum surface phytoplankton productivity were lowest
in the sediment pond.
Integrated phytoplankton productivity in the sediment pond was similar to one stock pond but much
less than what was found in the other stock pond. Cladocera, Copepoda, and Rotatoria were found in
all three study ponds. In the sediment pond, biomass estimates of the introduced largemouth bass were
very high at 184 and 145 kg / ha in 1983 and 1984, respectively. However, the total lengths of age 1-5
bass increased only 55, 18, 15 and 29 mm per year, respectively. The fathead minnows and crayfish
introduced into the sediment pond did not become established. Sediment ponds with water quality
similar to the study sediment pond appeared to have good potential as fish ponds. However, such sites
should have adequate drainage areas to maintain suitable pond depths. THE WATER QUALI TY AND F I S HE RY RESOURCE
I N A SURFACE
COAL MI NE SEDI MENT POND I N EASTERN MONTANA
by
Anne
Elizabeth
T e ws
A t h e s i s submitted in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t
of the re q u irem e n ts for the degree
of
Master
of
Science
in •
Fish
and
W ildlife
Management
MONTANA STATE UNI VERS I TY
Bozeman,Montana
November
1986
APPROVAL
of
a
thesis
Anne
submitted
Elizabeth
by
Te ws
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h m e m b e r o f t h e
t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e a n d h a s b e e n f o u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y
regarding content, English usage, format, c ita tio n s ,
b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e , and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s r e a d y f o r
s u b m is s io n to the C o lleg e of G r ad u ate S t u d i e s .
Chairperson,
Approved
for
Date
Major
Head,
Approved
Date
the
for
the
College
Committee
Department
Major
of
Graduate
Department
Graduate
Studies
ill
• STATEMENT OF P E R MI S S I ON TO USE
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presenting
requirements
University,
available
I
to
quotations
source
is
the
be
the
that
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library
under
thesis
partial
rules
are
of
or
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is
allowed
in
for
at
Montana
shall
of
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make
of
State
it
Library.
a I lowabale
accurate
extensive
this
his
opinion
for
m aterial
without
acknowledgement
in
thesis
without
by
either,
scholarly
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ma y b e
absence,
of
quotation
the
from
granted
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Brief
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of
thesis
for
my w r i t t e n
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financial
permission.
ta. M nr 8 f,
or
my m a j o r
Director
p u r p o s e s . • An y
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Date
fulfillm ent
made.
professor,
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master's
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borrowers
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when,
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from
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V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Several
throughout
this
coordinated
writing
Harold
and
Steve
and
the
as
their
and
the
Mary
Peterson
Western
Energy
supervised
D r s.
Calvin
the
the
assisted
Gould
extensive
Fish,
Bureau
with
fish
provided
field
Kaya,
manuscript.
Montana
of
assistance
gave
well.
Gorgess
helpers
Wa nke e a n d
of
invaluable
William
reviewed
McMullan
Mark
Dr.
project,
Picton
and
provided
study.
assistance
and
Parks,
people
W ildlife
of
Land
Irby,
Stewart,
and
Management
sampling.
water
and
Lynn
Phil
and
Eileen
sampling
a s s is ta n c e .
The
provided
lab
space.
gave
information
and
Bill
Schwarzkopf
were
Company
Several
funded
people
assistance,
at
but
particularly
this
project
Western
Bruce
helpful.
and
Energy
Waage and
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AP PROVAL.......................................................
ii
STATEMENT OF P ERMI S S I ON TO U S E ................................................................. i i i
VI TA .
.
.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Iv
........................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................
.
v
vi
LIST
OF T A B L E S .
' .............................................................................................. v i i i
LIST
OF F I G U R E S ................................................................................................................x i
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................x i i i
I NTRODUCTI ON
..............................................................................
DE S C R I P T I ON OF STUDY AREA
Study Sediment
C o n t r o l Ponds
METHODS
.
.
.
.
..............................................................................
I
3
P o n d ....................................................................... 3
..............................................................................
7
...................................................................................................................................
9
W a t e r C h e m i s t r y ........................................................................................ 9
P h y t o p l a n k t o n ......................................................................................1-2
Z o o p l a n k t o n .............................................................................................. 14
Largemouth Bass.
............................................................................. 15
P r e y S p e c i e s .............................................................................................. 16
RESULTS
. . .
.
17
W a t e r C h e m i s t r y ........................................... '
. . . .
17
Phytoplankton
..............................................................................
34
Z o o p l a n k t o n .....................................................................
44
L a r g e m o u t h B a s s ..................................................................................... 4 5
P r e y S p e c i e s ......................................................................................
47
D I S C U S S I O N .................................................................................................................................4 9
Management
V
\
Recommendations
............................................
54
vii
Table
of
Contents
(continued)
Page
REFERENCES
APPENDI X
CI TED
57
63
viil
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
I.
2.
3.
Page
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) i n t h e
s t u d y a r e a f o r 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 ( NOAA
1983 a n d I 984)
.
............................................ ........
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n (cm) i n t h e
s t u d y a r e a i n 1 98 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 (NOAA 1 9 8 3 a n d
19 8 4 ) ............................................................. ........
.
.
5
.
Gross phytoplankton p ro d u c tiv ity
( mg C / m ^ / h r ) i n t h e WECO P o n d , C o n t r o l P o n d
I , a n d C o n t r o l Pond 2 i n 1 983 a n d 1 984
.
.
5 ‘
38
4.
G r o s s c o m m u n i t y p r o d u c t i o n ( mg C / m ^ / d a y )
f r o m d i e l s a m p l i n g o n J u l y 3 i n t h e WECO
P o n d a n d on J u l y 15 i n C o n t r o l P o n d I
compared with phytoplankton p h o to sy n th e sis
on s i m i l a r d a t e s
.
.
.
.
■................................... 4 2
5.
L i s t of zooplankton genera found in the
WECO P o n d a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s i n 1 9 8 3 a n d
1984
.
................................................................................................
44
Me a n z o o p l a n k t o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
( n u m b e r / m^ ) f o r s i x s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m
A p r i l - O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 i n t h e WECO a n d
c o n t r o l ponds
...............................................................................
45
Me a n t o t a l l e n g t h s
largemouth bass in
standard deviation
46
6.
7.
( mm) a n d w e i g h t s ( g ) o f
t h e WECO P o n d w i t h
in p a re n th e sis . . . .
8.
E s t i m a t e s o f th e numbers and s t a n d i n g
c r o p s o f l a r g e m o u t h b a s s i n. t h e WECO P o n d
w i t h 95% c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s i n
parenthesis
............................................ . 4 7
9.
R a t i o s o f d i s s o l v e d i n o r g a n i c NOg- N a n d
NH g - N t o d i s s o l v e d P O ^ - P i n s u r f a c e w a t e r
o f t h e WECO P o n d a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s f r o m
August - Septem ber 1984
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
51
ix
LIST
OF TABLES
(continued)
Table
10.
I I
12.
13.
14.
I 5.
I 6.
17.
I 8.
19.
20.
21.
Page
T h e t o t a l l e n g t h s ( mm) a t a g e s f o r
l a r g e m o u t h b a s s i n t h e WECO P o n d a n d
w a t e r s in Montana and South Dakota.
other
.
53
Water c l a r i t y ,
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d D.O.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n in s u r f a c e and bottom
s a m p l e s f r o m t h e WECO P o n d ...............................
.
64
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e and c a r b o n a t e
a l k a l i n i t y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in s u r f a c e and
b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m t h e WE CO P o n d .
•
65
T o t a l h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m , and magnesium
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e and bottom
samples
f r o m t h e WECO P o n d ...............................
.
66
C o n d u c t i v i t y , P O ^ - P , a n d pH v a l u e s f o r
s u r f a c e a n d b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m t h e WECO
P o n d ........................................................................................................
.
67
S u l f a t e , NO 3 - N ,
bottom sam ples
.
68
Water c l a r i t y ,
t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d D. 0.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in s u r f a c e and bottom
samples
from Control
P o n d I ...............................
.
69
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e , and c a r b o n a t e
a l k a l i n i t y c o n c en tra tio n s in surface
b o t t o m s a m p l e s f ro m C o n t r o l Pond I.
.
70
T o t a l h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m , and magnesium
c o n c e n t r a t i o n from s u r f a c e and b o t to m
samples
from Control
P o n d I ...............................
.
71
C o n d u c t i v i t y , P O 4 - P , a n d pH v a l u e s f o r
s u r f a c e and bottom sm ples from C o n tro l
Pond
I ....................................................................
.
.
.
72
S u l f a t e , NO3 - N , a n d NH 3 - N c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n
s u r f a c e and bottom s a m p l e s from C o n t r o l
Pond
I .............................................................................................
.
73
Water c l a r i t y ,
t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d D. 0.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n in s u r f a c e and bottom
s a m p l e s f r o m C o n t r o l P o n d 2 ...............................
.
73
a n d NH 3 - N i n s u r f a c e a n d
f r o m t h e WE CO P o n d .
and
.
X
List
of
Tables
(continued)
Table
22.
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e and c a r b o n a t e
a l k a l i n i t y c o n c e n tra tio n s in surface
b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m C o n t r o l Pond 2
and
. . .
74
23.
T o t a l h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m , and magnesium
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e and bottom sa m p le s
from C o n t r o l Pond 2
...........................................7 5
24.
C o n d u c t i v i t y , P O ^ - P . a n d pH v a l u e s i n
s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s i n C o n t r o l Pond
2
................................................................................................................. 76
25.
S u l f a t e , NO- j - N, a n d NH 3 - N c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
i n s u r f a c e and bottom s a m p l e s from C o n t r o l
Pond 2
........................................................... ........
76
I n t e g r a t e d n e t and g r o s s d a i l y
phytoplankton productivity rates
C / m ^ / d a y ) i n t h e WECO P o n d .
77
26.
( mg
27.
I n t e g r a t e d n e t and g r o s s d a i l y
p h y t o p l a n k t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y r a t e s ( mg
C / m ^ / d a y ) i n C o n t r o l P o n d 1 ...........................................77
28.
I n t e g r a t e d n e t and g r o s s d a i l y
p h y t o p l a n k t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y r a t e s ( mg
C / m ^ / d a y ) i n C o n t r o l P o n d 2 ....................................... 78
29.
Seasonal c o n c e n tra tio n s of zooplankton
( n u m b e r / m^ ) i n t h e WE CO P o n d ............................... 79
30.
Seasonal c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of zooplankton
( n u m b e r / m^ ) i n C o n t r o l P o n d ,1 .
.
.
3 1.
.
. 8 0
Seasonal c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of zooplankton
( n u m b e r / m^ ) i n C o n t r o l P o n d 2 ................................... 81
xi
LIST
OF F I GURES
Figure
1.
The l o c a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a a nd s t u d y
p o n d s ...................................................................................................................4
2.
S e c c h i d i s k v i s i b i l i t y i n t h e WE CO a n d
c o n t r o l ponds
..............................................................................
18
Surface
control
19
3.
w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e WE CO a n d
p o n d s .................................................... ........
.
.
4.
S u r fa c e d i s s o l v e d oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n in
t h e WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ................................................... 20
5.
S u r f a c e s p e c i f i c c o n d u c t i v i t y i n t h e WE CO
a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................................. 22
6.
S u r f a c e t o t a l h a r d n e s s i n t h e WECO a n d
c o n t r o l ponds
...........................................................................
23
7.
S u r f a c e c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e WE CO
a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................................. 24
8.
S u rfa c e magnesium c o n c e n t r a t i o n in the
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................25
9.
Surface
1 0.
pH i n
the
WECO a nd, c o n t r o l
ponds
.
27
S u r f a c e t o t a l a l k a l i n i t y i n t h e WECO a n d
c o n t r o l ponds
..............................................................................
28
11.
Surface carbonate c o n c e n tra tio n in the
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................30
12.
Surface b icarb o n ate c o n c en tra tio n in the
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................31
13.
S u r f a c e s u l f a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e WECO
a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................................. 32
14.
P e r c e n t i o n c o m p o s i t i o n i n t h e WECO a n d
c o n t r o l ponds
...............................................................................
15.
