The leafhoppers of Montana
by David Egbert Fox
A thesis Presented in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Entonology.
Montana State University
© Copyright by David Egbert Fox (1928)
Abstract:
The Leafhoppers of Montana.
This ie the first attempt to list any group of Montana insects and so the little observed but vastly
important family Cicadellidae has been chosen. During the seen ere of 1986-1927 systematic
collections were made for leafhoppers under the direction of the Bureau of entomology and primarily
as a survey for the sugar hast leafhopper, Eutettix tenellus Baker. Since these collections were made
almost entirely upon the known food plants and habitat of that Insect it is reasonable to suppose that
many farms were passed up or overlooked entirely. This paper can by no means be called a complete
list of the Montana species, but a further and more general collection upon diverse host and food plants
will be necessary to bring the number of species to a satisfactory number.
It is the writer’s aim to make this paper mere than a mere list of species* Instead an attempt has been
made to bring together all known Information concerning the various forms and to make the paper of
value In the study of native species. Systematic keys have been provided that will enable the student to
key a specimen down to the described species and Judge for himself the lmportance of the form in
question. In addition to the systematic treatment of the family an attempt has been made to bring
together all available information relating to tie economically Important species. This material has been
condensed and placed following the description of each species when available. Also there is included
a brief summary of all information available on the economic Importance of tile group and a general
outline of tiie control methods that have been devised to date.
In the matter of bibliographies it woe decided to not neks the paper more bundlesome by adding an
extended list of literature for each species. It was thought better to divide the references into
"systematic" and "economic" literature and time enable the reader to more quickly choose the type
desired* Under the heeding wSystematic Literature", In each case, a reference has been given to the
original description of the species and to Van Dusee's catalogue of the Hemiptua of North America,
which embraces a rather complete and full list of the literature up to the time of lie publication in 1917«
The references cited under "Economic Literature" have to do only with the economic aspects of the
species Involved# The descriptions of the species end some of the keys have been largely adapted from
Lathrop's "Cicadellidae or Leafhoppers of South Carolina” and Lawson's "Kansas Cicadellidae". SHB LEAEHOPPisBS OP MDNTABA
Sr
David £• Pox.
A IhMi= Etaoected in PWtlU PulflUriBnt of th e Eeqolrement.
for Ifce
Degree of Master of Science
In Entoaologsr •
KONTAKA STATE (X)LLBSB
1928
BwmesitSbdt
N 31 5
TaUe Pt CtmtaotK
Intro dnctlon-
—I
"
Acknowledgement#
-II
»
-III
rXJonomic Inportsiice-...........—
Control—
-X
------------- -
-XIV
L ist o f Montana. Species of Cloadellidae—Systaaatlc Treatment of Montana Oloadellidae-
I.
Seasmal and Geographical Distribution" ...—
•100
L ist o f Wortcs OlteCr '
1
39067
—
•121 .
IHTao BUCTIOH
The Lealhoppere o f UonUam*
*his Ie the f i r s t attempt to U e t aqy group of Uoctana laeeete and so the
l i t t l e oheerred hut vastly Important finally Oloadellldae has been chosen.
Doriz*?
the stoeaers of 1926-1927 ayetematlo collections were made for leafhoppere under
the direction of the Bureau of Entomology and primarily as a survey for the
sogar heat Ieafhopper1 bute ttlx te n d Iua Baker.
Since these oolleotlom werem
made almost entirely upon the known flood plants and habitat of th at Insect i t Ie
reasonable to suppose th a t many forms were passed up or overlooked en tire ly .
This
paper can by no means be called a complete l i s t of the Montana species, but a fur­
ther and more general collection upon diverse host and food plants w ill be
necessary to bring the nxmber of aped e e to a satisfactory number.
I t Is the w riter’s aim to make th is paper more then a mere l i s t o f species.
Instead an attempt has been made to bring together a ll known Information consent­
ing the various forms and to make the paper of value in the study of native
species.
Systematic toys have been provided that w ill enable the student to key
a specimen down to the described species and Judge for himself the Importance of
the font In question.
In addition to the systematic treatment of the family an
attempt has been made to bring together a l l available Information relatin g to t i e
economically important species.
% is material has been condensed and placed
following the description of each species tfien available.
Also there Is Included
a b rie f summary of a ll information available on the economic Importance of t i l e
group and a general outline of the control methods that have been delveed to date.
In the n a tte r of bibliographies i t was decided to not make the paper more
bundle some by adding an extended I le t of lite ra tu re for each species.
I t was
thought better to divide the references into "systematic and "economic" llteratture
and time enable the reader to more quickly choose the type desired.
IW er the
II.
heading "Systematic L lteraturon, in each ease, a reference has been given
to the origins! description of the epeeles and to Van Dusee1S catalogue of the
Heralptua of Borth America, which embraces a rather complete and f u ll l i s t of
the lite ra tu re up to the time of I te publication in 1917. TSie references cited
under nSconontic L iterature" have to do only with the economic aspects of the
species involved.
Tb* descriptions of the speciee and some of the keys have been largely
adapted from Lathrop1S nCioadellldae or Leafhoppere of South Carolina" end
Lawson1O "Kansas Cloadellldaen.
Acknowledgements
This paper was w ritten under the d irection and guidance of %r. J . R. Parker
of Mostana State College* Hie kindness and valuable suggestions have done Hnvfr
in bringing the work to completion.
The specimens used were largely taken from those collected under the direc­
tion of the Bureau of Sntomology taken in the eurvqy of Montana for the sugar
beet leafhopper, E utettlx tenellus Baker,
ter, Walter Carter has kindly allowed
the use of these collection records in this paper.
Practically a l l of the determinations were made or v erified by v /* , l .
McAtu of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
Tised freely .
Many papers on the Cioadellldae were
Especially Ie c re d it due Van Dusee1S catalogue, without which the
woik would have bean vastly mere d iffic u lt i f not impossible.
From the systematic
point of view the w rk of Lawson and of Lathrcp were invaluable.
The jo in t and
separate bulletin s of Osborn and Ball were also of great value in the economic
treatment of this group.
To these, and others, many thanks are due for kind suggestions and assistance.
III.
Economic Importance.
Within the past few years the family Cloadellidae has "been assomizg a
more and more important position in the realm o f economic entomology. Thoee
who have been more or Ieee fam iliar with this group hare always called atten tio n
to th e ir destructiveness and importance in agriculture.
The smallness of the
forme, however, have caused them to be l i t t l e noticed and th e ir injury frequently
a ttrib u ted to some other eaaee.
%h@ Cicadellidae are f itte d with sucking mouth parte and i t Ie by puncturing th e
tissue of the le a f or stem and sucking of the plant juices th at th is lnseot causes
injury.
Due to th is sucking of the plant juices the Injury caused tyr the insect
often goes by unnoticed while the damage done by insects with b itin g mouth parte
ie evident eventhotyh they are present in but small numbers.
On the other hand
the leafhoppere may be present in large numbers and s t i l l go unnoticed u n til the
plant ie nearly dead. The small sis* of these insects along with the fact th at they
usually remain on the underside o f the stem or le a f, accounts fo r th e ir so easily
escaping detection.
In addition, leafhoppere are usually so colored ae to almost
perfectly match th e ir eurroundings and thus are practically Invi sable u n til they
move.
Often the demage done by the Ciosdellidae i s attributed to some other insect
or to fungi. Osbom sta tes th at the work o f species infesting grasses and grains
may easily be confused with the work of aphids o r thripe, but that usually the
aphids do not discolor nore produce spots on the Infested p lan t, a t le a st during
the early stages, while Ihe injury of the thripe is indicated by small dots or
lin es which usually run p arallel with the le a f veins and remain white.
The spot
pro need by the leafhopper, on the other hand, while a t f i r s t pale, la te r changes
to a bran or black color.
IT.
The Injury to plants by the Cioadellldee any be divided into two groups.
F irs t, the sucking of the plant Juloes u n til the plant is k ille d or i t s v ita lity
so greatly reduced as to re s u lt in e lo ss.
diseases.
Seeond, the transmission of plant
Iftioh work has been done on the former by Osborn and on the la tte r by
Dootor B all.
The following discussion draws largely from the work of these tw>.
To a large extent, entomologists and a g ric u ltu rists have concentrated th e ir
e ffo rts in fighting those insects whose attack is plainly evident.
Any farmer is
w illing to admit th at there is a loss when he can see the insect on the plant and
the damage i t does by ohewinc the foliage.
Be would be w illing to incur the
necessary expense of a control compeljn under such conditions.
The same man,
however, on the other hand, apparently pays no atten tio n to the insect th at reduces
the to ta l y elld of the cro 3 to the same extent as chewing in sects.
He usually
a ttrib u te s the reduction of the crop to weather conditions, poor seed, or frankly
admits tht t he does not know the cause of the reduced production. Be matter what
the crop i s or what one’s views are ns to the damage done by leafhoppere the fact
is evident th at each l i t t l e insect takes from the plant some of i t s l i f e substance.
This small p art m ultiplied by hundred of tlioueande reduces the possible ySftld of
a crop to m enormous ex ten t. I t Ie with th is in mind that we enter upon a
discussion of the damage done by leafhoppere to various crops.
According to Lawson the damage by reducing y ield s may be divided into four
headss
1. Damage to forage crops and pastures.
2. Demage to grains
3. Damage to oroliards, viiyards and gardens.
4
. Damage to shade trees and ornamental shrubs.
I t would be almost impossible to estimate the value of our forage crops for
they would include alfalfa,and clover, hay crops both wild and cu ltiv ated , and
the great amount of grassland used as pasture.
The following tab le from
?•
Hltohooek1S textbook on grasses, gives on Idea o f the great importance of axxsh
crops in the year 1909s
I
Produotlws (tons)
Talus (dollars)
Timothy alone
14,686,595
17,985,420
188,082,895
Timothy and clover mixed
19,548,382
24,748,656
267,280,330
Clover alone
8,443,863
3,156,324
29,334,356
A lfalfa
4,707,146
11,859,881
93,103,998
M illet or Hungarian grass
1,117,769
1,546,633
11,146,226
17,186,622
18,383,674
61,686,131
4,034,432
9,982,306
46,753,262
14,218,957
4,166,772
44,408,776
4,344,878
5,367,292
61,686,131
Wild, S alt or p ra irie
grasses
:i
Coarse forage
Other tame or cultivated
grasses
Grains out green
72,261,94%
Totals
§9,
022,821,14%
Thus we have almost 75 m illion acres devoted to forage crops with a
production of almost 100 m illion tons valued a t over 800 m illion d o llars, nrd
th is does not take into consideration the m illions of acres used as pasture.
The value of these ooprs new should he much greater than in 1909 and our estimate
is probably ouch too lew.
I t i s hard to say Just how touch damage is done to
these crops by insects and ju s t which ones are the most greatly responsible.
It
is safe to soy, however, th a t a large percentage of the loss end shrinkage o f
these crops
due to insect causes i s a re su lt of leafhopper in festatio n s.
The seriousness of the damage of course depends on the numbers of leafhoppere
TI.
present.
There is not much data available on such numbers b at, Osborn has fbuad
th a t In such grasses as timothy and blue g rass, a m illion per acre would not
be putting the number too high.
The amount o f fbod taken from the crops by th is number of leaihoppere can
only be roightly estimated b at i t ts evident that vhen present in each large
numbers they constitute a heavy drain on the p lan ts. Osborn gives as hie
opinion th at 26 to 50 percent of the growth of such grasses go to feed the
le a f hoppers.
There i s , in addition, another problem than the mere reduction of y ield .
Experim ent has shown th at hpy having escaped the attacks o f the leafhoppers
has a Bttioh greater food value than a sim ilar amount that has been infested
by them.
All of the above estimates apply only to cultivated forage and grass crpps.
Paetures are injured as much, i f not more, than a ll cultivated crops.
Lven
i f wt assume the injury to pastures to be 10 percent the lose is tremendous
for the value of pasture is very great in many sections of the country.
The species concerned in damaging forage crops are many , but some few
stand out as more serious than the r e s t .
The clover leafhopper, Agallla
sengainolenta Prov., causes a serious drain on leguminous crops and may be
considered as one of the most destructive leafhoppcre• Others of great
Importance are Deltocephalus lnlmlous, s tria tu s , Lueoelie exiteosue, and
Oloadula sexnotata.
All of these are common in Montana and undoubtedly do
much damage.
In viewing the relatio n of leafhoppers to grain crops we find many
instances where wheat, oats, rye, com and barley have been injured.
According
to Osbom the sharp headed grain leafhopper, Draeculaoephala molIipea, Ie the
▼II.
most serious of eudh ferae, tout Plnoe I t Ie not grea tly abundant In rontsna other
and more comman. aped os to the sta te eeeumo a more important position.
Among
these are three very ccramoc species, Deltoceplialus lnladous, Eusoells exltlosus,
and Clcadola sexnotata.
The damage to orchards, vineyards, and gardens Is not as serious as th at
to grains and forage crops, but even here a few species offer th e ir quota of
destructiveness.
The two species th at have been most troublesome are KRpoasea
mall and Eopoa rosoe. The former la abundant on apple and in fests th at f r u it along
with Eiapoasea uni col or and Eepoa roeae.
The damage done by Enpoa rosoe le des­
cribed by Mr. Leroy Childs as follow#*
"The insectssdurlng th e ir twenty-nine to forty days of nymphal development
are constant feeders, and when present In great numbers are capable of removing
Muoh food th at would otherwise be u tilis e d by the plant.
One Insect feeding
continually on an apple le a f during th is period removes or destroys from onethird to one-half of the green chlorophyll.
Four or five insects have been
observed to remove, with the possible exception of a narrow green margin on the
edge, the entire coloration of the leaves.
An Injury of th is extent, in the
ease of a general Infestation over the tre e , ixtloeably In h ib its normal functioning
of the leaves.
Trees so infested appear yellowish-brown during la te summer and
are much below normal in vigor.
"'^he Insects confine th e ir feeding to the under surfaces of the leaves e n tire ly .
The f i r s t Indication of th e ir presence Is the appearance of yellow spots on the
upper surface# of the leaves.
As feeding continues these spots become larger
and more numerous u n til the le a f shows a decided greenish-yellow coloration.
Leaves sc Injured are deprived from further functioning and th e ir presence on the
tre e only further d ev italises i t by acting as surfaces for evaporation.
In
cases of a severe Infestation many of the injured leaves drop prematurely during
the la tte r part of August.
TOXe
Frequeatly other fru it trees are attacked hut the resu ltan t daosge Ie
very e l i c i t .
There Ie great damage to vineyards hy a fee apeoleo of leafhoppers.
Thle
re su lts either In expensive control swthoda or reduced production and Ioea of
v ita lity In the vines.
Erythroneora eomee and I ta v arie ties are the ones
moat concerned and great damage resu lts from the attacks of these Insects.
Bulletins hy Qtuiyle, ILturtaelI , and Vorklea deal with the damage and control
of the grape leafhopper.
Garden crop# are not extensively Injured hy leafhoppere hut there are aone
few eases of damage, aupoaees mail Is frequently Injurious to potatoes.
E utettlx tenellua also causes much damage to beets but Ite destructiveness
w ill be discussed In the rela tio n of leafhoppere to plant disease#.
Leafhoppe rs cannot be said to be very Injurious to shade tre e s, however,
they frequently occur there In numbers.
The members of the genua Idloceroe
liv e largely on willows, cottonwood and crataeguo.
Clcadella hieroglyphics
and Its v a rie tie s, some species of Kaeropeie and a few of Lapoasea are fomfl
on willows. As to real Injury of such tre e s, however, none can be tru th fu lly
laid to leafhoppere.
Damage to ornamental shrubs la neltlier of a serious nature.
The rose
leafhopper, Empoa rosae, frequently does considerable damage to roses and in
the sane rmnner th a t i t works on apple.
Apparently the Injury to ornamental
shrubs oaiiiiot be considered o f any great Importance.
In addition to the damage done by leafhoppers by sucking the plant
ju ices, there I s another new and vastly Important fie ld , the relatio n of
insects to the transmission of plant diseases.
the following heads:
I . Leaf hopper# and bacterial diseases.
a . Leafhoppere and eu rly -leef.
This nay be discussed under
IX .
T>. Leafhoppers and f ir e blight
2
£• Leafhoppere end hopperburn
3. Leaf oppere as possible disseminators of fungous diseases.
Lr. B. D. Ball has done miati in opening up the new fie ld of leafhoppers
as transm itters of bacterial plant diseases.
After years of work on the
sugar beet leafhopper the following facts have been d efin itely proved*
wThe punctures of the b eet-leaf hopper (Butettix te n ellu s) cause a
specific disease in sugar beets called o u rly -leaf•
"Leafhoppers taken from wild plants did not transmit the disease u n til
thqr fed on diseased beets.
Three hours on a beet rendered them pathogenic,
but they could not transmit t i l l a fte r an incubation period of one or tso
days.
"Curly-leaf has never been produced except through the punctures of a
beet leafhopper.
I f a siig le leafhopper is applied to a beet for five
minutes, the cur ly -le a f disease w ill appear a fte r about two weeks i f
conditions are favorable.w
Combining these facts with the known bacterial agent. Bacillus morulous,
Isolated by Boncquet, we have d efin ite proof th a t th is insect is responsible
for transmission of the disease.
The amount of damage done often reaches
devastating propositions, hence we have a fie ld of vast important before u s.
There has not been so much done on the rela tio n of insects to the
transmission of " fire b lig h t."
Dr. M errill has done some work on the re la tio n
of aphids to the spread of th is disease, and Lathrop Itaa shown the part played
ty mpoasoa mall in i t s dissiraination.
Lathrop states th at Empoasea mail
seemed to be a positive agent in the spread of the bacteria and the in fec t! g
of new plants.
Again Empoasca wall appears aa a troublesome pest.
This time in Ite
JC.
rela tio n to whe t i s called "hopperbursf of potatoes.
Doctor Ball is responsible
for the knowledge that th is insect causes a large part of the so called "tlpburn".
!!util damage has been done by th is disease or condition and again th is troublesome
l i t t l e insect proves i t s e l f to be a destructive one,
Leafhoppers are specially adapted to spread fungous diseases.
Azy insect
may do tills of course, but the feeding and egg laying habits of leafhoppere along
with th e ir frequent jumping from place to place, makes them Ideally f itte d
for the spread and dissemination o f fungous diseases.
Control.
Control measures for leafhoppere may be divided into two groupsi
1, Control Iy natural farm practices,and spraying,
2. Control by insect enemies.
An efficien t means of controlling those forms attacking foraging and grain
crops mould be crop rotation and clean farm ing.
Most such forms pass the winter
in the egg stage in the tens and blades of grass so th at burning such areas th a t
can be so treated would d istin c tly lover the number of leafhoppere to survive the
w inter.
By regulating the time of planting and the cutting of hay and grasses,
much of the damage can be avoided.
Hopperdoeere are often used to d irectly capture the adults when they are
present in unusual numbers.
Leafhoppere in vineyards are largely controlled by spraying.
"Black Leaf 40",
I part to 1600 parts o f water Ie the spray mixture most commonly used.
Trap crops are frequently of use in controlling some epeoiee.
The natural enemies o f leafhoppere may be divided into four groupsi
I . Predacious enemies
2. P arasitic enemies
X I.
3. Fungous diseases.
4. Climatic conditions.
Predacious enemies are neither a very e ffic ie n t nor Important means of
control of leafhoppers.
Birds feed upon leafhoppers hut to a email extent.
Dtmeetlc fowls undoubtedly make use of them as food when p len tifu l but again
th is is purely incidental.
Mites and spiders are probably the most important
predaceous enemies of leafhoppers since many cases hare been observed where these
Arthropoda have used Cicadelllde as fbod.
Insects themselves furnish several predaceous enemies.
such enemies among the Sabidae and Iygaeldae.
Oebom mentions
Qusyle mentions ladybirds,
aphis lio n s, and ants as enemies of the greys leafhopper.
Gibson points toward
the agricultural ant as an enemy of Uraeoulacephala mollIpes.
At least two
fam ilies of wasps are known to provision th e ir neats with leafhoppe rs .
The chief natural enemies of leafhoppers are the p a ra sitic insects.
To
these i s undoubtedly due the cred it tor holding these insects In check so that
only the usual amount of damage occurs annually.
Such parasites are found In the
Dipterous genus Pipunculus and among the S trepsiptera.
But fa r more important
than these are the hymenopterous parasites belonging to the subfamily Anteonlnae
and to the family Bettylldae.
Oebom sta te s th a t frequently 20^ of the
individuals of some of our native species are thus parasitized.
The members of
the genus Qonotopus p arasitize the majority of the Jasainae, while Aphelopua is
the only parasite of the Typhlocybime. Various hymenopteroue egg parasites are
also at times very e ffic ie n t.
The part played ty fungous diseases in the control of leafhoppere is neither
well known or established.
Only in rare Instances have such diseases been known
III.
to attack these Insects.
I t seems very probable, however, th at under conditions
favorable to fungous growth, such diseases contribute In a large measure to
the natural control of leafhoppors es they do with grasshoppers.
Climatic conditions alweys play a great p art In the natural control of
Insects.
I t I s a well known fa c t th at an Insect transported from optimum to
adverse clim atic Conditions always suffers accordingly and most adapt i t s e l f
to the new environment to survive.
Sctrecm heat and cold take th e ir to ll
of our insect enemies of a l l kinds. The l i f e habits of the Clcadellidae make
them very susceptible to Climatic conditions.
I t Is a known fa c t th at excessive
heat is injurious to nymphs of many leafhoppere and the cold of winter no doubt
destroys many eggs, nymphs and adults o f leafhoppere th is preventing th e ir
carrying on th eir damage the following season.
All these natural conditions coupled with other means of control serve as
an admirable means o f maintaining the balance of insect l i f e and allow nature’s
program of l i f e to be carried out.
Recognition of the Cicadellldae from the closely a llie d fam ilies of the
Homoptera by well defined Characters.
The Cloadidae, because of th e ir large
else, need never ben confused with the Cicadellldae.
The Fulgaridae tyre also
distinguished from them by having the variously formed antennae situated
d irectly bedew the eyes, instead o f having the Invariably setaceous antennas
between and below the <yee. The Mssbraoldae usually have the pronotun extending
b a d over the abdomen, whereas that of the leafhopper does no t.
In the few
tree hoppers where the pronotum does not extend back over the abdomen, the kind
tib ia are not provided with the double row of spines as In the loafhoppers.
