© 2008 Los Autores
Derechos de Publicación © 2008 Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 7 (1), 38 - 43
BLACPMA ISSN 0717 7917
Comparative bioactivity studies on two Mimosa species
[Estudios comparativos de dos especies de Mimosa]
Samuel GENEST1, Conor KERR2, Ankit SHAH2, M. Mukhlesur RAHMAN3, Gadria M. M. SAIF-E-NASER4, Poonam NIGAM2,
Lutfun NAHAR2, Satyajit D. SARKER2,*
1
Department of Biological Engineering, Polytech'Clermont-Ferrand-Blaise Pascal University, 24, Avenue des Landais - BP 206, F-63174
Aubière Cedex,France; 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road,
Coleraine BT52 1SA, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK; 3Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy,
University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; 4Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, ElFateh University, Tripoli, Libya.
*Corresponding author. Tel: +44 28 7032 4302; Fax: +44 28 7032 4965; E-mail: s.sarker@ulster.ac.uk
Received on 15 November 2007; Accepted on 9 January 2008.
Abstract
Comparative antioxidant, antibacterial activities and general toxicity studies on the n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol
(MeOH) extracts of Mimosa pudica and Mimosa rubicaulis, two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, were carried out, using the 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the resazurin microtitre plate based assay, and the brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively. The DCM
and MeOH extracts of both M. pudica and M. rubicaulis showed prominent antioxidant property, with the RC50 values ranging from 4.70
x 10-1 to 2.10 x 10-2 mg/mL. While M. rubicaulis did not show any antibacterial activity, the DCM and the MeOH extracts of M. pudica
displayed considerable bacteriostatic activity against all six bacterial strains (MIC range = 0.625 – 2.50 mg/mL) including Bacillus
cereus, B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of
these plants exhibited any significant toxicity towards brine shrimps.
Keywords: Mimosa pudica, Mimosa rubicaulis, antioxidant, antibacterial, resazurin assay, DPPH, brine shrimp lethality assay
Abstract
Comparative antioxidant, antibacterial activities and general toxicity studies on the n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol
(MeOH) extracts of Mimosa pudica and Mimosa rubicaulis, two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, were carried out, using the 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the resazurin microtitre plate based assay, and the brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively. The DCM
and MeOH extracts of both M. pudica and M. rubicaulis showed prominent antioxidant property, with the RC50 values ranging from 4.70
x 10-1 to 2.10 x 10-2 mg/mL. While M. rubicaulis did not show any antibacterial activity, the DCM and the MeOH extracts of M. pudica
displayed considerable bacteriostatic activity against all six bacterial strains (MIC range = 0.625 – 2.50 mg/mL) including Bacillus
cereus, B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of
these plants exhibited any significant toxicity towards brine shrimps.
Keywords: Mimosa pudica, Mimosa rubicaulis, antioxidant, antibacterial, resazurin assay, DPPH, brine shrimp lethality assay
INTRODUCTION
Mimosa pudica L. (common name: ‘touch-menot’ or sensitive plant’) and Mimosa rubicaulis
Lam. (common name: ‘shiahkanta’) belong to the
genus Mimosa (Family: Fabaceae alt. Leguminosae)
that comprises over 300 species distributed mainly
in Asia, but also found in other continents (GRIN
Database, 2007). Both species are well-known for
their medicinal properties, particularly for their use
in the treatment of piles (Yadava and Agrawal,
1998; Dr Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical
Databases, 2007). M. pudica is known to possess
sedative, emetic, and tonic properties, and has been
used traditionally in the treatment of various
ailments including alopecia, diarrhoea, dysentery,
insomnia, tumour and various urogenital infections
Bioactivity of two Mimosa species
(Dr Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical
Databases, 2007). In India, the leaves of M.
rubicaulis are used in the treatment of burns, and
the roots as an antiemetic agent (Yadava and
Agrawal, 1998). The ethnobotanical uses of this
species also include its use in the treatment of
bronchitis, cholera, cough, dyspepsia, fever,
jaundice, smallpox, syphilis and tuberculosis (Dr
Duke’s
Phytochemical
and
Ethnobotanical
Databases, 2007).
