SMC Quar ter ly News
www.standmgt.org
Stand Management Cooperative
College of Forest Resources, University of Washington
3rd Quarter 2006
From the Director
All of the field work for the 05/06 season has been completed and
the database has been updated and sent to those members who
requested it. Any member who wishes to receive a copy should
contact Randy Collier (rcollier@u.washington.edu).
We have also started a new summer season and through external
Dave Briggs, SMC Director
grants and the Corkery Family Foundation Chair have hired a
summer field crew that will work on a variety of activities. This will
include acoustic velocity tests of trees on the Type I installations with
the fertilization/thinning experiment and on the four Type II installations that were chosen for the tree-log-product recovery study, both
of which are part of the AGENDA 2020 project on non-destructive
evaluation of quality.The crew will also be doing soil sampling,
understory vegetation surveys, stem mapping, etc.The summer
crew includes Gonzalo Thienel a new Masters student from Chile,
Royce Anderson, and Paul Footen both of whom just competed their
junior year in the College of Forest Resources.
We were recently notified by NCASI (National Council on Air and
Stream Improvement) that a proposal by Eric Turnblom and David
inside:
SMC Spring Meeting
Briggs, PI’s and Stephen West and E. David Ford as collaborators
2
Tree Rings as Indicators of
Nitrogen Dynamics and Temporal
Physiological Responses to
Fertilizer
4
The Effect of Density Management
and Fertilization in SMC Type I
Installations on BH Branch
Diameter
5
Abstracts and Publication
11
Meetings
12
titled “Vegetation Composition and Succession in Managed, Coastal
Douglas-fir Ecosystems” has been approved and will be funded for
$102,000 over two years. The study will develop overstory/understory relationships over time in young, managed conifer plantations
and examine linkages to different cultural treatments. It will be
primarily based on the Type III installations which have an extensive
series of understory surveys.This project will be supporting part of
the summer field crew work.While the main focus of the project is to
analyze the impacts of cultural practices on responses exhibited by
the vegetation that supports or comprises habitat quality, it will also give us an
opportunity to explore the effect of understory vegetation on overstory
growth.
In This Issue
This issue contains a summary of the SMC spring meeting, a description of an
EPA study examining tree-ring isotope analysis as an indicator of past nutrient
availability, and an article on the effect of thinning and fertilization on branch
diameter in the Type I installations.
SMC Spring Meeting
The meeting was held at the Hood River Inn, Hood River, Oregon on April 26-27 with 41
attendees. Policy Committee Chair Gene McCaul opened the meeting noting the importance of the strategic planning effort that is underway and that will shape the future
directions of the SMC. Director David Briggs reviewed accomplishments over the past year
which included completing the planting of all six of the GGTIV Installations, two Masters
theses, fourteen publications, nine conference presentations, a field tour, and six database
use workshops. We also received $92,000 in new external grant funding.
Owner Sur
Survvey: Dave Briggs briefly reviewed Owner Survey # 5 to update information
gathered in previous surveys which have been done on a five year cycle. This information
will be very timely since the State of Washington is conducting a new timber supply study
and current information on management practices and costs gathered in our surveys will
be very helpful.
2005/06 Budget
Budget: Member dues in 2005 were $545,103, special contract income was
$5,000 and in-kind credits for the first three GGTIV Installations was $51,772. The in-kind
credit to landowners was for fencing, site preparation and pin-flagging the planting lines.
Funding by the BC Ministry of Forests Research Branch was $CAN 55,000 for measurement and treatment costs in BC. Institutional members provided the equivalent of about
$129,000 in the form of salaries of scientists, facilities, administrative support. External grant
funding received totaled $92,000. Member dues for 2006 are $574,383, a result of implementation of the dues increase approved at the Fall 2004 Policy Committee meeting. Inkind credits the second 3 GGTIV installations are $55,735. Special contract income is
$7,500 and may increase. The contributions by the BC Ministry of Forests Research and
institutional members are anticipated to be about the same as in 2005. Grant funds on the
order of $190,000 have been receivedThe budgets for these 2 years also include funding
for the updated version of SMC ORGANON by David Hann, David Marshall and Mark
Hanus and the young stand model by Martin Ritchie and Eric Turnblom project.