The Ceroopldae are separated from the leafhoppera by also lacking these spines,
having instead one or two stout spines along the tib iae and a c irc le t of small
ones a t the apex.
The outstanding feature of the Cloadellldae Is found In the charocterietlcally
spined kind tib ia e and la enough to separate them from a l l the above fam ilies.
X I?.
L let at IScmtana sp ecies of O lcadellIdas.
1.
A g allla
10. Gypona
M nlaculata Spangh.
novella Say.
qaadrl punctata Vo▼.
2.
11. Xerophloea
sanguIw len ta Frov.
T irld le Fabr.
clnera 0. 6» B.
major Bak.
Idlooerue
12. Xeetocephalns
pulloarlue Van D.
suturalIs P itch
laciiryasile Pitch
13. DoryoephalUB
platyrhynehua Osh.
anowl G. & B.
3.
Maoropela
14. Parabolooratus
T lr ld ls ISil•
v lr ld ie Fiteh
s or 41da Van B.
4.
aottttts Say.
Onoopele
dlatlnetue Van D.
5.
16. Platynstopius
16. Deltocephalue
oonflgurutus Uhl.
Bythoeoopue
mleelIua Ball
rufoecutellatue Bak.
6.
lnlndoua Say.
Onoooetopla
a lgnatlfroua Van D.
la te r a lis Pater.
7.
hleroglyphloa oonflueue Uhl.
colllnue Boh.
gothlca Sig.
s t r i a tue Linn,
8* Helochara
coKmmie Fitch
9.
d ebllia Uhl.
C ic a d e lla
Draeculaoeiriiala
O lllpes Say.
nanitobiana B ril.
aurntus G. & B*
17. iiuaceila
e x it I OBus Utu
aretoslaphyll Ball
comma Van D.
\
JOT.
18.
E utettlx
25. Empoasea
olarivida Tan D.
aspersa Cr. & B.
tennellus 3ak.
alboserlpta Van D.
19. Thaamotettix
geminatue Tan D.
fa se ia tlo o llia S ta l.
tiontanus Tan D.
b e lli Oil.
b e lli g ille tte l Osb.
20. C hlorotettix
unioolor Fitch
21. Cleadnla
sexnotata F all.
22. Balelutha
punctata Thunh•
ocnxfusa 0. & B.
lmpieta Tan 3>.
25. Eugnathodas
abdominal is Tan D.
oeo llen talis Bek.
24. Dikreneura
mall Pros,
cameola S tal.
fle b e rl Loev.
m i l Le B.
flaresccns FalM1.
26. Empoa
roeae Luln.
27. Ezythrtomra
comoB v itia Harr.
Systematic Treatment of Montana Speolee
The Cloadellldae may he divided Into four subfamilies, a ll of which are
represented in Montana#
JHtff to the Subfamilies of OleadOl lldae
A.
Sector of the oorlum forking on the disc.
B# Ocelli on the front below margin of v e r te x .----- Bythoecoplnae p.
BE. Ooelll on the disc of the v e r t e x .----------------- Cloadelllnae p.
BBS. Ooelll on the margin between the vertex and the fro n t.
——Jaeelnae p.
AA. seotore of the oorlum extending from the base to the apex without
forking.——------- — --------------- -——— — — —Typhlooybinae p.
Subfamily Bythoeoopinae Dohra
Thie subfamily includes those forms which have the o c e lli on the front
below the margin of the short vertex, which merges imperceptibly with the
front I
The head Is broad, often breeder than th e pronotua, giving the insect
a triangular or wedge-shaped appearance.
Kqp to the genera of Bythosooplnae
A*
Anterior margin of the pro not um not produced beyond the anterior margin
of the eyes.
B.
Faoe Huoh shorter than Ita basal width.— --------——
Bythosoopus
0. Elytra with d istin c t appendix.— —— — ------ ------- —Idiooerus
CO. Elytra without a d istin c t appendix.— ----- --------------Agallla
- 2-
AA« AntariLor margin of the pro no turn AietlnotLy produo od beyond the anterior
margin of the eyes.
Be S trln tio n of the pronotum oblique from middle o f the anterior margin
to humoral angleo#
..
"
' ■»Mawropele
BB# S trin tio n of the prcmotum tranavcrae or nearly so .-— —Oncopaie
Genus Agallln Curtis
Bather narrow, sombre colored specie a, varying from vdiltiah to dark
fuscous, with aoaroely more than a trace of red, yellow or greene Face as
long as basal width, or Iongere Slytra subhyaline, nearly opaque, without an
appendix#
Kqjr to the Montana Speeiea o f Agallin
Ae
Form long and narrow
B# Vertex broadly expanded behind the eyes —------ A. novella Say.
AA.
Form short end broad.
Be Barked ty two black spots on Ihs vertex and two on the pronotum
■—■■-A. qmdripunotata Prov•
BBe Spots only on vertex or wanting entirely#
Ge Ground color olnerous or testaceous, a pair of black spots on
vertex#
3# Testaceous; pronotum end e ly tra with dark markings.
Banguinolenta Prov.
BB# CinereueI pronotum and e ly tra without dark markings#
•A# oineroa OAB
S
Agallia novella Say.
ayStematio JLitoratnzm
Say., J l . AOd., fia t., S o i., m ila ., T i, p. 309, 1851| oompl. w rit., XX., p. 384
Jassus
Tan Dusee, Oat. Hemip. H.A., p. BTl, 1917.
Description fiomi
Terteac short, extending broadly behind the eyes, outer angles
of genae prominent.
Front Inroad above, rapidly narrowing on basal th ird .
Pronotum finely granulated, twice as wide as long, posterior margin truncate.
E lytra greatly exceeding abdomen in length.
Colon
Dull yellow brown, varying to a slaty gray.
A pair of spots on
the disc of the vertex, a spot behind each eye, and the margins of the o c e lli,
black.
Slytral nervures K iite.
Dark below, g en italia pale yellow, legs dull
yellow brown.
O enitaliai
Male, valve two-thirds as long as wide# plates parallel margined
almost to the tips# pygofers large, in flated , formiry an opening between the two,I
over Kiich the plates extend.
Female, la s t ventral segment very long la te ra lly but only about
half ae long medially, due to a deep circu lar excisions pygofers exceeded by
o v ip o sito r.
Hostei
Grasses and weeds in shady places.
General D istribution:
<* 4 «
Tut Dusee givee th is specie# a very wide d istrib u tio n , t t being
reported from Quebec, Ont*, Me*, B* H*, H* Y«, S* J*, Ra*, D* C*, Va*, H* C*,
F la., Ohio, M l* ., Kjr*, Tenn., Mo*, Kansas, Oolo., Vcno. led*
Montana Distribution*
Agallia novella is re la tiv e ly scarce in Montana having bean
only in one locality*
Collected in G allatin County*
Agallla quadripunctata Prov.
Systematic lite ra tu re
Provancher, Hat. Can., I f . , p. 376, Qythoeoopue
fan Dusee, Cat. Hemlp. ft. A., p. 572, 1917.
Description •
Form*
A short, very robust form, probably the la rg e st of th is game
securing in Montana.
Pronotum more then twice as broad as long, humeral
margins rounding to the eye.
The aides o f the ely tra are characterised by a
d istin c t bulge.
Color*
Varies uniformly from y e llo w is h brown to dark brown in color
w ith the exception of two black spots on the vertex and two on the pronotum.
Genitalia*
Male, valave about twice ae broad as long, slig h tly produced
medialIyj p lates brood at base, tapering evenly to acute tip s .
ness and evenness of the plates Ie Qhnraoterlstio.
The stra ig h t-
$ygofers shorter then
plates and almost hidden by then.
Femed e, la s t ventral eegnent three-fourths ae long ae wide,
tapering through the posterior th ird , hind margin usually elevated; pygofers
broad, exceeded by ovipositor.
Life History and Habitsi
Hibernation probably takes place in the adult stage, adults appear
early in the spring end feed on a great variety of p lan ts.
Only one brood
a year is known to occur.
Econosdo Importance*
This species is of very l i t t l e economic Importance.
Hoetei
Oebom and Ball give the following host plants# Horse­
radish, beet, Helianthus, and Eupatoriueu
General Distribution*
This is a widely distrib u ted specie# and is reported by Van
Dusee as ooouring in * Quebec, Ont., Ke., K. H., Naee., *. J . , Pa., D. O.,
V. C., Oa., HLa., Ohio, Ky., Tam ., Ark., Kan., Heb., I a ., Colo,, Br. Ool.,
C alif.
Montana Distribution*
In Montana th is species has only been taken in one lo e a lity »
and does not seem to be very abundant.
I t was not taken in the systenatle
collections of 1926 and 1927. Collected in G allatin County.
Agallia eanguinolenta Prov•
Systematic L iterature
Provandher, Hat. Can., IV., p. 376, 1892, Bytiioscopua
Van Duses, Cat. Hemlp. H. A#, p. 573, 1917.
Economic L iterature
Osbom, O.S.D.A. DlV. m t . Bui. 22, p. 29, 1690
Osbomf O.S.D.A. Ba. E nt., Bui. 108, p. 103, 1912
Gibson, U.S.D.A. Farm B ul., 737, 1916.
*» 6 -»
Deeerlptlen Fonai
A broad ehort speoiee with Wrteot only very slig h tly longer
a t th e middle than a t the y e e .
Face broad, outer angles of gecae not
prominent# Prooottsa transversely s tr ia te .
Alytra broad and slig h tly longer
than abdomen •
Colon
Dull yellow brow with varying amount of dark markings#
Tertex
with ten large, round black spots on the disc, between these, two median lin es
and one next eith er eye, a dull tawny# Ooelll red.
Face pale yellow with
sutures and a number of ares dark brown# Dlytra with claval veins, except
median portion of outer, broadly s h ite , other veins brownish.
Coloration
varies with the specimen but th e two epota on the vertex remain p ersisten t.
Genitalia:
Male, valve vexy short and wide, plates broad, together spoonshaped! pygofers large, in flated , tip s clothed with short h a irs.
Female, la s t ventral segment twice as broad as long, posterior
margin with a small median c le f t, and slig h tly sinuate on eith er side#
Life History and Habltsi
The adult female deposits eggs in stems and leave* and they
hatch in from six to twelve day# during the summer months* %e nymphs develop*
passing through a series of five moults, and become adults in 85-30 days from
the time of hatching.
The number o f generations produced, yearly varies with the
conditions and may vary in the same lo c a lity from year to year.
In our northern
-
7
•
la titu d e there are ueuidly two broods since %
%mphs have been observed about
the f i r s t o f June and again around the f i r s t o f August.
Hibernation occurs In the adult stage In our northern clim ate.
The adult leafho pers hibernate a t the base of clumps of grass and weeds and
under leaves end trash .
Thv appear vexy e a rly in the spring and become quite
active a fte r ore or two warm day*'
The adults are quick of movement and when disturbed, juqp from
one plant to M other.
here present In su fficien tly large numbers, they are
commonly seen congregated on ore plant even to the extent th at they crowd one
another.
Warm sunny places are much more preferred than damp and shady
situ a tio n s.
Economic Ioportanoei
Thle species Ie the well known "Clover Leafhoppor" and is
common, over the e n tire United States.
Usually It occurs In such numbers as
to cause more or lees serious damage to legvmlnoue crops, often to such an
extent th a t control measures are nor only advisable but highly profitable.
Controls
Oebom (B) sta te s th a t "due to the adult h ab it of hibernation,
the winter or early spring burning of rubbish and dead leaves where they occur
Is lik ely to be quite effectual In th e ir reduction and where thqy occur in
destructive abundance Hie spraying of a lfa lfa or clover fie ld s directly a fte r
cutting a crop should be of d istin c t advantage."
Use of the "hopperdoeer" may be well worth while under some
conditions.
Hosts*
Leguminous plants such as clover, a lfa lfa , etc#, are the
favorite food plant* of Agallla aangulnolenta, Imt I t la often found
abundant in wild and cultivated grasses as well a* weeds of various kinds.
In Montana th is spools* has been collected on mustard, ruseIan th is tle ,
garden crops, wild and cultivated grasses and legumes. The ch aracteristic
thing about this insect la th a t even though I t favors legumes as a food plant
i t Ie not averse to a change when such is necessary.
General Distribution#
Agallia sanguinelenta Is a very widely distributed form,
occurIng throughout the United sta tes, southern Canada, and northern Mexico.
Tan Dusee reports i t as occur!mg in # Quebec, Ont., Iiase., K« I . , I . J . , Ba.,
D. C., Md., Ta., 5. CU, 8, 0 ., F la ., Mo., A la., Mlee., Ohio, Ky., Tenn.,
Ind., I a ., Kena., Ark., Ie b ., I . 0 ., Oolo., Wyo., Utah, I . Mex., OalI f . ,
Br. Ool.
Montana Distribution*
Thle species has been taken a t every lo c a lity in which
collecting has been done In Montana and has figured prominently in a ll
collections.
See Figure I . for aeaeorsl and geographical distrib u tio n
of th is Important spoolee.
Agallla olnerea 0. & B.
Systematic L iterature
Oebom and B all, Proe. Dav. Acad. S o l., T il, p. 62, 1896
Van Dusee, Oat. Hemlp. I . A., p. 574, 1917.
Desorlptlon Fomi
Tsrtsx broad, one-half the length of the pronotuo, d istin c tly
longer a t the middle than next the eyes.
Pronotoa more than twice aa wide
a# long, coarsely punctured, an terio r broadly rounding, posterior margin
slig h tly concave,
-Jy tra slig h tly exceeding abdomen.
Colon
Usually pale clnerouo, vertex with two small, round, black
dots, often with yellow markings, i'aoe pale yellow with red o o elll,
Pronetum pale, often with fain t longitudinal lin es, darker.
Genitalia*
Male, valve Short and broad, posteriorly rounded* plates
longer than broad, narrowed to truncated apices.
Female, la s t ventral segment Short end broad, posterior
margin e l l # t l y rounding with a fa in t median notch,
Hoatei
weeds and native grasses.
General Distributions
The d istrib u tio n of th is species seems to be relativ ely
lim ited.
Van Dusee reports i t from* Team., I a ., Kane,, Colo., A rls.,
C alif.
Montana Distribution*
Agallla clneret- has a very limited d istrib u tio n In Montana,
having been taken in only two lo c a litie s .
Counties.
Collected In G allatin and Toole
Genue Idiooerue Lewie
Vertex scarcely ae long on the middle as against the eyes, the antennae
of the melee usually hear dieo-llke swellings near the tlp e .
M ytra rather
narrow, exceeding abdomen in length, and provided with a d is tin c t appendix.
Key to Montana spooles o f Idlooerue.
A* Vertex with two round black or dark spot*.
I . Spote on vertex email, two or three times th e ir own diameter from
the oyee.
IB. Spote on vertex larg e, Ieee than th e ir own diameter from th e eye#.
0. Green forme, dark lin e along euturol margin of e ly tra .
— I . enowi 0* & B.
00. Browniehl gray forme with e ly tra l nerrures dark ------1. Iaohryoalie Fh.
AA. Vertex without round blaok spots.
3. I ith dark band on sutural margin of elytr a—— ------ —— I . suturalIe Bh.
Idiooorua suturalIe Pitch
Systematle L iterature
Pitch, Homop. Be I . S t., Oab., p . 69, 1861
Van Duseo, Get. Hemlp. H. A., p, 676, 1917
Deecrlptien •
Ptanai Vertex sh o rt, broadly curved# pro notun short, angles rounding,
posterior margin round lngly emarginate.
d is tin c t.
E lytra long, appendix wide, nervuree
Pace broad, inner margins of epos nearly p a ra lle l, front narrow, genae
broad.
Colon
—
11
—
Pal* yellow, marked toy a toroad, dark strip e along the e ly tra l
suture, tip s of e ly tra smoky. Soutellum with basal angles dark.
Vertex and
prone turn unmarked.
Oflnitaliai
Male, la s t ventral segment very narrow, median lnoielon toroad
and with a toroad, sh o rt, triangular process s plates long and narrow, exceeding
the short pygofere,
Female, la s t ventral segment with la te ra l margin■ about h alf a#
long as median length, due to a broad median lobeg pygofere broad end lo% ,
exceeded by ovipositor toy about one-fifth of th e ir length.
Hosts*
Willows, however, Van IXusee reports taking specimen from poplar
and birch.
General D istribution:
Thie species has, apparently, a limited range of d istrib u tio n .
Van Dusee report* i t fro mi Quebec, Ont. , Me., 8.H., Pa., Kane., Colo,
fkmtsna Distributions
Idiooerue sutural is is very lim ited in Ite d istrib u tio n in
Montana, having been taken in only one lo c a lity .
Collected in G allatin County.
Idioeerue lactiurymalle Vitoh
Systematic L iterature
Pitch, IIoraop• 8. I . S t., Gab., p. 58, 1861
Van Susee, Cat. Heratp. 8. A., p. 679, 1917.
Description Form
Similar in form to au turulla, larger, 6-7 ran in length.
-M Colon
Pemle epeelmen p articu larly large, vajying from yellow to brown
or elate color.
A transverse band on the vertex between the eyres and a spot
next eith er e/e dark.
Basal angles of acuteUura and a median strip e forming a
spot on the disc, brown. Kervures of e ly tra dark brown.
Bostei
Poplar and aspen.
General Distribution*
Tan Dusee reports th is species from Quebec, Ont., Me., S.H.,
IfJMiS., I*. T ., K .J., Ba., Colo., B. Max.
Montana Distribution*
This species has been reported but from two lo c a litie s in
Montana. Taken in G allatin Counly•
Idiooerua snowi G. & B.
Systematic L iterature
G ille tte and Baker, Hemip. Colo., p. 79, 1895
Van Dosee, Cat. Hemip. H. A., p . 679, 1917.
Description Fomi
Pace elig&tly wider than long;
en&o broad; vertex transvereely
rugose, as long at middle as next the (yes; pranottun twice as broad as long.
Colon
Bale green except Ibr two small, black dots on the vertex, a
dark band on th e sutural margin of the ely tra from the tip of the scutellura to
the tip of the olavua.
E lytra I; aline erd with tip s often somewhat brownish.
Gexdtallai
Male, la s t ventral segment short except on the median lin e ,
—13 —
posterior margin sinuate with a large, obtuuoly pointed, median tooth) plates
rather slender, somewhat exoeedliig the pygo fere.
Stoale, la s t ventral segment less than three times as wide as
long, la te ra l margins short, broadly curving with posterior m rg in to a point
Of g reatest leigth of the segment on eith er eld# of the broad but shallow modi a
notch,
Qrgofers large In t exceeded by ovipositor A r more than a th ird of th e ir
length.
Hoetst
Unknown, probably poplar or willow
General D letribationi
Thie species covers a relativ ely wide range of d istrib u tio n but
hae been reported from but few lo c a litie s , which would indicate a scarceness of
the speclea. Van Duaee gives the following lo o a litie e i
K.Y., Ohio, Kans., Ho.,
Colo., Utah, C alif.
Montana Distribution#
Taken in Custer County.
Gsnue iaoropele lewis
Vertex very short, especially on middle, end stroxgly arcuated,
Proaotum
short and wide, anterior margin produced between the eyes and extending beyond
th e ir anterior .margins, posterior margin broadly omarginate, the surface ohliquely
ruguloee with the wrinkles extending from the middle of the anterior margin to
the humeral angles.
ace transversely impressed above the o c e lli, the antexmae
inserted in deep cav ities beneath the eyes, genae narrow.
Key to Mcwitana specie# of Macropels
A. Head, pronotum, and scut el Iua mottled with brown------------ U, sordid# Van D.
AA• Head, pronotum, and soutedium not marked in th is manner.
B. E lytra greenish or slig h tly fuscous in male, males with spots on propleurae.
--------M, V lridls Th.
- 14
Kacropele T irid is Fitch
Sferetematlo L iterature
n to h , Homop.
H. Y,, S t., Cab., p . 69, 1861, Pedlopele.
Ven Sosee, Cat. Hemlp. 8. A. p. 688, 1917.
Deeorlption *
Forau
Hatlier long.
Anterior margin of pronotom roundln^ly right
angled, posterior margin broadly emarginate. Elytra eoaredly narrowed
apioally, the tip broadly rounding, nervuree raised.
Faoe rather broad,
f r« it finely punctured, genaa narrow and str o n g ly sinuate below the eyee,
olypene extending well beyond the geaae.
Colors
Female uniformly lig h t green, ely tra greenish hyaline with a
fa in t brownish tinge on the apex,
m l# darker, washed with fuaeoua, with a
small black spot on the propleura.
G enltallai
Charaoterlstlo of the genus, having a very strong chltlnoua band
bounding the posterior margin of the pygofers aid extending doreed In a prom­
inent spine.
Hoetei
willow
General Distributions
Van Dasee reports th is speolee from Quebec, c a t., He., K.H.,
Maee., B.Y., B .J ., Pa., Md., B .C ., rI1Onn., Mo., Kane., I a ., Colo.
Montana D letrlbutioni
Thle speolee hae only been taken In GellAtln County In th ie State
18 *
Maoropeie aordiOa Vaa D,
Systematic LlteratmNi
Van Doaee, Gen. E nt., XXVI, p. 89, 1094, Pedlopele.
Van Domes, Cat. Heolp. S. A., p. 586, 1917.
Description!Pormi
Prooctom and vertex d istin ctly s tr ia te .
Oenae narrow, front wide.
Colors
*al», greenish gray, closely and coarsely punctured with blackleh.
Soutellum pale with basal angles commonly fuscous,
nerrures strong, d is tin c t.
Fannie, larg er.
Elytra deep smoky brown,
Gray tinged with fulvous yellow.
Idytra uniooloroua, euhhyol Ine with lnconsplououo nervuree.
Head, pronotum, and
soutellum mottled with brown, basal anglee of aoutalluc blackish.
Hostsi
Probably on willow.
General Distribution#
Although tills spooles covers a wide range of d istrib u tio n I t has
been reported from but a few s ta te s . Van -Dueee reports I t from Hs., H,J . , Colo.
Montana Distribution!
This specie# has only been token In G allatin County.
Genus Onoopeie Burm.
The menfoers o f th is gems have the pronotum angularly produced beyond the
anterior margin of the eyes.
Differs from Maoropels in being more re tic u la te
than s tr ia te and with the reticulations running more transversely than obliquely.
Pronotum short and deeply concave posteriorly, with la te ra l margins very sh o rt.
Only one spoolee of th is genus has been taken in ? on tana.
