The alpine flora of Montana
by Pliny H Hawkins
A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF
SCIENCE IN BOTANT at MONTANA STATE COLLEGE
Montana State University
© Copyright by Pliny H Hawkins (1903)
Abstract:
no abstract found in this volume THE ALPINE FLORA OF MONTANA
by
PLINY H# HAWKINS
A THESIS
Submitted la partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY
at
MONTANA STATE COLLEGE
Approved:
We Be (J, We Blankenship)
in Charge of !.Sajor Work
Bozeman, Montana
June, 1903
$
V- — ■
THE ALPIHE
ALPIHB FLORA OF M O H T A M
by
PLIHY B. H A M I N S
Souroee
of
Data
The data for this thesla Is gleaned from many sources*
The
herbarium of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts
has been carefully canvassed.
For many of the ideas advanced I
am indebted to Dr* J* W* Blankenship who has given me free access
to his private note books and much personal assistance*
The ex­
cellent libraries of the College and Dr* Blankenship have been
carefully reviewed, and are often referred to in the following
pages.
During the last nine years, I have visited many of the
highest peaks in person*
The e u m e r of each year being spent
as followsI
<j'x|
C-O
1894 in the Yellowstone Nat* Bark
*96 *
”
Bull Mountains and Little Belt-range
•96),.
•9 7 )
Little Belt and Judith ranges
O
U
*98 in the Big Belt and Crazy Mbs*
*99 "
" Big Belt chain, and
1900 )
i d m \ in the Bear Tooth range between Wyoming and the
1 3 0 2 | Yellowstone River.
Not all of this time has been given up to botanical work.
Many days have been spent in geological studies and prospecting.
05
Scsne have been given up completely to hunting and fishing or ex­
ploring the uninhabited portions of the mountains* others have
been devoted to ethical and aesthetical pleasures toward which
the mountains always draw one so irresiatably*
days I have no excuse to offer.
human existence.
For these latter
They are the alpine summits of
r« o -e r /i
68154
- 5
The public lands are now settled far into the canyons•
Wherever there Is abundance of grass, stockmen have sunmer
ranges easily accessible Iyr wagons.
The occupants are always
hospitable to people who do not interfere with their business,
so that the botanist can often reach a height of 7000 ft. with­
out inconvenience .
Ifoans
of
travel
Flrom this altitude the ascent can be made on foot in a day,
or if one does not mind hardship by taking a blanket and a supply
of food one evening and the following morning can be spent on
the mountain top.
Even with rain and snow aooonpanlng such trips, I have
never suffered, always finding shelter in dense timber or under
overhanging oliffs where a fire can be built.
The interest end
novelty always repay one riohly for any Inconvenienoe.
But in
these trips it is only a few hours until you must begin your
decent to reach camp and food*
To avoid this I have always
taken two small horses well shod, one to ride and one to pack,
making permanent camps upon the aunnits.
Crasy
Mbs*
impass­
able
to
horses
The Crasy mountains are impassable, on account of the great
slide rock peaks which crown the whole chain.
After taWng the
horses nearly to the summit we were obliged to return with them.
There was no grass and it was with utmost difficulty the next
day that we made the ascent and journey along the range on foot.
In my pack I always carry the following list
Equipment
Presses, dryers, papers, etc.,
a poncho and three blankets,
frying pan and granite sauoe pan.
•* 4 —
a tent 7 x 7 with jointed pole and iron tent pins.
An ax to cut the trail,
A sack of good bread,
bacon,
jelly, • (this takes the place of fruit.)
meat if game is out of season,
cheese and nuts.
With such an outfit one can be gone a week or two with per­
fect safety and comfort.
Before July 1st and after Sep. 1st Alpine climbing is at
the risk of being snowed in.
In the Little Belts June 9, 10, 11,
the snow fell continuously for three days.
At the end of the
third day the snow was up to my arm pits and men and stock were
Time
for
Alpine
travel
perfectly helpless.
Three days later the snow thawed so that
we could roll snow balls and the horses got their noses to grass.
In their hunger they had eaten eaoh other's mains and tails so
that our train was an object of derision the remainder of the
summer.
This was at 8000 ft.
At 11000 ft. our stock might have
perished.
The fourth day after the storm we went down the
mountain.
In three hours travel the snow had entirely disap­
peared and there stood the tall June grass nearly ready for
harvest.