Silviculture Project Repor
t: Eric Turnblom noted that the field season has just been
Report:
completed. A total of 48 installations (239 plots) were visited during the 05/06 season. This
includes fifteen Type I installations (96 plots), three Type II installations (15 plots), eleven Type
2
III installations (87 plots), two installations in BC measured by the BC Ministry of Forests
Research Branch, installation of the last three GGTIV installations (66 plots), the carry-over
study, and a variety of miscellaneous contract installations.
Modeling Project Repor
t: Greg Johnson noted that the ORGANON update project has been
Report:
completed and that publications are now underway. Nick Vaughn summarized progress on the
young stand model. The subcontract work by Randy Collier on the database to support a future
red alder modeling project has been completed.
Nutr
ition Project Repor
t: Rob Harrison summarized the latest information from the carryNutrition
Report:
over study. Rob and Eric led a discussion of new nutrition/fertilization trials. Rob reviewed past
trials, their limitations, and the new questions than many have expressed in recent years. Two key
limitations in making progress have been associated with clearly defining the experimental issues
and realizing that the experimental design approaches traditionally used results in costly large
area experiments with little or no replication. Eric presented a response-surface design approach,
Box-Behnkins designs, that would be well suited to address the research questions while
providing more efficient and economical field designs. In the subsequent discussion, there was
enthusiasm to pursue this and develop a proposal for further discussion at the Fall Meeting.
Wood Quality Project Repor
t: Eini Lowell reported on the March 14 Wood Quality TAC
Report:
meeting. The TAC reviewed sampling and measurement procedures for the AGENDA 2020
project “Non-destructive evaluation of wood quality in standing Douglas-fir trees and logs”. It will
sample twelve trees on each of the five plots from four Type II installations (240 total trees). Half
of the trees will be converted into logs that will be processed into lumber and the other half will
be processed into veneer. Acoustic velocity and knot data will be collected on trees and logs,
disk cookies will be taken for wood density and other properties, and all lumber and veneer will
be tested at the US Forest Products Lab. Two other projects were also briefly reviewed. First is a
project to evaluate the effect of bear damage on lumber recovery and value. Sites on Capitol
Forest have been identified and from each stand 10 damaged and 10 undamaged trees will be
sampled and the first 32 foot log processed. The second project characterizes PNW softwoods
for the production of wood composites. It is being conducted by Chris Langam (graduate
student) and Dr. Vickram Yadama at Washington State University and Eini Lowell (PNW Research Station)
GGT/T
ype IV Installation Progress Repor
t: This is a collaboration of the SMC, NWTIC, and
GGT/Type
Report:
USFS PNWRS Genetics Team in the Grays Harbor breeding zone. The remaining three of the six
planned installations were planted in late February 2006. The total in-kind cost to the SMC for all
six installations (each with 22 plots) was $107,507. In addition NWTIC paid $62,044 for all work
associated with producing and planting the seedlings. Not included in the above is SMC field
crew time to survey installation and plot locations, boundaries, and planting lines. In the future
we expect maintenance costs to be about $15,000 per year which will be split with NWTIC.
SMC Str
ategic Plan: Dave Briggs reviewed prior discussions and decisions made by the 2005
Strategic
Policy Committee with respect to the SMC Mission Statement, organizational structure, and
future disposition of existing installations. The Strategic Planning Committee met on March 16,
2006 to focus on the question “what would members like the SMC to accomplish over the next
5-10 years?” The committee identified specific projects that members feel are immediately
important to their organizations or which will become important in the future. These were
organized according to (a) those that could be accomplished from the existing database, (b)
those that could be accomplished by augmenting the information being collected from the
existing installations, and (c) those that would be completely new. After presentation and
3
discussion of thease projects, it was decided that we attempt to prioritize them now and
immediately get started on the highest priority items. D. Briggs developed an initial reorganization that was adopted. Groups will be assigned to work on several of the highest priority
items over the summer and present progress reports at the Fall Meeting.