33
S u r f a c e PO 4 - P c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e WECO
a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ............................................................................. 35
Xll
LIST
OF F I GURES
(continued)
Figure
\
16.
S u r f a c e NOg- N c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e WECO
a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .................................................................... . 3 6
17.
S u r f a c e NHg- N c o n c e n t r a t i o n I n
and c o n t r o l ponds .
.
.
.
.
t h e WECO
.
.
.
.
18.
Integrated primary prod u ctiv ity in the
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ................................................. 4 0
19.
Surface chlorophyll £ concentration in
t h e WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .........................................41
20.
C o r r e l a t i o n o f s u r f a c e c h l o r o p h y l l a_ a n d
surface gross primary p ro d u ctiv ity in the
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s ................................................. 43
37
xiii
ABSTRACT
The w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y i n a c o a l s t r i p
m i n e s e d i m e n t p o n d n e a r Co I s t r i p , M o n t a n a , w e r e s t u d i e d i n
1983 and 1984 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o n d ’s p o t e n t i a l t o p r o d u c e
fish.
A l t h o u g h t h e s e d i m e n t pond r e c e i v e d w a t e r from t h e
mine p i t , i t had h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of d i s s o l v e d oxygen
and t o t a l a l k a l i n i t y t h a n two a r e a s t o c k p o n d s ( c o n t r o l s ) .
I t contained amounts of calciu m , magnesium, sodium,
s u l f a t e and hydrogen io n s t h a t were i n t e r m e d i a t e to th o s e
in the c o n tro l ponds.
Soluble reactiv e phosphorus,
m a x i m u m c h l o r o p h y l l a_ a n d m a x i m u m s u r f a c e p h y t o p l a n k t o n
p r o d u c t i v i t y were l o w e s t in t h e s e d i m e n t pond.
I n t e g r a t e d p h y t o p l a n k t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y i n t h e s e d i m e n t pond
was s i m i l a r to one s t o c k pond b u t much l e s s t h a n w h a t was
found i n th e o t h e r s t o c k pond.
C l a d o c e r a , Co p e p o d a , a n d
R o t a t o r i a were found in a l l t h r e e s tu d y ponds.
In the
s e d im e n t pond, biom ass e s t i m a t e s of the i n t r o d u c e d
l a r g e m o u t h b a s s w e r e v e r y h i g h a t 184 a n d 145 kg / ha i n
1983 and 1984, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
However, the t o t a l le n g th s
o f a g e 1 - 5 b a s s i n c r e a s e d o n l y 5 5 , 1 8 , 15 a n d 29 mm p e r
year, re sp e c tiv e ly .
The f a t h e a d minnows and c r a y f i s h
i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e s e d i m e n t pond d i d n o t become
established.
Sediment ponds w ith w a te r q u a l i t y s i m i l a r to
t h e s t u d y s e d i m e n t pond a p p e a r e d to have good p o t e n t i a l as
f i s h ponds.
However, such s i t e s should have ad eq u ate
d r a i n a g e a r e a s t o m a i n t a i n s u i t a b l e pond d e p t h s .
I
I NTRODUCTI ON
Since
coal
the
early
formation
in
1 9 7 0 ’s
eastern
mining
Montana
and
has
sulfur
coal
has
accelerated
(Van
Voast
mining
has
increased
have
the
ponds,
which
are
pits.
In
arid
sediment
are
an
ponds
suitable
stock
effluents
high
in
1973,
Turbak
and
mine
waters
Dollhopf
The
purpose
and
pond
eastern
study
were
crop
in
and
to:
two
cause
in
the
number
pumped
1 977).
As
of
sediment
from
mine
these
if
Wa r d
they
habitat,
do n o t
and
mine
have
the
degradation
United
and
low
indicate
biological
Canton
for
resource
mines
Union
adjoining
Montana,
available
eastern
of
a 1.
waterfowl
strip
Fort
demand
et
a valuable
the
in
this
study
production
Montana.
I)
and
local
growth
salmoides)
coal
the
eastern
data
1979,
of
fish
productivity,
those
a 1.
water
the
States
1981,
(Warner
Goering
1982).
quality
in
lim ited
which
et
like
as
production,
western
acidities
hold
become
fish
The
so
to
region
could
from
found
built
for
water.
substantially
of
parts
states
this
increased
strip
stock
of
a
determine
coal
water
in
ponds;
a
strip
pond;
3)
mine
chemistry,
sediment
bass
the
of
the
primary
pond
the
with
standing
( Mi c r o p t e r u s
introduce
water
sediment
objectives
2) estim ate
largemouth
sediment
to
specific
the
zooplankton
rate
the
in
The
compare
was
forage
2
species
and
4)
coal
for
make
strip
This
1 9 8 5.
the
the
study
summers
bass
recommendations
mine
The
largemouth
sediment
was
majority
of
1983
conducted
and
the
concerning
ponds
of. t h e
into
for
from
field
1984.
sediment
the
pond;
development
of
fisheries.
June
work
1983
was
to
November
completed
during
3
DE S C R I P T I O N
The
study
southeastern
sandstone,
formed
with
erosion
native
with
cold
the
I
into
and
is
of
(Table
30
a
on
from
this
a r e a ’s
In
2)
was
1983
29
annual
area
deposits
which
(Veseth
and
Montaque
prairie
buttes
this
at
30
type
I).
is
year
precipitation
1984
37
average
1980).
and
this
were
annual
less
average
comes
by
study
than
of
from
precipitation
at
percent
(%)
of
centimeters
39.40
have
capped
typified
During
Colstrip
of
interspersed
(Goering
area
(Table
and
composed
ridges
of
and
is
and
the
the
County,
buttes
mixed
summers
( C)
year
coal
temperatures
storms.
the
clinker
Rosebud
This
hills,
climate
hot
annual
Much
localized
below
and
Celsius
Colstrip
shale,
associations
winters
C.
I).
resistant
The
in
(Figure
vegetation
average
located
rolling
1982).
degree
7.9
Montana
conifer
Dollhoph
is
s i l t s tone,
been
The
area
OF STUDY AREA
respectively,
(cm).
Study
The
Rosebud
(TIN,
a
mine
Mine
R41E,
sediment
( WECO)
sediment
about
Sec.
pond.
enlarged
Sediment
pond
studied
2 kilometers
4).
From
Then
and
in
Pond
1978
1980
deepened
is
(km)
the
this
located
on
the
southeast
of
Colstrip
1979
it
Western
pond
to
was
used
Energy
convert
only
as
Company
it
into
4
MONTANA
YELLOWSTONE
RIVER
^
V ROS E BUD COUNTY
FORT UNION FORMATION
ROSEBUD COUNTY
CONTROL
YELLOWSTONE
I
CONTROL 2
RI VER ROSEBUD!
CREEK
WECO
Figure
I
Locations
of
study
area
and
study
ponds
5
Table
I.
Colstrlp
average
( 1 951-1 980)
Month
January
February
March
April
Ma y
June
July
Augus t
September
Oc t o b e r
November
December
1984
-I . 8
1.9
I .8
7. 3
12.7
17.9
22. 7
22.5
12.9
6.9
I .6
- 8.8
-I . 4
2.3
4. 2
6.9
12.3
18.3
23.4
24.7
15.5
9.3
I . 7
-16.0
-2 . 5
22.1
21.0
15.2
9.3
I . 0
-3.3
-0. 4
2.0
2. 7
6. 0
11.0
15.9
22. 9
25.2
13.1
9.8
I . 4
-14.4
7. 9
8. 0
8. I
2.6
2.6
8.3
13.1
18.4
22.7
22.7
12.7
6. 6
I . I
- 12.0
T o t a l m o n t h l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n cm i n t h e s t u d y
a r e a i n 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 (NOAA 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 ) .
Colstrip
average
(1951-1980)
January
February
March
April
Ma y
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Av e r a g e
1983
O
Month
I 984
-5. 8
-2.5
0.9
7.0
12.9
17.9
1 983
Forsyth
OO
2.
Colstrlp
00
Average
Table
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y t e m p e r a t u r e s ( C) I n t h e s t u d y
a r e a f o r 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 (NOAA 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 ) .
Colstrip
Forsyth
1983
1984
I 983
1 984
I . 60
I . 57
I .70
4.72
6.73
6.93
2.90
3.53
3 . 14
3.28
I . 68
I . 62
0.89
0.28
0.58
4 . 14
5.31
4 . 22
3.78
3.48
2.49
2.31
0.43
0.4 1
0.36
I . 57
2.84
4 . 34
9.32
0.64
1 .89
2.49
1 . 00
I . 50
1.75
0.33
0.89
0.91
0.33
6 . 32
2.90
4 . 95
1.47
4.44
0 . 68
I . 45
0.37
0.56
0.56
0.89
I . 34
2.44
0.87
1.89
3.76
1.65
I . 00
3.48
39.40
27.93
24 . 98
25.97
0.02
1.12
18.81
6
a
fish
City
and
pond.
On
Hatchery
Parks
of
July
the
pit,
occasional
seepage.
from
1. 3
mainly
to
to
3. 2
the
this
water
natural
surface
section
this
water
a
of
supplied
runoff,
the
pond's
The
added
into
1.5
by
from
1.5
Ma y 1 9 8 3
meters
two ponds,
m deep
spring
fed
increase
f r o m 4 t o 6 m.
including
willow
red
grazing
golden
current
the
shore,
and
(Agropyron
a
s p .),
spp.)
Lewis
were
sp.),
cypress
common
(Rlbes
area
(Cornus
ash
of
scattered
seeds
varied
due
(Typha
February
At
low
area.
fenced
In
caused
to
Several
1984
pool
were
March
the
protect
it
shrubs
s t o l o n i f e r a ),
golden
pennsylvanica),
planted
around
wheatg rasses
perenene)
nearby.
scoparia),
-
including
( Llnum
lambsquarters
cattail
area
was
water
( Fraxinus
o d o r a t u m)
flax
(Koch i a
was
trampling.
green
variety
( H o r d e u m j u b a t u m) ,
summer
and
dogwood
( Sa I i x a l b a ) ,
and
( VI c i a
immediate
osier
spring
a 4 m deep main
depth
livestock
bass
th e mine
( m).
maximum
from
W ildlife
some
increase
of mine p i t
and
from
surface
addition
pond
Miles
largemouth
and
1 984 t h e
The
Fish,
10,000
and J u ly
to
the
length.
(ha).
decreased
small
from
of mine w a te r added to th e pond.
was
separated
and
study
hectares
level
pond
total
pond is
the amount
Wh e n n o m i n e
Department
in t h i s
During
personnel
approximately
5 cm i n
The w a t e r
1981
Montana
introduced
which were about
17,
Foxtail
and
vetch
barley
( C h l n o p o d i u m a I h a ),
k n o t weed
l a t t i f o l i a ),
(Polygonum
and
sedges
( Ca r e x
7
s p p .)
have
colonized
Che
subrigidus,
Potamogeton
Zannichellia
palustris
(Gary
Larson,
Chara
s p .,
present
and
Amphora
spp.,
sp.
were
Ba h i s ,
this
in
for
ranch
comparison
were
chosen
relatively
3)
had
ponds
as
sp.,
pond.
drainages
and
(Artemesia
cheatgrass
spp.,
to
and
were
near
were
E n t o mo n e i s
Navicula
and
spring
study
large
water
ponds
were
spp.,
P h o r mi d i u m
of
1984
(Loren
I
( TSN,
1967 and d i d n o t
f il l
were
R4 OE,
from
I)
selected
I).
the
study
like
by d a m m i n g
cattle.
Big
pear
Sec.
July
natural
sp.),
and
Polygonum
shoreline
24)
the
surrounding
spp.),
typical
These
g r e a s e wo o d
(Opuntia
plants
and
sage
( A^ c a n a ) ,
( Ca r e x
bass
pond.
fluctuations
sage
These
were
2) contained
common
sedges
C h e n o p o d i u m sp.
they:
to
prickly
were
were
(Figure
built
to
silver
and
pond
pond,
sim ilarities
sp.)
