Early ethanol exposure in artificially-reared rats
by Beatrice S Fisher
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Psychology
Montana State University
© Copyright by Beatrice S Fisher (1986)
Abstract:
The effects of early ethanol exposure on rat pup development and behavior, and later ethanol
preference were examined. Artificial-rearing was used to determine the specific effects of alcohol apart
from nutritional deficits. Reflex measures were used to assess the acute effects of alcohol on
psychomotor development, and two-bottle preference tests were used to determine long-term effects of
early alcohol expsoure on later alcohol preference.
Rat pups were found to be affected by ethanol exposure to varying degrees on the reflex tests. Growth
rates were normal for all artificially-reared animals, regardless of whether or not they were exposed to
alcohol. The effect of early ethanol exposure on later ethanol preference was not definitive, however
results were suggestive of later increased preference for ethanol following early exposure.
Cataracts seen in artificial ly-reared animals were found to occur significantly more often in alcohol
exposed animals than in controls. EARLY
ETHANOL
EXPOSURE
ARTIFICIALLY-REARED
IN
RATS
by
Bea t r i c e
S.
Fisher
A t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d in p a r t i a l
fulfillment
of t he r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t he d e g r e e
.
Master
of
Science
in
Psychology
MONTANA STATE U N I V E R S I T Y
Boz e ma n, Mont ana
April
1986
APPROVAL
of
a
thesis
Beatrice
submitted
S.
by
Fisher
T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h me mb e r o f t h e
t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e a n d h a s b e e n f o u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y
r e g a r d i n g c o n t e n t , E n g l i s h usage,
format, c i t a t i o n s , bib ­
liographic style,
and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s r e a d y f o r
s u b m i s s i o n t o t he C o l l e g e of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s .
Date
Approved
for
the
Major
Head,
Approved
Date
for
the
College
Department
Major
of
Graduate
Department
Graduate
De a n
Studies
i t i
STATEMENT
In
t he
presenting
requirements
University,
able
to
I
quotations
source
agree
f rom
permission,
is
or
of
in
under
this
for
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absence,
t he
opinion
for
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ial
in
without
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t he
that
partial
degree
Library
rules
thesis
in
of
are
TO USE
at
Mont ana
shall
t he
make
Library.
a l l o w a bIe
accurate
fulfillment
it
of
State
avail­
Brief
without
a ck n o wl e d g me n t
special
of
ma d e .
this
his
thesis
a master's
provided
Per mi ssi on
tion
this
for
borrowers
OF P ERMI SS I ON
of
this
may
by
purposes.
my w r i t t e n
for
be
t he
either,
thesis
/
extensive
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granted
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t he
of
permission.
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copying
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professor,
whe n,
material
t he
be
in
is
mater­
a l l owe d
v.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I
woul d
everyone
who
reality.
wer e
has
The
their
Dr .
staff
of
support
and
research.
generous
this
help
supply
MONTS
program
J a mi e
Diaz,
of
to
truly
learning
to
t he
and
wa y s
for
bolts"
invaluable.
of
my
Thank
t he
to
thank
my
husband
you
highest
all,
for
this
real
t he
of
this
hi s
advice.
A special
Gr o u p
Wa s h i n g t o n
this
enthusiatic
for
A special
of
thank
aspects
Resear ch
of
commi t t ee.
t he
their
Pade n
valuable
to
was
a
me mbe r s
my
like
artificial-rearing
like
success
of
to
people
editing
head
Chuc k
of
project
many
t he
woul d
support.
especially
experience
Dr .
University
I woul d
been
t he
Bio-Medical
their
Finally,
support
also
gratitude
c ommi t t ee
i n many
"nut
pups,
t he
to
of
t he
on
and
in
a nd
guidance
I
thesis
in
my
t he
t he
for
thank
Cent er
thanks
of
factors
thanks
sincere
support
Resour ce
training
l ove
a nd
work.
in
Also,
to
my
this
and
support
A n i ma l
a c k n o wl e d g me n t
lent
advice
whos e
of
t he
t o ma ke
like
A special
Lynch
foundation
express
contributing
valuable
Wes
helped
I woul d
manuscript.
to
e nc our a ge me nt
essential
research.
like
and
thanks
for
t he
to
his
Dr .
excel­
procedures.
family
whos e
this
quality.
for
their
support
has
been
has
a
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V I T A ........................................................................... ..................................................................i v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................
v
LI ST
OF Fl GURES......................................................................................................... v i I I
LI ST
OF T A B L E S ..................................................................................................................I x
ABS T RACT .......................................................................................................................................x
I NTRODUCT I O N . . . ................................................................................................................. I
A r t i f i c i a l R e a r i n g .......................................................................................... 2
B r a i n D e v e l o p m e n t .............................................................................................3
E f f e c t s o f E a r l y E t h a n o l E x p o s u r e .................................................4
E a r l y Ethanol Ex p o s u r e - L a t e r Ethanol P r e f e r e n c e . . . .5
METHOD............................................................................................................
10
Ma t e r i a I s ........... .........................................................
10
S u r g i c a l P r o c e d u r e ........................................................................................11
D a i l y M a i n t e n a n c e .......................................................................................... 15
E t h a n o l E x p o s u r e . , ................................................
19
E x p e r i m e n t s 6 - 9 ................................................................................................20
R e f l e x M e a s u r e s . . . . ; ..........................................................
22
B r a i n M e a s u r e s .................................................................................................. 22
A l c o h o l T e s t i n g .....................................................................
23
R E S U L T S ...................................................................................................................................... 25
G r o w t h R a t e s ........................................................................................................25
N e g a t i v e G e o t a x i s ..............................
27
E t h a n o l P r e f e r e n c e ............................................ . . . . ; ........................ , 3 2
B r a i n W e i g h t / B o d y W e i g h t R a t i o s ................................................... 37
C a t a r a c t s ..............................................................................................
37
vi i
TABLE OF CONT E NT S - C o n t i n u e d
D I SCUSS I O N .............................................................................................................................. 39
Gr o w t h .........................................................................................................................39
P o s t n a t a l B e h a v i o r & Gr oss N e u r o l o g i c a l
D e v e l opme n t .............................................................................................41
C a t a r a c t s ...........................................................................................
43
E t h a n o l P r e f e r e n c e ..........................................................
44.
F u t u r e C o n s i d e r a t i o n s . . . .......................................................................48
B I B L I OGRAPHY
50
viii
LI ST
OF FI GURES
Figure
Page
1
P h o t o g r a p h s of e q u i p m e n t and
us e d i n a r t i f i c i a l l y r e a r i n g
procedure
r a t p u p s ........................ 16
2
Gr owt h
rates
for
Gr o u p s
1 - 2 - 3 ..............................................26
3
Gr owt h
rates
for
Gr o u p s
4 - 5 ......................................
4
N e g a t i v e G e o t a x i s r e s u l t s f or
Gr o u p s 4 - 5 .................................................................................................. 29
5
N e g a t i v e G e o t a x i s r e s u l t s f or
Gr o u p s 8 - 9 .......................................................
28
31
6
Et hanol Consumpt i on- - Gr oups 2-5
CCo mb i n e d ) .................................................................................................. 33
7
Wa t e r C o n s u m p t I o n - - G r o u p s
CComb i n e d ) ...................................
8
Ethanol
& Wa t e r
2-5
Consumpt i on- - Gr oup
34
5 ...........................36
ix
LI ST
OF TABLES
Table
Page
1
For mul a
rearing
i n g r e d i e n t s for a r t i f i c i a l
d i e t ............................................................................................. 17
2
D a i l y Amo u n t s o f F o r m u l a us e d
artificial
r e a r i n g ...........................
in
....18
ABSTRACT
The e f f e c t s o f e a r l y e t h a n o l e x p o s u r e on r a t pup
d e v e l o p m e n t and b e h a v i o r , and l a t e r e t h a n o l p r e f e r e n c e
wer e e x a mi n e d .
A r t i f i c i a l - r e a r i n g was us e d t o d e t e r m i n e
t he s p e c i f i c e f f e c t s of a l c o h o l a p a r t f r om n u t r i t i o n a l
deficits.
R e f l e x m e a s u r e s w e r e us e d t o a s s e s s t h e a c u t e
e f f e c t s of a l c o h o l on p s y c h o m o t o r d e v e l o p m e n t , and t w o b o t t l e p r e f e r e n c e t e s t s we r e used t o d e t e r m i n e l o n g - t e r m
e f f e c t s o f e a r l y a l c o h o l e x p S o u r e on l a t e r a l c o h o l
preference.
Ra t pups w e r e f o u n d t o be a f f e c t e d by e t h a n o l
e x p o s u r e t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s on t h e r e f l e x t e s t s .
Gr owt h
r a t e s w e r e n o r ma l f o r a l l a r t i f i c i a l l y - r e a r e d a n i m a l s ,
r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r or n o t t h e y w e r e e x p o s e d t o a l c o h o l .
The e f f e c t o f e a r l y e t h a n o l e x p o s u r e on l a t e r e t h a n o l
p r e f e r e n c e was n o t d e f i n i t i v e , h o we v e r r e s u l t s w e r e
s u g g e s t i v e of l a t e r
increased pr e f e r enc e for ethanol
f o l l o w i n g e a r l y exposure.
C a t a r a c t s seen in a r t i f i c i a l l y - r e a r e d
f o u n d t o o c c u r s i g n i f i c a n t l y mo r e o f t e n i n
a n i ma l s t han in c o n t r o l s .
ani mal s
alcohol
we r e
exposed
I
I NTRODUCTI ON
In
1973
J o ne s
constellation
bor n
to
These
t he
(I)
of
mot he r s
who
Al cohol
The
diagnosis
t he
S y n d r o me
of
nervous
and
FAS
Central
by
early
ethanol
exposure
in
FAS
research.
deficits.
diagnostic
s y mpt oms
mal
have
t he
maternal
is
care
extremely
be e n
used
These
t he
mot or
to
include
only
is
is
t he
s y n d r o me
based
effects
expose
rat
adding
available
facial
one
to
of
in
infants
alcohol.
in
s uc h
infants
three
alcohol
(2 D gr owt h
dysmo r p h o I o g y
of
primary
t he
often
FAS.
stress
a nd
in
from
a d a m' s
to
in
Ani­
poor
inadequate
a n i ma l
studies
ha v e
alcohol.
drinking
alcohol
t he
identi­
Many m e t h o d s
pups
t hese
of
here.