Here the famished ponies insisted on camping and we
lay down to enjoy the restful green after the perpetual glare
Snow
of the sun upon the snow.
Where the snow drifted it was nearly
three weeks before the vegetation was uncovered.
Flowers just
in bud when the snow oame were past their prime when uncovered
yet it did not seem to affect their fertility (Anemone patens
Nuttaliana).
There is no time in the sterner when snows and frosts may
not visit the alpine peaks.
One of the worst blizzards I ever
experienced was the fourth of July in the little Belts at 8000
Vicissi­
tudes
of
Alpine
ft. and the same year (1897) we had a foot of snow August the
twentieth.
Any plant which cannot withstand these vicissitudes
flora
of Climate is barred from Alpine regions.
Hot often are these higher regions visited by flying in­
sects.
Therefore they do not play an important part in cross
fertilization as they do in lower altitudes.
One of the most
annoying things to the insects, and to the collector as well, is
wind
the powerful wind which is always blowing at the summits.
times for days together there will not be a lull.
insects they could not rise from the ground.
Some­
If there were
The wind is simply
terrific with occasionally a spot of rain or a flake of snow
from an apparently cloudless sky.
In twenty minutes a storm
will gather wetting everything and in as many more not a cloud
Diffi­
culty
in
Collect­
ing
can be seen.
Only an experienced botanist will leave the sum­
mits with a good collection for the elements usually prove more
than a match for an amateur as I can testify to m y sorrow,
Bvea the most casual observer has noticed the belts of veg­
Belts
or
Zones
of
vegeta­
tion
Plains
etation.
First
there are the plains covered with cactus and other xerophytic
plants, scattering trees, and rioh grasses extending to the
broken foothills of the mountains.
5800 ft#
Foot­
hills
The mountains tabulate them in gigantic letters.
This belt runs up to about
Fyom 5300 to 5000 ft. is a more grassy moister region
known as the foothills.
Heay of the plants of the plains are
- G -
COTmaon here and some of the mountain vegetation strays down but
on the whole it is a distinct belt*
From 5000 ft* to 9000 ft* is the subalplne or black timber
Subalpine
belt, characterized by abundance of moisture, heavy timber which
gradually dwindles down to prostrate shrubs, and a flora entirely
distinct*
Then comes another transformation belt from 9000 ft*
to 10000 ft* in which alpine and subalplne forms are about
equally dispersed and highest of all the strictly alpine zone
Alpine
from 10000 ft* up.
I had always reasoned by analogy that the
alpine speoies were simply depauperate forms of lower altitude
species, that time had made these changes more or less permanent
but that by taking the seeds to lower altitudes they would grad­
Alpine
forma
distinct
ually return to their old form.
dispel that illusion forever*
One hour in alpine heights will
First if these higher species
would grow in lower altitudes they have every opportunity to do
so*
Avalanohes and land slides occur continuously taking seeds,
roots and soil below*
Seeds naturally roll down hill, every
gust of wind takes them to lower levels| birds fly up and down
the season through yet all of these powerful agents of distribu­
tion fail to scatter even a few of the alpine plants down the
mountain side.
There is nothing to lead one to believe that
they are the unfit, crowded to this inhospitable region of wind
and snow because they could not compete in the struggle for ex­
istence with lower forms j but are rather the fittest which have
the strength and hardihood to withstand the uncongenial climate
and invirancient*
- 7 The journey from subalpine to alpine regions is often but
Apparent
barren­
ness
of
Alpine
Peaks
ten minutes travel.
It is the most striking change in zone life,
On leaving the timber and coming out on one of these bare ridges,
the first impression is that there is not a sign of vegetable
life, nothing but bare rooks, that all vegetable and animal life
have decended to a more congenial climate,
As one looks more
closely, however, the rocks are found to be covered with liohens,
around the springs in little, dwarfed, isolated bunches are
grasses and sedges while in shelter of rooks a hardy set of
plants are ekeIng out a very comfortable living.
The most striking characteristic of these alpine plants is
Charaoter-theIr size. In leaf and stem the most rigid economy is praoisticB
of
ticed, But while small, they are well formed and do not resemAlpine
flora
ble depauperate forms of lower altitudes. The leaves are finer
flowers smaller and stems tougher than lower plants•
Examined
under a microscope the leaves show a thicker cuticle and fewer
stomata.
The stomata are not flush with the leaf and stem but
are set in little depressions or follow the grooves.