16 -
Onoopaie dlatinotua Van 0.
Syatematio L ltoreture
Vaa Dueoe, Mat. Au., i f , p . 284, 1890, Bythoeoopu*.
Van iXiaee, Oat. Heatp. I . A., p. 888, 191V.
Deeeription •
Farm
A abort robust species.
raised up from pro noturn.
Vertex very sh o rt, posterior margin
Pronotum deeply re tic u la te .
Elytra greatly exceeding
abdomen and characterised by having only two anteaploal c e lls and four apical
M&lS.
Oolort
Vertex, prone turn, and scut el Ium usually greenish, often brownish,
end usually p itted with black,
angles.
Scutellm with triangular dark spots on basal
In typical and dark forms the e ly tra are quite dark across the base,
have a dark band across the tip of olavus and the apex darkened.
In lig h t
speoimen the ely tra are gray with the dark spot a t the tip of the clavue,
oephalad of whioh appears a lig h t area.
O enitallai
Male, la s t ventral segment lows, posterior margin truncate| plates
long an! narrow, about equal to the lore narrow pygofere.
Female, la s t ventral segment einnately produced medially and with
a small median notch) pygofers short and louad widest at beginning of d ista l h a lf
and than tapering suddenly, a l l^ itly exceeded by ovipositor.
Hosts*
Lawson reports tills form as having been taken in numbers on walnut.
General Distribution!
fan Duaee re a r t s this species from Ont., H.T., V. J . , Ra., Md.,
X.O., Ohio, Temu, I I I . , Mo., Kane.
* IT
Montana distribution!
OallBtln County
Conns Sytbosoopus Germ*
Short, Wbut bodied apecies, with head narrower than pronotum, the
anterior margin of which Ie produced beyond the anterior margin of the eyes.
Vertex short, often with margins nearly p a ra lle l, but frequently much longer
on median lin e then next the eyes*
p a ra lle l, transferee etriations*
Pronotum larg e, with very d is tin c t,
Elytra short, deeply punctured, and with
punctures bearing short hairs*
Only one species of th is genus has been reported in Montana.
,.
.I
>
flythosoopue rufoeoutellatus Bak.
Syetematle L iterature
»
Baker, Psyche, IX, p, 68, 1900, Mnoropale.
•
Van Dusee, Cat. Hemlp* JU A., p. 690, 191V.
Description Porai
Head somsWhat narrower than pronotum; vertex longer at the
middle than next the eye.
Clypewi a l i t t l e longer than broad a t the b&ee, the
aides gently eonrerging to the rounded tip .
towards clypeus.
Antennal sockets d istin ctly bent
Pronotum acidulate throughout.
Elytra eubhyalin e.
Colon
Light green throughout.
border of olarue, briok-red
Seutellua, except apex and adjoining
OflnltAlla I
Hale, Ia a t ventral segment more than twice the length of
proceeding ,posterior margin strongly rounded.
Female, la s t ventral segment deeply eoarginate, the apex of the
eniarglnat I on with a short, broadly triangular projection.
Hoetai
unknown
General Bietributloni
Apparently th is Ie d istin ctly a western species. Tan Duses
reports I t from Oolo., Bev.
Btontima D istribution:
G allatin Ckmntgr.
Subfamily OloadSIlinae
Van Doaee
Many of the larg est of leafhoppere are found in th is group, the specie*
of which are characterised by having th e o c e lli on the 41*0 of the vertex.
Tho vertex la usually more or Ieee produced* the antennae ere set in cav ities
beneath the anterior margin of the vertex.
The ely tra are frequently highly
colored, and are usually opaque, though sometimes p a rtia lly hyaline.
Kty to the trib es of Cioadel lino*
A.
General fona cylinder le a l, usually elongate* o celli behind the middle of
the vertex.
------------ ClcadSlllal
AA. General form broadly oval, usually compactj o ce lli on or before the
middle of the vertex.
--------------Gyponlnl
- 19 *
Bw trib e OioadeUlBt
Form lin e a r, often Btout, tu t never broadly o ral.
acutely produced.
Vertex oomatlraee
Ocelli on line with the anterior extremity of the eyes,
posterior to the middle of the vertex.
Key to the genera of Cioadelllnl
A.
Antennal sockets overhung by a ledge projecting beyond the margin of
the vertex; e ly tra narrow, exposing the la te ra l margins of the abdomen.
B. Vertex shorter than It# basal width, ely tra en tirely opaque.
—----- --------- —Oaoometopla
AA. ledge above the antennal sockets smaller; ely tra covering la te ra l margins
of the abdomen.
B. Slytra not re tic u la te ly veined anterior to the anteaplcal colie; head
not greatly produced.
0. Vertex with margin more or leas rounding to the fro n t; front
somewhat in flated .
------- -— —- - Cloadella
D. Pronotum more than twice ae long as eoutellum, posterior margin
deeply emerginate, reflexed portion of the front elevated.
— ■■- ------ ——Helocdiara
SB. Elytra r e tloulately veined a t the apex as far forward as the forking
of th e outer branch of the f i r s t sector o f the oorium; head strongly,
acutely produced.
Larger than pronotun --- ------ Draeculacephala
Ceame Onooawtopia Stal
Head d istin ctly broader than prone tom; vertex s lig itly convex, shorter than
basal width, apex obtuse; pronotun comparatively short, posterior angles d is tin c t,
anterior margin arcuate, posterior margin broadly emarginate and nearly p a rra lle l
with an terio r.
Only one species o f th is genus has been reported In Montana.
• 20
0noometopl& le te r a lle Pater.
SUretematlo Lltcorature
FabricItia, jSnt. Siyet., Suppl., p. 624, 1798, Oeroople.
Van Dueee, Oat. liealp. B. A., p , 698, 1917.
Deeorlptlom Ftemi
An almost parallel elded form.
obtusely angled; eyee prominent.
almost p a ra lle l.
Head half ae lone ae wide; vertex
Pronotum a to rt, anterior and posterior margins
Jlytra broad and only slig h tly exceeding abdomen.
Oolori
Vertex, promotum, and acutollum black, minutely marked with yellow.
E lytra red to elaty blue, nerrures black, often with lig h t or yellow m arine.
Pace black lrro ra te with yellow. Harrow yellow la te ra l strip e s ta rts from eye,
oroseea thorax, and extend# along margin of abdomen te pygofers.
O enltallai
Male, plates together Arming a trian g le longer than wide;
pygofers long and narrow, exceeding p la te s, covered with fin e h airs ae are the
p la te s.
Female, la s t ventral segment about twice ae long ae proceeding,
la te ra l margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin with broad lnolslon on
median th ird which reaches about one-fourth of the way to the base; pygofer#
larg e, widest a t the middle, exceeding ovipositor.
HOStSl
Orassss mad weeds.
General Dlstrlbtttlom
This Is a widespread spool os oocuring throughout the United s ta te s .
Van Duses reports i t from Quebec, Ont., Ms*, K.H., H.Y., K .J., B.O., F la ., Km e.,
- 21
Colo., Utab9 fi. Mex., A rlx., C a lif., Br. Col.
Montana B letrllm ttoa This speclee Mae boon widely collected la Montana baring be®,
taken In McCone, Custer, P ra irie , Treasure, ifevson, Tellowstone, Bosebud, Lake,
Senders, Pondera, Broadeater, Teton, Musselshell, Talley, OelIatIn, Flathead,
B a ra llt, Beaverhead, Lewis A Clark, Jefferson, and Oranlte Counties.
Gems Cloadsil a Latr.
Head bluntly conical | front stro n g ly convex; vertex obtusely produced,
anterior margin more or lees rounding to the front; e ly tra no»»retloulate,
venation frequently obscured by coloration.
Key to Montana speoiee of Uloadella
A. Bead a# wide as pronotun, vertex wider than long, faee In p ro file
■troi^ly curved.
B. Head raarited with d istin c t llnee fbrsdi^ a pattern
C. Head pattern complex, ro p arallel la te ra l lin e s.
——0. hieroglyphics Say.
CO. Head pattern simple, with median and la teral p a ra lle l lln ee,
HrnmmmQm Qothica Sign.
Cloadella hieroglyphic* confluents U hl.
Syetematlo L iterature
Ghler, Proo. Acad. H at., S o l., I h lla ., XIXI, p. £85, 1862, Prooonia
Ten Dusee, Cat. Heedp. 8.A ., p . 597, 1917.
Deeoriptioa Foanii
Bather long and slender.
ae long.
Vertex bluntly conical, about as wide
PronoUun nearly twice as wide as long, humeral a n g le s broadly
• ta Z1OtaUlingt e l i c i t median eaarglnatlon on posterior margin.
JOytra long,
exceeding abdomen.
Ooleri
Vaiylng from yellowish to slaty-blue.
Blaefc markings on vertex
very d is tin c t, enclosing a lig h t colored "T* on basal h a lf.
Prtmotum reddish
yellow on anterio r margin, the rem&lnter slaty-blue with d a rk e r median lin e s.
Seutellum orange-yellow with d istin c t black markings.
iOytra slaty-blue with
nervures darker.
Hosts I
Native grasses in shady situ atio n s.
General D istribution Van Dusee reports th is species from Tenn., I I I . , MO., I a ., Eeb.,
Kane., Wyo., Idaho, Utah, Colo., 8 . Kex., Tex., A rle., C alif. Ore., 'a s h .,
Vano. led.
Montana D istribution Ravalli Counly.
Cioadolla gothiea Slg.
Systematic Literature
Signoret, Am. see. Bnt. F r., se r. 3, I I , p. 346, p i. 11, f ig . 6, 1864, T ettlgoaia.
Van Dusee, Cat. IJemip. 8.A., p . 697, 1917.
Description Tonei
Vertex pointed, slig h tly co n ica l , margins rounded, marked with
several almost p arallel lin e s, wider than median length. Nervures of ely tra
d is tin c t.
Colon
83 •
Vertex reddish or greenish-yellow, apex with & black a o t, margins
of reflexed portions, e lin e from these to the o c e lli, and » pair of loops on the
dlee, black.
Soutellum lig h t with d istin ct dark markings. E lytra dirty green,
nervurea I Iyht.
Genitalia*
Male, Iaet ventral segment shout twice ae broad as long, an terio r
and posterior margins p arallels plates very long and slender, margins with fine
h airs and also with a row o f stout hairs or b ris tle s , slig h tly exceeding py/ofera.
Female, Iaet ventral segment very long, raised medially, l a t « a l
margins narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin triangularly produced| pygofers
long, bearing a few heavy hairs and equalled or slig h tly exceeded by ovipositor.
Uoetsi
Satlve grasses In sha^y situ atio n s.
General Dletributloni
Vmi Dusee reports th is specie# from uebec, Ont., Me., H.Y., K .J.,
Pa., D.C., Tsnn., Kans., Mo.
Montana D istribution Cascade Counbf•
Gems HtiLoctoara Ftw
Head wider than pronotum and considerably broader than long, slig h tly obtusely
angled, and with the reflexed portion of the front d istin ctly elevated.
Pronotum
long, being twice as long as soutellum, and with such d istin c t la te ra l and humeral
angles as to appear six-angular*
Soutellum small, p artia lly covered by pronotum.
E lytra coriaceous, except for apical e e lIs, veins d istin c t.
Antennae of males
plate-1 Ike on epical th ird .
The single epeolee of this genus occur!ng In the Halted States Ie found In
Montana.
24 •
HelooharA ocmrmnla Pitch
Systematic Llterattare
Plttih, Hooop. HeT ,, St. OaT)., p. 66, 1661
Van Dueee, Oat, Hemlp, K,A«, p, 600, 1917,
Eaonocalea L iterature
Oehom, VeSeDeAe Du, S o t,, Bul, 108, p, 60, 1918,
Deeorlptlro •
Pomi
Bather email, robust ape alee. Vertex broader than long, el Ijghtly
and obtueely pointed, Pronotum very long, deeply angled behind; eoutelltea very
short, overlapped by pronotum,
Elytra oorlaoeoue except a t apex.
Entire dorsal
surface d istin ctly punctate,
Oolori
A green Form, Head and anterior portion of peonotum more
yellowleh.
Front with la te ra l brown ares*
Zn male, face black due to tine
broadening and fhalng of tie arcs.
Genitalia*
Hale, valve short and broadly triangular; plates broad a t the
base but tapering and prolonged acutely, exceeding the short pygofere.
Female, la s t ventral segment over two-thirds as long ae broad,
la te ra l margins narrowed po sterio rly , posterior margin lnoleed on either side
of the medially produced lobe; pygofere long sad narrow, slig h tly exceeding
ovipositor and bearing a few coarse short h airs on either aide of the ovipositor*
Life History and Habltes
The l i f e cycle of th is species has not been worked out In d e ta il,
but nympho may be Ibund during midsummer In th e low, swampy ground whore the
adults are know to occur* This leafhopper is found only In rather noiet
locations and never on high, dry ground.
• 26
iseononlo Importmnoe:
Do# to the foot that th is species is found only on swampy
ground i t is of very much less economic importance than some of the other species*
Then these lowland presses have a forage value i t may of course he counted as
important, since I t frequently occurs in large numbers*
Ctontroli
This species i s one which could not he easily controlled, since
the methods used in pastures and meadows w ill not suffice in the habitat of th is
leafhopper*
Probably th e spraying methods would be most effective*
Hoetai
The food plants consist mainly of swamp grasses.
Oebom gives
th is species as oocurlng in great numbers on the small fine grasses of the genus
Junous.
General D istribution Van Duses reports th is species from Quebec, Ont., Me., H.H., S.Y.,
H .J., Pa., H.C., Ga., Tem ., *#%., Oolo*, If. Max., Aria, c a lif .
This wide
d istrib u tio n of the spoolss indicates i t s presence throughout the country
whever suitable habitat and food plants are found.
Utontana D istribution This spoolas Ie re stric te d to the mors moist lo c a litie s of the
western end southern parts of the s ta te .
Ravalli, G allatin, and BeaveAead Co.
See Figure 2 fo r geographical end seasonal d istrib u tio n of th is
species in Kontena.
Gems nraeeulaeephalA B all.
Vertex usually acutely produced, a t le a s t rig h t angled.
Face, in p ro file ,
usually straig h t or elltfitly oonoave to the middle of clypeue, there i t Ie
broken backward.
Elytra greenish or yellowish, nervuree raised, d istin c t.
26 •
epical and antoaplo&l cells irregularly retic u letely veined.
Key to Montena species of Praeaulaoephala•
A. Front, as seen from side, almost stra ig h t.
Sides of front with dasfc
arcs.
I . Slse smell, vertex of female d istin c tly longer than Inroad. Lines
end spots on vertex fa in t.
Last ventral segment of male broad.
- - - - - .. D. aolllpes
SB. Slse lorgerw
Vertex with a number of d istin c t brown lin es end
arc# end two epical brown s p o ts ------------ D. manitoblana B ell.
Oraeoalaoephela molllpos Say.
Syetem tlc L iterature
Scy• J l . Aoed.Hat.Soi.Shila., TI, p.312, 18311 oompl.wrlt., 11,5.386, T ettigonia.
Van Ousee, Cat. Iiemip. K.A., p. 603, 1917.
oonomio L iterature
Osbom, U.S.P.A. Oiv . ^rit., Bui. 22, p. 26, 1090
Osborn, U.S.P.A. Ba «, n t*, Bui. 108, p. 56, 1912.
Description VOmt
Long and slender.
Vertex produced, acutely angled, aides
s tra ig h t, disc f l a t , longer then pronotum In female, as long in m is*
Pronotum with la te ra l margins p a ra lle l, anterior margin rounding, posterior
margin emorginate.
Slytrp long, apical portion re tic u la te , nervuree raised .
Oolon
Vertex, an terio r portion of pronotum, end eoutellua yellow.
Vertex with two email apical spots, lin es on the reflexed portion of the
fro n t, a median and a p air of la te ra l lin e s, brown. Face yellow to fuscous
• 27
with nine pairs o f brown a roe laterally*
Dieo of pronotun bright green,
nervuree lig h t, costal and apical mrgina lig h t.
Genitalia#
Male, valve short, angularly produced; plates larg e, as long
as pygofers, and with Ohort stout h airs on the margin.
Resale, la s t ventral segment about two*thirds as long as broad,
posterior margin sinuate on e ith e r side of obtusely rounded median lobe#
jygofere long and narrow, equalling o r exceeding ovipositor aai bearing a few
sto u t, coarse hairs along sutural margin.
Life history and habits#
The eggs are la id in la te summer of early f a ll in large-stemmed
grasses occuring in moist situ atio n s.
Hibernation apparently occurs in a l l stages
from OSiS to adult though the majority pass the winter in the egg stage.
There
are two generations each season and a somewhat irregular occurence of d ifferent
stages during f a ll and wfc te r.
%ge hatching in the spring give rise to nymphs
which reach maturity by the la tte r part of June, and these adults survive u n til
la te in August.
%he second generation of nymphs begins to appear about the
middle of August and continues through September, appearing as adults in Octobw
and Bovamber.
iioonorale Importance This widely distributed species I s perhaps the most abundant o f I ts
genus, wid is without doubt a source o f much loss in pastures and meadows.
IM er
sta te s having found i t very abundant on blue grass and p ra irie grass but other
grasses would serve equally well should the need a rise .
Oonbroli
The number of eggs to survive the winter may be lessened by
cutting and burning those thick-stemmed grasses which the adult favors as a
2B •
place for egg deposition.
oaught In the hopperdoaer.
The lneeet Jmapa readily and nay thus be easily
Treatment by spraying would also be helpful where
oondltKms permit each proceedure.
Thle species Ie checked by parasites as Is evidenced by the fact th a t
CSgs
are frequently p arasitised by one of the minute forms, probably Trleho-
Hoetse
The range o f food plants o f th is species is g reat, however i t
seems to perfer certain
grasses
growing In th e
Bolster
lo c a litie s .
I t has been
taken upon wheat, oats, rye, and barley and the l i s t of grasses affected would
include many species.
I t has also been found on blue grass, especially where
other grasses are present.
General Distribution*
This is one of the nosrt widely distributed species of lealhoppers
In the United sta te s, occuring throughout the country. Van Dusee reports i t from
Quebec, Ont., He., K.Y., S lJ ., Pa., D.U., B.C., F la ., (M o, Tern. 1»., Kane., Colo.,
Arls*, S.ISsx., C a lif., Br. Col. (Hawaiian Is d a .}
Montasa D istribution Qraeculacephala moll lpes has rot been found greatly abundant In
Montana, having been reported from G allatin County only.
Fdr seasonal and geographical distribution see figure 3.
Draeoulaoephala manltoblana B all.
Systematic L iterature
B all, ?roc. I a ., Aoad., 3 c i., V III, p. 70, p i. 7, Flg 5, 1901.
Van Buzee, C at., Hemlp* 8.A ., p. 608, 1917.
Description -
£9
Fomt
More robust then oolllpea.
Vertex produeed but roimdlndy angled
ap ically # a depressed area on disc and one next either eye.
Pronotum almost as
long as side, an terio r margin broadly rounding, posterior margin with a broad
median emarginatlon, humeral margins slig h tly longer than la te r a l ones.
transversely s tr ia te .
Pronotum
Elytra moderately Ioqg* exceeding abdomen, nenrures
d istin c tly raised.
Colon
Vertex yellow with a number o f brorn lin e s and euros and two apical
brown spots.
Fronotum and scut el lure ySHoedeh-greea. Front yellow with nine or
ten brown area.
Elytra dark green with lig h t nenrures.
Hosts:
Generally on many grasses end small grains.
General distributions
This species is very lim ited In i t s d is tr ib u tio n .
Van Aiaes
re p o rts I t from Ontario; , S n ito b ia f Colorado.
Montana d istrib u tio n :
lasoula and G allatin Counties.
Tribe Gyponini Sted •
Form broad and aval or wedge-shaped.
Head broad) vertex usually short with
the anterior edge th in and sharp, but sometimes rounding to the fro n t. Ocd I i
equidistant from the posterior and anterior margins of the vertex, or further
forward. Front and elypeus f l a t or slig h tly convex, front usually somewhat
impressed beneath the anterior edge of vertex.
toward apex.
Elytra brood, -Tradia lly narrowing
30
Kcgr to the genera of Qyponlni
A. to m wedco-shapedj head with broad, f la t margin, ely tra perpendicular a t apex.
------------------- Xerophloea
At. torn orate
Be Slytra broad and considerably exceeding abdomen In length.
Heed with
Sharp, narrow arr;ln, e ly tra oblique a t apex —— ———------ Gypona
Oems Qypone Qeme
Heed short and broadly rounded on anterior margins pronotxaa narrowed an teriorly
with d is tin c t lateral and humeral margins, anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior
margin broadly, though a ll g it Iy , concave.
Only one ppeoiee o f th is genus has been reported In Montana.
Qypona b lraaoulata Spangb.
Systematic L iterature
Spangberg, Spec. Gyponae, p. 23, 1878
Tan Duses, Cat. Heelp. I . A., p. 613, 1917.
Sccnoelc L iterature
Osborn, U.S.D.A., Ba. E n t., Bui. 108, p. 62, 1912.
Deacrlptlon Ibms
Large, broadly oval epeolee.
Vertex broadly rounded, shorter than
basal width, th in margined, oblique a tr ia t l one prominent.
tr la n -uler in outline.
Eyes, from above, nearly
Pronotum narrowed an teriorly, anterior margin broadly
though slightly convex, posterior margin slig h tly concave, la te ra l margins long,
husnral margins sh o rter, transversely s tr ia te .
than abdomen, appendix d is tin c t.
Color*
Scutellum larg e.
Elytra longer
mm23L w
Vertex, pronotum and eeuttilnm, black.
margins of eyes bordered with yellow.
Oeelll reddlah orange, <«««*■
Lateral margine of pronotum yellow.
Elytra
brownlah yellow, darker a t the base.
Life History and Habitsi
This large leafhopper is the largest known to attack grasses and
g rains.
There Is only one generation, and the adults appear about the
middle of July and raoain u n til the la tte r p art of September.
Apparently the
eggs are deposited In the f a ll and survive the winter, possibly upon some of
the coarse grasses on low ground.
Economic Importance;
Although th is species attacks grasses and grains and Is quite
generally d istrib u ted throughout the country the one generation per season and
the re la tiv e ly email numbers make i t o f l i t t l e economic Importance.
Hosts I
Pound on a variety of grasses, more especially the lower
growing, coraaer grasses of swampy or boggy places.