SMC Fall Meeting
Loon Lake Camp is located approximately
60 km from downtown Vancouver, on the
shores of Loon Lake. This beautiful lakeside
setting is found within the UBC Malcolm
Knapp Research Forest, a 5000 hectare
Forest dedicated to research and education in
the field of Forestry.
The Fall Meeting will be held on September 11-13, 2006 at the Loon Lak
Lake
e Camp on the
Univ
er
sity of Br
itish Columbia Research Forest at Haney. Most will likely wish to arrive
Univer
ersity
British
the evening of the 11th, which is when we will have our social. Accommodations need to
be booked directly with the lodge either by email: loon.lake@ubc.ca or by phone: 604-4638149. Please visit the web site for more information on the lodge:
www.loonlakecamp.com
To allow credit card payment we have set it up so that all fees will be paid directly to the
lodge, all meals are included in the pricing. Fees are in Canadion dollars, please add 7%
GST to fees. Agenda and field trip information will follow at a later date.
Meeting ffees
ees per per
son: $66 which will include the social on the 11th from 5:00-7:00 PM
person:
with appetizers and a no-host bar, meeting refreshments, lunch on the 12th and 13th and
meeting handouts. Please note-meeting fees can not be broken down for single day
attendance.
Rooms rrates
ates are for 2 night’s accommodation, which includes breakfasts on the 12th and
13th and dinner on the 12th.
Single (in the lodge): $ 270 per person
Shared (in the lodge): $ 210 per person
Group (in the Staff House and in Friends Cabin): $ 156 per person.
Please book early as space is limited. We look forward to seeing you seeing you at the
meeting.
Tree Rings as Indicators of Nitrogen Dynamics
and Temporal Physiological Responses to
Fertilizer
4
J. Renee Brooks with the Western Ecology Division, Environmental Protection Agency,
Corvallis OR and Rob Coulombe with Dynamac Corporation, Corvallis, OR. have been
investigating the historical physiological response of trees to fertilization using isotopic
signatures in tree rings. Tree growth may respond to increased nitrogen availability in two
ways, increasing leaf N levels which would decrease carbon isotope discrimination (D13C),
and increasing leaf area which would not change or potentially increase D13C. In a preliminary study, they tested how carbon isotopes in tree rings respond to different levels of N
additions in a Wind River Experimental Forest Douglas-fir fertilizer trial. As expected, tree
growth increased with the level of N added and basal area increment was increased for at
least 10 years after fertilizer addition. Carbon isotope discrimination also decreased
significantly in response to fertilization, but their was no difference between the levels of N
applied and all treatments returned to pretreatment levels 5 years after fertilization. They
hypothesize that the short term, the increase in growth was due to an increase in leaf N, as
indicated from the D13C response. The longer term growth response was due to an increase in
leaf area. The short term dynamic in leaf nitrogen effects on D13C mean that detecting temporal
dynamics is possible. More experimentation is needed to test how sensitive these indicators are.
Future plans include examining the oxygen isotope ratio, stands with multiple fertilizer applications and stands less responsive to N additions.
Study Objectives
The experimental objectives for the proposed work is to further evaluate the sensitivity of treering isotope analysis as an indicator of nitrogen availability dynamics by testing the effects of
multiple fertilization events. Specifically,
•
Do Douglas-fir show the same tree-ring isotopic response to multiple
fertilization events as they did the one time application at the Wind River
experiment?
•
Is the isotopic response dependent on an associated growth response with
the trees, or does the isotopic response occur even at high sites where
trees are non-responsive to fertilizer?