However ,
apart
caused
concerns
another
pr obl ems,
1983).
putting
is
CJ one s
define
discussed
alcohol
to
factors:
dysfunction
study
fetuses
ma j or
system
feeding
(Abel,
fluid,
a
of
seen
deficiency
c r o s s - f o s t e r i ng
difficult
on
research
deficits,
and
a mo u n t s
r e f l e x ' me as ur e s
used
that
observed
dysfunction,
Gr owt h
in
be e n
specific
nutrition,
large
nervous
Basic
functional
fying
often
C3 D s p e c i f i c
1973).
reported
(FAS).
system
& Smi t h,
mo d e l s
first
was
c o n s u me d
called
Fetal
deficiencies,
S mi t h
anomal i es
researchers
central
a nd
a
wat er
liquid
as
diet
2
for
t he
into
d a m,
t he
neonate,
feeding
to
injecting
through
of
t wo
exists
to
me a s u r e
t he
with
lactation
lactation
Ea c h
pup
and
wel l
gavage
these
alcohol
t he
as
Ci.e.
force
techniques
First,
fetus
is
l eads
no way
exposed
to
second
alcohol
interferes
& S a ms o n ,
1980),
as w e l l
as
Bun i s ,
nutrition.
deficits,
and
dam as
alcohol;
(Riley,
poor
of
t he
complications.
how much
CDi az
ability
therefore,
tional
tube) .
dam c ons u me s
into
inhalation
experimental
when
nursing
vapor
a
one
alcohol
These
nursing
apart
& Greenfeld,
factors
ability
f rom
a ny
may
of
both
effect
of
pup's
1984)
and,
decreased
lead
to
nutri­
ethanol
exposure.
Artificial
In
duced
this
Rear i ng
1969
Messer,
"artificial
technique
refined
We s t ,
a nd
Hamr e ,
e x a mi n e
t he
exactly
avoids
s uc h
t he
each
pups
day
in
and
1975,
of
rat
it.
C 1 9 84 )
Di az
and
us e d
rearing
enables
t he
t he
pr obl e ms
lactation
infused
nutrition
alcohol
with
levels
t he
of
i n. r a t
neonate
a mount
constant
to
pups.
to
receives
inadequate
held
and
technique
investigator
a specific
further
C1 9 8 2 )
nutritional
and
are
C1 9 8 2 )
this
exposure
intro­
Ha I I m o d i f i e d
Di az
alcohol
how much
Dal l man
pups .
and
Samson
and
of
decreased
are
Ter r a s a ,
Samson
Pierce
effects
many, of
as
rearing"
developed
Artificial
mi n e
T h o ma n ,
deter­
and
it
complications
nursing.
of
Si nce
f or mul a
be t wee n
3
experimental
alcohol
Brain
on
and
behavior
third
neonatal
t r i me s t e r
relates
to
several
periods
whi ch
t i me
humans
it
a
during
t he
by
third
t he
first
specific
may
spurt
period
in
t hen
ter
human
of
In
of
effect
be
of
assessed.
variable
12% b r a i n
fetal
by
1968).
to
reaches
among
gr owt h
postnatal
Da y s
corresponds
6
brain
but
its
t he
t he
t i me
1977).
during
t he
rat's
through
to
"brain
c ompl e t e
(Davison,
of
insult.
a pe a k
rapid
spurt"
pe a k
at
t he
is
ma mma l s ,
species
The
of
it
through
as
a nd
t he
as
exogenous
known
period
all
for
devel opment
period
This
days.
9.
third
brain
Thi s
trimes­
devel opment .
whol e
brain
12% t o t a l
postnatal
their
goe s
pregnancy,
"brain
closely
devel opment
27% o f
Dobbing,
this
rat
of
during
virtually
at
brain
mid-gestation,
of
mo d e l
particularly
vulnerable
life.
in
occurs
approximately
devel opment
at
postnatal
t e r ms
The
gr owt h
trimester
occurs
is
appropriate
devel opment al
year
t he
an
devel opment ,
extremely
undergoes
gr owt h
is
rapid
begins
fifteen
pup
human
of
is
occurrence
have
The
devel opment
devel opment .
third
de vel opment
rat
of
rapid
spurt"
The
and
rat
brain
gr owt h
of
animals.
D e v e l oome nt
The
In
control
by
total
This
weight,
brain
da y
rats
are
devel opment ,
9.
Humans
gestational
brain
critical
de vel opment
period
for
with
reaching
have
da y
born
180
27% of
approximately
a nd
at
birth
(Davison,
1977;
developing
brain
4
includes
crucial
formation
Effects
(Gottlieb,
of
Earlv
Many
natal
periods
exposure
every
of
alcohol
p.
has
indicated
for
1977 ) .
observed
in
that
in
in
prenatal
similar
humans
teratogenesis
be e n
synapse
and
humans
a n i ma l
or
peri­
devel opment al
animals.
whi ch
mo d e l s
In
is
and
fact
related
CAbe I ,
to
1984,
377).
Abe I
on
& Epstein,
result
consequences
and
Exposure
have
behavioral
form
myelination
Keydar ,
Ethanol
findings
alcohol
of
FAS,
tent
( 1984)
both
Low b i r t h
adulthood
1982;
CAbe I
Martin,
St a i n b r o o k ,
2)
ear-flap
Martin,
Wa r s h a w ,
t he
a n i ma l
physiological.
regard
to
weight
whi ch
& Dintcheff,
Martin,
large-dose
Some
prenatal
research
consis­
alcohol
s o me t i me s
19 7 8 ;
S i g ma n ,
Ab e l
& Radow,
continues
& Greizerstein,
1977;
Philips
Del ayed
physical
uncurling
S i g ma n
1979).
are
delayed
i n mi c e
1978;
Shaywit z,
& Radow,
Delayed
1979)
( Boggon ,
devel opment .
and
Randal
puberty
in
i n mi c e
& Dodds,
Eye
and
rats
19 7 6 ;
rats
&
humans
have
and
Hyperactivity.
This
is
a very
and
(Martin,
Griffieth,,
f emal e
and
opening
&
( Robe,
be e n
Tittmar,
1977).
3)
into
1976).
& Wilson,
reported
with
and
revi ewed
include:
1)
Robe
behavioral
findings
exposure
extensively
common
and
5
consistent
Shaywit z
Some
is
et
very
mo r e
finding
aI . ,
a hypoactive
tion,
are
f ound
Dwyer,
to
Dwyer,
Earlv
p.
t owar d
This
question
attention
this
that
aI . ,
19 7 8 ;
1982).
hyperactivity
f emal es
personal
three
hyperactivity
severe
133).
may
show
c o mmu n i c a ­
The
in
consistent
of
FAS a r e :
3)
poor
1982).
FAS
and
feeding
fact
ability
a
mos t
that
and
"failure
to
or
I)
and
me n t a l
delayed
children
mo t o r
also
pr obl ems"
CL a n d e s ma n -
they
l ow b i r t h
are
have
disinterested
thrive"
in
( L a n d e s ma n -
133).
exposure
greater
has
(Abel,
affirmative
t he
Exoosure--Later
early
dual
and
manifestations
suckling
p.
Ethanol
Does
f rom
h u ma n s ,
results
1982,
that
(Snoderegger,
"present
poor
often
rats
et
( L a n d e s ma n - Dwy e r ,
indicate
( La nde s ma n- Dwy e r ,
1982,
weights,
f ood
in
. 2)
deve l opme nt
humans
(Martin
1985).
behavioral
retardation,
and
in ma l e
response
Similarly
ani mal s
findings
seen
No v e mb e r ,
salient
both
19 7 9 )
recent
often
in
spring
of
3% and
6% a l c o h o l
Wistar
rats
alcohol
alcohol
received
1984).
answer ;
conclusive.
to
a I c oho I - t r e a t e d
in
c ons ume d
in
t he
a n i ma l
current
DiGuisto
rats
liquid
diet
In
this
an
later
little
life?
suggest
evidence
found
greater
study,
containing
indivi­
research
studies
(1976b)
c ons ume d
adulthood.
a
predispose
surprisingly
Several
and
Preference
preference
however ,
Bond
Ethanol
is
an
far
that
off­
a mo u n t s
of
pregnant
sustagen
and
6
ethanol.
mot her s
mor e
Controls
wer e
days
alcohol
since
t he
effect
and
age.
not
It
is
not
clear
not
a control,
be
ruled
only
nursing,
their
offspring
hooded
source
wer e
given
regular
l ab
chow
from
wer e
mat ed.
The
dams
continued
gestation
days
was
of
a ge
done
bottle
and
tion
for
placing
s howed
t he
five
same
for
a mount
of
(1979)
failed
they
alcohol
contained
group
t he
for
by
wi ne
was
lactation.
used
wi ne
a
t wo
water
Their
both
dams w e r e
during
t han
In
this
study,
or
water
( N=3)
at
whi ch
t i me
these
diets
during
This
preference
and
t he
other
of
testing.
groups,
replicate
so
Ab e l
surrogate-fostering
t he
daily
The
t he
(1982)
these
on
fluid
results,
technique.
test
One
The.
c o n s u mp ­
c o n s u mp t i o n
difference
Ab e l
t hey
170
wine.
wat er
and
at
cages.
Chablis
larger
given
wi ne
preference.
bottles
Pair
pregnan­
tested
consistently
days
1982).
wer e
90 ml
fluids
mor e
60-120,
with
all
for
nutritional
fluid
(N=3)
at
whet her
pups
c o n s u me d .
to
Da y s
of
(Abel,
1976).
wi ne
plus
study
a preference
When
of
whos e
controls
this
that
drank
& Sta i nbr ook,
rats
so
out.
their
to
c o n s u mp t i o n
omitted
as
(Philips
f rom
reflected
was
Pups
significantly
c o mp a r e d
increased
as
c how.
c ons ume d
test
actually
ratio
us e d
could
wi ne
controls
f emal e
a preference
preference
also
laboratory
alcohol
represented
was
Chablis
fed
to
c o n s u mp t i o n
or
feeding
in
of
increased
cy
exposed
ethanol
sixty
wer e
was
in
a nd
Yor k
however ,
when
A possible
t he
7
explanation
is
study
t he
drank
ing,
whereas
have
had
is
suggested
mot he r
to
f ound
pups
in
(along
surrogate
by G a l e f
received
t he
pups
experience
received
never
t he
alcohol
with
this
researchers
that
that
this
Stainbrook
before
pups
Anot her
wean­
woul d
not
explanation
(1972)
wor k.