Gmneral Distribution*
fan Aizce reports th is species from H.Y., I . J . , Pa., Ohio,
In d ., 111., Hlnn., I n ., Colo., Utah.
Montana D istribution;
Taken In G allatin County only.
See figure 4 fo r seasonal sod geographic d istrib u tio n .
Genus Xerophloea Gens.
Vertex obtusely angled, longitudinally furrowed on the d isc, anterior
edge th in .
Elytra seal-coriaceous, not overlapping a t apex, meeting In an
acute angle on median lin e , jiving the Insect a wedge-shaped appearance.
- 32 Stcrfoee of olovua and pronotun coarsely paneto te , the vertex obscure Iy so.
Key to Montana speoiee of Xerophloea
Am Vertex d istin ctly narrower than pro noturn
B* %*# se t in deop notohes of vertex ———— -----X. major Bale.
AA. Vertex only slig h tly narrower than pro not u n ----------- X. vlr id ls
Xmrophloea v irld ia Fabr.
Systenatio L iterature
Babrleiae, Bnt* Sya t . , IT, p. 50, 1794, Oeroopie
Van Duzee, Cat. Hemlp. B.A., p. SIS, 1917.
Boonomio L iterature
Osbom and B all, la . AgrI. Sxp. S ta., Bui. 94, 1897.
Deomription Forms
Xead slig h tly narrower than pronotum, eyes small, vertex f l a t ,
broadly angularly produced in fro n t, an terio r margin thing scut el Ium rather long,
very narrow; e ly tra long, angularly pointed and perpendicular a t the tip s .
Satire
dorsal surface coarsely p itte d .
Colors
Female bright green, tip s of ely tra lig h te r.
Male often more
ye llo rlsh in color, a broad, median eiaoly line on vertex extending to an irreg u lar,
transverse dark band on pronotum, black# spot on claval suture ju st before apex
of clavtm.
Often with irreg u lar bromlah markings on vertex and pronotum. Ooalli
red.
Genitalias
Mfcle, la s t ventral segment long, posterior margin somewhat convex,
hiding the value; plates very long and narrow, pointed aplcally, exceeding the
33
abort pgreofere.
Stoalae Ia a t ventral Begnant vac? lone, *• long aa wide, and
netcbed medially clear to the haae, farming two large approximate lobee; pygofers
Inroad and long, s li^ itiy exceeded Iyr ovipositor, and bearing short oppressed h a irs.
Hosts;
Batlve grasses.
General D istribution;
This large species occurs throughout the e n tire IM ted States.
Tan Dosee reports i t from Haes., K.Y., I . J . , Md., Ga., F la ., U lss., Tenn., Heb.,
Kans., Oclo., Utah, Tex., C a lif., Waah., Ore.
Montana D istrib u tio n ;
Although th is species does not occur In very large numbers i t le
widely distributed thro gbout Montana and may be found in meet lo o a litlee o f the
e ta te .
See figure 6 fo r seasonal and geographical d istrib u tio n .
Xerophloea major Baker
Hyetematie L iterature
Baker, Bayche, T U I, p. 285, 1898.
Tan Dusee, Cat. Heaip. B. A., p. 616, 1917.
D eeerlptito Form;
Tertes d istin c tly narrower than pronotum, f la t with a rather
bread furrow on the d isc, about ae long ae basal width, with anterior margin
th in .
% es eet in rath er deep notches o f the vertex.
sdytra as in v lrld le .
Color;
IjTonotum rather long;
34
Foraale green, tip s of e ly tra often sub-hy&lIne,
Male often
yellowish or w hitish, Iongituaim l e trip e on the vertex hr own. Anterior margin
of pronotum greenish, disc and trer.sversc hand on posterior margin brown. Elytra
pale, B arfclrye on apex of cIttTus end apex o f ely tra brown.
Oenitalias
Male, broadly rounded, pie.tee long, narrow sp atu late, tip s
rounded.
Female, Ia a t ventral segment twice as Ioqg as proceeding, posterio
margin notched to base, forming two long, well-rounded lobes.
Hosts*
Bative grasses
General distributions
According to Ten Duxee th is species has a very limited range of
d istrlc u tio n in th e Dtolted S tates.
He reports i t only from B.T., S .J ., Ta., Team.
Montana Distribution*
Xerophloea major is rather rare in Montana, having been taken from
only one lo c a lity .
Musselshell County.
Subfamily Jaseinae
Amoyt and S ervllle
The members of th is subfamily are characterised by having the o ce lli on
the marJLn o f the head, between the vertex end the fro n t, o r, in a few cases,
on the anterior edge of the vertex close to the margin.
Key to the Genera of the Jaasinae
A#
Anterior surface of the head conical.
B. Head moderately long, anterior margin o f the pronotum gently curved, not
produced to anterior margin of the eyes; o ce lli on anterior edge of the
vertex close to margin.
--------- Xestocephalus Tan Dusee
36 -
JJU Anterior surface of head not tending to be conicalg o c e lli on margin between
vertex and front.
B. Anterior edge of head th in , sharp, or follaceous In la te ra l view.
C.
Vertex somewhatshorter than I ts g reatest
width.
Greenish species.
------ —Parabolooratus Sign.
CO. Heed about twice as long ae width across eyes; head of both d and
8 fol laceous.
—--------- Dorycephalus Klrach.
BB. Anterior edge of head sometimes acute but never th in , sharp, or
fol laceous.
C. Vertex not greatly wider than long, f la t on the d isc , d istin c t
from the fro n t, anterior margin produced.
D. Vertex strongly produced and acutely: angled; front long and
narrow.
Platymotoplus Bum.
CD. Vertex le ss strongly produced, front shorter and broader.
S. Ko recurved veins on csetal msrgln of e ly tra , o r, i f
present, ely tra short scarcely exceeding length of abdomen.
F.
Vertex usually rig h t ongled or slig h tly more acute,
about as long as wide or longer; face rather broad
antennae of moderate length.
Clypeus narrowed a t tip .
...—---- -Deltocephalus Bom.
F?« Vertex more obtusely angled, scarcely as long as wide,
face rather narrow, antennae longer.
slender.
Species usually
--------Thamnotettlx Xett.
CO. Vertex considerably wider then longer with the disc sloping and
the edge rounding to the fro n t.
D. Outer branch of the f i r s t sector with forks evident.
Se
Inner branch of the f i r s t sector forking on the cerium,
three anteapieal c e lls .
36
F* Elytra broad end sh o rt, seldom such exceeding the abdomen.
G. Abdomen not In flated .
------ Eueelie Beme.
FF. Elytra longer, usually considerably exceeding the abdomen.
Ga Elytra not narrowed to an acute point a t the apex.
H. Elytra without re tic u la te pigment lin o s, or with a
retic u latio n largely restric ted to a dorsal saddle.
I . Vertex with a transverse furrow, ely tra often with
a saddle of pigment lin es.
Eutettix Van Dueee
I I . Vertex without a transverse furrow, no retic u latio n
of pigment lin es on ely tra .
J . Side carina of pronotun short, face rather narrow
antennae l o n g . ------------ Thaianotettix E e tt.
JJ. Side carina of pronotun longer, face broader,
antennae of moderate length.
Usually green.
—.... -C hlorotettix Van Duzee.
ES.
Inner branch of the f i r s t sector not forking on disc of c o rim ,
two aateapical c e lls.
F. Head blunt, narrower than pronotm, not produced, wing with
taro apical aroolea.
——— Ealclutha
DD. Outer brandi of tie f i r s t sector obsolete or nearly so.
3* Vertex slig h tly conically produced. Uiag with three apical c e lls .
Cicadula - e tt.
SE.
Vertex not produced an terio rly and p o s te r io r margins p a ra lle l.
Head wider than pronotua.
—
Eugaathodus Baker.
Genus Xestooephalus Van B.
Oval in form with head narrower than pronotm, subconi c a l. Vertex eloping,
o ce lli on rounded anterior margin of head distant from the eyes.
Pronotm
37
narrow, over twice a# wide ae long, anterior and posterior margin# about
p arallel and with d istin c t la te ra l aid humeral margins.
nearly ae long as the pronotua.
Scxutelltm large,
Blytra almost coriaceous, long, greatly
exceeding abdomen.
One species of th is genus has been taken i n Montana.
Xestoeephalua pul loarius Van Ditsee
Systematic L iterature
Van tttsee, Bui. Buf• Soc• B at., S c i., v, pp. 197, 216, 1694
Van Duzee, Cat. iienlp. B. A., p. 621, 1917.
Description Form
Vertex d istin ctly rounded, twice as long on the middle as next
the eye.
Pronotiaa as long a# vertex, broad anterior margin slig h tly curved,
truncated posteriorly.
E lytra broad.
Colors
Deep brown, varied with pale yellow. Vertex with yellow spots
on the apex and next each eye, posterior margin yellow.
Pronotmo with four
yellow an terio r submarginal spots and scattered spots on the d isc.
with two an terio r median yellow spots.
Seutellum
Elytra with many yellow spots varying
in si »e.
Oenitaliss
Male, l a s t ventral segment longer la te ra lly than medially)
valve very small) plates about twice as long as la s t ventral segment, broad
basallyt tapering apicalIy to obtuse tip s , bearing many long fine hairs and a
few stout spines, slig h tly exceeded by the pygofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment over twice as long a# proceeding,
with posterior M argin broadly though shallowly emarginnte) py ofers broad but
- W -
S io rt, bearing only coarse spines, especially on apical h a lf, exceeded by
ovipositor.
Hosts*
Sussiaa Q iistle and native grasses.
General d istrib u tio n :
Van Ousee reports th is species from 'uebee, Ont., Me., U.Y.,
B .J., Pa., H.C., F la ., Mtee., Ohio, Tenn., Mo., Kans., I a ., Utah, (West Indies)
Montana Distribution*
This species has been taken from only one lo c ality In Moxtaim.
Broadwater County.
Genus Doryoephalus Kirech.
This genus i s a t once aharaeterlsed by the unusually prolonged foliaoeous
vertex.
®he numbers are grayish or brownish, stick -lik e in sects, especially
Qie braehypterous forms.
Only one of the two Borth American species occurs in Montana.
Doryoephalus platyrhynchus Osb.
Systematic L iterature.
Osborn, Can. & t . , XXVX, p. 216, 1894.
Van Duses, Cat. Haalp. B.A., p. 623, 1917.
Dssoription Fora*
Long forms Oharaoterlsed by the veiy broad f l a t head. Female,
vertex about twice as long as width across eyes, very f la t and with a
longitudinal median Carina.
Prothorax more than twice as broad as long, with
five elevated longitudinal ridges, an terio r margin sinuate, la te ra l margins
long and p a ra lle l, posterior margin eoarginate medially.
Elytra strongly
veined, extending to the fourth abdominal segment, or longer, extending
- 59 to la s t segment, leaving only a part of the pygofers and ovipositor exposed.
Abdomen long and tapering, ending in a long ovipositor*
'Tale, vertex shorter,
ely tra long, equalling the tip of the pygofere.
Colon
Femle, pale yellow, with carina on vertex daA e r, the dark
strip e sometimes extending on to the middle of the peronoturn and scute 11m.
Lateral portions of vertex and pronoturn often mottled with brown. Visible
abdominal segments with a p a ir of usually basal brown spots dore a lly .
Males
darker, grsyish-browa, vertex and pronotaro mottled with bro n in addition
to the median dark lin e .
O enitaliai
Bale, valve small, ju s t v isib le from under the large la s t
ventral segmentg plates at the base about h a lf the width of the la s t ventral
segment, tapering rapidly to the long and slender apices| pygofers broad
a t the base but tapering re u larly to acute apex, the two together forming
a triangle about twice as long as the p la tes, bearing a scant covering of short
hairs#
Female, la s t ventral segment somewhat longer than proceeding,
posterior margin truncate, somewhat sinuate, with a small rounded median tooth j
pygofere very long, tapering from broad base to acute apex, much exceeded by
the very long and stout ovipositor.
Lifo History end Habltei
During the la s t week in May and the f i r s t o f June the eggs are
deposited.
Hatd ing occurs uniformly a fte r about one month of incubation.
The young nymphs have shorter and blunter heads than the adults, and are much
more active, but w ithin a week or two they assume the elongated fora of the
adult along with i t s sluggish habits.
Thle Is * single brooded species, the adults overwintering and
appearing In the spring.
Beonoalo Importance:
Due to the single brood per season and the rela tiv ely few
members of the species, th is leafhppper I s not of much economic Importance.
Hostei
Osborn and Ball give BIjmbs canadensis and Virginians as the
chief grass hosts.
I t also occurs on A rlatldla.
General d istrib u tio n :
fan buses reports th is species from l a . , Heb., Fans., Colo.
Montana Distribution*
Valley and Rlchaland Counties; probably does not occur in the
western part of the sta te a t a l l .
Dee yIgure 6 for seasonal and geog. d ie t.
Genas Parabolocratus Fleber.
Vertex th in , disc f la t o r concave, strongly rounded before the eyes.
Blytra rather broad; two sectors apparent on the olavue, the Inner branch
of the outer sector branching an terio r to the anteapical c e lls .
Only one species of th is genus i s known to occur In Montana.
Parabolooratus v lrld is Uhl.
Systematic Liteeature
tihler, Bui. U. S. Geog. Ceol. Surv., I l l , p. 462, 1877, Oloeeooratue.
Van buses, Oat. Hemlp. I . A., p» 626, 1917.
Economic L iterature.
Osborn, U.S.D.A. Btt. Bnt., Bui. 100, p. 68, 1912.
Osborn and B all, In* Agri. Bxp• S ts ., Bui. 34, 1897.
Description -
41
Form;
Vertex well rounded In fro n t, produced between t&e eyes,
shorter than the pronotum, concave before apex.
Front as long ae broad.
Pronotum 2 1/2 times as Icmg ae broad, an terio r margin almost straig h t,
slig h tly emarglnate p o sterio rly .
Klytra rath er short, exceeded by ovipositor
In female.
Colon
Yellowish-green. Vertex with anterior margin slig h tly reddish.
Apex of soutelltira end an terio r costal veins, bright green.
red.
Tip of ovipositor
Servures o f e ly tra darker, greenish.
G enltaliai
Male, la s t ventral segment longer them proceeding, widest
posteriorly} valve small and triangular} plates wide basally , tapering sudden­
ly a t basal th ird and then evenly to long acute tip s , median h a lf of la te ra l
margins with coarse spinea; gygofers broad, separated ventral Iy a t the apices,
exceeding the plates and covered with spines.
Female, la s t ventral segment longer than proceeding, lateral
margins p a ra lle l, posterior margin rounded, with sometimes a wide but very
short lobe on the median th ird ; pyjofors tapering acutely, exceeded by
ovipositor.
Life History and Hablte*
igga are deposited during the la s t of May end early Juno,
lymphs appear the la s t week in June a fte r an incubation period of 16-20 days.
About a month i f required for development • The adults remain u n til the middle
of September. Hibernation probably takes place In the adult form.
Hootoi
Grasses.
Osbozn and Ball give the wild oat (Otlpa epartea)
-442-
M i t s favorite food plant and the one on which i t develops.
General Distribution*
A species o f wide d istrib u tio n occuring from Massachusetts
to Montana. Van Duaee gives i t as oocuring in Quebec, Ont., H. H., Mass.,
Com., B Y., I . J . , Ba., Tenn., 111., I a ., Mo., Hozrfc., Colo., C alif.
Montana Distribution*
Lake, Senders, Pondera, Powder Hiver, G allatin end Richland
Counties.
Cenus Platymetoplus Burn.
Vertex strongly produced and acutely angled| front lorgr and narrow, more
than twice as Ion as wide.
KLytral venation strong, with two cross veins
between the sectors and a series of recurved veins on the costal area. % e
e ly tra are usually mors or less inscribed with pigment lln e e , omitting whitish
spots on the o elle, especially the apical and anteaplcal c e lls .
Only one species o f th is genua has been reported as occuring in Montana.
BLatymetoplws actus Say.
Systematic U te ra tu rs
Say., J l . Acad. B at., S o i., H zila., TI, p. 306, 18311 ooarpl, w rit., I I , P.382,
Jassus.
Van Dusee, Cat. Heoip. *• A., p. 636, 1917.
Economic Literature
Osborn, U.S.D.A. Bu, a n t., Bui. 108, p. 69, 1912.
Description Fomt
Verteac of male d istin c tly longer than width between the eyes, in
female, almost h alf longer than basal width.
Prcnotnm twice as broad as long.
45
W tterio r margin quite Cozzretzt posterior margin slig h tly concave, humeral margins
longer than la te ra l margins.
Elytra wide, exceeding abdomen.
Oolcri
Vertex yellowish, lrro rate with bronw, an in d istin c t lin e near
each eye, a pair on the d isc , one on epical th ird , and four spots on the
posterior margin, whlthiah or yellowish.
longitudinal s tr ip s .
Pronotum brown, with five white
Elytra lig h t brown with dark ramose lineo and spots and
d istin c t round or oval milky white spots,
lace yellow, infuaoated on base of
front and outer portions of cheeks, former with broad, w hite, angular lin e which
continues behind the eyes. Beneath black, marked with w hitish.
O enitallai
Male, la s t ventral segment very short* valve very large, nearly
as long as wide, broadly and obtusely angled posteriorly* p lates long, nearly
equalling sparsely b ristle d pygofere, wIdenlz : a fte r leaving base, then tapering
regularly to aubaoute apices, la teral margins spiny.
Female, la s t ventral eegitmt long, sinuate, narrowed p o sterio rly,
la te ra l and posterior margins forming regular curve* pygofers long and narrow,
scarcely exceeding ovipositor, sparsely b ristle d .
Life History and Habits.
The youny may be f i r s t noticed during the la tte r part of May and
are mature before the la s t o f June.
July and mature in August.
Hymphs of the second ^ n c ra tio n appear in
Apparently the adults of the seoznd generation lay
eggs that pees through the w irter and hatch in the spring.
!Qie young are usually
found on grasses in shady situ atio n s.
Boonosde Importance:
Althoujdi th is species has not been reported as occuring in such
great numbers as others, s t i l l i t occurs In great enough abundance to be
«• 4 4
considered an economically important Sseoiea.
Hostsi
Quite generally d istrltn teft on different kinds of grasses or on
low vegetation and appear to be general feeders.
General Sistrilm tioni
This species has an almost universal d istrib u tio n throughout the
United S tates.
Tan Ihiaoe reports i t from Quebec, Ont., Me., E.H., i&se., H.Y.,
U .J., P a., B.O., Ohio, '■ezm., Mo., Kans., Colo., Utah, C a lif., Br. Col.
Montana Diotribat Iom
Bavalli, Lake, Missoula and Yellowstone Counties.
See figure 8 for seasonal and geographical d istrib u tio n .
Gems Deltooephalus Buna.
Medium slsed or small species characterized by the shape of the head in
Vhloh the vertex is acutely triangular, usually l<mger then broad, though often
wider than long, disc, flattened or convex and separated from the front by more
ore Ieeo of a d is tin c t margin. The fro n t is broad and the clypous is narrewed a t
the till.
Elytra may be long or short, usually having five anteapieal and three
apical c e ils , end two cross nervures between the sectors.
ley to Motibam Species of Deltocephalitii
A. Vertex rather angualrly produced, disc f la t or concave, d efin ite margin between
vertex and fro n t.
3. Pronotum short, more than twice as broad &e long, e ly tra without a d istin c t
appendix.
C.
Jly tra sh o rt, two outer apical re in le ts short, a t nearly right angles
to the costa, th ird veinlet running d istin ctly to the posterior margin.
D.
In melee, valve triangular end d istin ctly pointed a t the apex;
-» 45 w
females, posterior car gin of la s t ventral segment with median lobe.
----- -- - D. donflguratus Ohl.
SO. In males, valve obtuse apicalIyg females, posterior margin produced
medially and bearing a median notch. ----D. mieellus Ball.
BI.
Fronotnn longer, hardly twice as wide as long, e ly tra with appendix costal
velnlets newer reflexed.
0.
Front with numerous black arcs; central anteapteal c e ll d istin ctly
constricted.
—B. s Ignatlfrons Van 0.
CO. Front without black arcs; central anteapical c e ll not d istin ctly
constricted.
B. Elytra d istin c tly groan.
E* Form sto u t.
Vertex acutely an 'led , usually longer than broad.
—-------------- B. d eb ltis TJhl.
Eli. Vertex obtusely angled, as wide as long. —3. col I Inus Boh.
33. Elytra not d istin ctly green, hyaline yellowish or with nervures
fuscous margined.
E. Sale valve enlarged, in fla te d , covering a l l but tip s of p la te sg
female segment broadly eaargim te. ------- 3 . s tr ia tus Linn.
AA. Vertex short, disc convex or sloping, more or leas rounding to front, without
well defined margin.
B. Light species, marked with black; clavus reticulated between outer olaval
vein and suture.
--------------- p. Im lcus Say.
Baitooephalms configurable Uhl.
Systeeaatle L iterature.
TMer, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., I f , pi 641, 1917.
Soonoalc L iterature.
Oebom and B all, la . Agrl• Col. ocp. S ta ., Bui. 34, p. 628, 1897.
46
O tte rB t Ue Se De Ae Due i& te , 3 ule 10 8 , Pe 80, 19l2e
Deeorlptloa «
Fomt
Vertex f l a t , longer than width between the eyee, roondlngljpoluted aploally, anterior margin broadly rounded#
Pronotum over tiwce as wide
as long, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin stra ig h t, la te ra l
margins very short.
E lytra siiort exceeded by abdomene
Ctolori
Unlcolorouo ycllovlah-green.
margin lighter*
Vertex yellowish-green with basal
Dronotuza greenish yellow with anterior margin lighter*
Elytra
liayl Inc with dark abdomen showing through. Hervures d istin ct*
Genitalia*
IM ef la s t ventral segment narrow, posterior margin roundlngly
emarginate; valve trian g u lar, d istin ctly pointed, a t the upox; plates narrow­
ing toward slig h tly divergent tip s , each p late bearing a black curved lin e from
the center of i t s base to one-third the distance to the apex, pygofers narrowing
toward tip s , d istin c tly bristled*
Female, la s t ventral segment broad, narrowing posteriorly,
posterior ,nrgin ol l ^ t l y crmrgintite with a Aedlan lobe; pygofere long and wide,
slig h tly b ristle d , exceeded by ovipositor in length; ovipositor black or brownish
I n color.