Forsyth
since
accessible
ponds,
Pond
spp.,
sp.,
1982
Ponds
ponds
the
These
( B r o mu s
control
P\_ p e c t i n a t u s
the
sediment
v e r m i c u l a t u s ),
Control
about
control
t r i d e n t a t a ),
(Sarcobatus
both
the
exhibited
sediment
by
macrophytes
phytoplankters
in
located
with
morphometric
also
pond
aquatic
Euglena
pond
and
data).
ponds
close
the
Nitzschia
Cont r o I
Two
in
and
The
t e n u e ',
this
unpublished
the
crispus,
Synedra
present
and
study.
Di a t o ma
f rie s ii,
appeared
unpublished)
during
Ranunculus
foliosus,
had
Potamogeton
paludosa
shoreline.
was
built
1 98 3 t h r o u g h
plants.
in
8
November
1984.
decreased
reduced
During
from
from
4.5
3.2
to
to
( My r i o p h y l l u m S p . )
observed
briefly
in
in
the
the
Control
years
June
to
old.
1984
4.0
Submerged
1.2
Pond
2
pond
a round
pond
the
area
of
to
in
this
and
heavy
its
surface
stands
common
each
filled
area
maximum
around
R40E,
maximum
crispus,
was
only
The
was
its
Dense
the
( T 7 N,
macrophytes
P.
m and
summer
surface
pectinatus,
time
ha.
were
late
causing
this
2.0
pond.
This
m and
this
by
depth
Nitella
in
July
was
about
grazed
from
25
run-off
increase
so..
was
year.
included
and
was
water-m ilfoil
pond
natural
increase
pond
of
the
15)
to
area
macrophyte
study
Sec.
depth
1.3
in
from
to
3.9
1. 5
ha.
Potamogeton
Cattle
August
grazing
19 8 4 .
9
METHODS
Water ChemIsty
The
June
WECO s t u d y
through
samples
October
or
March
July
Monthly
taken
1984,
1984.
1983,
from
Control
Pond
mid-September
used
to
obtain
each
site.
on
their
ice
tests
phosphorus
in
p H,
hardness,
performed
field
or
and
calcium,
on 500
and
in
1984.
and
1984.
mid-June
for
through
October
the
1984.
deepest
three
allowed
being
capped.
and
later
and
(ml)
for
in
the
soluble
and
analyzed
analysis.
samples
at
2
were
lab
reactive
ammonia
within
Alkalinity,
conductivity
water
was
overflow
Samples
(NOg-N),
either
depths
to
refrigerated
nitrogen
sulfate
m illiliter
or
Samples
filtered
frozen
two
were
before
nitrate
( hr s)
hours
volume
were
from
bottles
(PO^-P),
24
April
in
A Van D o r n o r K e m m e r e r s a m p l e r
conducted.
(NHg-N)
from
of
and
January
September
established
were
nitrogen
in
in
biweekly
October
biweekly
samples
the
and
1984,
mid-September
August,
April
Ma y
taken
sampled
mid-
Monthly
through
through
from
1984.
were
I was
in
were
Collection
3 times
until
water
1983
monthly
stations
of each pond.
placed
in
and
section
to
Pond
biweekly
1983 and
samples
sampled
1984
Sampling
no
taken
and
2 was
in
mid-June
were
1983,
sampled
October
Control
and
of
from
except
samples
November
was
mid-September
were
in
pond
tests
were
collected
10
In
ground
glass
,
analyses
were
for Control
were
stoppered
completed
bottleswithin
within
and
conductivity
hrs
and
always
48
tests
hrs-
were
within
72
was
soaked
in
detergent
and
rinsed
with
and
analyses
glassware
also
were
of
used
in
conducted
Prior
water.
dilute
sulfate,
within
to
48
use,
laboratory
Collection
P O ^ - P , NO 3 - N a n d
for
soaked
calcium,
phosphate-free
deionized
except
1984. w h i c h
collection-
dilute,
pH
collection
in October
generally
and
I
of
Hardness,
hrs
glassware
bottles
26 h r s
Pond I and 2 s a m p l e s
analyzed
Alkalinity
NHg - N
hydrochloric
acid
(HCl) Water
all
temperatures
ponds.
An A p p l i e d
thermometer
was
used
1983.
Thereafter
oxygen
meter
Secchi
disk.
Dissolved
titration
through
using
modification
Hach
the
0.025
of
Ha Ch
at
25 C .
Winkler
( N)
was
T y p e RB3 c o n d u c t i v i t y
Samples
a
this
method
was
the
collected
time,
July
the
used
5 4A
with
21,
a
by
1983
azide
( APHA 1 9 8 1 ) .
( PAO)
was
used
as
study.
measured
meter
Springs
determined
from
oxide
August
estimated
were
was
phenylarsine
early
Yellow
Company c h e m i c a l s
throughout
Conductivity
in
in
FT 3 h y d r o g r a p h i c
clarity
After
I m intervals
1 98 3 t o
concentrations
1983.
the
mid-June
Water
at
Model
thermoprobe
oxygen
Normal
titrant
from
used.
mid-August
measured
Research
the
was
were
with
with
after
a Beckman
temperature
July
1983
Solu
Bridge
compensation
were
diluted.
in some c a s e s
20% of
to ,about
concentration,
to
per
(urn ho s / c m )
centimeter
Hach
pillows
were
hydroxide
calcium
Strong
keep
and
to
Hach
samples
to
Solution
hardness
Calver
before
hardness
and
use of sam ples
less
than
f r o m 10 -
(CaCOg)
Magnesium
was
17,
calculated
1 979).
Dissolved
sodium
Samples
membrane
and
the
at
the
measured
Lab
The a l k a l i n i t y
an
Orion
was
Lind
Specific
measured
by
ponds
Montana
Analytical
on
and
Ion
the
the
measured
through
State
July
pH o f
Meter
The
45
potentiom etric
(0.02
levels
Calcium
tests.
calcium
the
July
from
WECO p o n d
20,
atomic
total
on J u l y
1984.
micrometer
( ur n)
absorbtion
Chemical
1984.
samples
Model
to
necessitated
mg
University
31,
high
respective
flame
added
they contained
and
in
2 powder
Titraver
samples
on
a 45
by
were
( EDTA) ) .
water
readings.
SN p o t a s s i u m
Hach
subtracting
control
and
pillows
calcium
for
by
was
filtered
filter
( APHA 1 9 8 0 )
Station
in
were
( mg)
hardness
(Lind
1984
some
and
5 0 ml t o i n s u r e
10 m i l l i g r a m s
Carbonate
hardness
in
Hach ManVer
with
Ac i d
micromhos
accurate
samples,
2 powder
3,000
more
and
titration
calcium
below
insure
N Ethylenediam inetetraacetic
of
original
measurements
Buffer
added
their
401
were
or
determined
407.
titration
Alkalinity
method
of
(1979).
To
Sulfaver
determine
4 was
sulfate
added
to
(SO^)
samples
concentrations
Hach
which
diluted
had
with
been
with
deionized
SO 4 .
mg
water.
In
some
20
method
Whatman
4 50
5 filte r
papers
Absorbance
was
measured
Spectronic
20,
with
Water
Ammonia
(Lind
was
a
while
method
modified
and
by
was m e a s u r e d
with
small
using
-
ascorbic
with
August
were
1984.
used.
a Beckman
phototube.
Riley
fiber
for
DU M o d e l
was
filters.
using
1955).
size
method
a hydrazine
Both
methods
(Priscu,
samples.
2400
Absorbance
narrowband
spectrophotometer.
P h y to p lankton
Phytoplankton
biweekly
once
in
from
November
mid-June
October
measurements
1983
productivity
1984.
were
and
made
through
was
in
February
the
measured
mid-September
Additional
in
all
1984
ponds
and
productivity
WECO P o n d
1984.
40
19 7 9 ) .
by t h e
1983
papers
measured
tubes
a Beckman
pond
phenolhypochlorite
sample
test
0. 5%
NHg- N d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
by t h e
(Mullin
a
June
CF/C glass
was
than
filtered
nm u s i n g
range
NOg - N
for
unpublished)
690
wide
Whatman
were
filter
at
determined
1979),
I
(Lind
determined
from
NO3 —N a n d
for
through
reduction
were
used
was
about
less
w i t h a Beckman
( n m)
Samples
No.
only
determined
P O1^ - P
Whatman
contained
was
nannometer s
( APHA 1 9 8 0 ) .
September
they
there
were
reactive
No.
filtered
insure
samples
at
Soluble
In
to
Concentrations
Spectronic
acid
water
in
September
and
13
Primary
method
productivity
( APHA 1 9 8 0 ) .
were
determined
were
incubated
Demand
the
( BOD)
daily
in
meter
( mg
ml
for
and
Likens
the
the
WECO a n d
diel
oxygen
standing
ponds
from
1984.
Well
filtered
Whatman
August
mid-June
Additional
May 1 9 8 4 .
until
and
Lind
-
the
6,
1984
on
were
when
Filters
ice
in
stored
to
the
per
to
in
obtained
1 9 8 3.
In
was
conducted
in
the
sim plified
,
filters
from
1984
in
in a f r e e z e r
and
WECO P o n d
green
were
of
were
from
except
were
to
in
were
on
filters
were
immediately
containing
5 days
taken
clogged.
A glass-fiber
tubes
all
October
water
or
used
phytoplankton
test
phytoplankton
biweekly
amounts
turned
Ge l ma n Type
opaque
were
estimate
taken
measured
with
fixed
described
data
mid­
(1979).
from
filters
in
were
carbon
summer of
mid-September
mixed,
throughout
converted
following
were
samples
values
sampling
measured
CF/C g l a s s - f i b e r
substitued.
placed
oxygen
Oxygen
beginning
method
No u s a b l e
Samples
Biological
were
period
samples
m intervals
Data
used in the
a_ w a s
crops.
dark
I
oxygen
concentrations
a milligram
I ponds,
of
at
basis.
dissolved
Chlorophyll
to
(I 979).
method
and
the
Water
hrs , usually
light
Control
oxygen
photosynthesis
f r o m 24 h r i n c u b a t i o n s
diel
light
3 - 8
by
described.
suspended
C/m^)
using
mid-July
dissolved
transformed
rates
Wetzel
300
zone
and
evaluated
previously
Phytoplankton
integrated
square
as
bottles
euphoric
morning.
The
was
90% a c e t o n e ,
I month
so
the
14
acetone
could
chlorophyll
extract
extract
the
was
chlorophyll.
measured
narrowband
spectrophotometer.
were
calculated
with
Strickland
and
Parsons
Chlorophyll
trichrom atic
(1968)
of
the
o n a B e c k m a n DU M o d e l
2400
the
Absorbance
and
£
equations
were
not
levels
of
corrected
for
phaeophytin.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton
the
deepest
Zooplankton
from
the
1983,
July
of
Net
urn m e s h
from
(64
Pond
September
November
1 983
and
2 was
October
1 984
and
transfered
were
Copepoda
wheel,
a
key
Steve
of
Leathe
and
nauplii,
the
monthly
from
1984,
at
to
least
tows
June
taken
to
in
September
August
monthly
October
were
also
monthly
in
Wisconsin
were
least
samples
at
25
except
June
from
1984.
obtained.
from
June
to
1 984.
with
5% f o r m a l i n
alcohol
zooplankton
counted
or
of
Montana
was
1971),
as
were
being
obtained
and
the
forms
Department
a wide
zooplankton
using
at
were
of
examined.
with
Cladoce r a ,
microscope
major
and
before
Rotatoria
dissecting
Specimens
of
Samples
I 984
April
a No.
size).
from
(Edmondson
binocular
counter.
and
vertical
with
sampled
isopropyl
classified
adult,
was
fixed
95%
pipet
I
taking
October
sampled
in
were
subsample
automatic
it
to
to
by
ponds
least
April
Pond
Samples
all
1983
Control
A 2 ml
at
April
Control
to
sampled
section
WECO P o n d
and
1984.
was
bore
in
Copepoda
a
counting
30 p o w e r
and
identified
Fish,
by
W ildlife
a
15
and
Parks.
Seasonal
concentrations
-
May
31),
were
summer
(September
I
-
estimates
obtained
(June
I
November
of
by
-
averaging
August
30)
the
WECO s e d i m e n t
using
the
(Ricker
total
1975).