These
a diet
whi ch
t hough
t he
pups
supposedly
are
passed
even
Flavors
and
dam)
t he
prefer
lactation,
t he
t he
wine.
pups
diet.
through
with
Henderson’ s
rat
during
Philips
fostering
with
and
t he
mother’ s milk
( Ga I e f
their
had
& Hender son,
19 7 2 ) .
A mo r e
(1984)
whi ch
techniques,
hol
us e d
however ,
The
early
dams
alcohol.
The
to
water.
to
results
is
surrogate
old
ma l e
Dat a
for
and
J one s
fostering
offspring
increased
of
alco­
preference
f e ma l e
ethanol
as
to
l ook
alcohol
on
physical
are
suggests
alters
not
f or
offspring,
a ns we r
alters
at
t he
a nd
adult
t he
The
possibilty
preference
of
of
behavioral
me t h o d
early
and
described
whether
preference
effects
that
for
however,
me t h o d s
question
adult
artificial-rearing
t he
definitive,
necessary.
to
as w e l l
The
Garcia,
and
an
available
alcohol
designed
exposure
45-day
Reyes,
inconsistent.
research
are
by
exhibited
literature
exposure
further
that
versus
wer e
study
pair-feeding
s howed
c o n s u mi n g
10% a l c o h o l
here
conclusive
for
early .
alcohol,
exposure
to
devel opment .
was
us e d
in
this
study
8
in
order
to
of
alcohol
ioral
of
early
of
syst em whi ch
The
reflex
whi ch
has
those
is
is
seen
us e d
by
Di az
and
described
by
The
The
first
out
t he
Anot her
goal
to
goal
on
brain
is
to
or
not
ethanol
preference.
Wh e r e a s
search,
the
here
in
is
early
these
t he
in
a new
laboratory.
to
carry
out
t he
A
of
used
by
laboratory
is
is
ethanol
gr owt h
to
wo r k
p u p ' n ’ cup
whi ch
in
with­
deficits.
is
rates
determine
modifies
t he
now
goals.
alcohol
direction
of
t he
PNC p r o c e d u r e s
of
early
goal
t he
contribution
devel opment
of
exposure
gui ded
be e n
activity,
final
ethanol
determine
specific
role
effect
devel opment ,
The
geotaxis
(1975).
nutritional
t he
nervous
previously
factor
goals
primary
to
has
was
behav­
One m a j o r
negative
t he
devel opment .
whether
and
three
of
these
disabilities.
t he
me a s u r e
have
term
central
determine
study
physical
was
Sudarshan
studies
complicating
exposure
and
and
t he
researchers
(1979)
present
is
study
l ong
children.
to
degree
taken
relate
ps y c homo t o r
This
Shaywitz
Al t ma n
in
other
devel opment .
FAS
and
wer e
and
and
damage
this
p s y c homot o r
(1982)
in
nutrition
acute
exposure,
reflected
in
of
me a s u r e s
assess
apparent
me a s u r e
been
to
ethanol
to
FAS
control
Behavioral
de vel opment
effects
feature
precise
exposure .
thoughout
effects
allow
of
later
this
re­
discussed
( P NC)
me t h o d
fully
equipped
place
at
9
Mont ana
State
University.
t
t h i s r e s e a r c h is
course
of
20
pups
rat
Resour ce
ideal
this
a
Center
t i me.
is
envi r onment
artificial
i es
at
and
resource
newl y
climate
to
rearing
The
carry
me t hod,
personnel
created
The
set-up
capable
perfected
of
research
t he
r oom a t
laboratory.
to
a nd
t he
t he
An i ma l
provides
procedures
I mme d i a t e
a dds
t he
a r t i f i c i a l I y - rearing
controlled
out
in
access
us e d
to
rat
desirability
an
in
t he
colonof
METHOD
The
me a ns
technique
of
by
T h o ma n ,
Ha I I
procedures
Schacher
mos t
artificially-rearing
i n t r a g a s t r ic-cannula
by M e s s e r ,
fied
of
( 19 7 5 ) .
wer e
a nd
recent
Ter r a s a ,
feeding
and
Further
contributed
S t a mp e r
(1982).
modifications
Da I I man
Diaz,
The
of
was
first
of
by
developed
t hen
diet
Moor e,
present
this
pups
( 19 6 9 ) ,
refinement
by
rat
mo d i -
and
Petracca,
study
us e s
t he
technique.
Ma t e r i a I s
The
materials
approximately
each
(25
rat's
gauge)
(.012
i nch
long.
One
create
a
This
The
of
t he
10
end
.025
of
t he
slightly
end
bag
by
a nd
i nch
with
a 23
PE- 10
tubing
is
disc
cannula
is
up
very
to
t he
in
flared
disc
onto
of
The
and
through
down
t he
t he
t he
tubing
with
t he
heat
. 013
to
mm) .
cannula.
available
is
t hen
unflared
opening
length
tubing.
wire
8 cm
disc
t he
are
for
steel
(approximately
needle
pushed
end
curved
Silastic
is
punch.
threaded
flared
of
(PE-10)
a comme r i c a I I y
gauge
gently
tubing
procedure
Dow C o r n i n g )
di amet er
f rom
this
s ma l l
tubing
a paper
lightly
t he
O. D.,
a plastic
made
using
a
a piece
PE- 10
larger
is
use
cannula,
secures
disc
for
polyethelene
cm l o n g ,
I . D.,
plastic
poked
cm o f
intragastric
flared
sandwi ch
20
required
of
The
end
and
t he
plastic
disc
is
secure
then
tested
disc
is
very
functioning
of
t he
plastic
The
in
disc
curved
a
jar
steel
corn
Silastic
whi ch
is
whi ch
and
corn
fit
until
onto
as
t he
a
a
cannula.
tubing
are
lubricant
fitted
are
stored
needed
for
for
t he
t he
wire
and
for
slid
gently
down
t he
esophagus
& Diaz,
19 8 2 ) .
t he
cannulas
are
prepared
t he
Silastic
four
da y
rat
pup
is
with
methoxyfiurane.
placing
old
the
t he
t he
pup
zation
is
this
a ge
by
(4
resistant
by
Di az
and
t he
2 ml
pup
of
is
t he
onto
Silasticof
to
or
controlled
(personel
t he
t he
in
The
level
breathing
25
dos e
blue
skin
days
of
t owel s
of
jar
of
until
anestheti­
(rapid
and
color.
The
anesthetic
c ommuni cat i on,
placed
gestational)
overdose.
t he
anesthetized
paper
this
pup
wire,
methoxyfiurane
slightly
postnatal
each
consists
has
left
pup's
for
lightly
whi ch
to me t h o x y f i u r a n e
oxygen-enriched
desribed
by
a pale
days
slid
anesthetized.
det er mi ned
a nd
jar
with
The
well
( one
anesthetization
s ma l l
and
is
wei ghed
The
a
toweling.
appears
shallow)
in
bottom
he/she
an
with
they
fingers;
proper
intragastric
oil
and
fairly
PE- 10
Silastic
acts
t he
later
t he
extras)
at
t he
The
plus
under
to
with
Procedure
After
lining
tugging
c ompl et e d
oil
is
( Sa ms o n
Surgical
t he
with
The
neonate
cannula.
wire
surgery.
gently
i mportant
f o r ms
filled
plus-wire
by
1985)
use
has
Pups
are.
of
be e n
and m i g h t
be
an
i mp r o v e me n t
is
anesthetized
gently
corn
oil
t he
pup's
a nd
that
cutting
is
quite
a nd
t he
trachea.
t he
covered
thesia
is
Onc e
and
right
t he
covered
wire
is
slid
edge
of
t he
a nd
t he
t he
to
be
wire.
wire
f rom
surface
of
t he
mm t o
ensure
passes
part
taken
of
to
down
t he
t he
surgery
avoid
encountered
entering
within
2 cm
it
slides
A sufficient
level
of
anes­
t he
has
t he
as
t he
a wa y
The
is
r e mo v e d
until
gag
reflex,
passed
pup
position
peritoneal
Silastic
it
is
whi ch
can
implantation.
seen
forceps
mo u t h
over
1-3
pup
reinserted
is
t he
transparent
point,
gently
The n
and
avoid
this
has
be
is
esophagus.
s t o ma c h ,
can
this
wire
exposed.
pup
mus t
r e mo v e d
as
This
its
is
extends
exposed
t he
dorsal
approximately
not
After
and
wire
down t h e
resistance
covered
Fr om
back
Silastic
care
cannula
t he
me t h o d .
its
s t o ma c h .
a nd
is
t he
t he
because
s t o ma c h ,
is
t he
a
wire
with
into
At
wire
tip
If
on
slid
The
i mportant
side.
area.
t he
into
down
interfere
gus
of
current
Silastic-covered
gently
critical
s mo o t h l y
placed
esophagus.
e nd
esophagus
is
The
entering
t he
t he
it
opened.
t he
over
wire
t he
is
wall
r e mo v e d
s t o ma c h
a slight
from
are
shifted
skin,
Silastic
us e d
bulge
tip
onto
is
skin
f rom
esopha­
its
visible,
t he
end
of
in
t he
s t o ma c h
exposing
grasp
entirely
t he
covering
pushed
the
to
and
tubing
then
a nd
through
t he
the
cutting
through
until
t he
t he
I
t he
t he
cm i s
exposed
mo u t h
wire,
end
of
10
t he
curved
cannula
is
wire.
t hen
wire
exiting
onto
t he
wire,
down
t he
esophagus
imately
The
20
soft
f or mi ng
a
size
and
disc
out
on
over
Once
t he
esophagus
pup's
has
prevents
of
t he
cannula
is
secured
are
t he
collapses
f or mul a
in
t he
f rom
pulled
until
exited
reopens
PE-
end
abdomen
cannula
and
t he
together
cannula
t he
of
t he
t he
cannula
PE- 10
whi ch
aid
wire
disc
O.D.,
1/32
of
slid
inside.
4 cm f r o m
then
t he
pup's
up
t he
thesia
regular
a nd
is
as
approx­
a b d o me n .
it
s t o ma c h
leaking
t he
a
slight
beneficial
breathing.