While previous phytochemical studies on M.
pudica revealed the presence of alkaloids, nonprotein amino acid (mimosin), flavonoid Cglycosides, sterols, terpenoids, tannins and fatty
acids (Kirk et al., 2003; Bum et al., 2004; Dinda et
al., 2006; Dr Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases, 2007; Yuan et al., 2007),
M. rubicaulis was shown to produce flavonoid
glycosides (Yadava and Agrawal, 1998). No reports
on any bioactivity studies on M. rubicaulis are
available to date, but bioactivity studies on M.
pudica established its anticonvulsant property (Bum
et al., 2004), antifertility activity (Norton, 1978),
antivenom activity (Girish et al., 2004),
hyperglycemic effect (Amalraj and Ignacimithu,
2002), and effectiveness in the treatment of snakebites (Mahanta and Mukherjee, 2001).
In continuation of our studies on bioactivity of
Bangladeshi medicinal plants (Chitnis et al., 2007;
Datta et al., 2007; Mondal et al., 2007; Rouf et al.,
2006; Saha et al., 2007; Shilpi et al., 2004; Uddin et
al., 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2007a,b), we now report on
comparative free radical scavenging (antioxidant),
antibacterial activities, and brine shrimp toxicity of
two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, Mimosa pudica
and Mimosa rubicaulis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material
The stems of Mimosa pudica L. and Mimosa
rubicaulis Lam. were collected from the Rajshahi
University campus, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during
August 1999, and identified by Prof Naderuzzan,
Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi,
Bangladesh, where voucher specimens (MMRRUP99001 and MMR-RUP99002, respectively)
representing this collection have been maintained.
Extraction
The dried and ground stems of Mimosa pudica
and Mimosa rubicaulis (110 g each) were separately
Soxhlet-extracted sequentially with n-hexane,
Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas Vol. 7 (1) 2008
Genest et al.
dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH)
(0.9 L each). Filtered extracts were dried using a
rotary evaporator at 45oC to yield n-hexane,
dichloromethane and methanol extracts weighing
2.1 g, 1.8 g and 12.6 g per 110 g of dried stems.
Extracts were re-suspended in MeOH or 10%
aqueous DMSO to achieve the stock concentration
10 mg /mL.
Antioxidant Assay
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH),
molecular formula C18H12N5O6, was obtained from
Fluka Chemie AG, Bucks. Trolox® (6-hydroxy2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was
obtained
from
Sigma-Aldrich,
UK
(http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Eu
rope_Home/UK.html). The method used by Takao
et al. (1994) was adopted with suitable
modifications (Kumarasamy et al., 2007). DPPH (8
mg) was dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) to obtain a
concentration of 80 μg/mL.
Qualitative Aanalysis: Test samples were
applied on a Silica gel TLC plate and sprayed with
DPPH solution using an atomiser. It was allowed to
develop for 30 min. The colour changes (purple on
white) were noted.
Quantitative Analysis: Serial dilutions were
carried out with the stock solutions (10 mg/mL) of
the plant extracts to obtain concentrations of 5x101, 5×10-2, 5×10-3, 5×10-4, 5×10-5, 5×10-6 mg/mL.
Diluted solutions (2 mL each) were mixed with
DPPH (2 mL) and allowed to stand for 30 min for
any reaction to occur. The UV absorbance was
recorded at 517 nm. The experiment was performed
in duplicate and the average absorption was noted
for each concentration. The same procedure was
followed for the positive control Trolox®. The RC50
value, which is the concentration of the test material
that reduces 50% of the free radical concentration,
was calculated as mg/mL.
Antibacterial Assay
The antibacterial activity of the extracts was
assessed against six bacterial strains, Bacillus
cereus (ATCC 11778), Bacillus subtilis (NCTC
10400), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Ampicillinresistant Escherichia coli (NCTC 10418),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6750) and
Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 1803), obtained
from the Biotechnology Laboratory, School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster. Active
cultures were generated by inoculating a loopful of
39
Bioactivity of two Mimosa species
Genest et al.
culture in separate 100 mL nutrient broths and
incubating on a shaker at 37oC overnight. The cells
were harvested by centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 5
min, washed with normal saline, spun at 4000 rpm
for 5 min again and diluted in normal saline to
obtain 5 x 105 cfu/mL.