Fish
by a n g l i n g
lengths
of
The
least
from
squares
Ricker's
(1 9 7 5)
Largemouth
by
the
Montana
Analytical
Varian
and
Lab
AA- 6
line,
analysis.
at
and
I
fall
the
bass
summers
of
the
by
of
bass
1983 a nd
earlier
were
1984,
ages
Weight
between
made i n
1983
and
angling
and
and
Weights
in
in
and
mid-June
mid-September
estimated
back
by b a c k
calculated
length
1984
method
obtained
were
was
were
Peterson
electrofishing.
regression
(March
Bass
captured
scales.
and
using
weight
with
mercury
( Hg)
formula.
bass
were
analyzed
State
University
using
a carbon
atomic
Woodriff
lateral
in
lengths
calculation
were
and
largemouth
during
largemouth
mid-September
1985.
a
pond
of
Chapman m o d i f i c a t i o n
recaptured
and
estimates
31),
spring
samples.
Largemouth
Population
zooplankton
absorbtion
1974).
wrapped
Flesh
in
for
total
Chemical
rod
Station
atomizer
method
spectrophotometer
samples
were
aluminum, f o i l
taken
and
with
(Siemer
below
frozen
the
until
a
Prey
In
1983
minnows
and
1984
(Pimephales
(Orconectes
v irilis )
pond.
In
test.
On J u l y
4 crayfish
survivors
1984
these
11,
a
were
of
about
were
a group
September
5,
into
49
in
fathead
crayfish
used
of
in a cage
1517
1037
introduced
species
1984
on
total
p r o m e l a s ) and
were p laced
counted
Species
in
the
a
fathead
the
1984.
sediment
cage
bioassay
minnows
and
WECO P o n d a n d t h e
RESULTS
Water
Water
waters
in
Appendix
were
2
chemistry
the
greatest
11
in
2).
The
2 was
surface
runoff.
trends
thermocline
ponds.
the
associated
All
caused
by
other
all
ponds
formation
Vertical
WECO p o n d ,
summer
only
1984
bottom
Control
Pond
greatly,
water
declines
in
v isib ilities
in
sediment
clarity
input
in
from
appeared
to
followed
the
blooms.
sim ilar
produced
temperatures
but
with
( Figure
disk
lowest
June
were
and
fluctuated
phytoplankton
temperatures
in
Secchi
values
low
surface
ponds a re given
WECO P o n d a n d
1984.
Pond
same
of
Ma x i mu m
disk
Control
Surface
31.
Secchi
in
been
-
the
particularly
have
measurements
WECO P o n d a n d c o n t r o l
Tables
(Figure
Chemistry
3).
and
However,
vertical
varied
by 5 C i n
summer
differences
as
much
as
10
among
C in
the shallow er co n tro l
ponds.
Surface
or
higher
4).
in
in
Levels
July
and
dissolved
the
of
oxygen
WECO p o n d
dissolved
August
temperature
and
Summer
stratification
I
pond
milligram
per
liter
were
in
ponds
as
oxygen
probably
plant
concentrations
the
in
all
because
degradation
of
ponds
were
high
water
during
resulted
( m g / 1) n e a r
control
in
the
these
oxygen
bottom
as
high
(Figure
lowest
months.
levels
of
all
below
ponds.
WECO
CONTROL I
DEPTH (m)
CONTROL 2
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
1983
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV
1984
DATE
Figure
2.
Secchl
ponds.
disk v i s i b i li ty
Blackened area
I n t h e WECO a n d
denotes ice.
control
30n
■
WECO
CONTROL I
CONTROL 2
AUG SEP OCT NOV
1984
DATE
Figure
3.
Surface
ponds.
CemperaCure
In
Che
WECO a n d
concrol
M
o
DATE
Figure
4.
Surface d i s s o l v e d oxygen
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .
concentration
in
the
21
Similar
of
low
the
oxygen
WECO P o n d
Specific
intermediate
relatively
levels
in
to
those
constant
The
Control
Pond
I from
large
by
The
natural
increase
in
pond
decreasing
hardness
7)
and
as
total
the
twice
The a d d i t i o n
this
and
55
Sodium
the
with
-
by
the
the
Pond
8)
of
calcium
pit
probably
was
total
conductivity.
I
occurred
the
(Figure
same
increase
water
concentration
the
decreased
increased
mine
Th e
when
calcium
in
calcium
increased
in
conductivity
flooding
This
water
were
surface
Surface
of
mine
2
fluctuated
inflow
stayed
flooding.
of
Pond
2.
that
water
June
while
were
and
1984
bottom
1984.
conductivity
Pond
those
size,
except
ponds
October
trends
the
February
from
of
during
near
WECO P o n d
dilution
Control
(Figure
of p i t
pattern
in
the
was
which
of
pond
pond d e p th
water.
by a b o u t
2
time.
Dissolved
1984
the
Ma y a n d J u n e 1 9 8 4 .
caused
contained
m during
in
hardness,
WECO P o n d i n
in
and
Control
and
Control
magnesium
probably
In
found
control
followed
hardness
in
in
1983
runoff
6)
(Figure
was
1983
the
July
relationships
hardness
also
increases
by e v a p o r a t i o n .
reduced
ponds
in
despite
5 ).
18,
December
conductivities
(Figure
caused
were
sodium
( Na )
WECO p o n d
HO
mg N a / I
mg
was
Na/I.
sodium,
concentrations
was
measured
intermediate
Control
Ponds
respectively,
do
not
on
fluctuate
only
to
once.
the
I and
July
On J u l y
control
2 had
20
1,200
1984.
seasonally
(Wetzel
I 2000- ,
WECO
CONTROL I
10 0 0 0 -
CONDUCTIVITY (uohm s/
CONTROL 2
8000-
4000-
2000-
Flgure
5.
Surface
control
specific
ponds.
conductivity
In
the
WECO a n d
3000-,
TOTAL HARDNESS (mg CaCO3/1
WECO
CONTROL 1
2500-
CONTROL 2.
2000-
I500-
I OOO-
500-
Flgure
6.
Surface
ponds.
total
hardness
In
the
WECO a n d
control
3O O n
■
250-
0
\
WECO
•
CONTROL I
o
CONTROL Z
/
200-1
o>
E
2
3
S
<
°
150
iooH
ro
n --------- 1
AUG
1 98 3
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
1984
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
DATE
Figure
7.
Surface calcium
c o n t r o l ponds.
concentration
in
the
WECO
and
OCT
NOV
450-,
■
WECO
400-
•
CONTROL 1
/
r '
350-
o
CONTROL 2
/
Z
300(J)
E
z
O
(Z)
Ul
250200-
Z
O
<
3
150-
ro
Vi
100 50-1
. -O “ ° “ "O -O -O -O - “ “ " “ "0
0AUG
1983
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
1984
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
DATE
Figure
8•
Surface
c on t r o I
magnesium
ponds.
concentration
In
the
WECO a n d
NOV
26
1975),
therefore,
especially
this
since
level
may
be
conductivities
representative,
were
near
average
in
mid-
July.
Surface
general
at
a
pattern
lower
were
pH v a l u e s
level.
lowest
April
-
in
July
lowest
depth
by
1984)
probably
2 m.
the
and
Surface
WECO P o n d
in
in
levels
June
as
m aterial.
plant
1975).
1984
Control
differed
in
July.
by
Pond
2,
the
I,
the
pond
( USCS
two
in
a
ponds.
pH e x c e e d e d
in C ontrol
pH
resulting
other
the
Their
the
raised
2 *s pH,
but
increased
Pond
that
9)
pH v a l u e ' s
precipitation
Pond
while
measured
Control
from
Control
the
( Figure
caused
storm
of
I
highest
probably
In
followed
Pond
potids,
and
nature
or
alkalinity
the
of
total
July.
Pond 2 i t
In
Control
fluctuations
carbon
Pond
ma y h a v e
(Figure
9.0
never
changed
2 the
been
in
the
April
the
ponds
had
and
declines
the spring
became
by
systems
the
probably
probably
pond
the
in
into
total
caused
All
in
carbonates
values
to
greater
10).
alkalinity
Pond I d u r i n g
Summer a l k a l i n i t y
added
generally
alkalinity
Total
photosynthesis
decay
was
controls
WECO P o n d a n d i n C o n t r o l
as
Ma y ,
June
summer,
total
than
highest
occurred
two
1975).
lowered
and
Control
pH w a s
acid
which
WECO P o n d
8 . 8.
exceeded
lowest
the
in
these
(Wetzel
WECO P o n d
for most of the
the
in
The
1 9 8 4 pH r e g i m e
In
April
after
the
those
In
rise
photosynthesis
was
of
in
plant
higher
(Wetzel
alkalinity
rainwater
dilution
IOn
WECO
CONTROL I
CONTROL 2
DATE
Figure
9.
Surface
pH I n
the
WECO a n d
control
ponds.
JOO-i
TOTAL ALKALINITY (mg C a C 0 3/l)
■
250-
WECO
•
CONTROL I
o
CONTROL 2
200
150-
IOO-I
50-
0JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV
1983
19Q4
DATE
Figure
10.
Surface
control
total alkalinity
ponds.
In
the
WECO a nd
29
and
variation
The
seasonal
trends
as
levels
were
alkalinity
uptake.
(Figure
were
Carbonate
ions
This
only
summer
and
fall.
alkalinity
total
11)
those
in
remained
to
Control
The i o n
related
can
to
only
occurred
in
Carbonate
its
except
be
present
the
levels
to th o se
intermediate
followed
that
the
summer
in
pH.
same
bicarbonate
in
Pond
Control
more
the
probably
were
near
2% of
the
2
in
the
WECO p o n d
control
(Figure
the
Pond
13).
as
were
although
closer
Sulfate
levels
Control
2 ponds,
conductivity
14).
and
In
potassium
to
1984
of
those
were
sulfates
in
the
increased.
since
and
positive
and
negative
ion
water
analysis
of
than
in
cation
chlorine
in
the
dominated
in
control
measured
Potassium
in
sodium
bicarbonate
not
inconsequential
less
unity.
respectively,
ponds
WECO a n d
I
percentage
intermediate
were
the
magnesium
(Figure
and
and
in
p o o l i n t h e WECO P o n d c o n t a i n e d
ponds
Chlorine
12)
constant
in
proportionally
was
(Figure
levels
those
nearly
ponds,
of
alkalinity
sulfate
increased
control
because
and
lower.
intermediate
Pond
carbonate
8.3.
probably
Surface
all
in
carbon
1 1 ) i n t h e WECO P o n d w e r e i n t e r m e d i a t e
controls,
but
12)
exceed
ponds
Bicarbonate
to
of
pH v a r i a t i o n .
study
(Figure
the
(Figure
pH v a l u e s
three
photosynthetic
concentrations
bicarbonate
when
in
the
were
WECO
ponds.
this
to
in
study
anion
but
ratios
about
I and
concentrations,
the
WECO p o n d
from
1981
80-|
WECO
CONTROL I
CONTROL 2
Figure
11.
Surface carbonate concentration
and c o n t r o l ponds .
in
the
WECO
300-,
WECO
O
CONTROL I
250 -
CONTROL 2
E 200-
-j
iso-
DATE
Figure
12.
Surface bicarbonate
and c o n t r o l ponds .
concentration
in
the
WECO
SOOO-i
>
—
/
/
Z
4000-
/
SULFATE (m g /I)
/
3000-
S
■
2000-
WECO
•
CONTROL I
o
CONTROL 2
W
ro
1000 -
■■■■■«■ Om■■■■■■■■■
oij
I
27
JUNE
1984
I
I
4
II
"I
2S
- O « ■ •■ ■ ■ ■ • O*
I
I
JULY
-o
I
I
29
AUGUST
J
SEPTEMBER
DATE
Figure
13.
Surface
control
sulfate
ponds.
concentration
in
the
WECO a n d
33
EZI C 0 3
E53 Ca
EZI Mg
(23 Na
Z 2 H C 03
S04
CONTROL 2
CONTROL 1
WECO
so
- IONS
i 'o o
+ IONS
PERCENT ION CONCENTRATION
Figure
14.
Percent
control
ion c o m p o s itio n
ponds.
in
the
WECO a n d
—i
IOO
34
-
1983
ions
(Western
were
found
Surface
Pond
the
Energy
in
Company
sim ilar
soluble
control
ponds
P O4 - P
reactive
September
and
the
-
1985).