(1/16
pain
in
helps
t he
needle
slid
t he
The
steel
fold
out
of
of
t he
Finally,
pup
I . D.,
The
and
t he
to
is
with
skin
at
another
disc
is
is
cannula
with
approximately
for
its
t he
feels
" wa k e
t he
surgery
now e x i t i n g
wire
t he
i nc h
cannula
us e d
whi ch
1/8
with
Tygon
t he
onto
wire
pup
A p a p e r punc h
cannula
cannula
over comi ng
t he
i nch
needle.
cannula
curved
through
actually
of
cannula.
onto
t hen
a b d o me n .
The
The
t he
length
into
t he
slid
of
disc
pup's
passed
usually
is
hy p o d e r mi c
The
t he
neck.
tubing
outside
s t o ma c h .
then
Ty gon
wall)
reinserted
pup's
f rom
gauge
over
and
r e mo v e d
of
i nch
a 20
forceps
is
made
slid
is
a nd
t he
t he
seal
wire
end
stomach.
The
is
friction-fitted
t he
plastic
down
unflared
p u p ’ s mout h.
cm o f
travels
t he
t he
The
at
t he
cutting
na pe
this
of
point
of
up"
r e s ume
Tygon
disc
is
tip
t he
effects
and
is
anes­
fit
I4
onto
t he
length
f rom
cannula
of
t he
pup's
t he
20
t he
cannula
with
first
disc.
The
as
strain
neck,
prevent
with
act
u ndue
a
force
f rom
gauge
needle
forceps
t wo
to
discs,
re I i ef
be i ng
slid
up
approximately
on
for
put
and
on
either
t he
t he
2 cm
side
cannul Ia
wound
t he
of
t he
and
in
t he
s t oma c h .
After
t he
ihtragastric
impl anted,
t he
pup
store
liver
preferably
plastic
with
t he
cup
( 11
are
s o l d e r i ng
sma I I
size
dr owni ng
t hen
a
placed
This
later
inside
date.
a war m w a t e r
floated
in
this
ture
gradually
fur.
The
also
of
wat er
ensures
t he
c ups
bath
reduced
bath
t he
to
provides
vestibular
in
t he
wat er
a mount
mat er nal
a quick
that
t he
f rom
bedding,
cage.
holes.
is
t ouch
ho! I e s
cup
and
weighted
deg.
f rom a
are
C).
pup
cups
t emper a­
deg.
C as
t he
pups
& Diaz,
is
The
t he
t he
and
whi ch
and
a warm,humid
a
cup
da y s
by
covered
These
14
stimulation
The
c r a w l ! in g o u t
plastic
(37-38
( Sa ms on
of
s ma l l
pups
25
(grocery
cm d e e p )
with
next
cup
7.5
identical
bath
for
many
Ea c h
another
in
t he
and
made
t he
successfully
a s ma l l
i nsu r e s
prevents
floated
is
has
is
a plastic
in
di amet er
effectively
whi ch
at
us e d
whi ch
iron.
in
contains
type
cm i n
lid
mos t
placed
whi ch
same
a plastic
holes
ho t
cup)
is
cannula
is
are
acquire
envi r onment
bobbing
and
mov e me nt
1982).
J
The
photographs
artificially
infusion
rearing
pump,
in
Figure
rat
pups.
war m- wat er
I
depict
These
bath,
t he
setup
f or
photographs
and
surgical
t he
pups'
show
t he
procedures .
Da i I v M a i n t e n a n c e
The
through
to
cannulas
holes
syringes
las
are
t he
whi ch
by
approximately
over
to
45
t he
pup's
s t o ma c h .
Syringes
954 3 wh i c h
it
Every
infuses
954
used
was
t he
Di az
are
of
et
of
The
r e mo v e d ,
cleaned
Duri ng
are
stimulating
this
carried
their
is
a mo u n t
After
whi ch
period,
The
of
hr
area
for
by
s and
ISage
pumps w e r e
6-10
developed
t he
pups
light
f or
a modifi­
by
syringes
with
testing,
of
10
The
is
refilled
servicing
a na I / g e n i t a l
on
day
weighing,
pump
electrical
be e n
a nd
an
pup' s
infusion
us e d
each
in
t he
Exper i ment s
has
is
friction
to
formula.
13
cannu­
results
different
(Table
23
t i me d
connected
whi ch
is
syringe
(see
thoroughly,
out.
This
r un
(Becton-
(PE-503
turned
while
groups
M e s s e r ’ s for mul a
( 1 9 8 2 3.
vicing
t he
pump
a
are
These
a modified
by
a nd
tubing
f or mul a
1-5,
for mul a
a I.,
formula.
t he
tubing
on
c ups
syringes
cannula.
t he
s t o ma c h s
for mul a
PE- 50
controlled
Gr oups
rest
a d e s c r i p t i o n 3.
cation
The
placed
10 mi n
for
milk
plastic
PE- 10
are
plastic
larger
a predetermined
used
for
cc
from
is
t he
t he
cm l o n g .
connection
circuit.
10
f rom
of
a slightly
airtight
( Sage
lid
contain
connected
D i c k e n s o n)
fitted
in
emer gi ng
fresh
and
ser­
consists
stroking
of
with
16
Figure I.
This figure shows the setup for artificial rearing. Top
left shows the infusion pump with syringes. Top right
shows the water bath used to float the pups in cups.
Bottom left is a newly incannulated pup. Bottom right
shows a pup during surgery (cannula implantation).
Table
I.
For mul a
used
in
artificial
rearing.
M i l k F o r mu l a
(Messer, e t a l . 1 9 6 9 D
( M o d i f i e d by D i a z y 1 9 8 4 )
Evaporated
m l / 5 0 0 ml
( C a r n a t i o n v e l v e t ! z e d ) ....................................3 7 5 ml
Milk
* D i s t i I l ed Wa t e r
Mineral
with
D e x o y c h o l i c A c i d ...................................... 85 ml
S o l u t i o n * * ............................... ............................................................5
ml
V i t a m i n s ( P o l y V i - S o l , Mead J o h n s o n
I n f a n t D r o p s ....................................... ............................................................ 5
ml
Co r n
ml
Oi l
( M a z o I a ) .......................................
d I -Methionine
( S i g ma
! - T r y p t o p h a n ( S i g ma
................................................30
# M - 9 5 0 0 ) . . ....................................................0 . 2 0
g
# T - 0 2 5 4 ) . . . . . ................................................ 0 . 2 5 g
R i b o f l a v i n ............................................................................................................ 0 . 0 0 5 g
C a s e i n ( H y d r o l y s a t e , Si g ma # 0 - 0 6 2 6 )
Enzymat i c
for m i l k .
* * M in e r a I
Fe
I I
Gluconate
solution
(Alfa
g m/ I Oml
water
15.0
g
(distilled)
P r o d ) ........................................................0 . 0 2 0 7
g
Cu G l u c o n a t e
(Alfa
P r o d ) ............................................................... 0 . 0 1 0 5
g
Zn
(Alfa
P r o d ) . . . . ....................................................... 0 . 0 1 6 0
g
Gluconate
*
D e o x y c h o l i c A c i d Cone.
( S i g ma # D - 6 7 5 0 , Sodi um S a l t
7 - D e o x y c h o l i c A c i d ......................... 0 . 1 % ( o r 0 . 2g / 2 0 0 ml )
I8
a soft
is
tissue
normally
cage.
It
tion
and
pups
water
this
mat ernal
be
or,
acid
et
cage
t he
Ea c h
t he
pup's
pup
t he
(Diaz,
n o r ma l
cannula
is
flushed
bloated,
in
acid
home
diges
with
with
has
a
be e n
artificially-reared
mother-reared
t he m o t h e r ' s
personal
Thi
t he
in
Apparently,
licking
in
factor
appears
bloating
defecation.
licking
Deoxycholic
1981).
by
and
d a m' s
essential
solution.
aI .
salt
urination
by
an
if
alleviate
(Diaz,
ingest
to
elimination.
deoxycholic
to
stimulate
a ccompl i shed
seems
distilled
f ound
to
feces
c ommuni cat i on,
in
pups
t he
N o v e mb e r ,
1984).
The
strain
a c c o mo d a t e
t i me
each
doe s
not
tests
are
of
also
increased
Tab I e
2).
relief
growth.
da y
on
a
experience
righting,
d one
at
daily
discs
are
Servicing
soft
heated
stress
t i me.
according
to
carried
surface
f rom
negative
this
is
adjusted
t he
geotaxis
at
out
so
at
that
cold.
and
this
t i me
t he
t he
to
same
pup
Behavioral
cliff
The
a mo u n t
of
t he
pups'growth
avoidance
for mul a
rate
is
(see
Table
2.
Daily
Da y s o f Age
(Postnatal)
Amo u n t s
F o r mu l a
4
5
6
8
9
I0
Note.
Lab
Ethanol
chow
rats
Resour ce
Center
at
parturition.
wer e
and
with
until
cages
a mo u n t s
on
Five
1)
7.6
8.6
9.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
Da y s
17-18.
ma t e d
with
experienced
of
6
on
from
through
9.
t wo
to
cannulas
we a n e d
to
l ab
2-5).
t hen
The
r a n d o ml y
or
subjects
various
were:
Gr o u p
Gr o u p
t i me
pups
The
I
2 exposed
litters
they
in
we r e
put
to
gr oup
either
(formula
to
pl us
reared
varying
concentrations
exposed
to
in
each
artifically
exposed
days .
pups
artifically
gr oup
wer e
wer e
10 m a l e
assigned
alcohol
a ni mal s
until
chow a nd
10
ma l e
A n i ma l
three
and
whi ch
of
exposure
parturition,
at
only)
groups
housed
18,
( Gr oups
alcohol
of
Day
and
University
i n d i v i d u a l Iy
after
or
experimental
periods
da y s
Amount
on
State
selected
(formula
ethanol).
a nd
days
weight-matched
control
wer e
Mo n t a n a
postnatal
individual
t he
diet
intragastic
( Gr oup
and
to
then
r a n d o ml y
sacrificed
t he
For mul a
I I
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
17-18
rats
t he
Four
fitted
reared
hr)
Da y s o f Age
(Postnatal )
A mo u n t .
added
Hol t z man
Hol t z man
whi ch
is
( m l /23
Exposure
F e ma l e
wer e
For mul a
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.6
4.6
5.6
6.6
7
wer e
of
5% on
to
3% ( v / v )
Day
6,
T% on
Day
7,
Da y s
and
4
through
through
in
5% on
9.