Life History and Habits*
Osbom and Hall give the following auamnry of the lif e history*
"Adults from the f i r s t week In Hsy through June, nymphs from the la s t
week in June u n til the f i r s t week In August; second brood of adults from la s t wedc
In Jane u n til the f i r s t week in August; second brood of adults from la s t week
in July on into September; second brood o f nymphs appearing some time in
September and going through the winter to appear as adults in ZZsy."
From the above i t Ie evident th a t the leafhoppers pass the winter
in the adult stage and follow th e next season with two broods,
Scononic Importance:
This species was described from forms taken in the Hoclqr Mountain
region during one of the geological surveys. Although i t has occured periodically
as an abundant species. I t has never been considered of great economic importance.
In 1896 i t wae recognised ae important in Iowa, having been collected abundantly
on grasses.
Bven though i t has a wide d istrib u tio n throughout the northern United
States i t does not present as great an economic problem ae other leafhoppers.
Controli
Mowing of grasses affected by these leafhoppers a t a time when
eggs are on the plants w ill effectiv ely cheek th e ir numbers.
Spraying, burning,
and use of the hopper-doser are also effectiv e means of control.
MostBi
Osborn and Bell give cereals as the food plant of th is species.
General S istributlom
According to Tan Dusee th is species has been reported from Ont.,
MO., B.T., I.H ., Ohio, 111., I a ., H.D., S.D., Wyo., golo., Mont*
Montana D istribution:
Lake, Talley, end Lewis and Clark Counties.
See figure 9 for seasonal and geographical d istrib u tio n .
Deltooephalus n ise iIua Ball
Systematic L iteratures.
- 48 •
B all, Can. 4 n t., XXXI, p. 191, 1899.
Van Duzee, Cat. Hamlp. 8.A ., p. 642, 1917.
Description*
Forai
Vertex f l a t , as long a# width between the qyee, obtusely angled
ap lcally .
Eronotom over Wtoe as wide as long, strongly convex anteriorly,
posterior margin slig h tly emarginate, fusing with humeral margins, la te ra l margins
very short.
-Iy tra broad and short, broadly rounding apicalIy , shorter than
abdomen in female, exceeding abdomen in male.
Color*
Cinereous, marked with brown; vertex sh ite with two oblique lin e s
a t apex whose base Ie joined by a brown lin e , two large brom spots on the d isc,
and two smaller ones a t the bass.
Eranotum showing fain tly four broad longi­
tudinal lin e s, otherwise irregularly fuscous marked.
norvures generally strongly margined with
fu b o g u s .
Blytra cineroua with white
Face fuscous marked with
lig h t arcs.
Genitalia*
Male, vale triangular, obtuse aplcally; plates with spiny margins
regularly tapering to the acute, slig h tly divergent tip s ; pygofers vexy short,
exceeded by p la tes.
Fttaal s , la s t ventral segment h a lf longer than proceeding,
s lijitly
narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin produced medially end bearing a median notch;
pygofer# sparsely b ristle d , slig h tly exceeded by ovipositor.
Soonomic Importance The abundance of th is species in the s ta te , and I t s wide range of
food plant# would apolnt toward th is being of economic importance.
Hosts*
- 49 General feeders, taken on Russian th is tle , Chenopodiue, and.
mixed weeds.
General D istribution:
A widely d istributed form th a t has been taken in practical Iy
every lo c ality in the sta te .
Doltooephaltm inlmicas Sey.
Systematic L iterature
Say, J l . Aoadv Mat. Sei. Z hlla., T l, p. 305, 1831,
Tan Duaoo, Gat. Hendp. 8.A., p . 644, 1917.
Economics L iterature
Osborn, U.S.D.A. Div. Ent., Bui. 22, p .S l, 1890
Oshorn and B all, la . Agri• ^xp. S ta ., Bui. 34, 1897
Osborn, O.S.D.A. Ba. E n t., Bui. 106, p.72, 1912.
description •
Fonei
Tertex sh o rt, roundln^ly annulate, a l i t t l e longer on the middle
than next the eyes, wider between eyes than long.
then vertex.
Pronotum slig h tly longer
E lytra elongate, exceeding abdomen.
Color:
Fusoous maculate, a large black spot before eith er eye on
anterior margin of vertex, two spots posterior sad between these, and two on the
base, black I a median lin e and two points a t the apex, re d .
Prcaaotua with Xw
spots on the anterior margin black, and three fain t longitudinal lines pale.
E lytra with nerrxiree white, costal margin lig h t and the other ce lls marginal or
clouded with fuscous.
- BO
G enltallsi
Uslet waive sh o rt, obtusely angled| plates narrow, rather long,
tip s acutely pointed*
Ftioale, la s t ventral segment longer than preoeedixg, posterior
margin notched eith er side of the center forming a narrow median lobe, lateral
angles rounding.
Life History and Habltei
Osborn gives the following account of the l i f e history of
tills speciesi
wThe eggs are deposited in the le a f or stem, especially beneath
the epidermis of tons g rass, and cause very minute, b lis te r-lik e swellings.
These, tor th e winter generation, remain u n til spring and hatch.
Biis generation
matures by the la tte r part of June or early in July end adults occur!ng in July
deposit eggs which hatch within a few days, producing nymphs of the second brood
in the la tte r part of July.
These mature by the la tte r p art of August, and adults
are usually encountered from th is tin e on u n til winter, although scattering
nymphs are lik ely to occur during the autumn months.
So proof, however, is
avallab ls of a d efin ite th ird Tnrood for the season, and eggs deposited by adults
in autumn survive the winter to renew the cycle of the following year."
Boonoedo Importance*
Deltooephalus lnimlcus is one o f the moat common end widespread of
a ll leafhoppere.
In 1822 i t received i t s f i r s t recognition as an injurious
species, end in 1691, 92 and 85 i t was sc recognised again and suggested use of
the hopperdonor was mads. This species i s s t i l l a very important one, and due to
I te wide range o f possible food plants, Ie vesy injurious.
Control*
Osbora suggests that such control measures as "burning of grass
along the sides of the fie ld s , in fence corners, or along roadsides would.
—S k ­
in a large measure, protest wheat fie ld s from f a ll m igrations."
here I t I s
not advisable to bum the g rass, as in pastures or meadows, the hopperdoser
may be used with success. Applieation of an insecticide by spraying may often
be advisable.
Hoetsi
Cultivated and wild grasses o f practical Iy a l l kinds are subject
to i t s attack.
Wheat, barley and other se ria ls serve as foods when i t s favorite
blue grass i s not av ailab le.
In Montana i t has been collected on russian
th is tle , Chenepodiue end wild grasses.
General D istributioni
This species i s a very abundant and widely distributed form,
having been collected from Maine to Washington and as fa r south as Tennessee.
Van Dusoe reports i t from Qudbec, Ont., Me*, N T ., N .J., Pa., Ddl., Md., Va.,
B.C., Ohio, Tenn., Siflh., Xnd., I U . , l a . , Kans., Mo., M.D., S.D., Minn., Colo.,
Hont., Idaho., ash.
Montana D istrib u tio n
This species has been taken throughout the sta te and from the
following countiesi R avalli, Renders, Yellowstone, end Treasure.
See figure 10 for seasoned, and geographical d istrib u tio n .
Deltocephalus slgnatifrona Van D.
Systematic Literature
Van Dusee, Trans. Am. E nt., Soc., XIX, p. 306, 1692.
Van Dusee, Cat. Hemlp. B.A., p. 646, 1917.
Economic L iterature
Osbom and B all, la . Agrl. Exp. S te ., Bui. 34, p. 635, 1897.
Description -
Fdrmt
Males appearing rather slender, females more robust. Vertex dt lghtly
#l%*ing, broader than lo% .
Pronotoa le ss than twice as broad as long, strongly
concave an terio rly , la te ra l Horgine very sh o rt, humeral margins d istin ct but
rounding with slightly ariargLn&te posterior margin* Slytra usually exceeding
abdomen, middle m teaplcal c e ll d istin ctly constricted.
Color#
Aehmgray tinged with fuscous. Vertex sli^ iU y yellowish, with four
large, quadrate brown spots on the disc, a p air of smaller end darker ones a t the
apex and frequently a spot between the la tte r end the o c e lli/
Pronotum grayish,
mottled with brown end with five fa in t, lig h t, longitudinal lin e s .
Seutellum
with basal a isle s dark end with disc irregularly mottled with brown. Z lytra with
nervuree lig h t, in some places milky white, and usually strongly margined with
fuscous. Face heavily marked with black arcs t nd dots.
O eettallai
!M e, la s t ventral segment about the length of the proceeding;
valve broad, sh o rt, and broadly rounding posteriorly; plates very broad, a l i t t l e
over twice the length of the valve, margined with moderately fine harlo; pygofere
short, broadly exceeding p la tes, bearing long b ris tle s .
Female, la s t ventral segment slig h tly broader than proceeding,
la te ra l angles prominent, posterior margin widely evacuated and bearing two
obtusely angled teeth which are separated Iyr on incision reaching about oneth ird of the distance to the base; ovipositor black or brownish; pygofere broad
and spiny nnd equalling or slightly exceeding ovipositor.
Life Histcry and Habits:
The winter i s passed in the egg stage and the nymphs appear rather
early in the spring, adults having been taken by the la s t of May. There are a t
«• 63
le a s t two Itrooda per aeaaon, the Iaet adults appearing about the f i r s t of October.
Soonaale Importances
EoonomioaUy th is specie a Is of l i t t l e Importance and considering
the nature of Ita food plants control measures are unnecessary.
Hosts*
Osborn and Ball report th is species as having been most abundant
along roadsides, weedy places, on Setaria and Panicum.
In Montana i t has been
taken on ruasien th is tle , Chenepodiua, and mustard of various kinds.
General Distribution*
The lo c a litie s from which th is species has been reported show a
rath er wide range of d istrib u tio n but not greatly abundant. Van Duaee reports i t
from Md., Tenn., I a ., Colo.
Montana Distribution*
Taken in Havxd 11, G allatin, and Sweet Grass Counties.
See figure 11 for seasonal and geographic d istrib u tio n in Montana.
Dtitooephalus d ebilie TM.
Systeaatie L iterature
O iler, Bui. U.s. Geol. Oeeg. Surv., Ip. 360, 1876.
fan Dueee, Cat. Hemip. H. A., p. 646, 1917.
aconomio L iterature
Osborn, and B all, la . Agri• #q>. S ta ., Bui. 34, 1897.
Description »
Form*
Vertex longer than wide, or width equal to length, acutely acutely
angled.
Pronotum not over twice as broad as long, strongly convex an terio rly ,
la te ra l margins very short, humeral margins rounding into slig h tly concave
posterior margin. Llytra varying in length, often shorter but usually longer
6*
than Kbdonesw
Oolort
Greeniah. Vertex, enter! or portion of pro no turn, and acutellura
yellow, median lin e of vertex and o celli black. Elytra subhyaline with veins
lig h t.
Face brownish with pale arcs end median lime.
Genltnllai
Male, Iaet ventral segment shorter than proceeding; valve round-
lngly produced posteriorly; plates together am bread at hcee as long, margi ns
apined, each with a black spot, apices obtuse, exceeded Iqt the acutely pointed
and long b ristle d pygofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment long, posterior margin rounded with
ourrow, deep, median notch or soraetl es nearly truncate with a shallow notch
between two email lobes.
Ifrgofere broad, broadest at the middle, and sparsely
aplned, equalling or slig h tly exceeded by ovipositor.
Hosts I
Fouzrl on low ground and In wooded regions.
General H etrlbntltoai
This Ie a well known species and has quite a wide range of
d istrib u tio n .
Van Dusee reports i t from Ont., Me., H.H., H.T., Ra., Tezml,
MO., I a ., Colo.
Montana Distribution!
Deltooephalua d ebilla Ie rather uncommon In Itozrtaaa, having
been taken In but Sweet Grass, G allatin, and Beavezhead Counties.
See figure 12 for seasonal end geographic d istrib u tio n .
Deltooephalus collinus Boh.
Systematic L iterature.
Boheiman, Kong. Vet. Akad. IIandl. for 1860, p. 261.
55
Tan lfosee, Cat* Bemlp. H. A., p* 647, 1917.
Qeetnrlptlon Form
Vertex about as long as vide, sometimes wider, rather obtusely
angled.
Pronotom less than twice as broad as long, anterior margin strongly
convex, la te ra l margins short, humeral margins rounding Into slig h tly concave
posterior margin. Elytra narrow, eith er short, reaching to the base of the
la s t ventral segment and diverging from the ti p of the clavua, or long in
some females, exceeding ovipositor.
Colon
Greenish-yellow, p ractically unicolorous.
Vertex sometimes
■noticed with lig h t brown on eith er aide of lig h t strip e enclosing the dark,
median, impressed lin e .
tudinal lin e s .
Pronotum aometi ee with eigne of six fuscous longi­
Elytra with lig h t nervures, tip hyaline, abdomen sometimes
marked with fueooue strip e s.
Fhoe fuscous marked with lig h t median lin e and
area.
Genitalia*
Male, valve large, nearly twice as wide as long, obtusely angled
posteriorly I plates broad, margins convex t i l l near the pex, then concavely
narrowing to the obtuse e^ioes which are slig h tly exceeded by the spiny pygofers.
female, la s t ventral segment longer than proceeding, narrowed
posteriorly posterior margin with five lobes, the two outer ones lig h t colored,
separated shallowly from the two black ones next them, and these in turn
separated more deeply from the lig h t colored median lobe; pygofere narrowed
basalIy, long end narrow, slig h tly exceeding ovipositor.
Hosts*
Oebom and Ball give Sporobolus as the host plant of th is
— 66 »
species*
In Montana i t has been taken on russian th is tle , mustard, and Chene-
podins*
General D istribution This i s a European form and very lim ited in i t s d istrib u tio n in
the Chited S tates. Van Dusee reports i t from Iocct and Colorado*
Montana Distribution*
A very widely distributed fora found over the en tire state*
Deltooephalus e trla tu s Linn.
lwi(yi,<
Systematle Literature*
Van Dtusee, Cat. Hsmip* B* A., p. 646, 1917, as D. a ffin is G*& B*
economic L iterature.
Osborn, U.S.l.A. Bu. Mut*, Bui. 108, p. 82, 1912, (affin is)
Description Porai
Vertex wider than long, obtusely pointed.
Pronotom a l i t t l e
longer than the vertex, la te r a l margins sh o rt, humeral margins d istin ctly angled
witix the sllg x tly emarginate posterior margin.
JOytra long, barely exceeding
abdomen at times, again greatly exceeding i t .
Color*
Pale ashy-gray, usually marked with fuscous.
Vertex and promote*
often unlooloroue or ra ttle d with fusoous, the la tte r sometimes showing five pale
longitudinal strip e s.
JOytra often unlooloroue greenish-bro^n, sometimes with
nervures heavily bordered with fusoous.
arcs.
G enitalia:
Face fusoous with lig h t median lin e s and
— 57 «*
Male, le s t ventral segment as Ion/; as Jreoeedingj valve very
cliaraoteriS tic, large and in flated , concealing a ll tout the obtuse and divergent
apices of the short p lates; pygofers very Short, each with a tu f t of long
b r is tle s .
Female, la s t ventral segment long, slig h tly narrowed posteriorly,
posterior margin broadly and angularly emarglnatej pygofers spiny on d ista l h a lf,
broad, e quail in ; ovipositor.
Life History and Habitat
Apparently tlie eggs are deposited In the f a l l , survive the w inter,
hatch early in the spring, and develop as nymphs during April or early May,
reaching the adult stage by the middle of May• there are probably three genera­
tions per season.
I t occurs in greatest abundance in blue grass lawns and upon
pastures and meadows, showing a d istin c t preference for open and sunny situ ations
rather than shaded lo c a litie s .
Eocnomio Importanoet
Due to the large numbers of th is p articu lar species and the several
generations per season i t would seem quits evident that th is loafhopper Is o f
considerable economic importance in I ts re la tio n to gras# crops.
Control:
The use of Iiopperdosere and sprays during the e a r y part of the
summer, so as to cut down the numbers end to prevent serious injury la te r In
the season, would be effectiv e.
Since the eggs are sorely in the stems and leaves
of grasses during fa ll and winter i t would seem that the burning of grasses a t
such times would seem practicable as a control measure.
I
I
Hostst
Although blue grass is th e favorite host of th is species i t i s not
confined to th a t host but may adopt many kind# of pasture and meadow grass as
a food plant.
•V-
General D lstritn tto m
Thie species has a very extensive d istrib u tio n , having been
reported under various names from throughout the northern IMted States and
southern Canada.
Vaii iXiaee reports It under the mme a ffln ls from uebec, lie.
H.H., K.T., h•J . , I a ., Kans., Colo*, C a lif., Br. Col.
Montana D ietribatiom
This species has been taken In practically every lo cality In
Montana.
See figure IS for seasonal end geographic d istrib u tio n
Deitoeephalus auratus G. & B.
G ille tte it Baker, Hemlp. Colo., p. 66, 1896.
Van Duxes, Cat. Hemlp. S.A., p. 660, 1917.
Description*
Foae* Face a l l ^xtly longer than sid e.
gradually narrowed to the rounded apex.
Clypens longer than wide;
Dleo of vertex with a depressed area
cat e ith e r aide next the compound eye. Width a t middle greater than next the
eye.
Pronotum twice us wide as long, equalling vertex.
Color*
Yellow throughout. Ocelli rufous. Zlytra yellowish subhyaline
nemures l i f t e r .
Genitalia*
Male, la s t ventral segment broadly curved.
next the la te r a l margins* much wider than long,
As long medially as
falve trian g u lar.
Plates
together as wide a t the base as la s t ventral segment, narrowing to slig h tly
divergent tip s .
Female, la s t ventral segment wider than long, posterior margin
broadly emarglnate.
Pygofers broad and long, exceeded by ovipositor.
• 68
Hoetei
Oraseee, collected In Mootam.
on /Otme russlon th is tle and
grasses.
General distribution*
This species Ie apparently very ra re .
Van Uusee reports I t only
from Colorado,
Montana Distribution*
In Montana th is species has beei. taken in small numbers from O allatin
County.
Genus Lusoelis Brul •
Generally robust with head slig h tly wider than promotes*. Vertex d istin c tly
ungulate.
Pronotum rath er short.
but usually short in others.
S lytra long in the forma with a transverse vertex,
Ovipositor rather uniformly sh o rt.
The genus is
d istin c tly lacking in positive characters.
Key to the Montana species of ekasoells
A. Vertex transverse, much wider than long, margins nearly or quite p a ra lle l,
anterior margin obtusely rounding to Aront.
B.
Blytra hyaline, appendix large.
SB. Appendix minute
'■■»- - £. exltrasue Uhl.
—----- L. Aretoslapbyli B all.
AA• Vertex not d istin ctly transverse, usually produced and ungulate| anterior
margin meeting front a t an angle.
B. Vertex d istin c tly wider than i t s middle length.
C«
Margin of vertex with four black spots; pro noturn striped with black
and with four strip es on each elytron.
►B. Comma Van D.
X
* 89 *
iAisoclis ex itIoaue ttxl.
Iiile rt Am. 4 n t., i l l , p. 72, 1880, CicMule
Veei Duzoef Cat. Cezaip. B* A*, p. 655, 1917,
Oehorn, t/.s.D.A. Bu. BKt,, Bui, 108, p , 86, 1912,
Desoriptioa Pom:
Vertex two~th irds lsnglb of pro notun, about twice aa wide aa long,
Front broad, convexly narrowing below the antennae; clypens narrowed apically.
Elytra e l i c i t Iy longer than abdmnoa, apex Slightly I tarin g , with a broad appendix
extending entirely around the apex.
Color;
Pale yellov, to oinerous, o c e lli red*;a pair of spots on the anterior
margin of the vertex, a pair of oblique dashes on the base; four spots on the
anterio r submargin of the pronotua; and a pair of spots within the basal angles of
the seutellum, black,
A median transverse band on the vertex, the facial sutures,
and numerous arcs on the fro n t, fuscous.
Genitalia*
%ale, valve sm all, trian g u lar, plates Io n ;, conoavely narrowing,
tip e divergent, a row of spines on the la te ra l auamrgins.
Feciile, la s t ventral segment twice as long »» the one proceeding,
posterior margin truncate, pygofers long end narrow, exceeded by ovipositor.
Life History and Habits;
Adults are found until la te f a l l , and In the Southern states no
doubt remain active a l l w inter.
I t is probable that eggs are la id in the f a ll
and pass the winter in that stage. The nymphs develop in the spring and mature
individuals may be found early in the suseer,
There are usually two d istin c t
broods in the northern sta tes Airing each season. The leafhoppere of th is
species usually congregate in considerable numbers and for th is reason are very
-GO-
doatructir© to grass and forage crape.
Economic Importance#
Due to the fa c t th a t these leafhoppere are usually found in
great abundance, when presentaat a l l , much economic importance i s attached to
then,
-ren though they may not appear so abundant in grasslands or seen to cause
aijy great injury they, nevertheless, drain the crop extensively and when these
plants become le ss succulent have a tendency to migrate to grain field s where they
in f lic t the greatest damage.
Control#
The treatment of the grassland w ill depend largely upon the nature
of the land and i t s importance as pasture.
I f practicable, i t may be sprayed or
treated with the hopperdoser, but for rough lend, especially th at not available
as pasture, the beat method would be to burn i t over as completely as possible in
September or about the time of planting of winter grain crops. Of course a large
number of the adults would escape by f lig h t, but since many of the leafhoppere
would be in eith er the egg or nuraphal stage, such treatment would m aterially control
the insect.
Hosts#
practically a l l grass and fbrage crops are a ttra cte d by th is in se c t.
Genmral D istribution:
The d istrib u tio n of th is important species covers practically a l l of
the U. S. and parts of Mexico and the West Iixies.
I t Ie quite probable that th is is
a Southern species that has spread ever the en tire country and become well es­
tablished. The wide range of d istrib u tio n end enormous powers of m ultiplication
makes th is one of the moot important representatives of the family.
Van DttB.ee reports this speciee from B.T., H .J., Tb . , Md., S.O.,
H.C., S.C., Ga., T la., Ittee., Ohio, Tenn., In d ., I a ., Mb., Kans., Colo., Okla.,
w
51 «•
Texaa. , A r l # ., C a lif., <Weat lades, Bermuda#)
Mcmtoaa Dletrllmtltms
In Hdntana this 1# a widely distributed species and he# been taken
from p ractically the en tire sta te In rela tiv e ly large numbers.