Other
to
those
reported
PO^-P
levels
in
the
lo w e r and f l u c t u a t e d
(Figure
in
amounts
reactive
w ere 3 to 40 t i m e s
1979
15).
with
here.
WECO
less
th an in
The
declines
in
soluble
ponds
occurred
in
August
cattle
removal.
control
coincided
major
and
I n A u g u s t a n d S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 , t h e WECO P o n d a n d
Control
little
Pond
I had
sim iliar
NOg - N v a l u e s
16).
The
NOg-N
values
greater
than
those
in
(Figure
were 4 fold
August.
However,
they
by m i d - S e p t e m b e r
The
the
relationships
(Figure
began
levels
of
NHg-N
to
in
in
the
were
by
ponds
sim ilar
fluctuated
Control
other
decline
all
which
Pond
ponds
2
in e a rly
mid-August
were
to
and
sim ilar.
those
of
NOg-N
17).
Phytoplankton
Surface
Pond
was
phyto plankton
less
intermediate
the
2,
to
maximum
in the
in both
them
on
surface
in
all
productivity
accumulated
The
ponds
was
WECO P o n d
on
in
often
and
the
three
in
on
was
Pond
different
Control
bottom
(Table
of
3).
at
Pond
the
WECO
I and
Control
occurred
dates.
Pond
in
Phytoplankton
levels
Filamentous
Pond
lower
Control
sub-surface
I.
However,
8 and 4 t i m e s
productivity
greatest
in
on f o u r d a t e s a n d
dates
Control
maximum
but
production
controls
productivity
WECO P o n d t h a n
respectively.
August
the
than
primary
I
in
algae
resulting
in
2 0 0 -,
■
P 0 4 -P
(ug/|)
150-
WECO
•
CONTROL I
o
CONTROL 2
100 -
I
I
50-1
\
W
Ln
I
0- —
JUN JUL
1983
AUG
SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN
19 84
EEB MAR
APR MAY JUN
JUL
DATE
Figure
15.
S u r f a c e PO^- P c o n c e n t r a t i o n
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .
In
the
AUG
SEP OCT
SOn
4 0-
\
0)
3
30-
CO 2 0O
w
O'
I O-
v
--------------------------JO
I
15
C
AUGUST
1984
1
20
I
27
I
J
SEPTEMBER
DATE
Figure
16.
Surface
control
NO3 - N c o n c e n t r a t i o n
ponds.
In
the
WECO a n d
1000-1
WECO
ZX
CONTROL I
800-
O
CONTROL 2
NH3-N
(ug/l)
/
/
60 0 -
/
400-
200
I
10
10
- T
-
17
AUGUST
1984
SEPTEMBER
DATE
Figure
17.
Surface
control
NHy-N c o n c e n t r a t i o n
ponds.
In
the
WECO a n d
38
Table
3.
o
G r o s s p h y t o p l a n k t o n p r o d u c t i v i t y ( mg C Z mj Z h r )
d u r i n g I n c u b a t i o n I n WECO P o n d , C o n t r o l P o n d I
and C o n t r o l Pond 2 In 1983 and 1984.
WKCO
Cootro I I
0
I
2
3
51
15
19
32
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
0
I
2
3
68
0
0
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
0
I
2
3
14
22
20
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0
I
2
12
6
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0
I
2
3
23
21
8
0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
7/3/84
• od
7/11/84
0
I
2
3
I6
41
6
0
33
59
78
ND
ND
ND
ND
. ND
7/18/84
and
7/20/84
0
I
2
3
13
13
8
0
47
26
131
ND
56
I 8
ND
NO
8/1/84
and
8/6/84
0
I
2
3
93
78
60
0
77
67
246
ND
375
0
ND
ND
8/15/84
a nd
8/18/84
0
I
2
3
67
74
ND
48
372
235
0
ND
16
0
ND
ND
8/29/84
and
8/30/84
0
I
2
3
36
40
32
ND
733
315
17
ND
130
97
ND
ND
9/11/84
and
9/12/84
0
I
2
3
12
9
0
0
271
238
ND
ND
79
55
NO
ND
10/25/84
a od
10/26/84
0
I
2
21
20
20
93
19
ND
28
19
NO
Date
De pc h ( e )
9/9/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
2/4/84
6/13/84
ND ■ a o d e c o
Control
2
39
high
bottom
photosynthetic
Ma xi mum
integrated
WECO P o n d ,
Control
and
C/m^/hr,
562
Pond
mg
had
one
Control
after
Pond
while
Control
which
was
July,
Control
more
than
peaks
of
Control
Pond
166
Pond
df
in
greater
peaks,
large
these
and
that
of
ug/1
( u g / 1) ,
found
respectively
a exceeded
August,
of
and
daily
as
gross
26
-
28).
13 -
25% o f t h o s e
were
usually
between
indicate
substantial
that
amount
of
phytoplankton
give
an
accurate
picture
ponds.
chlorophyll
liter
147
do n o t
these
pond.
f ir s t
differences
a
alone
WECO
community
photosynthesis
ponds,
186
phytoplankton
for
per
chlorophyll,
These
the
trends
values
responsibile
surface
2,
than
the
occurred
tables
gross
188,
The
late
Net
same
Diel
community
rates
and
4).
were
in
sediment
in
bloom.
the
I
the
1984.
values
which
into
(Appendix,
estimates
productivity
micrograms
rates
August
18).
peaked
sp.
followed
(Table
and
are
The p e a k
August
pumped
VoIvox
rates.
photosynthesis
the
I
2 times
productivity
(Figure
early
was
and
Pond
i n t h e WECO P o n d w e r e o n l y
phytoplankton
12
by a
diel
Pond
macrophytes
Control
photosynthesis
rates
photosynthetic
of
I,
caused
productivity
in
in
water
photosynthetic
In
2 and
peak
July
photosynthesis
Pond 2 had two August
photosynthesis
hourly
gross
in
respectively,
major
immediately
In
Pond
rates
a^ i n
only
in
ug/1
about
Control
(Figure
10
the
19).
only
WECO P o n d
10% of
Pond
In
twice
was
the
I and
the
WECO
during
INTEGRATED PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ( m g C / m 2 )
WECO
O
Figure
18.
Integrated
gross primary p r o d u c tiv ity
t h e WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .
In
200-,
WECO
CONTROL I
150-
>-
CONTROL 2
100 -
14
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
) I
21
t
Il
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
1984
Figure
19.
S u r f a c e c h l o r o p h y l l a_ c o n c e n t r a t i o n
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d a .
In
the
42
Table
4.
G r o s s c o m m u n i t y p r o d u c t i o n ( mg C / m ^ / d a y ) f r o m
d I e I s a m p l i n g o n J u l y 3 I n t h e WECO p o n d a n d o n
J u l y 15 i n C o n t r o l P o n d I a n d n e t p h y t o p l a n k t o n
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s ( mg C / m ^ / d a y ) o n s i m i l a r d a t e s .
WECO
Depth
(m)
3460
400
I
790
410
3480
720
2
300
340
2270
1435
Both
of
pit.
these
Average
4 ug / I in the
of
2,
45
peaks
and
28
ug/I
I
average
1984
conductivity
salt
(Kerekes
1978,
than
were
Hammer
high
Nursall
1978).
is
Surface
a_ h a d
correlation
0.89
ponds
(Figure
all
is
20).
I and
from
were
Control
chlorophyll
this
pond
had
a
in
an
uohms/cm.
with
usually
1978,
primary
a_ l e v e l s
of
conductivities
typically
Barcia
chlorophyll
in
10,000
ponds
and
1966,
levels
water
with the average
Pond
because
near
uohms/cm
concentrations
and
Control
in
of
chlorophyll
surprising
a_ p r o d u c t i o n
3,000
in
The
Pond
greater
inflow
WECO P o n d a s c o m p a r e d
respectively.
Chlorophyll
followed
summer
Control
high
light/dark
I 60
levels
Pond
diel
860
mine
only
light/dark
I
0
I 984.
the
di eI
Control
inhibited
less
than
Haynes
and
productivity
coefficients
greater
by s u c h
10 u g / I
Hammer
and
than
43
IOOO-I
CONTROL POND I
mg C/m 3/h
CONTROL POND 2
r = . 9675
P VoIue=-OO 15
r=. 9 8 82
P VoIue=-OOOO
too
too
CHLOROPHYLL A (ug/l)
CHLOROPHYLL A (ug/l)
1000-1
mg C/m 3 / h r
WECO POND
ALL PONDS
SOO-
r=. 3 920
P Vclue=.0029
r = . 9447
P Value .0 000
CHLOROPHYLL A (ug/l)
Figure
20.
too
CHLOROPHYLL A (ug/l)
C o rre la tio n of surface chlorophyll
surface gross primary p ro d u ctiv ity
and c o n t r o l ponds.
a and
In the
WECO
44
Zooplankton
Seven
genera
genera
being
of
found
zooplankton
in
all
genera were taken only
was
lim ited
Table
5.
to
the
were
three
collected
ponds
(Table
i n t h e WECO P o n d ,
control
with
5).
four
Two
w h ile one genus
ponds.
L i s t o f common z o o p l a n k t o n g e n e r a f o u n d i n
WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s i n 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 4 .
the
Pond
Zooplankton
type
We c o
Control
I
Control
2
Genera
Cladocera
Bosmina
Daphnia
Copepoda
Cyclops
Mesocvclops
Rotatoria
Keratella
Copepoda
WECO P o n d ,
Control
These
Pond
while
Pond
forms
organisms
had
ponds,
highest
I
to
dominate
Rotatoria
37,
in
the
Control
numbers
of
it
all
Keratella
Keratella
Cladocera
2
42% o f
all
2.
Control
than
except
in
(Table
The
the
amounts
Pond
the
6).
total
ponds.
sim ilar
in
dominated
the
types
organisms,
form
respectively
respective
contained
Pond
Cyclops
Diaptomus
zooplankton
and
of
Daphnia
Ceriodaphnia
.Cyclops
Diaptomus
Pond
62,
zooplankton
that
and
Control
up
collected
less
the
and
made
except
Copepoda
were
Daphnia
Ceriodapnia
I had
WECO
control
of
the
C la d o c e ra
which
Table
6.
Me a n z o o p l a n k t o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( n u m b e r / m ^ )
f o r s i x sa m p le s ta k e n from A p r i l - O c to b e r
1 9 8 4 i n t h e WECO a n d c o n t r o l p o n d s .
Zoo p l a n k t o n
type
WECO
Control
I
Control
Cladocera
1,500
3,100
6 ,2 0 0
adult
2,600
4,800
2 ,0 0 0
nauplii
3,000
14,700
3,200
Rot a t o r i a
I , 100
8 0 , 800
3,400
Average
2 ,0 0 0
25,800
3,700
2
Copepoda
were
most
averages
29
-
concentrated
of
in
zooplankton
Control
data
are
2.
found
in
Seasonal
Appendix
Tables
3 1.
Largemouth
The
measured
largemouth
average
1981
Pond
bass
annual
(Table
and
in
the
7).
Scale
Back
their
in
showed
length
checks
lengths
during
showed
were in tr o d u c e d
the
was
on
scales
present.
from
For
the
of
greatest
the
first
fish
in Ju ly
g r o w t h was o b t a i n e d
calculation
Lee’s phenomenon
calculated
WECO P o n d
increase
2 0 mm l o n g w h e n t h e y
a b o u t 8 2% o f
back
Bass
were
1981,
year
in
about
so o n ly
i n t h e WECO P o n d .
older
example,
bass
the
indicated
size
at
46
Table
7.
Me a n t o t a l l e n g t h ( mm) a n d w e i g h t s ( g) o f
l a r g e r a o u t h b a s s i n WE CO p o n d w i t h s t a n d a r d
d e v ia tio n in p are n th esis.