Table
used,
a nd
pumps
used
t he
at
all
feed
t i me
to
3% on
3% on
Days
each
da y
is
cycle
in
same
for
t he
These
and
have
t he
of
pumps
numbe r
ethanol
described
pumps
John
State
t he
Rompe I
6
shown
and
here
of
diet
mi n
23-hr
and
to
servicing
forward
on-cycle.
of
Wi t h
t he
t i me
cycl e
pups.
digital
t he
a
10 ml
The
t he
and
Sage
The
built
Ser­
specially
necessary
to
pumps may
pump
during
percentage
be
an
of
continually
The
final
A Hurst
timing
syringe
pups
specifically
These
This
period.
of
Technical
they
is
to
briefly.
designed
circuitry
1 00%)
feed
by
of
s ex
adapting
delivery.
feeding
activated
wer e
us e d
exposure .
University.
percentage
18.2
(2)
internal
Cf r o m 0 . 7 8 %
distance
each
are
t he
t he
designed
testing
t he
days
for
a pump was
t he
mot or
except
t he
syringes,
us e d
stepping
was
with
over.the
during
given
associated
repeated
for
above
6-9
par amet er s
control
mi n
a nd
Mo n t a n a
pumps
18.2
mi n e s
for mul a
to
pr obl e ms
Williams
Shop
to
3 exposed
5 exposed
animals,
Gr o u p s
purpose.
designed
set
for
10
control
t he
a mo u n t
pus h
by Go r d o n
vices
of
described
rear
many
this
Gr o u p
4 and
of . e x p e r i m e n t s
of
for
9.
6-9
artificially
to
Gr oups
a mount
me t h o d
set
954
8 and
2.
The
Because
7.
The
E x o e r i me n t s
second
Da y s
pus h
hour
mo d e l
circuits
plate
is
Becton-Di cKenson
is
LAS
deter­
moved
Plastipak
each
ml
range
The
hr
syringe
p umpe d.
(in
t he
a mo u n t s
period
Larger
these
The
ranges
to
in
are
smaller,
much
and
reliability
dous
1-5;
before
Day
wer e
20
used.
and
in
t he
of
t han
v o l ume s .
of
each
23
10 m l .
Utilizing
increased
our
formula.
Co mp a r e d
Harvard
5000)
@1 0 0 0 / u n i t ) ,
The
pumps
a
10 mm/ mi n.
t o mo r e
Ce.g.,
artificial
to
ml
0.2
use.
t he
0.1
mm f o r
has
in
(about
to
plate
deliver
greatly
pumps
6.14
can
a mo u n t s
easy
accuracy
18.
5
sacrificed
this
per
6-9
all
hi gh
has
these
much
degree
be e n
a
of
rat
rearing
wer e
to
t he
not
9
be t wee n
including
second
and
also
Da y s
wer e
set
of
bot h
of
t r emen­
pups
a ni mal s
here
Data
in
on
mo s t
and
on
in
there
condi­
4% e t h a n o l
of
negative
in
these
and
we r e
r a n d o ml y
control
pups
as
or
f emal es
a nd
t he
(postnatal),
t he
same
experiments
received
since
7-12
or
t he
sacrificed
ma l e s
experimental
subjects
respects
wei ght-matched
(postnatal).
included
mo s t
subjects
group
experimental
through
7 are
for
In
either
The
treated.in
however ,
Gr oups
tion.
wer e
ani mal s
assigned
i on
6-9
pus h
of
greater
expensive
extremely
6-9
Gr oups
and
allow
forward
laboratory.
Gr oups
Da y s
l ess
pumps
t han
predictable
i mp r o v e me n t
our
l ess
available
t he
on mo d e )
Exper i ment s
feed
mov e s
for
these
f rom
wo u I d
t o comme r c i a l l y
pumps
plate
setting
f or mul a
syringes
ability
pus h
continuously
of
pumps
t he
on
Gr oups
6
pups
wer e
t he
criter­
geo t a x i s
was
22
survival
Reflex
to
reflex
groups
during
t he
pup
The
reflex
to
is
turn
mately
t he
is
from
t he
appropriate
along
with
the
ing,
free-fall
wer e
dropped
consistent
see me d
t he
subject
by
angle
prevent
other
reflex
1979)
and
to
an
first
be e n
indication
of
pup
limit
s or
of
box
t he
and
t wo
to
t he
60.
at
surface
of
19 8 2 ;
Al t ma n
p s y c h o mo t o r
These
because
these
pups
taken
including
pups,
me a s u r e
& Diaz,
by
wer e
avoidance.
of
geotaxis
reported
60
score
covering
me as ur e ,
batch
seen,
( Sa ms o n
takes
me a s u r e s
cliff
traumatic
negative
t he
t i me
a cardboard
a nd
plane.
slipping.
and
be
s
a
test
(approxi­
a 60
receives
cutting
righting
researchers
has
If
this
takes
position
given
he
In
it
are
made
wer e
up
geotaxis
inclined
l ong
pups
response
t he
negative
period.
how
a he a d
geotaxis
results
The
to
negative
other
Brain
to
three
to
for
a 30-degree
t i mi ng
The
is
after
either
cannulas.
be
down
on
(30-degree)
cloth
Initially
by
t he
apparatus
soft
down
response.
c ompl et e
test
a
head
a he a d
this
tested
artificial-rearing
180-degrees).
to
wer e
me a s u r e d
The
with
(1-9)
placed
compl et e
longer
12.
Measur es
All
to
Day
or
has
tests
ho
tests
strained
been
Shaywitz
and
right­
t he
us e d
et
Sudarshan
by
aI . ,
(1975)
devel opment .
Me a s u r e s
The
first
group
of
artificially-reared
pups
( Gr oup
I)
was
sacrificed
N e mb u t a l
a nd
10 mi n
t he
subjects'
The
in
using
done
t he
wer e
and
ed
from
frontal
and
t he
cerebral
both
also
me a s u r e me n t s
Alcohol
by
was
taken,
a nd
weighing
length
surface
width
at
a nd
made
of
t he
with
was
based
on
Di az
C1 9 8 2 ) .
of
usi ng
was
measur ­
cerebellum,
maxi mum p o i n t
depth
of
procedures,
wer e
and
days.
blotted
wer e
cerebral
These
five
The m e a s u r e m e n t s
me a s u r e d
The
r e mo v e d
for
The
di mensi ons
anterior
perfusion
wer e
solution,
of
formalin,
t he
solution
balance.
measur ed.
Ani mal s
single-bottle.test.
on Gr o u p
wer e
36).
vals
hr.
This
for
I
2-bottle
Short
three-day
period
following
eith er
Intake
test
preference
duration,
2
offered
CDay
a
to
width
5% e t h a n o l
ed
organs
this
overall
overdose
t he
t he
as
cere­
well
as
protocol
Testing
conducted
tion.
After
and m e a s u r e d .
The
Samson
Preliminary
wer e
f rom
hemi spher es.
b e l l u m wer e
described
formalin
an
6% b u f f e r e d
internal
12 12MP
pole
with
needle.
cerebellar
calipers.
t he
a nd
wei ghed,
Starret
across
gauge
r e mo v e d
a Satorius
cerebral
(postnatal ) with
perfused
a 23
brains
towels,
on
19
a 6% b u f f e r e d
brains
paper
Day
cardiac
for
placed
on
was
was
Initial
ethanol
a
water
19
hr
10% e t h a n o l
me a s u r e d
replaced
at
with
tests
depriva­
CDay
3 5 3 or
15 mi n
inter­
a mo r e
detail­
test.
two-bottle
subjects
in
preference
test.
Gr oups
wer e
2-5
Ov e r
24
deprived
of
offered
one
of
water
t wo
bottles,
three
ethanol
ethanol
and
subjects
met h o d
of
Long
last
and
duration
ethanol
tests,
4,
vol umes
testing
by
test
tests
used
cages
tests)
17
(as
and
and
hr
the
5% e t h a n o l
days
of
began
I
before
21
hr
testing
hr.water
for
other
Order
bottles
at
between
60
of
wer e
mi n.
tests.
Groups
the
(water
of
2
This
and
conducted
the
in
on
initial
3
home
Gr oup
versus
5 were
water
utilized
a
onset
the
of
deprivation.
cages
data
5
hr
begun .
Gr oup
were
5.
tested
in
These
No
duration
the
wa s
pre­
wa s
tested
five
test
for
The
period
cycle,
24
in
collection
choice.
dark
5%
preference
wa s
test
Animals
to
versus
these
testing
computer-assisted
days
a
used
testing
opposed
subjects
ed
wa s
test.
The
three
hr
results
wer e
utilized.
using
the
wer e
5.
preference
a
the
measured
6
prefernce
followed
and
they
1 0 %) .
of
for
of
hr
5%,
wer e
new me t h o d
preference
which
water
positions
the
wa s
vious
and
on
a
after
C1%,
o n l y . DBa s e d
deprivation
sia I
hr,
containing
rehydrated
preference
( c ombi n e d ) ,
18
solutions
intake
were
for
one
concentrations
randomized,
The
daily
and
final
whi ch
includ­
25
RESULTS
The
tests,
with
statistical
F
analysis
of
Growt h
tests.
Data
2
This
shows
3 combi ned.
for
all
pups
rate.
highly
similar
groups.
This
N=I O
between
growth
The
exposed
analysis
2-V
were
the
wa s
JL-
r un
A repeated
program
growth
figure
to
me a s ur e s
long-duration
d one
with
(Dixon,
the
Bio-
1983).
experimental
I,
2,
varying
reasonable
experimental
and
and
rates
These
18
3
initial
dose
of
p ups
a nd
I,
a nd
in
days
at
pups
of
in
2 had
a nd
Figure
on
3
no
Figure
groups
grew
2,
was
alcohol
2,
weights
groups
shown
three
levels
control
in
I,
daily
control
within
subjects
a mo u n t s
a nd
shown
both
Gr oups
mean
There
experimental
determine
day
the
experimentals).
growth
days.
shows
for
Groups
Gr oups
to
curves
in
the
postnatal
rates.
for
Independant
'
tests
1983 D .
us e d
the
surviving
controls,
difference
The
was
were:
'
These
(Lund,
Processing
a nd
be e n
used
rates
Figure
( N=7
.
software
variance
preference
Medical
CL
... and
max
MSUSt a t
tests
bet ween
2 had
various
were
us e d
to
exposure.
nearly
identical
Mean
Body Weights (G ro u p s
1 —3 )
Mean Body Weight (g)
D ay I 8 S urvivors Only
4
6
8
10
12
Age (P o s tn a ta l D ays)
Figure 2.