Sm f ig . 14.
Eueoella Arotostaphyli B all.
B all, a»t. Sew, X, p. 172, 1899, Athysanae
Tan Duaee, Cat. Headlp. I . A., p. 658, 1917.
Description*
Form* Vertex obtusely engulate, twice as wide as long, front a l i t t l e
longer tiem wide; pronotum strongly arcuated an terio rly , side margins very short;
e ly tra short and sto u t, reae Ing the end of the abdomen, appendix minute, epicd
c e lls sh o rt, somotl ee a second cross nervurc between the secto rs.
Color*
Vertex tawny yellow, a line between the fulcous o c e lli, broken
forwards In the middle, a transverse band back of th is , and a crescent near each
1 * **1
angle connected by a curved lin e , dark brown; pronotum yellowish, lrro ra te with
fuscous except on the anterior margin; e ly tra l nervuree pale, testaceous, heavily
margined with fuscous; face yellow, sutures, arcs on the front and a spot on th e
clypeue fuscous* below brownish fuscous, lege em ulate with fuaooue.
Genitalia*
Stole, valve broad, obtusely rounding; plates broad a t base, trian g u lar,
three times longer than valves outer margin thickly se t with coarse h a irs.
Female, la s t ventral segment slig h tly lon er than proceeding; posterIe r
margin shallowly excavated eith er side of the middle, sygofers twice as wide eo long,
equalling ovipositor.
Life History end Habits*
— 62 **
Boatei
Probably s grass feeder
General B letrlbatloni
This species has a veiy lim ited range of d istrib u tio n .
Tan Dusee
reports i t from uebeo, Be., B.H., B Y., Oslo*
Montana Distribution*
In IOntana tills species has been taken only In the southern p art
of Park Counly •
Eusoelle Goana Tan D.
Tan Duzee, Can. E nt., XXIT, p. IIS , 1892.
Tan Dusee, Cat. Hemip. 8. A., p. 660, 1917.
Description*
Ibm i
Terteoc longer on the middle titan next the eye, almost tlwce as wide
as long, disc f l a t , obtusely rounding with fro n t, obtusely angled apically.
Pronotua
longer titan vertex, over two times as wide as long, la teral margins long, humeral
margins fused with slig h tly emarglnate posterior margin.
E lytra long, exceeding abdomen
p arallel margined or short and somewhat fla rin g , reaching la s t abdominal segment,
v en a tio n i n d i s t i n c t .
Color*
Creamy, marked with black and brown. Vertex with four large black
marginal spots which extend on to the fro n t, and two large basal ones.
Pronotum
with four black logltudlm l lin e s, the inner pair extending across the soutellum.
Klytra pale with black or dark brown lin es on the claval suture, around apex, and
along Inner branch of f i r s t sector.
Fulvous brown bands are found on the dlavus,
dividing anteriorly to meet the Ilnee on the prone turn and soutellum, end one
p arallel with the outer and posterior margin.
Face and below pale with a black
63
■pot below the antennae, a pair below the la te ra l margins of the pronotum.
ttenltallai
Valve large, trian g u lar, apex very obtuse or truncated, aides
notched} plates twice the length of the valve, margins rounding buaally to the
middle, then nearly p arallel to the truncate apices which nearly or quite equal
the robust and A o rt pygofers.
Hostsi
Oebom and Ball give lymus canadensis as the ho st.
Oeneral B ietrlb u tlm i
Thle specie# has a very lim ited range of D istribution. Van Dusee
reports I t from H.H., Da., Beb., Khne., Colo.
Montana D istribution!
Reoords Aow Tellowstone County as the only lo c a lity from which
th is epeolee has been taken in Montana.
Oenns Eutettex Van D,
"Rather stout forme. Head of about the same width as pronotum* Vertex rath er
A o r t, slig h tly eloping, d istin ctly transversely depressed, the apex often slig h tly
coocavely upturned.
E lytra moderattly long, usually slig h tly fla rin g , venation
simple, only one cross nervure between the sectors.
Elytra without super­
numerary velnlets or ramose lin e s, or with these reduced or aggregated Into oblique
bands."
Two apeoiee of th is genua have been taken In !Santona.
Key to Montana species of Eutettlx
A. Vertex slig h tly longer on A s middle than next the eye.
3.
Transverse subapical depression d is tin c t.
Pale yellowish green.
—— - — L. Clarwlda Van D.
BB. Transverse subapical depression lacking or obscure —E. te a lllu s Dak.
6*
M . D. B all, Proos Bar. /ead. S el., XII, p. 31, 1907.
K utrttlx Olarlvida Tan D.
Tan Buzee, Can. Knt., XXTI, p. 138, 1894.
Tan Dozee, Cat. IiaxKp. I . A., p . 663, 1917.
Deeoriptloni
Ttowi
Tertex ellg h tly longer on the middle than next the eye, about 1/2
the Iw g th of the prono turn; marked with an Inpreeeed median lin e on the baae, eith er
aide of which Ie the usual impressed area near the outer angle of the Also, and
anteriorly is the transverse suhanlcal depression common to th is species.
Front
longer than wide, scarcely expended aploally.
Colori
Entire insect pale greenish y e ll o r, polished, paler on the head and
beneath.
Anterior edge of head with a round hl&ok spot placed ju st above and
within each ocellus, end two minute equidistant brown points between these on the
apex. Kesonotua and s o e times the basal tergal segmente black.
Kyes brownish.
E lytra subhyaline ^ ith d istin c t yellowish aerv u res.,
Qenitaliai
Lialo, valve broadly triangular, about the length of the la s t ventral
segment I plates about twice the leietii of the valve, th e ir outer edges d istin c tly
argu&ted near the bases pygofers exceeding p la te s, obtuse.
Female, la s t ventral segment loi^j, hind, edge rounded with a short,
abrupt median projection or tooth, about twice as broad as longg pygofers broad,
slig h tly exceeded ty ovipositor.
Hosts:
Low growing vegetation and native grasses.
General Distribution*
—65 —
This 1# essen tially a western species and hem been reported from the west
and middle western eta tee.
Tan Oaeee reports i t from Mo., Colo. Utah.
Koadana Distributions
Thie species has been taken only in the southwestern part of
the s ta te .
From the records, Broadwater and Jefferson count lea are the only ones
from which i t has been taken.
Botettlx tenellue Bak.
G ille ttl and Baker, Hemip. Colo., p, 100, 1895, Thatimte ttlx .
Tan Duzee, Cat. Hemip. H.A., p. 664, 1917.
B all, Utah A^ri. -Exp. S ta ., Bui. 155, 1917.
Hawley, Utnh Agri, 2*p. S ta ., Giro. 54, 1925.
Knowlton, Utah Agri• Exp. S ta ., Giro. 66, 1927.
Deeeriptloni
Iom t
Vertex 1/4 longer on middle than next the eye, about twice as
wide ae long, transverse depression laoking or obscure, broadly rounding with the
fro n t, apex rounding.
short.
Pronotua twice as long as vertex, la te ra l margins very
Elytra long, greatly exceeding abdomen.
Color*
Pale y e llOWleh green.
Vertex yellowish or pale orange-yellow.
Pronotum pale green, the disc darker than the margins.
Scutellum greenish yellow.
Hlytra greenish-yellow, subhyallne, the black abdomen
lowing thru. Paee
yellowish.
Genitalia*
Male, valve large, semicircular or truncated apical Iyi plates
together wider than long, sttbemrglnelly opined, margins p ractically parallel to
•
66
■
the broad, rotmdlngljr truncate apices which are slig h tly exceeded ty the
Bargefere.
Female, la s t ventral segment about as long as the proceed 1%,
la te ra l angles, broadly rounded and slig h tly produced, with a semi-circular
excision reaching about h alf way to the base; pygofers long, slig h tly exceeded
by ovipositor, sparsely spined on apical th ird .
Life History and Habitei
lShis is a single brooded species and egg laying extends through
a long period of time so th at the e a rlie st nymphs are often mature before the
Ia a t eggs are IAid.
In general, the adults appear suddenly a t a time when the
sugar beats are up.
The adults commence feeding a t once, and i f the weather
is warm enough w ill begin egg laying within a few days and continue for soae
period of time.
The eggs hatch in about 15 days and the nymphs mature in 20-
25 days more, so that Ihe f i r s t new adults of the season’s brood may appear
in from 40 to 50 days a fte r the f i r s t appearance of the adults in the sprit*?,
while the la st ones of the brood may be nearly two months la te r .
The adult f lie s readily and can jump long distances.
Ihis to
i t s minute else i t i s rarely seen unless occur!ng in great numbers except to
the trained observer.
Sooncadc Importaaeei
This is the well known "beet leafhoppor" and is the most serious
pest of the western sugar beet.
Due to the fe e t that th is insect transmits the
disease curly-leaf of beets, i t is one of
greatest economic importance.
In some of the more serious outbreaks o f the disease th is insect has caused the
abandonment of thousands of acres of beets in some d is tric ts in addition to a
serious reduction in the tonnage of beets in the remainder.
Besides these
widespread outbreaks i t has caused a constant drag to be placed on the growing
- 67 -
of beets In Infested areas that has resulted in the temporal? permanent suspension
of operations in seven large facto ries.
The species is also of great in te re st and importance because i t is
the f i r s t insect known to transm it a specific plant disease.
nLoas from ourley leaf ray be prevented ty avoiding dangerous
areas, by planting small acreages, by time of planting, by not thinning ju st as
the leafhoppers appear, and by knowledge of the breeding grounds.*
*Baraeitee doubtless a s s is t somewhat In controlling the Ie a fho per, but to be a t a ll effectiv e, should be introduced into the permanent
breeding grounds.* - After Ball.
General Distribution*
This leafhopper has been found over a very wide area in the
western and southwestern sta te s , extending into Mexico, Centers of dlspeeaal
and breeding grounds are no doubt confined to a few d efin ite areas in the western
sta te s .
Van Dusse reports th is species from Cole., X. Mex., A rls., and C a lif..
Itoets*
This insect is found on ehadso&le, greasewood, ruseian th is tle ,
and fine-leaved annual s a lt bushes in addition to beets.
Ju st vMoh was the
original food plant is not known.
Montana Distribution*
In Montana th is species is s tr ic tly confined to the western and
southwestern portion of the s ta te .
I t has boon collected in Missoula, B avalli,
Lake, Sanders, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, Park and S tillw ater Counties.
Genus Thnanotettix %ett.
Slender bodied with long and narrow e ly tra , forming a d istin c tly elongate
68
appearance.
Vertex always wider than long, sometimes p arallel margined, usually
d istin c tly produced.
Pronotum rounded an terio rly with rath er short and sharp
la te r a l margins.
Pour species and one variety of th is genua have been taken In
Montana.
Key to the Montana specie a of Thamnote ttlx .
A. Vertex short, two large black spots on apex.
B. E lytral suture dividing a large yellow spot midway between tip of
ecutellum and apex of olavus,
------- - - - T. fa sc la tlc o llle S tal.
AA. Vertex d istin c tly produced medially.
B. margin of vertex with dark markings*
0.
Anterior h a lf of pronotum marked with a fulvous band, entire
pronotum polished*
-T. mantanus Van D.
3B. Margin of vertex without dark markings.
0* Vertex with two large black spots on apex and one next eith er eye
black
— —— T. b e lli l)hl•
CO* Spots on vertex smaller} pronotum highly polished. —T. bellU var.
g l l l e t t l i Ven B.
D. Pronotum covered with fine transverse stria e and distant scattering
spots*
-■■■-........... "T. gemlnatus Van D.
Tham otettlx gemlnatue Van D.
Van Duses, tint. Am., VI, p. 79, 1890
Van Duses, Cat. Iiemlp. B* A., p. 677, 1917.
Osborn, O.S.D.A* Eu. tin t., Bui* 108, p* 96, 1912«
Description Pcmai Head scarcely as wide ae pronotum} pbtusely rounded before, finely
punctured# Vertex about one-fourth longer on the middle than next the eye, base
•* 68 «•
with e fine impreaeed li&e.
incurred toward the apex.
Sides of the front almost s tra i^ x t, slig h tly
Pronotum scarcely angled a t the sid e s, posterior
margin s tra ig h t, surface with fin e, t r answers® s tria e and d istan t, scattering
punctures.
Color*
Head yellowish s h ite , tinged with fulvous on the disc of the
vertex and around the eyes; short impressed lin e on the vertex and sutures
of the front black; a large black spot occupies the apex of the lead each side of
the t i p .
-Syss black; promoturn dull greenish-brown.
Scutellum greenish yellow;
transverse Impressed lin e , two approximate black points before I t , and a small
triangle some hat remote from each basal angle black.
E lytra brownish hyaline,
nerm rea slender#
Genitalia#
Foaal e, la s t ventral segment longer than preoeedlng, posterior
margin produced In a short mugle each side of the middle, where there is a
shallow Incision on cith er side of the sh o rt, blunt central tooth; pygofere broad,
abruptly reaching the end of the ovipositor#
!Sals, la s t ventral segment as wide as proceeding, anterior margin
broadly rounded, posterior margin broadly concave; valve trian g u lar, short,
h a lf as long as la s t ventral segment; plates as wide as valve a t base but
narrowing gradually to broadly divergent apices; pygofere longer and wider than
plates set with coarse bustles#
Hosts*
Taken on Russian th is tle , mustard, and mixed weeds#
ThSSBOtettlx fa eo la tieo llle Stal.
S ta l, S te l, Rnt. Z elt. XXT, p. 86, 1866, Jassus
Tan Suaee, Cat. Hemlp. S. A#, p . 677, 1917.
70
Deeorlptlon Pom*
Vertex short, tlwoe as wide ae IOnill, rounding to the fro n t.
Pronotum twice a# broad ae Ione;, poeterlor margin almost s tra ig h t, humeral
angle# IoneJ, rounding, la te ra l margins very sh o rt, shorter than humeral margins,
Scutellua large.
iOytra long and narrow, much longer than abdomen.
Oolori
Vertex bright yellow except for two large black spots apical Iy
and the sooeehat brow posterior margin.
ZYonoturn brown on convex portion
between the eyes, the remainder bright yellow.
Llytra dark brown with a large
yellow spot divided by ely tra l suture midway between tip of scutellum and apex o f
olaarue.
OeriLtaliai
Male, Ia e t ventral segment slig h tly wider than long; valve broad
trian g u lar; plates long and narro, narrowing to acute apices exceeded in width
and length by spiny sygofere.
FeatiLe, la s t ventral segment long, lateral margins rounded with
posterior margin which is deeply evacuated on either side of a median tooth,
which is rounded a t the apex and equal to the g reatest lengtii of the segment;
pyfogers long and narrow, exceeded by ovipositor, and sparsely apined.
Llfs History end HaMtsi Hostsi
Ziueoiec th is tle , Chenepodium, m ustard, and grasses.
General Diatributiom
d’h is species is decidedly western in i t s d istrib u tio n la th is
country.
Yen Duxee reports i t as probably occuring in California and in Mexico.
Montana Distributiomi
- Tl Hontaim d is tr ib u tio n
Lake, ^ovaU l, Blaine, IM lllp e , Yellowstone, G allatin Counties#
lThasnaotettix oont&nua Tan D.
Van Dueee, Can. re%t., XXIV. p . 268, 1892.
Van Dueeet Cat, Haoip• B. A., p . 679, 1917.
Description -
Fomt
Heed obtusely rounded before; clypeus s ll^ itly widened apioally.
Anterior margin of pronotum feebly concave.
Colon
Head woiled sh ite or yellowish, base of vertex with a transverse
fulvous; brown band between the eyes covering the apical h alf of the pronotum,
o ce lli fulvous; front with a few short brown arcs next the edges; sutures black­
ish ,
Pronotom polished, pale greenish-yell os on the posterior h a lf.
Scutellum
dark brown, blackish on the base and apex, iilytra blackish, costal h alf o f the
oorlua as far as the apical areelee hyaline, apex of olavue and i t s nervures
black.
Blaoi beneath. Kale is more deeply colored with the ecutellum and
e ly tra black.
Genitollai
lisle, valve h a lf the length of the la s t ventral segment; plates
nearly three times the lengto of toe valve, punctured, obtuse; pygofers exceed­
ing p lates.
Female, la s t ventral segment deeply c le ft eith er side of the
lig u la te median projection, toe shorter la te ra l lobes rounded, retreatin g a t the
outer angles.
Hoetsi
- 73 Sugar bueta and native grasses*
General distrib u tio n :
This species is s tr ic tly western in d istrib u tio n .
Van Dusee
reports i t from Uolo., C a lif., Br. Ool.
Montana Distribution:
%iis leafhopper has been taken in lim ited numbers from the
western and southern counties of the sta te .
B avalll, Lake, G allatin, Yellowstone,
and Treasure Counties.
Thannotettix b e lli Uthl•
Uhler, Bui. U.S. Cool. Geog. Surv, I I I , p. 471., 1877, Geeeus.
Van Buses, Cat. Hemip. S. A, p, 679, 1917,
Description:
font:
Vertex d istin c tly longer on the middle than next the eyes* twice
as wide as long* prone turn short, more than twice as broad as long, strongly
Ovirvex anteriorly slig h tly emarginate p o sterio rly , la te ra l margins very short,
humeral margins easily twice as long as la te ra l ones.
Soutellum large.
Blytra
long and narrow*
Color:
Vertex greenish-yellow with two large spots on apex and one next
e ith e r qye black, the two basal fapots connected with a reddish brown band.
Stmtellum bright yellow with two indentations on disc connected by a brown
band which extend* to the margins on either sid e.
Elytra dark with broad
white nervures on clavua, remaining nenrures darker*
G enitalia:
Female, la s t ventral segment long, anterior margin strongly
convex, la te ra l margins short, rounding to the posterior margin which is
74
gradually evacu a ted
to a deep and narrow median c le f t,
rygofers rather broad,
baaally oanStrioted, exceeded Iy ovipositor.
Hosts:
Bative grasses in Aady situ atio n s.
General d istrib u tio n :
Sliis species i s rather widely distributed.
Tan Duzee reports
i t from Quebeo, unt . , E e ., E.Y., B.C., Mlch., Colo. A ria., Br. Col.
I'on tan distribution:
G allatin County
Thasnotettix b e lli g ill e tt e i Tan D»
Tan Dusee, Can. tin t., XXIT, p. 267, 1892.
Tan Dusee, Cat. ilenlp. S. A., p. 679, 1917.
Deeoriptloni
!taw:
Vertex moderately produced, apex rounded, b a s a l Iy with an im­
pression either side of the middle,
Clypeas widened aploally.
Pronotwm with
an Impressed line parallel to the anterior edge, posterior edge nearly stra ig h t
Color:
Yellow, tinged with greenish on the pro noturn.
Apex of the head
with two lange round spots, and on the vertex on eith er side Ie a smaller one
placed against the middle o f the timer margin of the eye.
polished.
Scutellm poliahed, impressed lin e black.
the antennal p its black.
Pronotum highly
Sutures of the front and
Elytra hyaline, smoky a t tip , nenrures yellow.
Hosts:
native grasses in shady situ atio n s.
General d istrib u tio n :
- 75 -
Ihle variety i s probably found along with Thaanotettlx b e lt! .
Ifontana D iatrlbution In Montana th is variety has been taken from only Caeoade
County#
Oenae Ohlorotettlx fan 5#
Mbetly rather large spoolee of a uniform green color.
A few species
are small and some are mazfced with spots or bands on the head, pronotum,
or aotttelItHB# Vertex broad, eith er rounded or d istin c tly bluntly angled
apicalIy .
Sides of pronotum moderately long.
Elytra long end th in ,
sttbbyallne, with a d istin c t appendix, nervurea in d istin c t.
Only species o f th is genus has been taken in Montana.
Chlorotettix semicolor Fh.
Pitch, Homop• B. T. S t., Cab., p. 68, 1861. Bythosoopus
Van Dueee, Cat. Hsmlp. M. A., p. 686, 1917.
Beecrlptlon Form*
Vertex slig h tly longer a t the middle than next the eye, Z 1/2
times as broad as long, broadly rounding with front.
Pronotum short, over twice
as broad as long, anterior margin broadly but not strongly convex, short
la te r margins rounding with the humeral margins, posterior margin d istin c tly
emarginate.
E lytra long, greatly exceeding the abdomen.
Colors
Alsrnat uniformly pale green or yellowish-green.
Elytra hyaline,
nervurea often dark green In color.
C enltallat
Male, valve broad, posterior margin somewhat sinuate on eith er
76
el4e of the Ohtueet nearly truncate apex; plates broad haeally, submarjlnalIy
spined margins cone are on apical h a lf, tip s produced, subacute, slightly
diverging, greatly exceeded by pygofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment nearly twice as long as proceeding
with a fa irly broad median notch the apex of vhlch Is surrounded by a brown
spot, the posterior margin sinuate on e ith e r side of the notch; pygofers rath er
lo% , spiny, slig h tly exceeding the ovipositor.
Hostei
Unknown to me.
General Distribution*
Thle species Is widely d istrib u ted throughout the northern
h alf of the United S tates.
M.T•, K.J . , P a., D.
Van Dugee reports I t from Quebec, Ont., Me., Masa ,
c. , lid. , l a . , Ian s., Dak., Colo.
Montana D lstrlbutlom
Taken only In Yellowstone County.
Oems Cloadula I.ett.
Bather small and elongate.
eyes, but not strongly produced.
Vertex longer on the middle than next the
Pronotum short, anterior margin more or le ss
convex, posterior margin slig h tly concave.
-Qlytra long, exceeding abdomen,
overlapping apicalIy , with a d istin c t appendix and with the Inner sector not
forked, there being only two anteapical c e lls .
Only one species of th is genus has been taken in Montana*
Clcadnla sexnotala Flail.
Fallen, Aeta Holm, XXVII, p. 54, 1906, Cloada
fan Dusee, Cat. Herdp. I . A., p . 694, 1917.
Osborn, U.S.D.A. Bu. S n t., Bui, 108, p. 97, 1912.
Osborn, Me, Agri. Hxp. S ta ., Bui. 248, p. 69, 1916.
77 Qewerlptlom
Fozm
M etlnotljr elongate. Vortex ellghtly longer a t the middle than
next the eye, nearly or fu lly twice ae wide a» long, broadly rounding with- froi* .
Pronotum broadly convex an terio rly , very slig h tly concave posteriorly la te ra l
margins very sh o rt,
e ly tra greatly exceeding abdomen.
