34-2 Patterns of Behavior
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral Cycles
Many animals respond to periodic changes in the
environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior.
Several species of reptiles and mammals are active
during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during
cold seasons.
Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when
food and other resources may not be available by
reducing metabolic needs.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
One type of behavior that is influenced by changing
seasons is migration, the periodic movement from
one place to another and then back again.
Animals that migrate include species of birds, sea
turtles, butterflies, and whales.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Between December and June, green sea turtles
migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of
Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island.
This migration allows the sea turtles to take
advantage of favorable environmental conditions.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are
called circadian rhythms.
Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is
an example of a circadian rhythm.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
Courtship
To pass along its genes to the next generation, any
animal that reproduces sexually needs to mate with
another member of its species at least once.
Courtship behavior is part of an overall reproductive
strategy that helps many animals identify healthy
mates.
In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such as
sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to
attract a member of the opposite sex.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
In some species, courtship involves a series of
behaviors called rituals.
A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the
same way by all members of a population for the
purpose of communicating.
Most rituals consist of specific signals and individual
responses that continue until mating occurs.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Social Behavior
When animals interact with members of their own
species, they are exhibiting social behavior.
Many animals form societies, or groups of related
animals of the same species that interact closely and
cooperate.
Membership in a society offers great survival
advantages.
Zebras and other grazers band together when
grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Animal societies also use strength in numbers to:
• improve their ability to hunt.
• protect their territory.
• guard their young.
• fight with rivals.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Members of a society are often closely related to one
another.
Related individuals share a large proportion of each
other's genes.
Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the
chance that the genes an individual shares with that
relative will be passed along to offspring.
Thus, social behavior that helps a relative survive and
reproduce improves an individual’s evolutionary
fitness.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Primates form some of the most complex societies
known.
Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt
together, travel in search of new territory, and interact
with neighboring societies.
A great deal of what we know about primate societies
comes from the work of Jane Goodall, who spent
thousands of hours observing chimps in their natural
environment.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Competition and Aggression
Competition and Aggression
Some animals have behaviors that prevent others
from using limited resources.
Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or
territory, that is occupied and protected by an animal
or group of animals.
Territories contain resources that are necessary for an
animal's survival and reproduction.
By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a
distance.
If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the
rival and drive it away.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Competition and Aggression
When two or more animals try to claim limited
resources, competition occurs.
Many animals use rituals and displays when they
compete.
Animals may show aggression, a threatening
behavior that one animal uses to gain control over
another.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Communication
When animal behavior involves more than one
individual, some form of communication is involved.
Communication is the passing of information from
one organism to another.
Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or chemical
signals to communicate with one another.
The specific techniques that animals use depend on
the types of stimuli their senses can detect.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Visual Signals
Animals with good eyesight often use visual signals
involving movement and color.
Cuttlefish have large eyes and can undergo changes
in the colors and patterns on its body. Its skin can
become bumpy and full of spines, or smooth.
Their visual displays function in defense, hunting,
mating, warning, and perhaps other forms of
communication not yet known.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Chemical Signals
Animals with well-developed senses of smell may
communicate with chemicals.
Some animals release pheromones to mark a
territory or to signal their readiness to mate.
Pheromones are chemical messengers that affect
the behavior of other individuals of the same species.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Sound Signals
Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate
with sound.
Some animals that use sound have evolved
elaborate communication systems.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Language - the most complex form of communication
Language is a system of communication that
combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to
sets of rules about word order and meaning, such as
grammar and syntax.
Only humans are known to use language.
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34-2
Two examples of seasonal behavior are
a. aggression and dormancy.
b. migration and dormancy.
c. migration and communication.
d. migration and circadian rhythm.
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34-2
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of
living in an animal society?
a. protection from predators.
b. protection of young.
c. improved ability to hunt.
d. elimination of competition.
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34-2
An animal that communicates by changing color
probably has
a. good hearing.
b. a complex courtship ritual.
c. good eyesight.
d. language.
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34-2
Many animals establish territories, which
function as
a. spaces where no other member of the
species may enter.
b. a defended area containing the resources
necessary for survival.
c. areas where members of all other animal
species are kept out.
d. areas where all members of a species may
hunt for food.
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A pheromone is a chemical substance
a. made in the brain to trigger a specific
behavior.
b. made by one species to communicate with
animals of another species.
c. made by one animal and used to
communicate with another animal of the
same species.
d. used only to initiate reproductive behavior in
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animals.
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