Mean body weights for Groups I, 2, and 3.
14
16
18
Figure
3 shows
CN=7D
a nd
control
Agai n
t he
gr owt h
me n t a l
wer e
In
animals.
exposed
all
nine
gr owt h
cluded
here
to
s howe d
t he
no
experimental
very
identical
to
there
The
Gr owt h
t he
geo t a x i s
4 shows
no
rates
control
( Gr oups
Da y s
6-9
control
8 and
4 and
animals.
9 are
ani mal s
rates
for
these
not
t wo
rates
shown
group
mean
8 and
in
in­
sur­
groups
pups
9 wer e
Figures
t he
The
that
ethanol-exposed
Gr oups
5)
bet weeen
few
for
experi­
(postnatal).
t oo
t he
5.
and
pups
differences
and
wer e
bet ween
response
t he
for
experimental
subjects
anol
6-9.
on
Gr o u p s
days
I,
2,
groups
various
t han
on
Gr oups
gr . owt h
gr owt h
for
4 and
and
nearly
2 and
Geotaxis
Figure
tal
ethanol
wer e
experimental
3.
Negative
these
similar
small.
differences
controls.
Figure
These
there
of
f r o m Gr o u p s
are
ethanol-exposed
1 8.
weight
rates
because
Day
daily
subjects
3% C v / v )
of
wer e
mean
CN=6 )
groups,
rates
variances
vived
to
t he
and
The
As
can
had
a
di d
t he
controls
Da y s
not
be
s ome wha t
7-10).
4 and
wer e
negative
exposed
pups
(postnatal
(n=6)
3 have
wer e
days.
groups
longer
mos t
in
on
t he
(combi ned).
exposed
to
3% ( v / v )
here
a mo u n t s
Figure
4,
of
t he
latency
on
days
alcohol
However ,
of
only
on
negative
The
response
included
varying
seen
for
5
geo t a x i s
be e n
to
latency
this
Day
eth­
data
f or
because
ethanol
on
experimen­
reponse
exposure
9 was
there
a
Mean Body Weights (Groups
Mean Body Weight (g)
Day I 8 S urvivors Only
Age (P o s tn a ta l D a y s)
Figure 3.
Mean body weights for Groups 4 and 5.
4 —5 )
Neg. G e o t a x i s f o r G r o u p s
4 &
5
All s u b je c ts surviving th ro u g h Day 1 2
D C ontrol
Mean Response
+ ELxpcr c ment cL I
6
8
10
12
14
Age (P o s tn a ta l D ays)
Figure 4.
Negative Geotaxis Reflex measures for Groups 4 and 5.
^Indicates statistically significant Fmax (pf .05).
16
30
statistically
_LC 1 3D
significant
= 2.234,
An
F
JL <
the
greater
than
that
I 0 .
Da y
On
CM
CO
CD
<N
Il
=
45.45
8
Jl
<
.03 .
Jl
<
.01;
of
group
variance
experimental
of
the
in
latency,
-05.
an I a y s i s
ma x
v a r i a n c e s of
difference
the
control
va r iance
On
Day
and
group
also
wa s
group
resulted
9
analysis
on
Da y
s h o ws
10
that
t he
significantly
on
Days
8,
i n an
F
s h o we d
max
an F
F
9,
(5,
a nd
8)
C5 , 8 D
max
8 D = 17.24,
(5 ,
ma x
JL<
.01.
Figure
and
9.
5 shows
The
exposed
to
t he
experimental
4% Cv / v D
subjects
respond
than
t he
of
these
t wo
ferent
2.97,
me a n s .
JL < . 0 1 ;
days,
A t-test
for
6
of
Day
in
on
s howe d
controls
and
reponse
rats
ethanol
experimental
Onl y
mean
on
latency
these
Da y s
t wo
5-9
a s o me wha t
all
and
da y s
11,
Day
11,
6
had
Gr o u p s
groups
had
postnatal .
longer
of
The
= 2.21,
dif­
a J.C I 4 D =
£.
F
<.04.
An
a n a l y s i s o f t h e g r o u p v a r i a n c e s s h o we d no
max
d i f f e r e n c e s on a n y t e s t d a y s .
The h i g h e r dos e
of
C4%)
degree
the
likely
affected
3% e x p o s u r e ,
great
as
that
and
seen
in
mo r e
subjects
therefore
Gr oups
the
4 and
to
a
higher
variability
5.
to
exposure.
significantly
in
8
be en
latency
alcohol
resulted
±(14)
for
significant
was
ethanol
not
t han
as
Neg. Geotaxis for Groups 8 &
9
Mean Response
Survivors th ro u g h D ay 12
S T ART
Age (P o s tn a ta l D a y s)
Figure 5.
Negative Geotaxis Reflex measures for Groups 8 and 9.
* Indicates significant group mean differences, _t-test, (p < .05).
32
Ethanol
Preference
Figures
wat er ,
by
deprived
subjects
we r e
hr,
t hen
wa t e r
of
ethanol
of
and
preference
for
offered
ethanol
one-hour
The
18
of
C1%,
5%,
or
solutions
and
position
versus
10% v / v ) .
of
water-
one
of
Or der
of
bottles
three
wer e
determined.
s o me wha t
6 shows
mo r e
t he
that
ethanol
offered.
The
t he
only
significant
experimental
t han
t he
controls
significant
10% c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
no
during
(combined).
Figure
wer e
c on s u me d
a mo u n t s
2-5
presentation
r a md o ml y
t he
Gr o u p s
solutions
was
7 show
respectively,
tests
tions
6 and
±(25)
differences
subjects
at
all
of
concentra­
difference,
= 2.17,
t he
<.04.
wat er
drank
however ,
There
c o n s u mp t i o n
rates.
All
of
these
carried
out
to
pups
f r o m Gr o u p s
We
also
tested
hr
of
water
ethanol
tal).
drank
during
in
Gr o u p
35
both
decrease
by
2-3
2
home
in
a
t he
hr.
twi ce
30 mi n
c a ge .
(combi ned),
These
tests
Gr o u p
4,
tests
wer e
and
we r e
given
Gr o u p
5.
19
test.
After
subjects
given
either
or
wer e
5% e t h a n o l
( Day
36
ethanol-exposed
as much
but
preference
single-bottle
concentrations,
first
I
two-bottle
postnatal)
approximately
t he
hr
pup's
deprivation
( Day
At
t he
one
this
ethanol
as
difference
10%
postna­
subjects
controls
appeared
to
Com bined
Et OH C o n s u m p t i o n
G r o u p s 2 —5
Mean Amount EtOH Consumed (ml)
O ne hr t e s t -------- 3 c o n c e n tra tio n s
E tO H I %
Figure 6>
E tO H 5%
EtOH 10%
Ethanol consumption for Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Three concentrations
were presented with water; 1% ethanol (v/v), 5% ethanol (v/v) and 10%
ethanol (v/v).
*Indicates significant group mean difference, _t-test (p< .05).
W a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n f o r G r o u p s 2 —5
Mean Water Consumed (ml)
As p a ire d w ith e a c h EtOH c o n c e n tra tio n
H 2 0 (1 % )
Figure 7.
Water Consumption for Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. The amount of water
consumed with each ethanol concentration (1%, 5%, and IO^is shown.
35
Figure
sumed
in
jects
Cv / v )
mo r e
three
wer e
bottles
8 shows
5 hr
-
one
ethanol
ethanol
large
test
or
a nd
17-hr
group
wher eas
pups
c ons u me d
mentals
drank
in
ml )
t he
ml
c ons u me d
(±8.73
18.67
c o n s u mp t i o n
with
appeared
successive
to
to
t he
ml )
for
t he
17-hr
35 ml
for
t he
of
testing.
t he
wher eas
on
test
was
t he
only
a
t he
was
one
24-hr
in
ml )
t he
ethanol ,
a mean
of
17
controls
the
experi-
Total
24
hr
28
experimentals.
c o n s u mp t i o n
relatively
no ma i n
pups
ethanol .
on
their
given
drank
groups
signifi­
a nd
group
ml )
me a s u r e s
s howe d
test
test
test
8 D = 5.040,
(+. 5 . 5 0
17-hr
5%
dr ank
three
There
ml
ethanol
both
increase
da y s
also
24-hr
6.67
ml ( ± 3 . 0 5
Total
groups
33 ml
c o mp a r e d
t he
t he
Cn = 3 )
me a ns
5 was
of
On
was
controls
On
t he
experimental
c o n s u mp t i o n
fluid
why
t wo
containing
show a ny
subjects
Sub­
given
repeated
groups.
con­
5.
ani mal s
of
days , £ ( 2 ,
Gr o u p
ethanol .
13.33
of
a mean
Gr o u p
other
each
not
a nd w a t e r
t hen
variance
t wo
of
test.
hr
t he
on
of
explain
interaction.
one
( +. 2. 64
numbe r
in
experimental
t he
effect
may
21
19 8 3 D d i d
bet ween
s ma l l
control
ml
Dixon,
ethanol
a nd
controls
analysis
overall
variances
effect
t he
an
differences
The
for
The
( BMPD- 2V;
.04.
water
solution.
t han
of
subjects
water
design
£.<
of
by
containing
However ,
significant
a mo u n t
tests
deprived
days.
cant
t he
of
ml
fluid
test.
f or
Bo t h
ethanol
Group 5 P re fe re n c e
M eon Fluid C o nsu m ed ( m l)
T h re e 5 —h r te s ts
EtO H Day 3
Figure 8.
H20
EtOH Day 5 H 2 0
Ethanol and water consumption for Group 5 in three 5-hr tests.
Water was paired with a 5% ethanol (v/v) solution. Position of
solutions was randomly determined.
37
Brain
W e i a h t / Bod v W e i a h t
The
for
eight
for
five
brain/body
groups
of
subjects,
four
wer e
four
ethanol
was
brain
( Gr oup
ages
of
ratio
ple
I)
a mo r e
me n t a l
10
days
subjects
is
CSEM = + . 0 . 0 0 1 )
exposed
(postnatal).
came
Da y s
5-9
ani mal s
9).
for
c ompa r i ng
to
The
3%
other
f r o m Gr o u p
days
9,
old
differences
weight/body
c ompa r i s on
control
±(11)
t wo
( p o s t n a t a l ).