An n u l u s
Year
class
I
2
1981
N
length
weight
48
114*
20*
77
169
54
( 6)
(19)
1984
N
length
weight
7
56*
2*
7
149
44
(10)
( 9)
1985
N
length
weight
15
65 ( 5 )
3 (I)
* Value
from
the second
estim ated
fish
back
June
for
a n d 1 4 8 mm f r o m
-
the
that
56
187 ( 5 6 )
73 ( 2 4 )
40
202 ( 5 )
104 ( 8 )
1981 y e a r c l a s s
t o b e 16 3 mm f r o m
indicated
4
the
age
2 fish,
o f b a s s was
1 5 6 mm f r o m
in
autumn
growing
season
Fifty-six
bass
1983
and
spring
for
these
had
an
of
18 7 mm a n d w e i g h t o f 7 3 g r a m s ( g )
1983.
In
June
length
and
1984,
g in
introduced
105
bass
averaged
bass
average
length
The
39
231 ( 1 3 )
160 ( 3 0 )
age
3
age 4 fis h .
made
September.
76
5
calculations.
annulus
Measurements
3
187
1984
was
total
in Septem ber
mm i n
total
weight.
bass
reproduced
in
from
1 984 a n d
1 985.
Examination
size
age
of
classes
groups.
mm i n
the
Bass
point
in
-
61,
had
134
0,
declined
respectively,
from
percent
of th is
biomass
can
be
I,
of
by
June
Table
8.
-
to
and
fish
June
the
of
and
1983.
in
represented
three
greater
and
1 984
than
Population
e s t !mate
9078
6127
6/83
6/84
116
of
bass
the
Mercury
from
levels
0.19
-
in
the
0.27
ug
591
475
adult
kg,
(Table
of
8).
about
Montana
Fifty
1,500
Department
Neither
establish
However,
I
crayfish
was
the
fathead
them s e l v e s
month a f t e r
seen
and
six
of
184
145
largemouth
averaged
(28)
(20)
bass
0.22
ug
Hg / g.
Species
minnows
during
the
of
Standing crop
(kg/ha)
(89)
(55)
Hg / g a n d
Prey
in
a n d 84% o f t h e c h a n g e i n
Biomass
( kg)
(1362)
( 852)
208
respectively.
biomass
removal
by p e r s o n n e l
Parks
three
4 annuli,
number
3,000
the
and
that
E s t i m a t e s of t h e numbers and s t a n d i n g c r o p s
l a r g e m o u t h b a s s i n t h e WECO p o n d w i t h
95% c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s i n p a r e n t h e s i s .
Date
to
164,
num erical decline
bass
W ildlife,
-
1985
and
1983
attributed
Fish,
substantiated
September
estimates
WECO P o n d
ranged
47
length
largemouth
annuli
sampled
total
The
scale
any
June
several
or
of
1984
fresh
the
the
crayfish
appeared
introductions.
introductions
crayfish
a
live
burrows
were
48
seen
in
September
minnows,
and
bioassay
test
4
1985.
( 10. 0%)
in
the
A total
crayfish
of
45
survived
( 9 2 %)
the
fathead
2 month
cage
WECO P o n d .
N
DISCUSSION
Drainage
potential
waters.
to
from
surface
alter
A mine
the
and
Dakota
sulfates
impoundments
(Gilley
et
sodium
on
a 1.
mineral
discharge
bicarbonate
more
coal
Montana
19 7 6 ) .
et
sodium
land
in
content
(Gregory
and
mined
in
mines
a 1.
in
However,
of
had
were
than
high
mine
waste
water.
control
ponds
sulfate,
and
only
major
in
The
water
quality
i n t h e WECO P o n d t h a n
only
25
caused
-
The
the
mine
13
three
fold
Colstrip
area
Canadian
lakes
Bierhuizen
Montana
lakes
in
or
study
and
study
intermediate
in
30% h i g h e r .
by
was
found
the
natural
higher
(Van
was
Voast
( Ra wson
Prepas
ponds
Manitoba
in
et
a 1.
may
of
water
19 7 7 )
and
Moore
1985).
also
( Barcia
the
concentrations
conductivity
typical
and
was
the
calcium,
were
ponds and
level
to
of
they
have
were
been
inputs.
difference
ponds
higher
control
This
magnesium,
the
as a
input
Carbonates
in
North
in
origin
WECO P o n d
were
of
s tockponds
periodic
conductivity,
the
six
the
concentrations.
that
in
from
average
sodium
ions
or
and
nearby
strip
pond
levels
found,in
by i t s
sediment
has
receiving
WECO P o n d w a s n o t o b v i o u s l y d e g r a d e d
mine
west
19 8 4 )
two
the
the
1944,
The
ionic
sim ilar
1978)
and
to
found
in
in
Barela
among
the
southwestern
1978,
composition
that
of
Saskatchewan
of
the
Canadian
( Ra w s o n
50
and
Moore
1944).
Although
basically
Ionic
Intermediate
phytoplankton
Pond.
was
25% o r
less
values
surface
than
10% o f
resulted
in
In
the
of
August
-
these
nutrient
that
in
the
However,
important
in
were
reactive
as
nitrogen
in
the
WECO P o n d
(Figure
the
1984
were
nitrogen
these
was
phosphorus
than
in
The
maxi mum
were
ponds.
the
101 and
less
This
may
WECO P o n d
levels.
or
phosphorus
blooms
can
of
of
be
ions.
inorganic
both
much
probably
than
the
by
Priscu
ions
lim itation.
control
less
1985).
estimated
phosphorus
in
typically
(Wetzel
phosphorus
lim itation
WECO P o n d .
higher
was
4),
ponds
10
in
(Table
9),
lim iting
ponds.
phosphorus
the
18).
control
and
ions
(Table
WECO P o n d
algal
indicative
ponds
productivity
N: P r a t i o s
inorganic
September
indicating
production
lim itation
considered
10
WE CO
nitrogen
nutrient
ponds,
the
in
and
were
in
levels
lakes,
control
control
the
WECO P o n d
less
phytoplankton
inorganic
than
Ratios
in
production
of
(1982)
greater
controls
the
the
usually
the
a_ v a l u e s
In
in
primary
found
lower
primary
a I.
in
low n u t r i e n t
An i n d i c a t i o n
which
in
was
that
freshwater
comparing
those
primary
lntegated
those
that
lim it
of
chlorophyll
indicate
et
surface
maximum
33% o f
to
production
Ma xi mum
while
concentrations
the
levels
The
other
which
was
probably
WECO P o n d
ponds,
were
had
only
had
also
N: P r a t i o s
soluble
about
3% o f
51
Table
9.
Ratios
of
dissolved
inorganic
NO g - N a n d
NH^ - N
t o d i s s o l v e d P O ^ - P i n s u r f a c e w a t e r o f t h e WECO
Pond and c o n t r o l p o n d s fr o m A u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r
1984.
Date
8 /1
8 /6
to
8/30
8/31
to
9/11
9/12
to
i n the
10.4
0.4
3.6
8 .0
1 .5
7.9
8.4
0.5
3.9
8 .8
0 .6
2.4
control
concentrations
productive
a and
which
Control
after
occasions.
The
influent
were
I
and
water
soluble
mid-summer
had
to
(Figure
17).
reactive
1984
those
peaked
was pumped
was
nitrogen
inorganic
sim iliar
production
concentrations
48% o f
indicating
in
Also,
in
from
PO^-P
the
the
ion
highly
chlorophyll
WECO P o n d
mine p i t s
level
25% h i g h e r
those
lower
found
of
Cladocera
in
the
secondary
reduced
Cladocera
are
Cladocera
an
control
bass
in
concentrations
important
in
the
in
on t wo
this
than
in
the
component
WECO P o n d
ponds,
production.
p r e s e n c e of age 0 la r g e m o u th
have
2
water.
The
24 -
in
ponds,
Pond
phytoplankton
immediately
pond
Control
I
to
8/15
8/18
those
Control
WECO
were
perhaps
However,
the
t h e WECO P o n d m a y
in
of
1984,
the
since
diet
of
small
bass
(Keasc
and
Despite
low
C l a do c e r a ,
the
population
with
19 8 4 .
Th i s
(Hackney
that
is
primary
an
northern
and
was
is
( He i d i n g e r
1975).
f ir s t
At a g e
year.
than
other
10).
This
was
With
the
were
shorter
all
than
other
and
probably
exception
the
New
for
but
first
bass
of
crop
96
of
145 k g / ha
-
York
in
bass
149
k g / ha
farm
range
ponds.
at
least
length
due
to
South
due
slow
Dakota
to
reproduction
their
250
do
of
not
mm l o n g
of
WE CO P o n d
growth
were 4 -
at
their
6 6 mm l o n g e r
populations
size
bass
after
at
(Table
release.
the
Three
Forks
population,
in
other
Great
Plains
bass
of
bass
generally
I WECO P o n d b a s s
Montana,
densities
largemouth
to
shorter
probably
low
r e p r o d u c e d a t a g e 4 w h e n 2 0 0 mm
become
The
was
for
five
age
bass,
they
reproduction
at
f ir s t
a common
until
standing
sim ilar
in
and
a largemouth
high
found
largemouth
reproduce
had
estimated
(1963)
Four
production
WECO P o n d
WECO P o n d b a s s
long.
1985).
considered
1975)
Regie r
Eadie
they
populations
ages.
T h e s l o w g r o w t h o f b a s s i n t h e WECO P o n d p r o b a b l y w a s
caused
by
high
Cooper
et
a I . (1 9 6 3 ) .
the
WECO P o n d ,
and
Thoreson
were
s till
Dakota
pond
stocking
compared
19 5 2 ,
1,900
Over
and
such
3,000
with
Cooper
adult
( Modde
densities,
et
bass
Stone
as
bass/ha
was
were
the
recommended
a 1.
1963).
per
ha.
1980)
By
Bass
with
in
found
stocked
247/ha
1984
a
by
in
(Brown
there
South
a density
of
341
53
fish/ha
Pond
exhibited
bass
1. 6
(Table
productivity
times
10),
and
faster
however
climate
growth
rate
differences
also
may h a v e
in
than
WECO
pond
influenced
growth
rates.
Table
10.
T h e t o t a l l e n g t h s ( mm) a t a g e s f o r l a r g e m o u t h
b a s s i n t h e WECO P o n d a n d o t h e r w a t e r s i n
Montana and South Dakota.
Ag e
I
2
3
4
5-
114
I 69
187
202
231
Tongue R i v e r R e s e r v o i r ,
MT ( P e n k a I 1 9 7 7 )
81
I 89
264
264
354
R a n c h P o n d s , MT
( Br o wn a n d Th o r e s o n ,
51
163
261
274
T h r e e F o r k s P o n d s , MT
(Brown an d L o g a n 1 9 5 2 )
48
96
145
196
251
J o n e s C o u n t y P o n d , SD
( Modde a n d S t o n e 1 9 8 0 )
HO
228
256
336
384
Study
site
WECO P o n d ,
MT
The g r o w t h
greater
Stone
if
o f t h e WECO P o n d b a s s m a y h a v e b e e n
sufficient
and
Modde
(1982)
in
South
Dakota
faster
However,
fathead
the
benefits
minnow,
crysoleucas) ,
not
19 5 2 )
clearcut.
the
and
The
forage
fish
had
found
that
largemouth
when
of
prey
golden
the
fathead
fish
shiner
bluegill
first
two
been
minnows
species
stocked
bass
were
such
first.
grew
present.
as
the
(NotemIgonus
(Lepomis
species
can
m acrochir u s ) are
be
eliminated
by
54
bass
predation
Stone
and
(Regier
Mo d d e
overabundant
1982),
and
and
Modde
1982).