In times
of drowth and exposure these are almost entirely closed like
the Xerophytio plants of the deserts.
The roots are strikingly large, mostly perennials, covering
an underground surface many times the size of the branches,
nearly all, are fibrous roots.
Then as a further means of secur­
ing moisture most plants grow by large rooks sending their
branches underneath.
Often a root an inch in diameter will be
crowned Iy a little stem no larger than a knitting needle and
only a few inches hi^h*
By means of ample roots the plant is
able to stand drowth in sunnier, to store up sufficient food for
a quick growth in the few sunrter days, to withstand the enormous
pressure of the snow in winter, and to obtain the largest sur­
face possible for absorption whioh must often be very much re­
tarded by ioe oold water and freezing#
Very few alpine plants are glabrous*
totvard becoming hispid or hairy*
There is a tendency
This is likely a protection
against moisture or drowth in excessive quantities•
The vegetation is very sparse*
Scanty
vegeta­
tion
Perhaps l / l O O of the soil
is covered with plant life, only the most favored spots are
ohosen, by the side of a rook for moisture and protection, or
in a crevice or under an overhanging cliff for heat*
posures may be too cold*
Berth ex­
South exposures too dry or slide rook
may bury the whole country*
In such a climate annuals have too
much in way of unexpected frosts to contend with so that 99?' of
the alpine plants are perennials whioh nay be frozen down many
times but will eventually produce seed in some favorable year*
A severe frost 12° below freezing Falir• will not wilt a leaf*
'
I have often seen the plants covered with solid ice and coxae
out without a wilted leaf*
Of course some plants can withstand much more frost than
others and young shoots show tenderness to freezing sooner than
Univers&lity
of
Alpine
Flora
mature branches*
The mountain flora throughout the state is
practically the same in alpine regions*
In N* W* Montana the
line drops from 9000 to 8000 ft* due perhaps to moisture and
m Q m
latitude but there is but little to distinguish the flora of
one mountain from that of another while the lower plant life is
extremely variable.
The time of blossoming depends on slope and latitude.
One
thousand feet or five hundred miles latitude make about a week
in difference of time of blossoming*
There is on an average
about ten days between a north and south slope.
On very steep
inclinations the difference is more.
dust as snow line gradually deoende as you go north, so the
region of Alpine plants which at the equator is near 15000 ft.
drops to sea level in arctio America#
The same species are
Forming
new
found in Greenland and across into Europe showing a common
species
origin.
This led to the theory that during the glacial age the
plant life of the Ucrth was forced south by the intense cold
then as it receded these same forms ascended the mountains.
During this migration plants in the large continents would be
thrown into all kinds of company.
The hardier native stock
would sometimes meet, and cross with alpine forms making new
species and many varieties.
In Greenland this would not occur.
The entire flora would be crowded to the sea by glaciers but
could not go south.
This would leave one to expect some re­
markable things in Greenland flora and we are not disappointed.
All but eleven of the two hundred seven species found in Green­
land are European.
Qf two hundred thirty European species ocanon
to America not ono is found in Greenland#
common to all three countries.
Some few species are
Greenland species are on the
- 10 whole most nearly like those of Lapland in Europe.
The similar­
ity of the flora of America, Europe, Greenland, and Asia is a
remarkable thing.
Nothing like it being found elsewhere.
It is
the only flora which is cosmopolitan.
Age of
Speoies
All of these facts prove that spooios are very old, many of
them antedating the glacial period.
Changes may be brought
about very gradually by envirormont and intergrading with other
plants.
The speoies on our mountain tops today are similar to those
found in similar environment thousands upon thousands of years
ago.
Speoies are not artifical distinctions made for man's con­
venience but are a part of Nature's plan.
Plants undergoing
rapid changes are not properly species but variations, or varie­
ties.
A species is stable as compared with the age of man.
Greenland has a scantier vegetation than either continent be­
cause no continental forms traveled back after the glacial period.
Qf the 762 phanerogamous plants found in Northern latitudes
Limit of
phaner­
ogamous
plants
612 have traveled south to latitude 40° , 50 are native of alpine
regions in tne tropios and 105 inhabit the south temperate zone.
Seventy phanerogams are found in Spitzbergen. About 81° is the
northern limit.
On islands 15 miles north of Spitsbergen none
were found.
Saxifraga oppositifolia is tho most ubiquitous plant of
the artio regions.
Plouropogon is the only genus peculiar to it.