18
The
brain
significant,
f rom
experimental
was
group
me a s u r e
came
eight
9
f rom
t he
.039
whi ch
on
( Gr oup
AJ . - t e s t
me ans
I
this
ma k e s
appropriate
weight.
group
old
( SEM = + . 0 . 0 0 1 )
subjects
through
wer e
0.033
was
t he
4% e t h a n o l
me a s ur e me nt s
these
brain
to
it
Of
f r o m Gr o u p
6
was
These
animals.in
exposed
a nd
and
animals.
Da y s
experimental
whi ch
The
for
ratio
pups
animals.
separate
( v/ v )
weight
experimental
control
Ra t i o s
weight
than
a nd
= 2.59,
in
s i m­
experi­
SL < . 0 2 .
Cataracts
A total
opening.
No
of
58
ani mal s
consistent
was.observed
bet ween
ever,
observation
casual
reared
ani mal s
mother-reared
opened
be
animals.
cataracts
Gr oups
difference
in
1-10
survived
t i me
of
experimentals
suggested
their
eyes
ob s e r v e d
in
and
that
eye
to
e ye
opening
controls.
How­
artificially-
s o me wh a t
earlier
t han
ani mal s.
Cataracts
reared
t he
in
by
wer e
The
cloudiness
a pathologist.
23
of
t he
observed
Dr.
Larry
artificiallywas
conf i r med
Stackhouse,
of
to
38
t he
Depar t ment
University.
observed,
maIs.
ence
ani mal s
J2.<
Of
t he
is
.003).
Veterinary
t he
19 w e r e
Usi ng
in
of
23
ani mal s
frequency
of
analysis
cataracts
significant.
at
in whi ch
ethanol-exposed
a chi-square
higly
Research
and
State
cataracts
we r e
4 wer e
this
in
Mont ana
control
treatment
t he
M =
a ni
differ
experimental
58)
= 9.042 ,
39
D I SCUSS I ON
Artificial-rearing
for
determining
neonatal
rat
Whi l e
and
effects
reflex
preference.
tations
t he
appears
behavior
it
complications
often
research:
particular,
hol
exposure
this
me t h o d
exposure
a suitable
ethanol
as w e l l
as
rearing
solves
inherent
in
t he
many
both
be
determined
than
with
maternal
me t h o d
exposure
later
on
ethanol
is
not
without
of
t he
nutritional
devel opment al
level
can
during
be
early
artificial
dr awbacks,
In
of
to
of
alcohol
nutrition
mo r e
exposure
and
precisely
or
limi­
acute
alco­
usi ng
neonatal
mother-rearing.
Gr owt h
The
reared
ani mal s
alcohol
to
did
by
limits
21
based
neonates
in
of
favorably
on
data
all
groups
and
their
t he
of
pups
artificially-
that
gr owt h
wer e
rates
normally-reared
their
weights
f rom C h a r l e s
River
wer e
exposed
when
artificially-reared
with
(postnatal )
Laboratories,
The
of
similar,
differ
Gr owt h
quite
Day
rates
wer e
not
controls.
c o mp a r e d
and
gr owt h
to
c o mp a r e d
a ni mal s
controls,
within
n o r ma l
Breeding
Inc.
fact
s howe d
that
t he
the
same
subjects
gr owt h
exposed
rate
as
to
ethanol
controls
is
as
inter-
40
esting
because
finding
in
gr owt h
human
FAS
deficiencies
children
are
a
fairly
CL a n d e s ma n - D w y e r ,
J - O p i t z 1 personal
c ommuni cat i on.
May,
gr owt h
differently
by
perinatal
c o mp a r e d
human
sure
is
and
affected
cannot
be
explanations
for
ol
i . e .,
exposure;
fairly
whi ch
limited
closely
gestation.
exposed
to
It
alcohol
a
that
a mo u n t s
whi ch
has
artificial
rat
expo­
gr owt h
rates.
Ot her
be
t i me
ethan­
t he
third
4-9
during
of
children
over
a
p o s t n a t a l D,
trimester
FAS
ethanol
of
ethanol
( Da y s
human
it
to
also
in
human
rearing
be
f ound
t he
that
gr owt h
a
human
are
l onger
in
t he
identical
by
other
technique
ni ne
t i me
factors
constant.
(Diaz
has
looked
mo n t h s
of
may
wher eas
For
to
that
of
seen
also
is
in
play
a
artificial
whatever
present
at
exposure
deficiencies
studies,
a ni mal s
nearly
be e n
may
t he
research
over
Nutritional
nutrition
was
human
occurred
factor
role
holds
whi ch
t he
of
available
a I c oho I - e x p o s e d
rate
This
i s. l i k e l y
children.
contributing
t he
to
Perhaps
ethanol
received
de v e l opme nt
Therefore,
a contributing
rearing
of
corresponds
t he
insult
FAS
subjects
may
I 985) .
19 8 2 ;
period.
of
gestation.
human
t i me
to
difference
our
varying
devel opment al
Much
this
consistent
reasons,
studies
of
researchers
& S a ms o n ,
t he
gr ew at
controls.
using
1980;
t he
We s t
e ta l.,1 9 8 4 ).
Al though
we
di d
not
find
any
gr owt h
deficiencies
in
t e r ms
of
weight
body
ratio
c o mp a r e d
ratio
as w e l l
wer e
was
to
was
weight,,
a significantly
seen
in
controls.
seen
as
in
in
pooled.
This
Day
Day
18
t he
10
experimental
smaI I e r
and
Di az
brain/body
ani mal s
brain/body
postnatal
postnatal
Samson
smaller
a ni mal s
ani mal s
(1982)
wei ght
f r o m Gr o u p
when
ha v e
when
these
9
gr oups
reported
similar
r e su I t s .
Postnatal
Behavior
Initially
we
recorded
geotaxis.
sistent
after
with
t he
effects
of
during
cessation
longer
me a s u r e
on
one
after
day
three
individual
subjects
stand)
while
The
mean
latency
days
of
on
wer e
t he
avoidance
ethanol
da y s
in
latency
t he
end
four
of
to
others
t he
and
Gr o u p s
on
t he
da y s
exposure
I)
negative
s howed
con­
increasing
reversal
for
t wo
one
or
da y s
alcohol
exposure
treatment.
highly
and
. The
variable.
Some
over ;
inability
be m i n i m a l l y
affected.
approached
day
a
geotaxis
(falling
to
5 s howed
negative
of
was
appeared
treatment
( Gr oup
and
me a s u r e
4 and
alcohol
affected
significantly
four-day
by
ani mal s
treatment.
alcohol
differences
one
geotaxis
ethanol
obviously
to
variances
cliff
ani mal s
response
significance
ability,
t he
of
t he
wer e
of
negative
mean
D e v e l oomen t
group
treatment
of
Neurological
first
acute
Experimental
s ome wha t
Gr oss
t he
righting
Onl y
latencies
a nd
only;
different
period.
statistical
however ,
on
t he
This
t he
last
gr oup
three
increased
42
a mo u n t
of
noted
variability
by
Riley
and
in
t he
Me y e r
experimental
groups
has
be en
(1984):
" N o t e v e r y o f f s p r i n g i s e x p e c t e d t o be
equally affected.
In f a c t d i f f e r e n c e s be t wee n
pups i n t h e same l i t t e r
i n t e r ms o f d e g r e e of
e f f e c t may be s t r i k i n g .
Some may be g r o s s l y
a f f e c t e d w h i l e o t h e r s appear c o mp l e t e l y n o r ma l . "
Cp . 10 0 )
The
reasons
exposure
are
individual
o p me n t .
l ess
for
not
The
to
alcohol
exposure
of
that
to
exposure
was
this
one
withdrawal
h y p e r s e n s i vi ty
in
t he
may
degree
ethanol,
and
to
be
of
developed
daily
earlier
t he
5
ethanol
that
liver
livers
t hus
da y
longer
devel­
may
be
be mo r e
t ouch
This
was
longer
seen
poor
groups,
dos e
Day
observation
daily
by
also
vs
11
during
group
da y s
of
longer
t han
t he
con­
dos e
t he
of
period
4 days).
The
exposure
was
t r emor s,
twitching,
coordination;
higher
on
had
a higher
3 %) ;
days
indicated
and
to
8 and" 9 was
on mos t
geotaxis
vs.
(5
and
Gr o u p s
ani mal s
exposed
5(4%
dos e
in
Ci . e . ,
negative
9 wer e
effect
to
exposure
4 and
4 and
higher
effect
in
t he
It
t he
experimental
mortality.
withdrawal
as
less
Gr oups
groups
severe
noted
with
of
8 and
of
was
in
ethanol
t he
result
a higher
apparent.
of
c ompl et e
Gr oups
than
response
affected.
result
latencies
variable
differ
subjects
similar
ethanol
readily
to m e t a b o l i z e
behavi or al Iy
trols).
highly
offspring
The
able
t he
and
(see
as
well
as
I onger-exposure
Figure
servicing.
mean
a mor e
5),
and
However ,
differences
43
wer e
not
only
significant
see
the
groups.
It
( 4 %)
is
affected
l o we r
t han
( 3 %)
with
mo r e
dose
by
days
that
t he
ethanol
in
to
a higher
Mortality
therefore
died,
and
Moreover,
variability
higher
ethanol.
3% e x p o s u r e ,
11.
this
subjects
of
6 and
differences
likely
t he
affected
t he
dramatic
on
dos e
at
be t wee n
t han
4% was
whi ch
not
di d
ethanol
degree
pups
did
of
we
t he
greater
wer e
contribute
mor e
to
data.
Ca t a r a c t s
An
interesting
itous
finding.