Stone
and
Mo d d e
(1982)
alone
had
sim ilar
forage
High
sediment
for
levels
pond
Hg/g
which
in
metals
et
is
accumulation
health
cited
0.22
ug
in
with
in
water
have
largemouth
bass
though
soluble
indicate
and
that
improve
to
those
stocked
a
Montana
1980).
the
bass
Hg/g.
of
pike
accumulated
Although
WECO P o n d ,
occupying
Fish
tissue
unpolluted
and
WECO P o n d
pond
coal
Cumbie
bass
total
that
pond
with
less
water
1977),
so
not
appear
does
to
problem.
pond
low
and
stocked
Northern
in
Abernathy
Management
sediment
(1967)
bass
from
(Phillips
indicative
mercury
Ponds
1967,
that
sediment
largemouth
1972
a
that
six
of
Hg/g
1979).
evaluated
averaged
ug
a 1.
water
not
(Holden
be
McCrimmon
survival
received
3 months
were
levels
0.5
1967,
become
McCrimmoh
reported
and
often
and
and
McCrimmon
of m ercury were found in the w a te rs of a
(Turbak
3 years
than
and
fish.
l u c i u s ) occupying
mercury
(Johnson
growth
( E s ox
heavy
bluegill
have
mine
ug
while
Johnson
strip
0.13
Johnson
stunted
Stone
with
1963,
quality
the
fisheries
with
reactive
growth
and
potential
fertilization
fish
Recommendations
to
rates,
like
produce
proper
PO^-P
may
depth
the
WECO
good
management.
levels
increase
in
the
pond
fertilization
Even
WECO P o n d
productivity
should
not
be
55
used
here.
Bail
indicate
that
strategy
because
fertilized
(1942)
such
enrichment
of
bass
stocking
desirable
sized
are
introduced,
be
promise.
they
bass
However,
should
and
be
study.
refuges,
It
such
due
not
also
as
harvest
size
placement
of
their
before
stands
of
management
more
sediment
drainage
are
the
of
would
States
Colstrip
needed
the
to
is
area
Conservation
supplemental
later
water
pumped
prey
the
as
follow
ha,
so
species
most
to
predation
they
by
Stone
were
to i n s u r e
aquatic
in
that
macrophytes
prey
are
bass
to
reach
are
to
be
that
critical.
will
They
have
1215
a
be
natural
runoff
than 5 m throughout
1234
ha
of
Service,
from
should
enough
approximately
provide
about
If
per
recommended
m^
WECO P o n d ( 3 . 2 h a w i t h
require
Soil
ponds
bass
show
as
ponds
is g reater
6 m)
northern
quickly.
pond d e p th
the
247
may a l l o w
which
size
in
should
suseptibility
3 years
watersheds
In
of
bass
placed
year.
management
ponds
minnows
to
insure
(1953)
problem
produced.
converted
to
a
may be w o r t h w h i l e
desirable
fish
be
to
dense
prey
density
2 -
Such
in
been
sediment
fathead
present.
The
Logan
may be a p o o r
has
in
will
stocked
Mo d d e ( 1 9 8 2 ) ,
this
and
ponds.
recommended
to
Brown
w interkill
Introduction
the
and
of
16
-
ha
run-off.
of
A pond
a maximum d e p t h of
drainage
area
unpublished).
the
20
the
(United
Without
mine,
the
WECO P o n d
size
and
depth
i
would
have
been
severely
reduced
in
during
56
this
study,
suggesting
insufficient
to
ceases.
Even
sediment
ponds
since
only
about
and
to
and
prohibited
only
areas
uncontrolled
will
be
This
process
time
frame
be
more
now
can
the
resources
in
encouraged
to
hold
the
the
fishable
ponds
at
reduced
provide
between
Western
achieve
this
that
Energy
end.
least
in
access
companies
fishing
has
been
pond.
the
Mining
more
such
these
events
facilities
land
is
released.
Hopefully,
reclaimed
Montana.
section
Safety
this
future.
increased
public,
to
WECO h a s
10 y e a r s .
the
the
its
the
that
pond.
public
derby
that
likely
needed
Mine
pond.
when
management
fishing
in
so
public
southeastern
by
fishing
the
correct
welcomed
to
on
takes
can
access
ponds
the
lim it
Consequently
public
seems
is
releases
fishing
to
be
ponds
state
mining
up-drainage
into
Current
rules
be
estimated
ponds
them.
( MSHA)
the
fishing
available
sediment
from
of
this
drain
fishing
childrens
public
should
develops
then
liab ilities.
authorized
With
mine
until
supervised
companies
and
to
Energy
may
after
removal
(unpublished)
will
benefits
mining
A closely
acres
run-off
population
by W e s t e r n
Adm inistration
reclaimed
natural
a bass
Company
access
full
Health
bond
ha
its
post-mining
planned
143
the
the
Energy
Increased
obtain
maintain
with
Western
that
strip
warmwater
This
Company a n d
the
the
fishing
addition
considering
of
mine
state.
state
the
would
be
few
Cooperation
agencies
can
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_________________
College
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AP PENDI X
64
Table
11.
W ater c l a r i t y , t e m p e r a t u r e , and d i s s o l v e d
o x y g e n ( D. O . ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e a n d
b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m t h e WECO P o n d .
Date
Secchi
( m)
disk
Temperature
( C)
0
( m)
6/22/83
7/7/83
7/21/83
8/3/83
8/16/83
8/31/83
9/13/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
12/15/83
2/24/84
4/13/84
5/11/84
6/13/84
7/3/84'
7/18/84
8/1/84
8/15/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
10/26/84
3. 7
4.7
4. 2
4.0
3 .8
Me a n
2.4
ND = no
2.0
1. 8
1.0
0.8
ice
0.2
0.5
0 .9
1.7
4.7
5.0
2. 2
1.6
2.0
4.3
I -. 3
data
15.0
2 3.5
23.0
26.0
23. 2
23.0
17.0
10. 3
4.0
1.5
I . 7
D. 0 .
( mg / I )
4-5
( m)
0
( m)
4-5
(m )
12.0
10.4
9.7
7. 5
7.3
9.7
7.8
6.8
18.0
20. 7
23.5
22.6
24.1
24 . 3
24.8
2 0 .7
16. I
4.8
22.8
22.0
15.3
10,. 3
3. 9
4.0
4.9
7.8
5. I
9.5
12. 4
14.8
20.5
19.7
20.2
15.9
4 .6
6.6
8.5
8.4
6.2
11.1
10.0
10. 6
10.3
11.1
8.7
9.2
6.3
7.0
8 . 8,
11.4
1.6
2. 2
ND
5. I
8.0
8.4
2. 2
0.0
10.2
7.9
7.0
10.0
11.8
1.4
0. 0
6.4
8.3
11.2
16,. 3
13.7
8.5
6.2
8.0
13.6
15.4
4.5
4.6
65
Table
12.
Date
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e and c a r b o n a t e a l k a l i n i t y
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s I n s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s
f r o m t h e WECO p o n d .
Total a lk a lin ity
( mg C a C O g / I )
HCOg a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C O g / I )
0
COg a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C Og / I )
0
( m)
4-5
( m)
( m)
4-5
( m)
( m)
136
31
35
55
40
46
44
46
40
46
32
0
4-5
( m)
6/22/83
7/7/83
7 /21/83
8/3/83
8/31/83
9/13/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
12/15/83
2/24/84
4/13/84
5/11/84
6/13/84
7/3/84
7/18/84
8/1/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
10/26/84
73
63
79
83
156
71
81
87
33
17
35
37
120
144
I 67
178
2 04
154
300
281
200
I 14
105
150
172
170
155
121
144
I 69
178
188
230
300
311
200
250
190
133
173
168
154
144
I 67
178
204
154
300
281
I 60
60
49
94
140
116
95
121
144 '
I 69
178
188
230
300
311
172
236
162
105
161
122
94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
54
56
56
32
54
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
14
28
28
24
46
60
Me a n
154
174
126
157
28
18
120
20
66
Table
13.
T o t a l h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m , and m a g n e s i u m
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f rom s u r f a c e and b o t t o m
i n t h e WE CO p o n d .
Date
T o t a I ha r d n e s s
( mg Ca CO g / I )
O
( m)
6/22/83
7/7 /83
7/21/83
8/3/83
8/16/83
8/31/83
9/13/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
12/15/83
2/24/84
4/13/84
5/11/84
6/13/84
7/3/84
7/18/84
8/1/84
8/15/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
10/26/84
Me a n
ND = n o d a t a
4-5
( m)
Calcium
( m g / 1)
O
( m)
4-5
( m)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
70
78
89
90
103
78
800
839
880
906
968
1044
845
82 7
857
920
965
1027
1110
1160
1185
1335
8 65
930
820
760
680
700
7 80
840
860
888
900
1110
1160
1180
1293
1395
930
890
760
860
7 85
7 80
8 40
860
888
900
120
111
82
45
44
59
72
65
63
56
917
9 56
76
,
samples
M a g n e s i urn
( m g / 1)
O
( m)
4-5
( m)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
68
79
87
90
104
HO
120
113
81
TOO
75
50
72
65
63
57
211
222
228
232
262
163
153
131
135
138
143
154
160
170
177
185
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
208
83
179
222
230
2 30
251
272
153
150
135
149
145
159
160
170
177
185
187
67
C o n d u c t i v i t y , PO 4 - P , pH v a l u e s f o r s u r f a c e
a n d b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m t h e WECO P o n d .
Date
Conductivity
( u o h m s / cm)
0
( m)
3
3
4
3
4
3
5
7
5
9. 3
9.5
9.5
9.4
ND
2
8
ND
5
15
10
ND
ND
ND
10
5
5
5
5
5
ND
8.2
8.2
8.3
8. 3
7.8
8. 0
8.2
7.8
8.5
9.2
9.3
9. I
8.6
8.7
9.0
9. I
8. 9
9.3
9.4
8.6
ND
7.9
8.2
8.2
8. 3
7.8
7.4
8.2
7.9
8.5
8.4
9.3
8.8
8.3
8.6
8 .9
9. I
6
8. 6
( m)
6/22/83
7/7/83
7 /2 1/83
8/3/83
8/16/83
8/31/83
9/13/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
12/15/83
2/24/84
4/13/84
5/11/84
6/13/84
7/3/84
7/18/84
8/1/84
8/15/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
10/26/84
I 710
17 10
2280
2520
2 750
2950
2340
3100
3280
3250
2460
1720
1740
2250
23 70
2690
2570
2810
304 0
3280
3160
3510
2 1 00
1930
1800
1700
1670
1700
2000
2050
2000
2250
2100
2160
1840
1930
1660
I 660
2010
2010
2000
2280
2
3
4
5
7
5
ND
ND
ND
5
5
5
5
6
5
ND
Me a n
1920
I 940
5
ND
no d a t a
,
0
4-5
Cm)
B
4-5
( m)
pH
QO
0
( m)
PO 4 - P
( ug/I)
2
I
14.
w Vi
Table
68
Table
15.
Sulfate,,
surface
Date
NO ^ - N a n d
and
bottom
SO 4
( m g / 1)
NO 3 - N
( ug/I)
the
In
WECO P o n d .
NH3- N
(ug/I)
0
( m)
750
850
750
750
800
800
, 800
ND
ND
ND
12
8
7
6
ND
ND
ND
40
32
37
36
780
8
36
6/13/84
7/3/84
7/18/84
8/1/84
8/15/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
7 50
750
750
750
800
850
800
Me a n
780
data
from
0
5
( m)
no
concentrations
samples
( m)
0
( m)
ND
NH^ - N
69
Table
16-
Water c I a r I y , t e m p e r a t u r e , and d i s s o l v e d
o x y g e n ( D. 0 . ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e a n d
b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m C o n t r o l P ond I.
Date
Secchi disk
( m)
0
( m)
7/5/83
7/26/83
8/9/83
9/13/83
11/19/83
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
Me a n
ND = n o d a t a
D. 0 .
( mg / I )
Temperature
( C)
2.?
2.8
2 .4
3.5
3.0
2.2
2.5
2.1
2. 6
1.9
0 .9
0.6
0 .5
1.5
22.0
14.9
3.2
8.8
20.8
20.0
23.0
22.8
21. 5
18.1
12.8
4.2
2. I
I 6. 8
20.5
23.4
2-3
Cm)
17.0
17.8
20. 3
14.6
3. 2
8.2
20.0
19.2
21.5
21.5
20. I
17.2
12.5
4.1
15. 5
0
( m)
9. 7
7.1
I . 6
4.0
8. I
8.5
6.5
5.0
6.3
2.7
5.4
7.0
7.8
2-3
( m)
4.4
0.4
8.8
0.0
4.0
ND
8. 5
6. 5
2.0
2.7
2.7
0.4
3.4
ND
8.7
6. 3
3.6
Table
17.
Date
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e , and c a r b o n a t e a l k a l i n i t y
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s
f r o m C o n t r o l Po n d I .