Vihere mountain chains run in a northerly or southerly
- 11
direction as the Ural and Rooky Mts* the flora is distributed
Mfcs*
are
bridges
much further south and contains many more similar genera.
Speoies of more than SO genera which grow in the alps are un­
known in arctic Europe.
The great plains between the Alps and
Arctic regions have been a barrier and factor in differentiation.
Therefore Mountain chains radiating from the N. pole do not show
endemic species to the extent that eastern and western chains do.
This is proof again of glacial origin of Northern species.
Of
course it is not meant that glaciers carried the seeds but with
the fall of temperature which accompanied them, the temperate
plants were crowded south.
The Arctic flora then took their
places coming south a short distance each year.
TGhen the ice
began to recede the opposite movement took place.
The high rats, connecting N. America and South America have
probably formed the bridge by means of which arctic plants crossed
the tropics.
It may be argued by some that a similar climate would tend
to evolve the same species.
Origin
of
Species
bear out that ooncluelon,
A study of island flora will not
Where islands are slightly separated
from the main land as Great Britain the flora resembles that of
the continent but where far isolated as the Canaries, or St.
Helena there are endemic varieties, species and even orders.
Where island groups are far separated as the Galapagos Islands,
each island has its peculiar species, though the climate is the
same.
12 Vihere volcanic islands have suddenly appeared in isolated
First
plants
to
appear
parts of the ocean, ferns were first to appear, their anenophalous
plants and those with seeds edible by birds*
Where mountain peaks are uncovered in a region covered by a
continuous glacier as in Greenland and Labrador it is found that
birds carry the first seeds.
They have been an important factor
no doubt in carrying alpine plants from one peak to another keep­
ing species from becoming endemic*
While it is not the object of this paper to discuss origin
of species, one can not collect the data without feeling that any
barrier to free distribution and growth of seed will in time tend
to produce variation and eventually change of species.
Fossils
of plants similar to our forest trees are found in Greenland and
Spitsbergen.
The tertiary fossil plants are the same throughout
the N. hemisphere.
Very few scientists doubt that our present
flora has descended from them just as our horse came from the
little five toed quadraped no larger than a dog.
Climate and flood are the great modifiers but they act very
slowly.
The Hut pine at an altitude of 6000 ft. is a large tree
often over 50 ft. in height.
At an altitude of 10000 ft. it is
a prostrate shrub not a foot high.
albicaulis. Englm*
Yet it is strictly Pinue
There is not the slightest opportunity to
describe a new variety.
Moisture is as great a barrier as mountain chains.
The
swamp has out its sign board "Ho cactus allowed here" and the
hills retaliate "Ho typha can cross here".
Millions of seed try
«• 13 **
to cross these barriers every year and perish according to the
immutable laws of nature. This attempt has been going on since
creation of plants and in the course of ages they may make some
progress.
Sporting and Cross fertilization sometimes accomplish at a
jump what would take ages of environment to attain but their in­
fluence is not great as is proved by the alpine plants holding
their own for ages.
nature’s law is against crossing of speoles, and towards
swamping sports.
I believe if Linnaeus could come back to earth
in 1000 yrs. from now he would recognize most of his genera
practically unchanged.
In the following pages I will give a list of Arctic flora
found in Central and southern Montana.
ttA" signifies Alpine
strictly, "Sn subalpine.
The plants are arranged according to Grays Manual with but
few exceptions.
One species of Uredineae was found @ 10,000 feet, - Plants
very light in color ere marked white although some speoles in
age may be tinted.
Those with a liberal sprinkling of red and
blue have been called purple.
Individual plants of the same
species differ so widely it is impossible to draw any hard, fast
lines in color.
Annual
or
peren­
nial
Many white flowers turn pink in fading.
It has
often been hard to determine whether a plant was annual or per­
ennial.
Among the strictly alpine specimens it is a rare thing
to find an annual root.
- 14 Where the flower differs little in color front the vegetation,
I have marked it neutral.
15
Fastily
Rammculac eas
Garrus species
Anemone Ihiltifidae Ftiir
2
Tetonensis, Porter
Caltha Dniflorae Ryd•
*
Ieptosepalae D* C*
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
10,000
8-1 0 ,0 0 0
A
A
S
Ranunculus exineur. Green
glaberrinus, Hook
Saxicolae Ryd •
"
Suksdorfiie Gray
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
4 -9 ,0 0 0
10,000
10,000
A
S
Arabis Columbiana, Haeoun
stenoloba, Ledeb*
Lyallie Mats.