Disc Diffusion Assay: Conventional disc
diffusion method (Bauer et al., 1966; Cruickshank,
1968) was employed for the initial assessment of
antibacterial potential of the extracts. Sterile 6.0 mm
diameter blank discs (BBL, Cocksville, USA) were
impregnated with test substances at a dose of 500
μg/disc. These discs, along with the positive control
disks (ciprofloxacin, 10 μg/disc) and negative
control disks were placed on Petri dishes containing
a suitable agar medium seeded with the test
organisms using sterile transfer loop and kept at
4oC to facilitate maximum diffusion. The plates
were kept in an incubator (37oC) to allow the
growth of the bacteria. The antibacterial activities of
the test agents were determined by measuring the
diameter of the zone of inhibition in terms of
millimetre.
Resazurin Microtitre Assay: The recently
published 96-well microtitre assay (Sarker et al.,
2007) using resazurin as the indicator of cell growth
was employed for the determination of the
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the
active extracts. Isosensitised nutrient broth was
obtained from Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire,
England. Microtitre plates were from Sero-wel,
Bibby sterilin, Stone, Staffs, UK. Eppendorf
pipettes were purchased from Netheter-hinz-Gmbh,
22331, Hamburg, Germany. Bacterial suspension
(20 μL) in double strength nutrient broth at a
concentration of 5 x 105 colony forming unit
(CFU)/mL was used. The stock solutions of the
extracts in 10% aqueous DMSO were serially
diluted. Ciprofloxacin, a well-known broadspectrum antibiotic, was used as positive control.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was
determined for each extract and compared with that
of ciprofloxacin.
Assessment
of
Bacteriostatic/Bactericidal
Property: The agar plate was seeded with the
mixture from the well which was just before the
well of the MIC, using sterile transfer loop and kept
at 4oC to facilitate maximum diffusion. The plates
were kept in an incubator (37oC) to allow the
growth of the bacteria. Any bacterial growth would
indicate the bacteriostatic property of the extract,
and no growth would be an indicator of bactericidal
activity.
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay
Shrimp eggs were purchased from The Pet Shop,
Kittybrewster Shopping Complex, Aberdeen, UK.
The bioassay was conducted following the
procedure described by Meyer et al (1982). The
eggs were hatched in a conical flask containing 300
mL artificial seawater. The flasks were well aerated
with the aid of an air pump, and kept in a water bath
at 29-30°C. A bright light source was left on and
the nauplii hatched within 48 h. The extracts were
dissolved in 2 % aq. DMSO to obtain a
concentration of 1 mg/mL. These were serially
diluted to obtain seven different concentrations. A
solution of each concentration (1 mL) was
transferred into clean sterile universal vials with
pipette, and aerated sea-water (9 mL) was added.
About 10 nauplii were transferred into each vial
with pipette. A check count was performed and the
number alive after 24 h was noted. LD50 values
were determined using the Probit analysis method
(Finney, 1971). Podophylotoxin, a well known
cytotoxic lignan, was used as positive control.
Table 1. Antioxidant activity and brine shrimp toxicity of the extracts of Mimosa pudica (MP) and Mimosa rubicaulis (MR)
Extracts/Positive control
n-Hexane
DCM
MeOH
a
Trolox
Podophylotoxin
MP
MR
MP
MR
MP
MR
Antioxidant activitya
Qualitative
Quantitative
(RC50 in mg/mL)
+
>10.00
+
>10.00
+
4.70 x 10-1
+
3.31 x 10-1
+
2.10 x 10-2
+
1.90 x 10-1
+
2.60 x 10-3
NA
NA
Brine shrimp toxicity
LD50 in mg/mL
NP
NP
1.00
>1.00
1.00
>1.00
NA
2.80 x 10-3
Determined by the DPPH assay.; + = Activity; NA = Not applicable; NP = Not performed;
Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas Vol. 7 (1) 2008
40
Bioactivity of two Mimosa species
Genest et al.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of Mimosa pudica (MP) and Mimosa rubicaulis (MR)
Extracts
n-Hexane
MP
MR
DCM
MP
MR
MeOH
MP
MR
Ciprofloxacin
Antibacterial activity
Disc diffusion assay
(Zone of inhibition in mm)
BC BS EC AEC SA PA
BC
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
19
-
14
-
14
-
7
-
32
32
30
-
30
30
BS
Resazurin assay
(MIC in mg/mL)
EC
AEC
SA
PA
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
1.25
-
0.625
-
2.50
-
2.50
-
1.25
-
1.25
-
10
32
2.50
2.5×10-7
1.25
2.5×10-6
2.50
2.5×10-8
2.50
2.5×10-7
1.25
2.5×10-8
0.625
2.5×10-7
BC = Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), BS = Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 10400), EC = Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), AEC = Ampicillinresistant Escherichia coli (NCTC 10418), SA = Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 1803) and PA = Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6750).