Colort
Yellowlah or yeUowieh-green. Vertex with a pair of black
spots posterio rly , and two pairs of blaok transverse lin e s , one pair on the
an terio r margin, the other pair between these and the posterior spots, also
a black lin e between the reddish o celli and the eyes.
Pranotua frequently
darker or with black showing thru, especially on posterior portion.
yellowish-grey, often smoky apicalIy .
'Oytre
Face with sutures, arcs on fro n t,
and median longitudinal lin e , black.
Genitalias
Male, valve large, trian g u lar, apex obtusely rounded.| plates
small, projecting beyond the vales about the length of the la tte r end then
produced into two attenuated apices which nearly or quite equal the b ris tly
pygofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment rather sh o rt, posterior margin
trunc&teds pygofers equalling the black ovipositor, with a few white spines
aplcally.
Life Histozy and Habites
There is cons lderable irre g u larity in the l i f e Mstoxy of th is
species and i t is almost impossible to se t any boundaries for the d ifferen t
stages.
Adulte usually appear about the la s t of June and are p len tifu l u n til
•.T B the middle of October.
There are probably three broods each season in
Mtintana and the winter i s no doubt passed in the egg stage.
Bccnomlc Importance*
This species has a wide range of food plants and thus is a
lia b le to become a pest to a number of crops.
I t is almost universally
present in meadows and grassland and continually migrates to adjacent grain
field s where i t creates a heavy drain on the crop.
I ts large numbers and
numerous broods per season make of th is species an economically important.
Controli
Any measure, by rotation or other lse , th a t w ill reduce the
development in grasslands adjacent to grain field s w ill of course be of
help in reducing the numbers of the species.
DSe of the hopperdoeer would
be useful also where such i s practicable.
Hosts*
This species is not re stric te d to anyone food plant but
embraces a wide range of grass and cereal crops.
General Distribution*
This is a very widely d istributed species, occuring throughout
the en tire U. S. and Europe. Van Duses reports i t from Quebec, Ont., Ke., H.H.,
Mass., Cotm., H.T., 8 .J ., Pa., D.C., I.D ., S.C., Ga., F la ., A la., Miss., Ohio,
Term., Mltih., Ind., 111., S.D., S,D., I a ., Wyo., Hont., Kane., Ark., Okla., Colo.
I . Itox., Tex., A ris., C a lif.,
ash ., Br. C ol., Alaska.
Montana Distribution*
This species occurs throughout Montana in grassy situ atio n s.
collections have shown large numbers of th is important specie#.
See figure 17 for seasonal gad geographic d istrib u tio n .
Genus M lchltha Kirk.
All
79
IIathor el Oii0Tite slender species.
s a r t , margins nearly p a ra lle l.
Head narrower than pronetom. Vertex
Slytra very Ien0, greatly exceeding nbdomm,
overlapping ap ically , with a d istin c t appendix and with only two anteapicai
c e lls .
Hind wings have only two epical c e lls .
Three species of th is genus lave been taken in Montana.
Key to Montan. species of B aldutha.
A.
Elytra with TtiLacik or brown spots or other markings. —B. sunctate Th.
Be E lytra greenish subbyallae; a l l^xtly maculate with brown near the
olavas, smoky toward tip s .
........ ...b , eonfusa 0. A B.
AA. Slytra unioolorous, greenish basalIy , becoming wMtish apicalIy.
—
Impi ct a Van -9.
Balolutah punctata Ftell.
Thunberg, Acta. Upsala, i f , p. a , 1782.
Van Dusee, Cat. Hemlp. 5. A., p. 696, 1917.
Osborn, Me. Agrl. Sxp. Sta. Bui. 248, p . 79, 1916.
Description*
Form:
D istinctly elongate, narrowing posteriorly.
Head much narrower
than pro noturn vertex Slightly logger on the middle than next the eye, over
three times as wide as long, sloping, and broadly rounding with the fro n t.
Pronotuo long, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin slig h tly
concave, broadest a t la te ra l angles.
E lytra very long, overlapping a t apex.
Color*
Greenish o r yellowish green. Vertex yellowish-green, unmarked
or with three fa in t brownish longitudinal strip e s.
Pronotum yellowtsh-greea ,
• 80
darker on the disc, unmarked or wltix fiv e torownlsh logltudlnal strip e s.
Soutellum pale, often with basal angles and two spots on disc fuscous.
Elytra
greenish w ith hyaline smoked tip s or m ilky-w hite with green nervures, always
marked with black or brown spots.
Paos yellowish-green, often washed with
fuscous.
Genitalias
Male, valve very small, ju s t v isib le from under la s t ventre!
segment, rounded posteriorly; plates broad, triangular, spiny margins Convexly
narrowing to the produced and filamentous apices which nearly equal the pygofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment long, posterior margin truncate;
pygofere long and narrow, spiny, equalling ovipositor,
l i f e History and Habits#
The l i f e history of thin species has not been worked out In
d e ta il.
Hosts*
Gsbora gives Canadian blue grass as a special host of th is epeoles
General distributions
This is a widely distributed species having been reported from
Queteo, Ont., m . , H.H., S .T ., H .J., Pa., B.C., H.G., Tenn., Mleh., Mo., Colo.
Br. Col.
Montana Distribution*
In Montana th is leafhopper has been taken only In Cascade
County.
See figure 18 for seasonal and geographic distribution
Balolutha confuse 0. & B.
Systematic L iterature
G ille tte & Baker, HeMp. Colo., p . 10*, 1895 .
ttoathodus.
81
ton floeee, Oat. HeAlp. S. A. p. 679, 1917*
Descrlptlom
Foaat
Head, lncluiing ayes, narrower than prontotun, vertex three times
as wide as long.
Pronotum long, anterior margin strongly cam ex, posterior
margin slig h tly emarglnate, E lytra very long, greatly exceeding abdomen, narrow,
overlapping at apex.
Colon
Vertex sordid yellow, with three ln d lstln o t longitudinal smoky
bands, ocsce ll I in lig h t area s.
Pronotum llflx t yellowish-green on anterior and
la te ra l margins, darker green on the middle, two darker spots medially Just batik
of the anterior margin.
Scutellxm pale yellow, basal angles darker.
Elytra greenish
subhyalins, slig h tly maculate with brown near the clavus, somewhat smoky towards
the tip s .
Hosts*
Hative grasses in shady situ atio n s.
General distributions
Van Dusee reports th is species from Colorado end Texas.
Montana distributions
Cascade County.
Balolutha lap icta Van D.
Van Dusee, Can. E nt., XXIT, p. 113, 1892.
Van Dusee, Heraip. S.A., p. 699, 1917.
Description Forms
Head narrower than jronotxm, vertex very slig h tly longer on middle
than next the eye, over three times as wide as long.
Pronotun long, anterior
- 82 -
margin strongly convex, poster lo r marglr very e lightly
‘g ln ate. -Iy tra
very lo re, greatly exceeding abdomen, narrow, overlapping apioally.
Colors
Greenish, sometimes tinged with yellow.
Klytra greenish basalIy
beoordnt; whitish apicalIy .
Genitalias
Male, valve d is tin c t, nearly semi-circular | plates am i I , m rgins
convexly narrowing to the attenuate tlpe which are strongly exceeded by pygofere.
Female, la s t ventral segment rath er Iorg, posterior margin truncate#
pygofers long and
arrow, widest a t middle, spiny, equalling ovipositor,
Bestes
Probably a grass feeder.
General distributions
Van Amee reports this species from Ont., Me#, B.Y., B .J., Ba.,
Md., D.C., H.C., F la ., Ohio, Tflsm., 111., Ms., Kane., C a ltf., Wash.
Pkmtsna distributions
This species has only been taken In Gall© t i n County in th is s ta te .
Genae Bugnathodns
Much lik e Balclutha, long and slander.
Elytra long and greatly exceeding
abdomen, Mth only two aateaploal c e lls, and a d istin c t appendix, wings also
possess but two apical c e lls .
Head d istin c tly wider than pronotum and the
masher# of this genus are thus separated from B aldatha.
Teo species of th is gem s have been taken In Montana.
Key to the Montaw species o f Bugnothodua.
A. Elytra milky white with veins and costal margins greenish.— E. eccldent a i l s Bs*,
AA. Elytra green, tinged with white.
•E. abdominalIe Van D.
83
iiugnathodus abdomnullB Tan B.
Tan Duzee, Can. E o t., XXIT, p. 113, 1892.
Tan IXucee, Cat. iiemlp. H.A., p . 697, 1917.
Description Porai
D istinctly elongate, tapering posteriorly.
Head aa wide or
slig h tly wider than pronotnm. Tertax short, slig h tly longer a t the middle than
next the *p#, about three times as wide as Iang.
Pronotua broadly romfled
an terio rly , la te ra l angles sharp, posterior margin very slig h tly emarglmteu
Elytra very long, greatly exceeding abdomen, strongly overlapping aplcally,
appendix d istin c t, only two anteeple&l cells.
Wings with two apical c e lls .
Oolori
Greenish, tinged with sk ittish on ely tra and fuscous on vertex,
pro noturn and soutellum.
Praaotm sometimes with three dark Ion ltudinal lin e s.
O enltallai
Male, valve broad, rounded poete io rly i plate# broad basalIy , short,
spiny la te ra l margins convexly narrowing to the divergent apices, which are
exceeded by the pygofers.
female, la s t ventral segment short, slig h tly sinuate on tiLth er
eld# of a very slight median prominence* pygofere long and narrow, widest a t
the middle, slig h tly exceeded by the ovipositor.
Hoetei
General feeder on grasses and low vegetation.
Taken In Montana
on fusslan th is tle , mustard and p rairie grass.
General d istrib u tio n !
This species has a wide range of d istrib u tio n .
Van Dusee reports
I t from H.T., B .J., F la ., Ohio, Tenn., Kane., Tex., 111., Colo., C a lif., Br. Col.
84 -
Montana M etrllrattoni
This species is widely distributed In Montana, haring been taken
practically throughout the sta te .
Bugnathodue accidentsI i a Bak.
Baker, Can. Bht., XXTIIl, p. 41, 1896, Gnathodue.
Tan Duzee, Cat. lietdp. X. A., p. 697, 1917. Balclutha.
Description Fomi
Head narrower than proneturn. Front longer than wide, clypeus
gradually broadening to the very slig h tly rounded tip .
produced a t the middle.
Vertex very slig h tly
Fronotum slig h tly wider than long.
Colon
Fwie green.
arcs.
Face with fa in t indiestiona of about three brownish
Basal angles of scutUllurn yellowish.
and costal margin greenish.
Sternum black.
Slytra milky white, with the veins
Abdomen above and beneath a t the
base, except margins of segments, black.
Hoetsi
Bueeian th is tle , Bustard and native grasses.
General d istrib u tio n :
Van Dusee reports th is species only from ashington.
Montana Distribution!
G allatin, Cascade, and -availI Counties.
Subfamily, Typhlooy Mnae Kirech. baum.
In th is subfamily are to be found some of the smallest and most fra g ile
species of the Cicadellidae.
Frequently, the coloration is very beautiful and
serves as a moans of specific separation.
■ 85 ■*
The group mqy he dletingolahed by the tour sectors of the e ly tra , which ext aid
from the heee to the epical ce lls without branching, there being no anteaploal
o e lle .
Key to the genera
A. Sectors o f hind wing ending In a marginal VQine
Be Klytra without an appendix.
Ce Two apical Cd Ie in hind wings.
—------- -Dikroneura Hardy.
CO. One apical ce ll in hind wing.
—"
-aapoasca Walsh.
AA. Sectors of liind wing ending In wide Margin, no Marginal vein.
B. Soetore I end 2 of hind wings uniting so Ihat only three veins extend to
margin.
C« Klytra with outer and middle sectors o f the cerium joined qy a cross
vein anterior to the apical c e ll, but not coalescing beyond the dlscal
c e ll.
— ........—...—— ..—Krythroneura Fitch.
CO. Slytra with outer and middle esc to re of cerium coalescing to r a
portion of the distance beyond the diseal c e ll.
— Kmpoa Fltdh.
Genas Dikraneura Hardy
Smell and quite slender.
Vertex usually obtusely produced an terio rly .
Elytra greatly exceed abdomen but Iaek an appendix. Sectors o f Mnd wings a l l
end in a marginal vein and there are three aplocl o elle, d iffe rin g from
Knpoasca in which only one apical cell 1» found.
Three species of th is genus have been taken in Montana.
Key to Montana species of Dikranemra.
A. Vertex and yronotwn usually with reddish markings.
B.
K iytra reddish bream, nervures brow nish-yellow— ——D. Kameola, StajL.
«“ 8 6 **
3B* BIJtra y ell ©wish, nerrurea yellow, hyaline a t tipo—D. fleb erl Loew.
AA« Vertex tmd pronotum wither:t reddish markings | nerrures green#—
—D. mall# ihrov#
Dlkraneara mall Prow.
Proranoher, Pet# Fauna % t , . Can#, I I I , P# 298, 1890, -— Brythroneura
Van Dusee, Cat. Kemlp. B. A#, p# 700, 1917.
Description Forms
Vertex lo ite r a t the middle than next the eyes, slig h tly wider tha
long, conically produced.
Pronotum ae wide as or wider then long, laterod
Bswgiis lo re , almost p a ra lle l, humeral margins very short, posterior margin
broadly emsrglmte.
Elytra long end narrow, overlapping a t apex.
Colors
Vertex yaa Iowlsb-greon with a medien impressed lin e l i f t e r .
Anterior and la te ra l margins yellowish, darker and more green on the d isc.
Soutellum d istin ctly y ell cm with darker impressed lines forming a square on Ihe
d isc .
Berwures green.
Hosts*
MBBtard, tins S ia n th is tle and native grasses.
General distribution*
Van Dusee reports this species from Quebec, Me., B.T., Ohio,
Mleh., I l l - , Colo.
Montana d istrib u tio n I
Smdere and Bawalll Countlee
Mkraneora oarneola S ta l.
S ta l., S te t. dot. % eit., XIX, p. 196, 1868, Typhlooyba.
Van Dusee, Cat. Hmdp. H.A., P* 701, 1917.
Description*
87
Foret
Vertex lcmger on middle than next the eyes, width, including
eyes, greater than pronotum. Proaotun wider than long, la te ra l margins long,
gradually widening to rounded humeral angles, posterior margin "broadly and
angularly em rginate.
Soutellwa largp, rides converging to form acute apex.
A median transverse lin e impressed on d isc.
overlapping a t apex.
Elytra very long and narrow,
Eervurea distinct#
Color*
Vertex yellowish gray.
"brown.
Pnmotum yellowish mottled with reddish
Soutellwi yellow with basal angles green.
especially on the cl tarus.
Slytra reddish brown,
Senrares brotmleh yellow.
Hoots*
Sugar beets and mixed weeds#
Gonerri Distribution*
Van Dueee reports Ihla species from Me., A ris., C a lif.,
%aeh., Vano. le d ., Alaska.
Montana distributions
Baval11, Lewie & Clark, Pondera, Yellowstone, Richland.
Dikraneura fie b e rl Loss.
Loews in Then, Kat. Oatr. Cload., p. 39, 1886, Hotus.
Tan Doaoe, Cat. Iieraip. H.A., p . 701, 1917.
Description Iormi
Vertex tousled apioally, over 1/2 longer a t the middle than
next the qye, nearly twice as wide as long.
Ptoootum long, only about 1/3
wider than long, la te ra l margins stra ig h t, humeral margins short.
long and narrow.
Elytra
88
Colon
Light yellow.
portion d istin ctly reddish.
or orange colored.
Vertex yellowish, often with the apical
Pranotmi yellowish, the disc sometimes reddlth
Klytra yellowish, norvuroa yellow, often quite hyaline,
especially a t the tip s .
Genitalia*
Male, valve very large and In flated , a l i t t l e wider than long,
la te ra l margins rounded, posterior margin truncate or slig h tly concave, with
a longitudinal median lin es plates projecting from under the valve ae two
large sty le-lik e processes, spiny, curved dorsal Iy , with a d istin c t Mack
tooth on the inner margin before the black-tipped apices, which exceeded the
pgrgofers.
Female, la s t ventral segment very short la te ra lly , posterior
margin incised on e ith e r side of a large produced median lobe whose margins
taper slig h tly from the broad base to the rounding apex; la s t abdominal te rg lte
large and In fla ted , appearing as two broad lobes a t the base of the pygofers,
which are broad, nasally spiny, end nearly or fu lly equal to the ovlpositm .
Hoatei
Sugar beets and mixed weeds.
General d istrib u tio n Van Duaee reports th is lealhopper from Me., Mass., H.T., S .J .,
P a., D.C., B.C., Ohio, Tennl, 111., l a . , Kane.
Montana distribution*
This species has been taken only in Ravalli County.
Genus Jnpoasoa Walsh.
Slender, greenish species, largely unicolorous. Elytra long and Iaok
.89
aa aspendix.
Sectors o f hind wings end in a marginal vein.
ce ll is present.
Only one apical
Ocelli d is tin c t.
FOnr species of th is genua hare been collected in Montana.
Key to Montana species of Eapoasea.
A. Vertex and pronotua marked with white lin e s and spots.
Bw Scntellam with a white "H” on anterior portion. —- E. n a il La B.
C. Sontellnm with a bro d transverse, white band lack of lmpreesed line.
——
E. flavesoene Fabr.
AA. Vertex and pronotua not marked with ehlte lin e s and spots.
B. Pronotma with a large green spot behind the inner margin of each eye.
—— -E. alboeorlpta Van D.
0. Vertex and pro no turn uniformly s h ite or pale yellowish green.
............a . aaperea I . & B.
^apoaaoa aaperea 0. & B.
G ille tte & Baker, Bmip. Colo. p. 107, 1896.
Van Dusee, Cat. Hemlp. B. A., p. 706, 1917.
Description •
Formi
Vertex I 1/2 times as Iotg on the middle as next the eyes.
Pronotaa a l i t t l e lees than twice as wide aa long, anterior margin broadly
rounded, hind margin slig h tly concave, disc very finely longitudinally acicul to .
Scutellum broader than long, transverse groove straig h t.
Color*
Greenish.
Face yolIowiah-green, front more or le ss d istin ctly
marked with a pale median lin e and with transverse pale concentric lin e s.
and pronotua whitish or pale yellowish-green.
Vertex
S ontellw with basal angles dark
or yellowish green, median portion whitish mottled with greenish. Elytra
- 90-
,Teenleh, nerruree white, basal 2/3 spotted with oonspleuoualjr dark green or
brown.
Hoartsi
Low growing vegetation and native grasses.
Gteneral d istrib u tio n :
Vsn Dosee reports th is species from Cole., Utah, C alif.
Montana D istribution:
Broadwater, Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, Tellowstone, Treasure,
and Custer Counties.
Smpoasoa alboeorlpta Vmn D.
▼an IXsee, Trane. San Diego, Soe. Bat. H le t., I I , p. 56, 1914.
▼an Donee, Cat. Herrfp. I . A., p . 706, 1917.
Besorlptlon Fbmi
Vertex slig h tly longer on the middle than next the eye, Ieaa thm
twice a# wide as long.
Pronotua a t le a st twice as wide as long, anterior margin
strongly ecu vex, la te ra l margins short, humeral eagles rounding, posterior
margin d istin c tly emarglnate.
Sides o f sou te l Ium converging to acute apex.
Elytra r; ther wide and long.
Color*
Vertex yellowish-green with darker green markings, posterior
position with a longitudinal impressed lin e .
Proootum yellow, fain tly marked
with green, large green spot behind the Inner margin of each eye. Elytra
greenish, d istin c tly mottled with white spots.
Hosts*
Russian th is tle end other weeds.
Servures l i # t .
- 91 Oeceral d istrib u tio n :
Tan Duaee reports th is species from C alifornia.
Montaaa d istrib u tio n :
Q ollatlnt Yellowstone, and Bosebod Co.
iitapoaeoa s a il Le B.
Le Baron, P rairie Earner, X III, p. 330, 1063.
Tam Duzee, Cat. IIestp. K. A. p. 706, 191?.
Csbam , D.S.D.A. Ba. ^ n t., Bui, 108, p . 100, 1912.
Latiirop, ti.Y. Agrl. -xp. S ta ., Bal. 451, 1918.
P arrott & Olastead, ».Y. Bsp. S ta ., TeAt Bui, 77, 1920.
Dudley, 0. S. D. A. Earn. Bal. 1462, 1926.
Besorlptlon Ib m i
Tertex 1/3 longer on the middle than next the eye, d istin ctly
produced, le ss than twice as wide as long.
Pronotma twice as wide as long,
enter! r margin strongly convex, la te ra l and humeral margins about equal, posterior
margin d istin c tly emarginate. Elytra long end narrow.
Color:
Yellowish-green. Vertex with median lin e , dafehea on either side
anteriorly and posteriorly, white.
Pronotun with six , sometimes with eight,
white spots along anterior margins.
Soatellom with a A iite "H" on anterior
portion, and three white lin e s on posterior h a lf.
Elytra greenish, often smoky.
Ehce yellowish above, green!sh below.
Genitalia:
Male, la s t ventral segment very larg e, posterior margin rounding
plates long and narrow, apices obtuse, upturned, and la te ra lly compressed,
tldokly covered with A iite h airs end spines, pygofers very sh o rt, completely
covered tgr p la tes.
Feaslet la s t ventral segment long, posterior margin slig h tly
produced or truncates pygofers rather robust, spiny mesa lly , exceeded lay the
ovipositor.
Life History and Habits I t has been found by observation th a t th is leafhopper passes the
winter almost exclusively in the adult stage.
Qiere are a t le a st two d istin c t
broods per season end perhaps a third in some lo c a litie s .
Bconomio Importance*
Tills small leafhopper i s of great economic importance due to the
damage done to a large number of host p lan ts.
I t vas f i r s t considered as a
pest in apple orchards and from th at received i t s name.
In more recent years
i t is becoming regarded as a pest o f potatoes on which they produce the condi­
tio n known as hopperbtm.
In those d is tr ic ts where th is species i s abundant,
nd where potatoes are grown as a commercial crop, i t can do much damage.
Controli
The control of th is insect i s made more d iffic u lt because of the
large variety of pleats upon which i t feeds, and i t s ready nigrat i on from one to
another.
Upon potatoes, a lfa lfa , aid other low growing Crops the use of kerosene
spray is perhaps the most available method of control * The treatment of apple
trees or nursery rows, where i t i s often especially Injurious must be done by
the use of especially devised hopperdosere or shields carried along the rove in
suoh a manner as to dislodge the hopper, as by the use of spraying Bechineiy
especially devised for th is kind of application.