The investigators are searching for stands with a documented fertilization history where
repeated nitrogen fertilization occurred with a frequency of 5 years or greater. The stands
should have an associated non-fertilized control stand. They wish to establish pretreatment
differences between stands, so ideally the trees should be around 20 years old or older at the
time of the first fertilization application. They have contacted the SMC concerning the use of a
set of our RFNRP installations for this study and we are currently working with them to identify
possibilities.
It is expected that the results of this research will give details on annual growth patterns and
photosynthetic responses of trees through-out the fertilization experiment.
The Eff
ect of Density Management and
Effect
Fer
tilization in SMC Type I Installations on BH
Fertilization
Br
anch Diameter
Branch
Rapeepan Kantavichai, UW CFR PhD student, David Briggs, and Eric Turnblom
Previous collaborative research between the SMC and USFS PNW Research Station (Fahey et.
al. 1991) demonstrated the critical effects of a logs’ juvenile wood content and size of knots on
grade recovery and value of veneer and visually graded and machine stress rated (MSR) lumber.
For example, when the percent juvenile wood, based on the first 20 growth rings, in a log is 25%,
recovery of higher value MSR grades drops rapidly with increasing “largest limb average diameter” (llad), obtained by averaging the diameter of the largest limb in each of the four lengthwise
faces of the log. These relationships for MSR lumber change with changing juvenile wood content
but typically the importance of juvenile wood becomes overwhelmed by knots once LLAD
exceeds 1 ½ inches (38 mm). Similar relationships occur for veneer and visually graded lumber.
As a result of this, the SMC developed a protocol (Figure 1) for measuring the diameter of the
largest branch in the breast-height region (LLBH) of standing trees. This procedure is applied to
5
the 40 trees chosen on each plot for height measurement. As shown in Figure 2, we have
found that there is a strong relationship between LLBH of trees and the LLAD of the first
log, thereby establishing a linkage between a simple tree measure and the log and product
recovery results. Here we report on the impact of density management and fertilization on
the LLBH of trees in SMC Type I Installations. The objective was to develop equations that
can assist in predicting the effects of these practices on LLBH. Managers can then use these
results to assess the potential effects on log LLAD and subsequent product quality and
value.
METHODS
Installations
Installations:: Nine of the SMC Type I Installations contain an experiment with paired
spacing/thinning regime plots with fertilized counterparts (Table 1). Type I Installations were
established in young plantations (average age = 9) and plots were established at 100%
(ISPA), 50% (ISPA/2) or 25% (ISPA/4) of the existing stocking. As shown in Table 2, the nine
installations of interest were planted 1974-84 hence are currently 22-32 years old. Plots
were established in 1987-92 when they ranged in age from 6-13 (average 9) and 7 of 9 are
King’s site class II. The fertilized plots received 200 lb N/acre as urea at establishment and
every 4 years since.
Sample and sample measurements
measurements:: Table 3 defines the variables and symbols used in the
analysis. The sample consists of 6 plots from 9 installations (54 plots total) on which a total
of 2257 trees were measured. We used the most recent breast height branch diameter
data collected (2002-2005 depending on 4 year cycle) when the installations ranged in age
from 22-23 years. It should be noted that at this time virtually all BH branches were dead.
For crown recession we used the time since establishment until the first 4-year measurement when the crown base exceeded BH as the time of change from live to dead branch;
we did not interpolate time of crown recession estimate when it may have happened
between measurements.
Anal
ysis
Analysis
ysis: The basic model includes information on spacing (ISPA) and fertilization (FERT)
treatment effects and may contain information on initial condition covariates (STEMS, RD,
SI30, AGE), crown covariates (Y_Until_CR, Y_Since_CR, Y_Total), interactions, and error.