= No activity detected at test concentrations
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The DPPH antioxidant assay is based on the
principle
that
2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl
(DPPH), a stable free radical, is able to decolourise
in the presence of free radical scavengers
(antioxidants). The odd electron in the DPPH
radical is responsible for the absorbance at 517 nm,
and also for visible deep purple colour
(Kumarasamy et al., 2007). When DPPH accepts an
electron donated by a free radical scavenger, the
DPPH is decolourised, and the extent of
decolourisation can be quantitatively measured from
the changes in absorbance. In the TLC-based
qualitative antioxidant assay using the DPPH spray,
all three extracts of M. pudica and M. rubicaulis,
exhibited considerable antioxidant properties
indicated by the presence of a yellow/white spot on
a purple background on the TLC plates. The DPPH
scavenging capacity of the extracts was compared
with known antioxidant, Trolox®. The DPPH
radical scavenging activities of the positive control
as well as the test extracts are summarised in Table
1.
In the quantitative DPPH assay, the MeOH
extracts of both M. pudica and M. rubicaulis were
the most active among all their extracts, and
displayed a strong antioxidant activity with RC50
values of 2.10 × 10-2 and 1.90 × 10-1 mg/mL,
respectively (Table 1). Clearly, the MeOH extract of
M. pudica was about 10-fold more potent as an
antioxidant. The RC50 values of the DCM extracts
of these two species were quite similar, and the nBol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas Vol. 7 (1) 2008
hexane extracts were the least active. The results
obtained in this study (Table 1) indicated that the
significant free radical scavenging activities were
associated with the medium polarity and polar
extracts, e.g. DCM and MeOH. This suggested that
the compounds responsible for the antioxidant
properties of these plant extracts were possibly due
to the phenolic compounds, previously reported
from M. pudica, and also might be present in M.
rubicaulis. Although the antioxidant activity of the
extracts was about 10 to 100 fold lower than the
positive control, this was nothing unusual, because
often the crude extracts tend to produce lower
activities than purified single compound. The
positive control is a pure compound whereas the
extracts are mixtures of several compounds. The
compounds which were actually responsible for the
antioxidant activities of the extracts were present in
much lower concentrations than the concentrations
of the crude extracts. Therefore, it could be assumed
that isolation and purification of active constituents
from these active extracts would lead to antioxidant
compounds with comparable activity to that of
Trolox®. The antioxidant property of M. pudica and
M. rubicaulis observed in this present study is in
line with the previously reported antioxidant
property of a few other Mimosa species (Zalacain et
al., 2002; Lau et al., 2004; David et al., 2007).
The conventional disc diffusion assay, which is
useful to assess preliminary antibacterial potency of
antibacterial compounds or extracts, was applied to
evaluate any antibacterial property of n-hexane,
DCM and MeOH extracts of M. pudica and M.
rubicaulis (Table 2). While none of the extracts of
41
Bioactivity of two Mimosa species
M. rubicaulis was active against any of the test
bacterial strains at test concentrations, the DCM
extract of M. pudica displayed considerable
antibacterial activities against all six bacterial
strains. The MeOH extract of M. pudica only
inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The MIC values of the extracts were determined
by the newly developed resazurin microtitre assay
(Sarker et al., 2007). The MIC values for the DCM
and the MeOH extracts of M. pudica were in the
range of 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL (Table 2). The active
extracts were found to be bacteriostatic rather than
bactericidal. The antibacterial activity of M. pudica
was mainly due to medium polarity or polar
compounds present in the DCM and the MeOH
extracts. Previously, M. pudica extract was found to
be active against Vibrio cholerae (Akinsinde and
Olukoya, 1995). As the extracts of M. rubicaulis did
not show any antibacterial activity, it could be
assumed that the chemical profiles of its extracts
were significantly different from that of M. pudica.
A few other species of the genus Mimosa have
previously been shown to possess antimicrobial
properties (Lozoya et al., 1989; Digrak et al., 1999).
The brine shrimp lethality assay (BSL) has been
used routinely in the primary screening of the crude
extracts as well as the isolated compounds to assess
the toxicity towards brine shrimps, which could also
provide an indication of possible cytotoxic
properties of the test materials (Meyer et al. 1982).