Total a lk a lin ity
( mg C a C O g / I )
0
( m)
7/5/83
7/26/83
8/9/83
9/13/83
11/19/83
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
Me a n
91
105
126
136
132
180
117
112
118
127
130
146
I 66
158
132
2-3
( m)
I 95
138
150
137
132
180
113
113
120
130
117
146
I 66
155
142
HCO^ a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C 0 g / l )
COg a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C 0 g / l )
0
2-3
0
2-3
( m)
( m)
( m)
( m)
I 95
58
76
44
44
40
33
29
82
92
92
180
39
46
46
67
66
80
98
102
75
0
102
118
93
96
180
43
47
56
70
69
96.
106
107
66
72
60
64
66
68
56
66
64
60
48
50
60
48
98
57
44
36
32
44
36
0
78
0
.
70
71
Table
18.
Date
7/5/83
7/26/83
8 /9 /83
9/13/83
11/19/83
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
Me a n
ND = no
Total
h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m , and magnesium
concentrations in surface and bottom samples
in the Control Pond I.
Total hardness
( mg CaCO 3 / I )
Ca l c i urn
( m g / 1)
0
0
( m)
2-3
, ( m)
( m)
1050
1170
1240
1405
147 0,
1535
1700
1810
195 5
2165
2190
2310
2450 .
2 56 5
1300
I 155
1240
1405
1475
15 35
1700
1820
1955
2165
2300
2310
2450
2565
ND
ND
ND
I 79
180
I 93
195
205
227
252
260
278
288
300
1790
1810
232
data
,
Magnesium
( m g / 1)
2-3
( m)
0
( m)
2-3
( m)
ND
ND
ND
179
183
I 92
195
205
227
252
274
2 74
2 86
306
ND
ND
ND
233
248
2 56
294
315
338
372
376
3 94
421
440
ND
ND
ND
233
247
2 56
294
315
338
372
392
394
421
440
234
335
'
336
72
Table
19.
C o n d u c t i v i t y , PO4 - P , a n d pH v a l u e s f r o m
s u r f a c e a n d b o t t o m s a m p l e s i n C o n t r o l Po n d
Date
0
Mean
ND
pH
0
( m)
2-3
( m)
0
( m)
2-3
( m)
42
30
64
160
7.5
8.9
12000
10000
1 0 7 00
10880
11400
11900
102
77
40
ND
ND
140
170
200
31
60
90
ND
101
75
40
ND
ND
80
100
200
104
82
80
ND
9.4
9.7
9. I
8.9
8 .7
7.8
9. 3
9.4
9.4
9.2
9. I
9.2
9. 2
9.0
8.8
8.9
8.8
7.7
9. 3
9.4
9.2
9. I
8.8
9.1
9.0
9.0
7810
7970
89
99
8. 3
( m)
7/5/83
7/26/83
8/9 /83
9/13/83
11/19/83
4/14/84
6/22/84
7 /6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
P O4 - P
(ug/l)
CO
Conductivity
( u h o m s / c m)
I.
3000
4100
5030
6130
5850
5850
8420
8420
9040
9800
10300
10880
10530
= no d a t a
2-3
( m)
3500
4100
5260
5 7 90
5620
6080
8420
8780
9130
73
Table
20.
S u lfate, N O 3 -N and N H 3 -N c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in
s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s f r o m C o n t r o l Pond
S Q4
( mg / I )
Date
0
( m)
NO3 - N
( ug/ I)
NH 3 -N
(ug/I)
0
0
( m)
( m)
2-3
( m)
6/22/84
7 /6/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
3100
4200
4000
4200
4800
5000
3 400
4 200
4600
4200
5000
46 00
ND
ND
7
9
7
9
ND
ND
70
39
Me a n
4300
4400
8
43
ND = n o
Table
data
21.
W a te r c l a r i t y , t e m p e r a t u r e , and d i s s o l v e d
o x y g e n ( D. O. ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f r o m s u r f a c e
b o t t o m s a m p l e s i n t h e C o n t r o l P o n d 2.
Secchi disk
( m)
Date
Temper a t u r e
(C)
0
( m)
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
1 .4
0.1
0 .7
1.0
0 .3
0.8
0 .5
0.5
0 .6
Me a n
0.7
ND = no
22
41
data
2-3
(in)
27.4
23.9
8. 5
11.7
15. 5
22.9
23. 9
22.6
19.0
14.2
5.0
21.0
18.2
13.5
4.5
17.6
15.5
8.5
17.3
20.8
and
D. 0 .
(mg/I)
0
( m)
2-3
Cm)
9.2
3.4
2 .9
5.2
6. 3
4.7
7 .8
9.1
•1 1 . 3
9.2
0. 7
1. 5
0 .6
ND
4.5
7.6
8.5
ND
6.7
4.6
I.
74
Table
Date
22.
T o t a l , b i c a r b o n a t e and c a r b o n a t e a l k a l i n i t y
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s for s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s
f rom C o n t r o l P ond 2.
Total a lk a lin ity
( mg C a C 0 g / l )
0
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
Me a n
ND = n o
data
( m)
2-3
( m)
190
40
56
83
126
154
154
160
150
190
38
57
87
128
152
152
160
ND
124
120
HCOg a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C O g / I )
0
COg a l k a l i n i t y
( mg C a C O g / 1 )
0
2-3
( m)
( m)
2-3
( m)
I 90
42
56
83
126
154
132
147
132
I 90
38
57
87
128
152
136
144
ND
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
26
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
16
ND
118
116
7
I 6
( m)
Table
23.
T o t a l h a r d n e s s , c a l c i u m and magnesium
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s from s u r f a c e and bottom
f r o m C o n t r o l P o n d 2.
0
Cm)
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
Me a n
ND
Calcium
( mg/ I )
Total hardness
( mg C a C O g / l )
Date
no
2-3
( m)
0
( m)
M a g n e s l urn
( mg/I)
0
( m)
2-3
( m)
43
126
150
144
150
140
100
130
132
150
146
130
ND
76
22
26
31
37
42
38
38
ND
43
22
25
30
37
41
37
38
31
6
9
12
10
11
12
13
15
6
9
12
10
11
12
13
ND
153
154
43
39
14
14
368
84
99
120
data
365
82
77
2-3
( m)
samples
Table
24.
C o n d u c t i v i t y , PO4 - P a n d pH v a l u e s f r o m
s u r f a c e and b o t t o m s a m p l e s from C o n t r o l
Da t e
Conduct i v i t y
( uo hm s / c m)
0
.
Table
( m)
1400
490
480
550
575
650
69 0
670
700
14 00
400
480
560
575
650
670
660
ND
120
17
20
ND
690
674
104
Me a n
ND = n o
0
2-3
( m)
( m)
4/14/84
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
10/25/84
P O4 - P
( u g / 1)
ND
ND
I 60
160
150
Po n d 2.
pH
0
2-3
( m)
ND
ND
180
300
135
135
16
20
ND
125
( m)
7.8
6.7
6.8
7.0
7.9
7.7
8. 8
8.6
8.6
.7.2
data
25.
S u l f a t e , NO 2 - N a n d
I n C o n t r o l P o n d 2.
Date
0
2-3
( m)
6/22/84
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
180
150
160
150
150
150
150
145
150
150
150
130
160
150
Me a n
I 60
150
ND = n o d a t a
concentrations
NO3 - N
( u g / 1)
SO^
( mg/ 1D
( m)
NHo- N
•
NH3 - N
( u g / 1)
0
0
( m)
( m)
ND
ND
ND
4I
40
18
8
27
ND .
ND
ND
510
910
48
40
377
2-3
( m)
7.8
6 .4
6.9
6.5
7.9
7.4
8.7
8.5
ND
6.9
77
Table
26.
Net
Date
9/9/83
10/14/83
11/18/83
2/24/84
6/13/84
7/3/84
7/18/84
8/1 /84
8/15/84
8/29/84
9/12/84
10/25/84
Table
Integrated net
photosynthesis
Pond .
27.
Date
7/6/84
7/20/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/29/84
9/11/84
10/24/84
not
not
photosynthesis
82
20 6
188
measurable
356
272
161
1538
736
602
measurable
286
Integrated net
photosynthesis
Pond I .
Net
and g r o s s
r a t e s ( mg
and g r o s s
r a t e s ( mg
photosynthesis
952
1065
1230
3660
5245
2392
302
daily phytoplankton
C / m ^ / d a y ) i n t h e WECO
Gross
photosynthesis
585
35 3
200
not
not
measurable
356
856
266
1811
1732
916
measurable
358
daily phytoplankton
C/m^/day) in Control
Gross
photosynthesis
1125
1208
1620
3892
6216
3061
836
78
Table
28.
Date
7/18/84
8/6/84
8/18/84
8/30/84
9/11/84
Integrated.net
photosynthesis
Pond 2 .
Net
and g r o s s ’ d a l l y p h y t o p l a n k t o n
r a t e s ( mg C / m ^ / d a y ) I n C o n t r o l
photosynthesis
225
1575
48
943
650
Gross
photosynthesis
405
1875
70
1428
832
79
Table
29.
Seasonal concentrations of zooplankton
( n u m b e r / m ^ ) i n t h e WECO P o n d .
Season
S u mme r
(6/23 -
Cladocera
3200
(600-7500)
Copepoda
Adults
Naupli
5400
4400
(500-16300)
(100-7100)
Rotatoria
7 00
(100-1500)
Cladocera
0
Range
1984
5/11)
N = 2
S u mme r
(6/22 -
Me a n
1983
8/31)
N = 4
Spring
(4/14 -
Type
,Copepoda
Adults
Naupli
5600
5000
(0)
(3400-7700)
(5000)
Rotatoria
200
( 100- 200)
Cladocera
Cope p o d a
Adults
Naupli
2100
(700-1000)
2000
3400
(1100-3300)
(900-4700)
Rotatoria
4000
(800-4200)
Cladocera
1400
(600-2300)
1100
700
(800-1400)
(400-1000)
1984
7/18)
N = 3
F a l l 1984
(9/12 - 10/25)
N = 2
Copepoda
Adults
Naupli
Rotatoria
100
( 100)
80
Table
30-
Seasonal concentration
( num be r / m ^ ) i n C o n t r o l
Type
Season
S u mme r
(7/5 -
of zooplankton
P o n d I-
Me a n
Ra n g e
1983
8/9)
Cladocera
N = 3
Cope p o d a
adults
naupli
700
(500-1000)
3800
8700
(500-8400)
(2700-19600)
Rotatoria
18500
(200-40000)
Cladocera
5800
Cope p o d a
adults
naupli
2200
9800
Rotatoria
5000
Cladocera
3300
(1800-5000)
Copepoda
adults
naupli
6500
9800
(3800-10000)
(4400-19800)
Rotatoria
1 9500
(800-30100)
Cladocera
2100
S p r i n g 1984
(4/14)
N = I
S u mme r 1 9 8 4
(6/22 - 8/18)
N = 3
F a l l 1984
(9/12 - 10/25)
N = 2
Copepoda
adults
naupli
Rotatoria
6 300
15800
207600
(300-3900)
(5000-7600)
(5300-26300)
(17100-398000)
81
Table
31.
Seasonal concentrations of zooplankton
( n u m b e r / m^) i n C o n t r o l P o n d 2.
Season
Type
Me a n
Cladocera
I 900
Co p e p o d a '
adults
naupli
3800
Rotatoria
7800
Cladocera
9200
(100-30200)
Cope po d a
adults
naupli
1300
3800
(500-3300)
(1000-6000)
Rotatoria
2300
(200-5000)
Cladocera
100
Range
S p r i n g 1984
(4/14)
N = I
200
S u mme r 1 9 8 4
(7/11 - 8/18)
N = 3
F a l l 1984
(9/12 - 10/25)
N = 2
( 100)
Cope p o d a
adults naupli
3600
I 900
(2300-4800)
(1000-3400)
Rotatoria
I 600
(200-3100)
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBR AR IES
^
StkS The water quality and fishery resource i
3 1762 00514883 6
N37R
T31
c o p .2
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T ew s, Anne E l i z a b e t h
The w a t e r n u a T i t y and
f i s h e r y r e s o u r c e in a . . .
I M U l D TO
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con. 2