LLBH = µ +
Overall mean
ISPA + FERT +
Treatment effects
{ STEMS , SI 30 , RD } +
Initial stand condition covariates
{ Y _ Until _ CR , Y _ Since _ CR , Y _ Total } +
Crown condition covariates
{interactions } + error
6
Preliminary examination of the data revealed the following issues. First, the initial condition
covariates (STEMS, RD, SI30, AGE), are strongly correlated with each other (r > 0.68). We
discovered that the five installations planted 1980 and earlier were denser and on lower
site quality than the four planted 1981 & later. This may be due to changes in management
planting philosophy during that time or bad luck in the timing of installation offerings.
Regardless, age variables pick up these historical patterns and would suggest that branch
diameter decreases with stand age since the older, denser stands on lower sites tend to
have smaller diameter branches. Since this negative effect of installation timing is not
biologically meaningful and could be confusing, we dropped AGE from further consider-
ation. Since STEMS, RD, SI30, AGE are highly correlated we used them singly and not in
combination in modeling. The crown covariates (Y_Until_CR, Y_Since_CR, Y_Total) are
strongly correlated with each other (r > 0.67) so we used them singly but not in combination. However, the crown and initial condition covariates were weakly correlated (.2 < r <
.5) so we did explore combinations from each of these two groups. Models were developed
using both forward and backward stepwise regression procedures with final model choice
based on statistical significance and fit, rational interpretation, and simplicity (fewest terms).
Analyses were performed to predict plot mean LLBH using (1) installation-level average
values of the covariates and (2) individual plot values for the covariates.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Of the three initial stand condition covariates, site index performed slightly better than either
initial trees per acre or relative density in predicting average LLBH (Table 4). Lower competition (lower STEMS, lower RD) or higher site index increases average LLBH which is further
increased by application of fertilizer. Any of these models would be relatively simple to use
with the choice depending on information that a manager may have available or the effort
to obtain it. For example, suppose a manager had a 9-year old stand with about 500 trees
per acre. In the absence of data to calculate site index or relative density, the model using
STEMS would be the easiest to apply. If the stand is left to grow at this density (i.e. ISPA), the
average LLBH of trees would be 19mm (21mm if the stand is fertilized). If the stand is
reduced to 25% of the initial density (i.e. ISPA/4), the average LLBH would instead be 30mm
(32mm if the stand is fertilized). This is getting close to the 1 ½ inch (38 mm) point in Figure
1 where little high value product will be recovered. Note that these are predictions for
LLBH when the stands become 22-32 years old.
When the crown recession covariates were examined, it was found that years since crown
recession above BH and total years since spacing at establishment performed essentially
equally and either was better than years until crown recession. We believe that this is due to
the fact that the LLBH data used in this analysis was collected when the stands were 22-32
years old. By this age the crown had receded above BH so all branches were dead; hence,
years since crown recession or total years since spacing at establishment are performed
better than years until crown recession above BH for these stands. The models using one of
the crown condition covariates were generally inferior to those (RMSE 4.15-4.83; radj2 5264) in Table 4 and are not shown. We also investigated nine models combinations of two of
the covariates. Table 5 presents the best of these models and indicates the improvement
over the single covariate counterparts. Application of one of these models would require
that a manager have more information about a stand of interest.
CONCLUSION
Several models have been found that would be suitable for use in predicting average LLBH
of stands managed similarly to the Type I’s which were initially spaced and fertilized starting
at an early age (6-13 years old). The reader should refer to Table 3 to avoid extrapolation
beyond the range of data used in developing these models. Furthermore, since sufficient
time had elapsed for the crown to recede above BH so all branches were dead, the models
should not be used to predict LLBH before the crown has receded above BH. We are
currently exploring models that will predict LLBH of individual trees and will present these in
a future article.
REFERENCES
Fahey, T.D., J.M. Cahill, GT.A. Snellgrove, L.S. Heath.