It has been established that the cytotoxic
compounds usually show good activity in the BSL
assay, and this assay can be recommended as a
guide for the detection of antitumour and pesticidal
compounds because of its simplicity and costeffectiveness. The extracts of M. pudica and M.
rubicaulis did not show any significant toxicity
towards brine shrimps in the BSL assay (Table 1).
Owing to a high degree of lipophilicity, the nhexane extracts could not be tested. While the LD50
values of the DCM and the MeOH extracts of M.
pudica were 1.00 mg/mL, that of M. rubicaulis were
>1.00 mg/mL, indicating that M. rubicaulis was
generally less toxic that M. pudica. The LD50 value
of the positive control, podophylotoxin, was 2.80 ×
10-3 mg/mL.
CONCLUSIONS
The present findings support, at least to some
extent, the traditional uses of these plants. As none
of these plants were particularly toxic to brine
shrimps, indicating low level of toxicity, these
Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas Vol. 7 (1) 2008
Genest et al.
plants could be used as sources of less toxic but
potent antioxidant and antibacterial compounds.
Acknowledgements
Samule Genest would like to thank
Polytech'Clermont-Ferrand-Blaise Pascal University
for financial support for his placement in the
University of Ulster during the summer 2007, and a
postgraduate studentship to Connor Kerr from the
European Social Fund is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Akinsinde KA, Olukoya DK. 1995. Vibriocidal activities
of some local herbs. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 13:127129.
Amalraj T, Ignacimuthu S. 2002. Hyperglycemic effect
of leaves of Mimosa pudica Linn. Fitoterapia
73:352-352.
Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Truck M. 1966.
Antimicrobial
susceptibility
testing
by
a
standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.
45:493-496.
Bum EN, Dawack DL, Schmutz M, Rakotonirina A,
Rakotonirina SV, Portet C, Jeker A, Olpe HR,
Herding P. 2004. Anticonvulsant activity of Mimosa
pudica decoction. Fitoterapia 75:309-314.
Chitnis R, Abichandani M, Nigam P, Nahar L, Sarker
SD. 2007. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of
the extracts of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae). ARS
Pharmaceutica (in press).
Cruickshank R. 1968. Medical microbiology: A guide to
diagnosis and control of infection. E. and S.
Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London, p.888.
Datta BK, Nahar L, Rahman MM, Gray AI, Auzi AA,
Sarker SD. 2007. Polygosumic acid, a new cadinane
sesquiterpene, from Polygonum viscosum inhibits the
growth of drug-resistant Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro. J. Nat.
Med. 61:391-396.
David JP, Meira M, David JM, Brando HN, Branco A,
Agra MD, Barbosa MRV, de Queiroz LP, Giulietti
AM. 2007. Radical scavenging, antioxidant and
cytotoxic activity of Brazilian Caatinga plants.
Fitoterapia 78:215-218.
Digrak M, Alma MH, Ilcim A, Sen S. 1999. Antibacterial
and antifungal effects of various commercial plant
extracts. Pharm. Biol. 37:216-220.
Dinda B, Ghosh B, Arima S, Sato N, Harigaya Y. 2006.
Steroids and terpenoids from Mimosa pudica roots.
J. Indian Chem. Soc. 83:1044-1046.
Dr Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
2007. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,
Beltsville,
Maryland. URL: http://www.arsgrin.gov/duke/plants.html
Finney DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis, 3rd Ed.., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
42
Bioactivity of two Mimosa species
Girish KS, Mohanakumari HP, Nagaraju S, Vishwanath
BS, Kemparaju K. 2004. Hyaluronidase and protease
activities from Indian snake venom: neutralization
by Mimosa pudica root extract. Fitoterapia 75:378380.
GRIN Database. 2007. USDA, ARS, National Genetic
Resources
Program,
Germplasm
Resources
Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database],
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,
Beltsville,
Maryland. URL: http://www.arsgrin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24405
Kirk LF, Moller MV, Christensen J, Steak D, Ekpe P,
Jaroszewski KW. 2003. A 5-deoxuflavonol
derivative in Mimosa pudica. Biochem. Systematics
Ecol. 31:103-105.
Kumarasamy Y, Byres M, Cox PJ, Jaspars M, Nahar L,
Sarker SD. 2007. Screening seeds of some Scottish
plants for free-radical scavenging activity. Phytother.