( Days
11-14)
Initially,
( Gr oups
not
The
wer e
we
these
that
The
in
experimental
rats
that
because
may
color
be mo r e
of
we
their
cataracts
a ny
of
s ee
we
used
to
in
a serendip­
eye
have
ethanol
openi ng
cataracts.
ani mal s
of
cataracts
has
t he
research
published
Our
findings
on
t he
contributing
t he
be
cataracts
appearing
subjects
Sprague-Dawley
noticeable
a
albino
predisposed
to
on
frequency
appears
to
only
apparently
ani mal s
other
eyes.
survived
is
a I coho I - e x p o s e d
genetically
t han
research
occasionally
( a I c oho I - e x p o s e d )
be mo r e
malformations
si mpl y
in
exposure
may
to
met hods.
cataracts
It
trols
in
this
that
appearance
menti oned
alcohol
be
ani mal s
these
artificial-rearing
of
of
observed
saw
1-7).
been
aspect
indicate
mo r e
t han
in
rats.
factor.
often
con­
Albino
intraocular
strains,
or
t he
cataracts
because
of
t he
very
light
may
(pink)
44
There
ed
that
is
in
at
humans
intraocular
1981).
of
one
it
may
be
communi cat i on,
at
that
deficiencies
alcohol
in
t he
was c a r r i e d
this
question
t he
Ma y ,
may
cataracts
cataracts
of
19 8 5 ) ,
be
t he
our
of
various
CKer st i n,
are
partly
diet
CDi az,
findings
interacting
production
of
with
a
suggest
dietary
cataracts.
artificially-reared
determine
later
if
early
preference
surprisingly
for
subjects
exposure
ethanol.
limited
ethanol-consumption
experimental
offered
35
a
If
single
as
difference
t he
with
or
controls
detailed
This
one
of
drank
water
and
by
to
ethanol
Research
on
inconclusive
drank
for
19
10% e t h a n o l
CDay
36
t he
to
indicate
differently
hr
first
t han
a nd
t he n
CGr oup
postnatal ) ,
approximately
during
I
s ee me d
ethanol
containing
twi ce
30 m i n ,
2,
t he
as much
but
this
was
t hen
hr.
two-bottle
two-bottle
three
tests
deprived
5% e t h a n o l
ani mal s
decreased
A mo r e
conducted.
wer e
bottle
postnatal)
ethanol
subjects
pups
ethanol-exposed
water
causes
1984).
controls.
Day
to
is
Initial
that
exposure
that
testing
out
increase
CAbel ,
alcohol
including
suggest­
Preference
Preference
mi g h t
whi ch
deficiencies
personal
Ethano I
however ,
prenatal
nutritional
least
article,
malformations
While
result
least
test
ethanol
preference
consisted
solutions
test
of
C1%,
pairing
5%,
or
10%)
45
and
after
18
hr
combi nat ions
home
cage .
ethanol
t he
of
(ethanol
The
at
controls.
However ,
statistical
The
seem
that
an
suggest
increase
in
Usi ng
preference
ed
vs.
t he
was
All
ethanol
experimental
numbe r
of
subjects
groups
Cn = 3 D ,
t he
perhaps
worthy
finding
from
sis
of
a group
in
successive
test
been,
by
f ound
C1 9 6 9 )
in
x
solution
reported
repeated
effect
groups
days.
An
For
increased
experiences
with
t han
di d
whi ch
t he
10%
may
ethanol
cause
ethanol .
a
final
series
results
mean
Because
also
and
be
as
seen
x da y s
suggest­
and
c o n s u mp t i o n
t he
of
s ma l l
experimental
suggestive
An
and
interesting
C2 x 2 x 3 D a n a l y ­
design)
of
this
of
da y s
F.C 2 )
drank
mor e
ethanol
acquisition
of
ani mal s
of
control
alcohol.
their
to
higher
alcohol
in
testing
The
instance
t he
preference
5,
me a s u r e
of
mor e
10%)
for
investigation.
both
others...
t he
ca n onl y
future
a significant
subjects
for
subjects.
( n=3)
and
ethanol-exposed
s howe d
v a r i a n c e . Cr e p e a t e d
indicated
The
of
this
Gr o u p
early
drank
was
exposure
in
days
data
5%,
one
subjects
difference
conducted.
bet ween
test
only
preference
subjects
tests
t he
subjects
( 1 %,
of
offering
to
significance
early
controls.
by
t he
results
later
a difference
water)
concentration
concentration.
to
deprivation
ethanol-exposed
each
approached
wa t e r ,
of
Veale
= 5.04,
and
p. < . 0 4
across
preference
preference
They
data
has
Me y e r s
following
systematically
46
increased
ethanol
tests
reported
a nd
much
alcohol
early
in
exposure
acquisition?
all
group
cant
nor
this
woul d
and
Our
was
ethanol
data
suggest
group
x days
of
t he
on
high
ceived
a
of
four
t he
tests
for
20 ml
ethanol,
subject
chow
this
of
died
of
five
s
t he
water;
four
during
appeared
be
alcohol
quite
exposure
and
who
of
data
three
and
five-hour
11 ml
group
days
of
alcohol
transition
Al though
i mpor t a nt
had
fact
three
preference
that
a very
on
di d
he
7 ml
water;
5 ml
subject
later
re­
as
a score
affected
a
preference
60
s
This
to
is
this
during
strong
water.
of
exposure.
is
quite
subject
f r om f o r m u l a
one
be
s howe d
ethanol,
behavi or al Iy
s howed
to
4
later
ethanol,
ml
signifi­
latency)
On
over­
f r o m Gr o u p s
This
ethanol
26
but
research.
also
possible
much
intake
future
exposure
Does
Nevertheless,
appeared
this
u n k own) .
a possibly
for
as
first.
statistically
in
t he
definitive,
as
t he
11
t i me s
possibility
exposure.
were:
subject
(cause
to
t he
in
5% e t h a n o l .
alcohol
in
three
rate
geotaxis
( longest
of
this
topic
ethanol
t i me s
as
not
a n i ma l
for
subject
5 ml
other
three
60
results
tests
one
of
of
days
drank
The
days
preference
score
he
water.
t he
one
to
30%
interaction.
negative
that
3% t o
t wo
this
wer e
A review
indicates
drank
change
differences
t he
f rom
sequence
interesting
fairly
l ab
seventh
an
affected
for
rats
be
5
Onl y
that
t he
to
mean
concentrations
regular .
hardly
subject
acute
preference
for
ly
5% e t h a n o l
increased
Thus,
t he
ed
alcohol
future.
from
possible
may
for
that
related
The
ethanol
exposure
ethanol
( Bo n d
Reyes,
may
also
be
t he
effects
or
taste
research
role
a nd
of
as
not
a nd
of
in
1983)
suggests
in
de vel opment
an
fairly
may
have
is
could
that
others
of
early
f or -
Artificial
for
rearing
investigating
exposure.
ethanol
The
alcohol
in
It
& St a i nbr ook ,
me t h o d
is
is
actually
in
is
t he
preference
taste
l ow d o s e s
long-term
of
area
whi ch
of
ethanol
this
certainly
near
( Sa ms o n
sensitivity
interesting
increased
a question
question
investigated
as
of
ethanol
preference
1984).
decreased
be
Libby,
that
for
p s y c h o mo t o r
bet ween
Phillips
acceptable
answered.
as w e l l
indication
support
is
1985)
to
relationship
in
affect­
studies.
to
19 7 6 ;
useful
acquisition
seem
ethanol
Doyle,
of
preference
increased
be
by
woul d
an
opiates
rate
sensitivity
& Jones,
should
as m e a s u r e d
h uma ns .
a
preference.
b e h a v i o r a l Iy
in
is
a persistent­
mi ght
seen
preference
has
quite
later
later
early
actual
abuse
there
sensitivity
i mpor t ant
The
wo r k
Garcia,
Wh e t h e r
in
suggest
or
different
& DiGuisto,
seen
are
different
alcohol
that
may
subjects
exposure
alcohol
present
of
whi ch
s h ow a
this
to
suggest
1976;
studies
ethanol
tests,
This
insenstivity
Subjects
early
preference
who
water.
longitudinal
reflex
be
over
future.
and
(Lynch
and
study.
The
( 3 %v / v )
early
consequences
on
later
48
ethanol
preferences
Al cohol
addiction
mi g h t
has
been
some. A m e r i c a n
Indian
Environmental
Sciences,
of
is
alcoholism
pr ogr ams,
mo s t
given
for
alcohol,
it
possible
exposure
alcohol,
this
as
in
be e n
prenatal
explained
reported
to
be
hi gh
to
Mont ana).
problem
this
a
are
of
early
approach
extremely
addiction
f r o m an
early
exposure,
by
social
The
in
be
causes
nature.
addicted
numbe r
of
may
be
be
If
resulting
interesting
for
physiological
for
partly
a nd
rate,
to
t he
preference
exposure
It
Indians
change
may
rate
&
rate
later
consequences.
high
Health
prenatal I y .
physiological
this
may
on
hi gh
large
affects
wa y s .
This
social
alcohol
addiction
consequence
of
awareness.
fairly
to
alcohol
high
to
population
that
quite
( Depar t ment
resistant
exposed
rather
a
of
increased
this
many
have
a numbe r
Hel ena
and
since
offspring
in
reservations
However ,
is
useful
apparently
education
often
be
to
Ame r i c a n
point
of
vi ew.
Future
Considerations
This
me t h o d
early
f rom
research
of
indicates
raising
rat
ethanol-exposure
t he
justify
later
mo r e
preference
studies
on
should
length
is
t he
of
studies
this
take
artificial-rearing
a very
research.
preference
research
concentrations,
pups
that
useful
The
results,
careful
and
. Desi gn
for
especially
seem p r o m i s i n g
question.
tests,
me t h o d
e nough
of
actual
consideration
numbe r
of
to
tests.
of
49
Looking
at
alcohol
conditions
woul d
seem
conditions
mi g h t
be
tion
and
variety
social
of
other
tors)
may mo r e
a nd
sition
of
recovery
ani mal s
of
some
light
(single
factors.
on
here.
varying
versus
(different
approach .
test
or
cage,
group
The
t he
depriva­
inclusion
human
factors
These
testing),
environments,
mode l
envi ronmental
of
some
social
alcohol
and
be
seen
of
t he
c o n s u mp ­
Involved
in
these
indicated
etiology
f rom
a nd
in
acqui­
later
artificially-reared
t he
of
fac­
preferences .
cataracts
also
under
a worthwhile
cage
investigation
woul d
presented
be
appropriately
alcohol
Further
home
stress
factors
s he d
to
conditions
other
these
tion
/i
preferences
research
a
B I B L I O GR AP H Y
B I B L I OGRAPHY
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MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
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DATE
Fisher, Beatrice F.
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