1991. Lumber and Veneer Recovery from
Intensively managed Young-Growth Douglasfir. PNW-RP-437. USDA Forest Service
PNW Research Station, Portland, OR
7
Next higher whorl
½ distance
1st whorl above BH
Measure diameter of
largest branch
Breast height
½ distance
Next lower whorl
Figure 1. SMC Largest Breast Height Branch Diameter Measurement
5 m log LLAD vs largest BH limb: Twin Peaks # 736
70
5m Log LLAD, mm
60
y = 0.7045x + 10.718
2
R = 0.5813
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LLBH, mm
Figure 2. Relationship between LLAD of the 5m (16 foot) butt log and LLBH of the parent tree.
8
Table 1: Type I Installation Management Regimes for the Density Management – Fertilization Experiment
Number
1
2
3
4
Name
ISPA_NoThinNoFert
ISPA_NT_NF
ISPA_RepThinNoFert
ISPA_RT_NF
ISPA_RepThinFert
ISPA_RT_F
Description
Plots remained at their Initial Stems Per Acre (ISPA) with
no further thinning and no fertilization.
Plots remained at their initial density (ISPA), but were
repeatedly thinned1 later. No fertilization.
Plots remained at their initial density (ISPA), but were
repeatedly thinned later. Urea was applied at establishment
and every four years later.
Plots were spaced to half their initial density (ISPA/2) with
minimal thinning2 later. No Fertilization.
Plots were spaced to half their initial density (ISPA/2) with
minimal thinning later. Urea was applied at establishment
and every four years later.
Plots were spaced to one-fourth of their initial density
(ISPA/4) with no further thinning. No fertilization.
Plots were spaced to one-fourth of their initial density
(ISPA/4) with no further thinning. Urea was applied at
establishment and every four years later.
ISPA/2_MinThinNoFert
ISPA/2_MT_NF
ISPA/2_MinThinFert
ISPA/2_MT_F
5
6
ISPA/4_NoThinNoFert
ISPA/4_NT_NF
ISPA/4_NoThinFert
ISPA/4_NT_F
7
1
Repeated thinning: first thin when RD = 55 and thin to RD = 35, next when RD = 55 again thin to RD = 40, subsequently
whenever RD =60, thin to RD = 40.
2
Minimal thinning: When RD = 55, thin to RD = 35. No further thinning.
Table 2. Descriptions of the Nine Type I Installations with the Density Management – Fertilization
Experiment.
ESTABLISHMENT
AGE FROM
AVG. TRESS/ACRE
@ ESTABLISHMENT3
ESTABLISHMENT YR
STOCK TYPE
PLANTING DATE
SITE INDEX_30, FT2
SITE INDEX_50, FT1
ASPECT
SLOPE, %
ELEVATION, FT
COUNTRY, STATE
INSTALLATION
Cowlitz,
600
20
270
120 (II)
82
01/74 2-0,21987
676
13
704,
WA
1,1-1
Ostrander
Rd.
705, East
King, WA
2700
30
180
90 (IV)
74
01/76 1-1
1987
690
11
Twin Crk.
708, Copper
Lewis, WA
900
5
999
125 )II)
91
01/81 1-1
1988
378
7
Crk.
713, Sauk
Skagit. WA
793
5
180
120(II)
89
1978 NA
1988
526
10
Mt.