"
Furcatae "
”
Leenoniie"
Draba Andina (Kutt) Kelson
11 Crassifoliae Gralian
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
10,000
10,000
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
10,000
7 -1 0 ,0 0 0
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
9 , OCX)
10,000
9 -1 0 ,0 0 0
9,000
23
densifolia, Kutt
Fladnizensi s, Wulf
glaeialis, Adams
oliyosperma, Ryd•
"
mialis elongate, Wats.
Erysimum Asperun, D. C.
Staelowskia oalyoina
Thaspi Alpestre L.
9,500
10-11,500
9,000
24
25
26
Viola Atriplioifoliae Groen
Caninae L.
" fIavovirense Pollard
10,000
10,000
9 -10,000
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Violaceae
Ar. Elevation
(feet)
S
7 -9 ,0 0 0
I
3
4
Cruoiferae
.
. Color
A
Red,
Green,
White
Purplish
White
White
Bluish
Yellow
It
ft
ft
A
white
A
S
A
S
A
S
A
S
A
S
S
S
Brib.
S
S
S
S
Annual
or
e Remarks •Perennial
Found in
Chile &
Patagonia
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
n
Pink
White
Purple
Yellow
Yellow
White
Yellow
P
P
P
P
P
Bien .
P
W
It
»t
ft
ft
White
ft
Purple
ft
Yellow
P
I
P
P
P
“ 16 —
Annual
or
Facdly
Garyoidtyllaoeae
Leguminoseae
Genus species
33
34
35
36
37
Lyehnis apetala, L«
Silene Acaulis
Sfcellaria borealis, Bigel
w
lomgipes laefca, Wats,
Gerastim Alpinuct
arvenso laetifolim,
FYenzl,
Arenaria Hufctali, FYx
" Sajanensis earulora, Rob,
M
w
, Wild
rigidula, Rob,
" Congeste
8-10,000
9-10,000
10-11,000
9-10,000
9-10,000
10,000
38
39
40
41
Astragalus hypoglottis, L,
*
acauleatus (Belson) Ryd,
Ltqtimus monfcioola, Ryd,
Trifolim Haydenii, Porter
9,000
10-11,000
A
9-10,000
A
8,500 to 10,000
27
28
29
30
51
32
42
43
Rosaceae
Saadfragaceae
Ar, Elevation
(feet)
10,000
A
9-10,000
A
10,000
A
10,000
A
9,500 to 10,000
44
46
"
Iionfcaneuse
nanm, Torr
46
47
43
49
Potentilla decurreus (Wats,) Ryt
glaudulosa IIevadensls,
Wats
"
quinquefolia
G e m Rossi, Seringe
8 turbinatum, Ryd,
Ivesia Gordon!i, Hook
50
S, Oppositifolia
,
S
S
A
A
A
S
Color
G-purple
Purple
White
ft
n
n
n
If
ft
*f
SI
Purple
tl
M
" ish
Remarks
Perennial
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
All AltitjBd. P
P
P
P
9-10,000
8-10,000
A
S
white
Purple
P
P
10,000
S
Yellow
P
10,000
10,000
10-11,000
9,000
9,000
S
A
A
S
S
ft
ft
10,500
A
Purple
tt
Tl
«
P
P
P
P
P
Kore ubic ui- P
tons plant
17 Annual
or
Faraily
Genus species
Saxifragaceae
(oont'd)
SI
52
53
54
55
Seudfraga bronchialls, L.
flagellaria, Yfilld
caespitosa, L»
Sax. Iiivalis, L.
"
Jamesii, Torr
Crassvilaoeae
56
57
Seduia stenopetalum, Pursh
*
rhodarrbhum., Gray
Onagraceae
58
59
60
Uabelliferae
Corapositae
»
Av. Elevation
(feet)
9,000
S
A
11,000
S
9,000
A
9,500
S
10,000
• Color
Purplish
Yellow
YJhite
Yftvite
9,000
9,000
S
S
Yellow
Yellow
Epi lobium alpinten, L.
anagallifolitmi, Lem.