Hoetca
stipoaeoa mall was f i r s t described as an apple pest and has received
considerable atten tio n a t various t i es in th is connection and as a pest te
- 93
various woody plants.
I t is also destructive to potatoes, beans, eoy boons,
oov poos, a lfa lfa , clover, etc.
Oencrol distrib u tio n s
'JJhis insect i s widely d istrib u ted , having been reported from Ont.,
He., BeY., K .J., Ba., D. C., Yo., B.C., 3 .C ., P la ., H iss., Ohio, Ky., Tem .,
Mieh., Ind., I l l , , Mo., Kans., C alif.
(West Indes)
Montana di stribations
This species is confined largely to the western and southwestern
counties of the sta te .
Taken in Savolli, G allatin, Sanders, Lake, Broadwatoy,
Powell, Jefferson, Richland.
See figure 19 fo r seasonal and geographic d istrib u tio n .
JJmpoosoa f lavesodus Fabr.
Pobricius, S n t., S yet., IT, p. 46, 1794.
Van Duasee, Cat. llemip. K. A., p. 706, 1917.
Resoription Pomi
Vertex 1/3 l o n e r a t the middle than next the eye, d istin ctly
produced, 1/2 longer than wide.
Pronotua le ss than twice a# wide as Im g,
anterior margin broadly convex, posterior margin d iati etly concave.
Slytra
long and narrow.
Color*
Yellowish or yellowish green. Vertex with median lin e , and a
pair each of an terio r and posterior oblique lin e s , white.
with three white anterior spots.
Pronotum usually
Soutellum usually with three white longitudinal
lin e s on basal portion and a brood transverse white bend back of impressed lin e .
Klytra pale green, nervures in d istin c t, apioally hyaline.
i1eoe yellowish above.
.
94 -
CrGen! ah 1>0 lo« •
Ottnitallai
liele, Iaat Tttitral segment over tiwce the length of the proceeding;
plates broad basalIy , regularly tapering to the rounded upturned apices, with
a row of submnrginsl spines, and hairy marginally and apic&lly; pygofers short,
completely hidden Iyr the plates#
Female, la s t ventral segment long, posterior margin produced;
pygofers rather robust, spiny nesally, exceeded Ty ovipositor,
no stei
Sugar beets and garden crop.
General d istrib u tio n •
Van Dusee reports th is species from H.Y., D.O., Miss*, T la.,
IUdh., Tenn., 111. I a . , Kam . Colo., H. Mex., C alif,
(lo st Indies)
Montana d istrib u tio n This leafhopper has been taken In limited numbers throughout the
s ta ts .
Collected in Tellowstone, Havalli , Lake, G allatin, P ra irie , Hichlani Go.
Gennns Hnpoa Fitch.
F irst and th ird epical c e lls of ely tra contiguous a t the base, by lacking a
marginal vein in the hind wings, and having only three sectors reaching the
margin of the wing.
Only one species of th is genua has been taken in Montana.
hmyoa rosae Linn.
Linnaeus, Sept. Iia t., edn. 10, I , p. 4S9, 1758.
Van flosee, Cat. HesdLp. H.A., p . 710, 1917.
Gathrop, M.Y. Agri. iSsp. S ta., Gul. 451, 1918.
Description *
Voznt
Vertex 1/S longer on the middle than next the eye, Ieee than t i t ee
ae wide as long.
Prcnotom Ieea than twice ae wide ae long, la te ra l margins
long and broadening p o ste rlo d y , posterior margin emarginate.
Blytra very lens
and narrow.
Colors
TMfbrmly white or yellowieh white except for dark eyes and
ta rsa l claws.
Q enltaliai
Male, valve broad hat very abort, la teral margins strongly
narrowed posteriorly; plates long raid narrow, la te ra l margins slig h tly concave
ju s t before the middle end rather strongly emarginate apicalIy , the black-tipped
apices beings divergent and starved dorsal; pygofers large, touching the tip s
of the p la te s, with a small terminal dorsal tooth.
Vernal#, la s t ventral segment twice ae long as the proceeding,
narrowed p o sterio rly , posterior m rgln truncate; pygofers moderately broad,
rather short, slig h tly exceeded by ovipositor, sparsely spiny apicalIy .
Life History and Habltsi
This species spends the winter in the egg stage, the greater
number of overwintering eggs being placed in the bark of the ro se.
adults of the seamen appear during the second week In June.
The f i r s t
These adults migrate
from the rose to the apple and spend the remainder of the summer there.
the migration eggs are deposited on the apple.
After
Iiymphs of the second generation
appear about the middle of July and reach th e ir greatest abundance around the
f i r s t of August, ay early in October the adults of the second generatM#
go back to the rose whore the overwintering eggs are la id .
Controls
Ib r the protection of apple Ibliagef especially of nursery tree s
or newly planted orchards, spraying with soap and nicotine mixtures of standard
s r-enths should be o f value.
In spraying, the application should be made when
the maximum number of nymphs in the younger stages are present.
The under
sides of the leaves should be thoroughly wet and in general, most satisfactory
re su lts can be obtained ty thoroughly drenching the insects.
Soonomie Importances
In addition to the d irect injury of withdrawing the plant
substance and spoiling the Aruit th is leafhopper is an important agent in the
transmission of f ir e blight of apple.
Due to th is species method of attack­
ing both the apple and rose as principle hosts i t does much damage and can be
considered of much importance wherever i t occurs.
Hostsi
This insect breeds on gooseberry and currant in addition to
i t s favored hosts, the apple and the rose.
Ckwiersl distributions
This spoolss occurs throughout the northern sta te s and in
southern Canada. Tan Dusee reports i t from Quebec, Ont., 16»., T t., Mae#.,
H.T., Ba., D.C., Ohio, Term., Miflh., Kane. I a ., Colo., C alif. Vano. lad.
Montana distributions
In Montana th is species has been taken only in Y dlowstone Co.
Ezythroneura comes v itie Harr.
Systematic L iterature
H arrie, Enqyc. Am., T ill, p. 48, 1831, Tettigonia v itie .
Tan Duses, Cat. Hemip. H.A., p . 713, 1917.
- 97 -
Sconomlo L iterature
Qaaylet C alif. A trl• i2rp. S ta., Bui. 198, 1908
U artzeU , H.Y. Agrl. ^tp. Sta. Bui. 369, 1913.
VorMee, Aria. AgrI . Exp. S ta ., Bui. 146, 1924.
Description -
FHxrmi
Vertex over one-half longer a t the middle than next the eye,
nearly one-half longer than wide.
Pronotom tlwee aa wide as long, anterior
margin strongly convex, la te ra l aazglne long and gradually widening posteriorly,
humeral margins In d istin c t, fusing with slig h tly concave p o eltlo r margin. E lytra
long and narrow.
Color*
Head yellow, vertex sometimes marked with reddish lin es or the
base reddish.
Pronotura with anterior portion yellowish, remainder reddish or
Uood Drown, the la teral nerglns often b rig h ter.
Beee of e ly tra reddish, followed
by a transverse yellow bar, book of which is a large red spot which readies the
block spots on the costal margin, the In terio r of th is spot often being brownI A red.
Beok of th is spot is another transverse yellow band which reaches ju st beyond
the red transverse veins.
The apex of the e ly tra is smoky with a blade spot In
the second apioal c e ll.
G enitalia:
Male, valve large, broad, posterior margin truncate or slig h tly
ooneave; plates wide basalIy, suddenly narrowed and spiny a t basal th ird , then
gradually narrowed to upturned and usually black tip s whldi slig h tly exceed
the pygofere.
The la tte r bear a U-shaped chltinous process on the dorsal margin
near tho apex, of which the lower tooth Is the larg er.
Fbemle, la s t ventral ae®nant larg e, trian g u lar, posterior margin
strongly produced medially, al lghtly ooneave on either aide of the obtuse apex;
98 -
pygofers noderatfcly robaet, with a row of spines on eith e r side of the usually
black-tipped ovipositor ehioh slig h tly exceeds the pygofers.
Life history and Ilahttsi
Hiis leafhoppor passes the sin te r In the adult stage.
Thqy attack
th e ir food plants ae soon as the foliage appears and remain u n til fallin g of Si e
leaves a t the end of the season.
In about a month afte r the over-winter in-: adults being to lay eggs,
which la continued for a month or more. The hoppers of the spring lnrood arisin g
from sgge la id In Meyr, become Ih ll grown In th ree weeks and soon begin egg laying,
living u n til about the f i r s t o f September.
Hoppers arising from the spring brood
remain on the plants u n til th e leaves f a l l .
Thqy then migrate to any succulent
vegetation th a t raey be near and there liv e over the winter.
There are, then, two
broods of th is loafhopper each season.
Eeonoalc Inportaneei
M e species i s a very Important one and is us a lly found wherever
i t s favorite food p lan t, the grape, grows.
In Ifotitaau- they grape is a rela tiv ely
unimportant crop but th is loafhopper is not averse to attacking such plants ae
gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry, e t c . , in the absence of I ts favorite food.
Controls
Spraying for nuophs with whole o il soap solution early in the
auRiaar before m a tu rity of the f i r s t brood w ill k i l l a large number of then but
w ill not affect adults or prevent eggs from hatching.
Using one pound of soap to
fifte e n gallons of water make# a satisfactory spray. Use of screened WgW an^
sim ilar traps would be a roost satisfactory measure i f employed in the spring so ae
to oatch the adults before eggs are la id .
Hoetei
This loafhopper has a variety of hosts end food plants.
In addition
to the grape, plants ouch as gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry, blackberry aid.
99
and any plant furniafcinfj a place fo r winter hibernation.
General d la tr Ibutlent
fan Dueee reports this Important specie» from Quebec, Ont. Me.,
Haes., B.T. , B .J., Ba., Md., D.C., S.O., F la ., Mice*, Ohio, Tenn., Mloh., 111.,
Mo., Meb., Kane., Colo., I . tie*., -e x ., A rls., C alif. Br. Col.
Montana d istrib u tio n :
Tellowetone Coimtgr
%
P la te I . G e n it a lia . A, fem ale o f Thaznnotettix
gem inatus Van D ., B, male o f Thaznnotettix gem in atu s,
Van D ., C, fem ale o f D elto cep h a lu s m is e llu s , D, male
o f D elto ce p h a lus m is e llu s B a l l . - ( o r ig in a l)
P la te I I . G e n it a lia . E, fem ale o f A g a llia sa n g u in o len ta
P rov. , F, male o f A g a llia sa n g u in o le n ta Prov. , Gt fem ale
o f Oncometopia l a t e r a l i s F a tr . t H, male o f Oncometopia
l a t e r a l i s F a tr . - ( o r i g i n a l )
121
L ist of Works Cited
(SSystematle)
Baker, 1900, Psyche, 9*58
BaJcer, 1898, Psyche, 6*285
Baker, 1896, Osb Ent,, 28*41
B all, 1901, Proo. Dav., Acad., S e l., 8*70, p i. 7, fig 5.
B all, 1899, Can ^ o t., SI* 191
B all, 4at. Sews, 10*172
Bohecian, 1850, King. Vet* Afcad. Hendl. for 1850, p. 261
Eabrlcins, 1789, Ent. Syst . Suppl, pi 524
Eabrlolne, 1794, Ent; S yst., 4*60
Eabriotus, 1794, 4*46
Fallen, 1906, Acta Holm, 27*34
Pitch, 1851, Homop. B.Y. S t. Cab., pp. 56, 68, 69
G ille tte and Balter, 1895, Homlp. Colo., pp. 79,86,100,104,107.
Harris, 1831, Ehcyc. Am., 8*43
Lethrop, 1919, S.C. Agrl. Exp. S ta ., Bui. 199
Lawson, 1920, Kane. IMv. Sol. B nl., 12*5-297
LeBaron, 1853, P rairie Farmer, 13*330.
Llnneaua, 1768, Syat. H at., edn. 10, 1*439
Loew in Then, 1886, Kat. Ostr. CloM., P. 39
Oabom and B all, 1898, Proc. Dav. Adad. S e t., 7*62
Osbom, 1894, Can Ent., 26*216
Provancher, 1872, Hat. Gan., 4*376
Provanohar, 1890, Pat. learns Ent. Can., 3*298
Say, 1831, J l . Aoad. Jiat., Sol. Phils. 4*309; Uompl.
r l t . 2*384
Say, 1831, J l . Aoad. Bat. Sol. IM la ., 6*312; Compl.
r i t e . , 2*366
«* 122 «e
Seyr, 1831, J l , Acad. Kat• Scl. Ih U a ., Si306; Conpl.
r i t . 2*382
Sagr1 1831, J l . Acad. S at. Scl. I h lla ., 6*305, Conpl.
p i t . , 2*382
Slgnoret, 1854, Am. Soo. Jafat. F r., se r. 3,2*345, p i. 2 ,fig . 6
Spaogber, 1878, Spec. Gyponae1 p . 23
S tal, 1864, Sto t. tint. Z et., 25*86
S ta l, 1866, S te t. istat. Z e lt., 19*196
Thuriberg1 1782, Acta Upsala, 4*21.
Uhler, 1862, Proo. Aoad.Bat.S cl.F h lla., 13*286
Ghler, 1877, Sul. U.S.Geol.Oeog.Surv., 3*462
Uhler, 1879, Bul.U.S.Geol.fieog. Stonr., 4*511
Uhler, 1676, Bul.U.S.Geol. Oeog.Surr., 1*360
Uhler, 1877, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surr., 3*471
Uhler, I860, Am. S n t., 3*72
Van Dueees 1890, -Ent. Am., 4*224
Van Dueee1 1892, Trane.Am.Ent.Seo., 19*305
Van Dosee, 1892,Can.S n t., 24*114.
Van Dusee1 1892, Sh* . Am., 84*268
Van Dueee, 1892, Can. m t . , 24*268, 267, 113.
Van Dueee, 1894, Cen Bnt., 26*89
Van Dueee 1894, Bui, Buf. Soo. K at., S lo., 5*197
Van Dueee, 1894, Can. Sn*.,
*138
Van Dueee, 1914, Trane. San Diego Soc. S at.H le t., 2*56
Van Dueee, 1917, Cat. Hemlp. B. A.
(Eteonomlc)
B all, 1917, Utah Agrl. Exp. S ta ., Bui. 165
Dudley, 1926, U.S.D.A. Farm. B ul., 1462
Gibaon, 1916, U.S.D.A. Farm. Bui. 737
IIartaell, 1915, B.Y. Agrl. Exp. s t a . , Bui. 359
123
Bawlesy, 1926, Utah Agpl.Lxp.Sta., Giro. 64.
Knowlton, 1927, Utah Agrl. lap . s ta ., Giro. 66
Lathrop, 1918, I . I . Kxp. Sta. 3ul. 461
Oshorn, 1912, U.S.D.A. Bu. tin t., Bui. 108, pp. 56,60,68,66,66,69,72,
80,82,86,96,97,103
Oslxxrn, 1916, Ste.Agrl.Exp.Ste., Bui.248, pp.59,79
Osborn, 1690, U.S.D.A. Dir. tin t., Bui.22, pp. 18,28,29,31.
Osborn and B all, 1697,1a. AgrietixpeS ta., Bui.34, pp. 626,236
P arrott and Qlmatead, 1920, S .I.E xp.S ta., Tech. 3ul. 77.
Quayle, 1908, C alif. Agrl. tirp. S ta ., Bui. 198,
Voriiiee, 1924, Arls. Agrl. Lap. S ta ., Bul.146
IBDiuX
abdominal i s . Van D., Bqgnathodn* -.....
— — — -82, 83. 101
acutus Sayt Platynetopin*—.....— .........................— 42, 100
•a ffln le 0 . & B ., Deltocephalu*——•
---------------------- 56
Agallla-------------------------------------
-------- I , 2, 100
alboeorlpta Van D., Iimpoaaca--------
------- 8 9 , 9 0 , 101
arotostaphyll B all, EnecalIe-------
----- 68 ,
aaperea G. &
Iagpoasca-- ----------
------------- 8 9 , 101
•Athysanna— -----------------------------
------------------ 61
auratue 0» A B., Deltoceplialus------
------------- 5 7 , 101
Bale lutha,------------------- ----
----- 3 6 , 7 8 , 101
S I , 101
+Balclutha----- — --------- ---------------
-----------«4, 101
b e lli g lll e tt e t Oab., Thammotettlx-
-------6 8 , 74, 101
b e lli IM er, Thammotettlx----- -------
------ 6 8 , 7 3 , 101
bimacnlata Spangb., Gypona--————
------------- Z Q t 1 0 0
•Bythoscopua—-------- — —-----------—
—- 4 , 5 , 1 6 , 75
Bythosoo pne,-
— -------- ■-
------- 1. I ? , 100
corned a S ta l, Dlkranenra-
■■
----- 8 5 , 8 6 , 1 0 1
+ C e r o o p ls ............................
■
------------------ 32
olarlvida Van D., Butettlx— -------
-------63, 6 4 , 101
ChlorotettL x
----------- 7 5 , 100
♦Cicada-----—
--------------------- ------
—
------------------ 76
Cl eadel la -------- —-----------------------
------ 1 9 , 2 1 , 100
Cloadnla - —
—
3 6 , 5 9 , 7 6 , 101
+Cleadula-...... ..............— -- ------------
-------------------- 5 9
----
clnerea 0. AB. , Agallla --------------
-----
2 , 13, 100
c o lllz m s B oh., Deltooeph alus- ------------ --------- —4 5 , 5 4 . 101
comes v l t l s H arr., Hrythroneura-------------------- comma fa n D ., E u scalI s -
-------- -------- —' -
communis F itc h , Helocharat-----------—
9 6 , 101
■■1- —5 8 , 62, 101
———.■■■ --------- 2 4 . 100
oo n flg u ra tu s tih ler, D eltooephalue - ■■ ...................... 4 5 , 100
c o n flu e n s, v a r . o f h le r o g ly p h lo a , C l c a A e l l e t - - — 2 1 . 100
oonfusa 0 . & B«, B alclu th ar -------------------------------79, 8 0 . 101
d e b i l l s ISvler, D eltocephalue
-............ ............ —46 , 5 3 . 100
----------------- ---- - - - - 35 , 4 4 , 1 0 0 , 101
D eltocephaluS" ■-
D lkraneura...................... ................................ ..... —■
------ 8 5 . 100
d la tln o tu s Tan D ., Qnoopsle '■ .... ..
1 6 . 100
Dorycephalue « '—. m , ............................................ ......3 5 ^ 3 8 . 100
Draeculacephala ............ . - ............. . - ■— 1....... ............. 19, 25. 100
Empoa.............. —
.......................................... ..........
anpoaeca - "■-
..........—-■■- —
*Ery throneura
Ervthroneura
—
»
8 5 , 9 4 , 100
8 5 , 8 8 . 101
— -------- —.8 6
....... —
E u se e lle -—
...8 5 . 101
........- •——-------------- 3 6 , 65, 101
Eugnathodue ............................... ..........- ............ ....... —- 3 6 , 8 2 , 101
E u te ttlx ------------------------------------------ ---------- ------- 3 6 , 6 3 , 101
e x l t i o s u s U hler, E u eo ells ■- - ■——.................... — 6 8 , 5 9 . 101
f a s e i a t l c o l l l s S t a l , T haanotettlx - - --------- ------ 6 8 , 6 9 , 101
f le h e r i Loew, Dlkraneurafla v e sce n a E ahr., Hmpoasoa
.—8 6 , 8 7 . 101
.......... —
^em inatas Tan D ., Ilaw notettlx
- 8 9 , 9 3 , 101
----- ---- --------
68.
101
S i l l e t t e i O sh ., v a r . o f b e l l i , Tharanotettlx----------- 6 8 , 74
•Olossoeratue
40
•Snathodiie—
------- 80, 34
gothlca S ig ., CioadellAr
• a , 28, 100
,,
-22, 100
Hel ochare. —- — —- - - -- ■»- -------- —-----
19, g , 100
100
Jypom ----- -— —...... .........—
......... .
h ie r o g ly p h !ca oonfluena Q h l., C lcadellft-
lmpiotft Van D ., B alclu th ft- ...— ..... -
I , 10. 100
79, S j 101
lnim i eus S e y ., Del to cephal lift- ——— -----
45, 49, 100
Idiocema--------------------- ------- - —
* Jassti s, —
—----------——
--------——
- 3 , 42,
66
lechrym ali s F itd h , ld looeru a ------------------
10, 11, 100
l a t e r a l i s F a b r., Qnoometo p ia ——....— — —
m all L eb ., anpoftSOft- "—■■
S j 100
89, 91. 100
m ail P r o v ., ^lkraneura---------------- —-------
---- 8 6 , 101
M acropeis--
-------- 2, IS
- - , ....... .......
----------—17
• Hacrop e ls ........ ..
major Baker, Xcrophloea--------------------------
----- 100
manitobiana B all, Draeculacephala -—- —
J26, 28^ 100
ml e e l Iua B a l l -
45, 47, 100
■
—— ■— — "■-
mol I Ipes Say, Oraeculacephala——
-------
oontanns Van D», Thamnotettlx-.... ............ ..
♦Botus, '
....................
n o v e lla Say, A g a lllft- - - ----
-- ---------------
---- 26, 100
68
, n,
101
----------- 87
—2, £ , 100
oooldentalie Bak. ,Sagaathodas..... .———■
82, 84, 101
Onoometopia-
---- 19, 100
— - - —— —........ .... .
O n oop sis-" .............. ............................. - ..........
- 2, 15, 100
Barabolooratus.........—
■35, 40, 100
•Pediopsis-----
— ..............................
14
PlatyrhyimhUB
Oab., Dorycephalua
3 8 , 100
nr„ ,
millcarlua Van D. . XentnnemhBl Iim-________
AUV
— Z£» 101
Quodrl paneta ta Prer.. Arul I Ie-
— - __ —
4 , 100
94, 101
11*
io o
« K I AA
7 6 , 101
• 4 5 , 5 1 , 100
- 1 0 , 1 2 , IOO
-1 5 , Ib f 100
Iy # IOO
- 6 3 , 6 5 . 101
- 2 2 , 2 6 , 96
Thacmotettlx ---------
uni cn I or M
-------------- Jgj 3 6 , 6 7 , 101
Rhl nwi****<»
nc I #1.
IAA
Svs IA IOv
IOv
•30, 3 1 , 100
•34, 36, 100
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