Res. 21:615-621.
Lau CS, Carrier DJ, Howard LR, Lay JO, Archambault
JA, Clausen EC. 2004. Extraction of antioxidant
compounds from energy crops. Applied Biochem.
Biotechnol. 113:569-583.
Lozoya X, Navarro V, Arnason JT, Kkourany E. 1989.
Experimental evaluation of Mimosa tenuiflora
(Wwilld) poir (tepescohuite) i - screening of the
antimicrobial properties of bark extracts. Arch.
Invest. Med. 20:87-93.
Mahanta M, Mukherjee AK. 2001. Neutralisation of
lethality, myotoxicity and toxic enzymes of Naja
kaouthia venom by Mimosa pudica root extracts. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 75:55-60.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobson JB,
Nicholas DE, McLaughlin JL. 1982. Brine shrimp: a
convenient bioassay for active plant constituents.
Planta Medica 45:31-34.
Mondal S, Paul SK, Uddin SJ, Nahar L, Auzi AA, Sarker
SD. 2007. A comparative study on the in vitro
antibacterial activity of the pneumatophores of
Heritiera fomes and Xylocarpus moluccensis. ARS
Pharmaceutica (in press).
Norton SP. 1978. Antifertility activity of leaves of
Mimosa pudica Linn in early pregnancy of albino
rats. Indian J. Zool. 6:89-93.
Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Rahman MT, Ferdous MM,
Sarker SD. 2006. Anti-diarrhoeal effects of
Diospyros peregrina in the castor oil-induced
diarrhoea model in mice. ARS Pharmaceutica 47:8189.
Saha A, Masud MA, Bachar SC, Kundu JK, Nahar L,
Datta BK, Sarker SD. 2007. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the extracts of Phyllanthus
reticulatus in mice model. Pharm.Biol. 45: 355-359.
Sarker SD, Nahar L, Kumarasamy Y. 2007. Microtitre
plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating
resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its
application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of
phytochemicals. Methods 42:321-324.
Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas Vol. 7 (1) 2008
Genest et al.
Shilpi SJ, Uddin SJ, Rouf R, Billah MM. 2004. Central
nervous system depressant activity of Diospyros
peregrina bark. Oriental Pharm. Exp. Med. 4:249252.
Takao T, Watanabe N, Yagi I, Sakata K. 1994. A simple
screening method for antioxidants and isolation of
several antioxidants produced by marine bacteria
from fish and shellfish. Biosc. Biotechnol. Biochem.
58:1780-1783.
Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Delazar A, Nahar L, Sarker SD.
2004. Free radical scavenging activity of some
Bangladeshi plant extracts. Oriental Pharm. Exp.
Med. 4:185-193.
Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Alam SMS, Alamgir M, Rahman
MT, Sarker SD. 2005a. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the
methanol extract of the barks of Xylocarpus
molucensis in castor oil and magnesium sulphateinduced
diarrhoea
models
in
mice.
J.
Ethnopharmacol. 101:139-143.
Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Barua J, Rouf R. (2005b).
Antinociceptive activity of Ceriops decandra leaf
and pneumatophore. Fitoterapia 76, 261-263.
Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Rouf R, Ferdous MM, Nahar L,
Sarker SD. 2007a. Neuropharmacological properties
of Xylocarpus molucensis. Fitoterapia 78:107-111.
Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Byres M, Middleton M, Shoeb M,
Nahar L, Sarker SD. 2007b. Swarnalin and cisswarnalin, two new tetrahydrofuran derivatives with
free radical scavenging activity, from the aerial parts
of Cuscuta reflexa. Nat. Prod. Res. 21:663-668.
Yadava RN, Agrawal PK. 1998. A new flavonoid
glycoside: 5,7,4 '-trihydroxy-6,3 ',5 '-trimethoxyflavone 7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-> 6)-Obeta-D-glucopyranoside from the roots of Mimosa
rubicaulis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1: 15-19.
Yuan K, Jia A, Lu JL, Zhu JX. 2007. Structural
identification of new C-glycosylflavones from
Mimosa pudica. Chin. J. An. Chem. 35:739-742.
Zalacain A, Carmona M, Lorenzo C, Blazquez I, Alonso
GL. 2002.
Antiradical efficiency of different
vegetable tannin extracts. J. Am. Leather Chem.
Assoc. 97:137-142.
43