"
olavatm, Trealease
10,000
11,000
10,000
A
A
A
Purple
Purple
ff
61
62
63
Musenium dlvarlcatum, CAR
Peuoedamtm oeroumdatua, Wats
Bupleurum ranunouloides, L«
9,500
10,000
10,000
S
S
S
Yellow
Tt
64
65
66
67
63
69
70
Tl
72
75
Hulsea C a m o sa, Ryd
Erigeron Coc^jositus, PuraIi
saluginosus, Gray
debilis (Gray) Ryd.
simplex. Green
radicatus, Hook
Chaenaotis Donglasii
Solidago muluradiata, Ail.
Arnica latifolia, Bong
Taraxacum officinale scopulorxsa.
Gray
Troxiraon graoileus. Gray
aurantiatura, Hook
Anfcennaria Ikibrinella, Ryd.
Alpina
9,500
9,000
9,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
9,000
A
S
S
S
A
S
A
A
S
Yellow
White
Purole
Neutral
White
tt
10,000
8,000
9,000
8,000
10,000
A
S
S
S
A
74
75
76
77
. Remarks
Perennial
P
P
P
P
Yellow
*
Purple
H
Yellow
tl
It
ft
Purple
White
n
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Genus species
Family
I
Compoaitae
(cont’d)
78
79
80
81
82
Ericaceae
85
34
85
SG
87
88
89
90
91
92
Priiulaceae
95
94
95
96
Polemoniac eae
97
98
99
100
101
Seneoio subnudus, Gray
purshianus, lfutt
Briopfiyllunn inte^refolixra,
Green
Rieraciurn, ^racile
Seneoio Fredraontiocci, Gray
Ledxra glandxilosm, lhrbt
Kalmia glaxioa nierophylla, Hoo :
Bryanthus glandul ifIorxis, Gray
eoKfretrifomis, R
Gaxxltheria T^rrsinites, Hook
Vaccinxm Hyrtillus Hicrophyllxra
Hook
Pyrola ehlorantha, Swarts
Honotropa hypopitis, Le
Cassiope Hertensiana
Bryantims intermedia
Douglasia Montana, Gray
Androsace subxrmbellata (Helson)
Small
Dodeoatheon media Le panuflorim
Green
xmiflorxra, Ryde
Hxlox caespitosa, IJxrtt
Gilia debt H s , Watse
Polemonixm parviflorum, I1
Txrtt
”
viscosun
confertixm. Gray
Av. Elevation
(feet)
9,000
A
6,000
S
Color
Yellow
Ti
fl
Remarks
Annual
or
Perennial
P
P
10,0(X)
10,000
10,000
A
A
A
8,000
9,000
11,000
8,000
9,000
S
A
A
S
A
White S
Purple
Pink
8,000
7,000
6,000
9,000
10,000
S
S
S
A
A
Pink
White
Pink
if
P
P
Perasit
P
P
9,000
9,800
S
A
Purple
White
P
P
8,000
9,000
S
S
Yellow
P
P
9,000
10,000
8,000
10,000
9,000
S
S
S
A
A
Pink
Purple
M
»
It
White
«
It
»
Blue
H
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
— 19 —
Facnily
Genus species
Scrophtilariacoae 102
103
104
105
At . Elevation
(feet)
S
8,000
7,000
S
S
9,000
- Color
. Remarks
Annual
or
Perennial
109
HO
111
112
113
114
115
116
Veronica Alpina, L*
Synthyris rubra, Benth
pinnatifida
Penetemon Confertus caaruleopurpureas. Gray
"
Iifenziesii
IIiraulus Alpinus, Gray
Pedieularis cystopteridifolia,
Ryd .
contorta, Bezrth
Castilleja oocidentalis, IJutt
Hraeelia serica, Gray
Castilleja laneeifolia
Hertensia Ione©data, D* C*
Castilleja pallida septentrionalii I
'ortensia Alpina, Don
Pedicularis Groenlandica, Retz•
Orobanchaooae
117
113
Aphyllon fasoiculatm, Gray
uniflorura, Gray
Polynonacoae
119
120
121
122
123
Polygonum unifolitza. Small
Mstorloides, Pursh
Qxyrla digyna, Caznpe
Sriogonim ovaliflorm, Mutt
subalpiznza. Green
10,000
8, OCX)
10,000
11,000
6,000
S
S
A
A
S
Eeutral
White
Ieutral
White
ft
P
P
P
P
P
Liliaeeao
124
125
Erythoronium grandeflorum
Uroydia porotina
6,000
10,000
S
A
Yellow
P
Qrchidacoae
126
Listera eonvallarioides, Mufct
8,000
S
Beutral
106
107
108
(%drophill)
Blue
Purple
ft
10,000
10,000
10,000
A
S
10,000
9,000
11,000
9,000
7,000
9,000
9,000
9,000
8,000
A
S
A
S
S
S
S
S
S
Cream
Yellotv
V.hite
8,000
6,000
S
S
YIhite
ft
ft
R
Red
Blue
Reutral
Blue
Cream
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
20
Family
Color
Neutral
9
W
«
Agropyron violaceun andinm, SPS
Calamagrostis purpureseens, R e Br ,
Agropyron Scibnori, Vasey
Trisetm subspicatua
Poa Buokleyana, Hash
” Alpina
" longipila, Hash Ryde
longiligula, Se Fe W e
n
purpureseens, Vasey
n nenoralig
Claytonia lanceolata, Pursh
megarrhiza. Parry
Virginioa
Lewisia Nevadeusis, Robe
Pygmaea, Robe
10,000
10,000
10,000
8,500
7,000
9,000
10,000
10,000
9,000
9,000
ejooo
11,000
6,000
10,000
10,000
A
A
A
S
S
A
A
A
S
S
S
A
S
A
A
White
Neutral
White
Seutiral
ft
Eguia.
142
143
Equisetm laevigatum
Selay innella rupestris, Spring
9,000
10,000
S
S
Neutral
f»
Jtmoaceae
144
145
146
147
Junous mertensianus, IIeyer
Luzula spieata Le, Kizntze
Junous sublriflorus, Coville
Parri, Engolun
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
S
S
A
S
Neutral
»
tl
11
Pilicis
148
149
Cystopteris fragilis, Beruh
Cryptogramme achrostichoides
10,000
10,000
S
A
ft
«*
Salix
150
151
152
155
Se Dodgeana, Rj^e
Salix arctica petraea
strieta, Ryde
n
Nivalis, Hook
10, O(X)
11,000
10,000
10,000
A
A
S
A
It
M
ft
M
tr
9
tt
Tl Tl
ft
t»
TJTJTIT}
(Portulan)
n
TlhJTITlTlTI'OTITITITITl^OTIT)
127
128
129
130
ISl
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
TJTJ
Ave Elovation
(feet)
hO 1XI eO Tl
Oramineae
PrQime Speeios
Annual
or
Pertmnlal
- 21 It seems to be an accepted fact that Alpine flowers are
brighter in color than lower forms to attract insects for fer­
tilization#
A careful estimate of colors in the Baltic flora of Europe
is given as follows«
White
Yellow
Red
Blue
Violet
Brown
33/5 in Baltic
Tf
28?$ "
20?$ "
97$
"
8#
"
2?$ "
M
M
W
It
25?$ in Montana
24?$ M
"
6?$ "
"
37$ "
"
Reckoned with
0
42/k Joutral and Green
All the grasses have been considered neutral#
Are
Alpine
flowers
more
highly
colored
Alpine flowers do not seem more highly colored#
In Montana,
With the excep­
tion of some very bright blues, the colors seem duller on the
whole#
In the North where the sun shines for 18 hrs# a day the
colors would naturally be brighter than here owing to the excess
of light, not the plan of cross fertilization#
Vihat time I have spent in Altitudes over 9,000 ft. lead me
to doubt the presence of insects as factors at all prominent in
f
t
Are
Inaeots
fertilization#
With the wind @ SO miles an hour one does not
feel like making extended observations on any one plant, nor
factor?
oan flying insects rise from the ground#
Even creeping things
like ants, etc# could be blown from the flower stalks#
One can
but wonder in this study of higher zones of life whether the
line dividing the alpine and subalpine region is rising or fall­
ing#
Northern explorers often speak of peaks being recently un­
covered which seem for ages to have been under glacial snows#
— 22 **
Is the
strictly
Alpine
region
rising
In the ^ ourrfcains of Tfontona the terminal raorain of the glaciers
seem to be going further up the slopes each century.
Qn the other hand astronomers claim that our climate is
gradually coolir-g, the mean annual temperature going lower each
year.
%
observations have been far too limited to hazard an
argument.
I am inclined to believe that the arctio flora is
gradually going higher and higher and at some future age may be
crowded from the rather low alpine eumits where they have lived
for so many ages in Montana.
P. II. Hawkins
Bozeman, Montana
June 1st, 1903
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