718, Roaring Linn, OR
1100
10
888
128 (II)
92
01/82 2-1,2-0 1989
560
7
River
722, Silver
Marion, OR
2200
10
270
120 (II)
72
02/77 2-0
1989
470
12
Crk. Main
725, Sandy
Jefferson,
550
0
999
120 (II)
89
12/80 1-0
1990
512
10
Shore
WA
726, Toledo
Lincoln, OR 300
10
225
135 (I)
93
01/84 1-1
1990
289
6
736, Twin
King, WA
600
40
270
120 (II)
93
03/84 2-0
1992
384
8
Peaks
Mean
498
9
1
Site Index-50, based on breast-height age, is from King (1966); site class in ( )
2
Site Index-30, based on age from seed, is from Flewelling et. al (2001) and is the mean for all plots on the installation
calculated after 2 remeasurements or 8 years after establishment
3
Average of the 4 ISPA plots on each Installation
Table 3. Definition of Variables
VARIABLE
LLBH
ISPA
FERT
STEMS
SI30
RD
AGE
Y_Until_CR
Y_Since_CR
Y_total
DESCRIPTION
Dependent
Diameter of the largest limb in the BH region of a tree, mm
Independent (fixed treatment effects)
Code if plot has 100% (1) , 50% (2) or 25% (4) of trees per unit area at
plot establishment
0 = not fertilized; 1 = fertilized with 200 lb N as urea at establishment
and every 4 years since
Independent (covariates Î initial conditions)
Trees per unit area present at establishment before spacing to the ISPA
densities; range 282-1032 trees/acre
Flewelling’s 30 year site index calculated from plot data closest to age
20; range 71-98 ft
Curtis’ relative density; range 5-41
Age of the installation at most recent branch measurement; range 21-31
Independent (covariates Î crown)
Elapsed years from spacing at establishment until the crown receded
above BH (used first measurement cycle when crown height > BH);
range 4-16 years
Elapsed years since the crown receded above BH until the latest BH
branch measurement; range 0-13 years
Sum of Y_Until_CR and Y_Since_CR; range 12-17 years
9
Table 4. Models to Predict Mean LLBH of Trees Using One Initial Stand Condition as a Covariate
Covariate
STEMS
RD
SI30
Model to Predict Mean LLBH
ISPA _RT: 30.6381 - 0.0227 STEMS + 0.0031 STEMS x FERT
ISPA/2_MT: 36.7474 - 0.0227 STEMS + 0.0031 STEMS x FERT
ISPA/4_NT: 41.8032 - 0.0227 STEMS + 0.0031 STEMS x FERT
ISPA_RT:
27.1519 - 0.5196 RD + 1.6503 FERT
ISPA/2_MT: 31.8580 - 0.5196 RD + 1.6503 FERT
ISPA/4_NT: 37.3719 - 0.5196 RD + 1.6503 FERT
ISPA_RT: -17.7677 + 0.4214 SI30 + 0.0235 SI30 x FERT
ISPA/2_MT: -17.7677 + 0.4738 SI30 + 0.0235 SI30 x FERT
ISPA/4_NT: -17.7677 + 0.5526 SI30 + 0.0235 SI30 x FERT
radj2
62
RMSE
4.28
67
4.02
68
3.92
radj2
69
RMSE
3.87
72
3.70
82
2.99
73
3.62
Table 5. Models to Predict Mean LLBH of Trees Using Two Covariates
Covariate
STEMS,
Y_total
RD,
Y_total
Model
ISPA_RT:
41.588 + 1.744×Fert - 0.018×Stems - 0.948× Y_total
ISPA/2_MT : 47.453 + 1.744×Fert - 0.018×Stems - 0.948× Y_total
ISPA/4_NT : 52.580 + 1.744×Fert - 0.018×Stems - 0.948× Y_total
ISPA_RT_F: 49.485 - 1.159×RD -1.575× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
ISPA_RT_NF: 49.485 - 1.159×RD -1.693× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
ISPA/2_MT_F: 55.267 - 1.159×RD -1.575× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
ISPA/2_MT_NF: 55.267 - 1.159×RD -1.693× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
SI30,
Y_total
ISPA/4_NT_F : 60.476 - 1.159×RD -1.575× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
ISPA/4_NT_NF :60.476 - 1.159×RD -1.693× Y_total + 0.0513 RD×Y_total
ISPA_RT_F:
98.300 – 0.750× SI30-7.993× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
ISPA_RT_NF: 98.300 – 0.750× SI30-8.114× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
ISPA/2_MT_F : 98.300- 0.695× SI30-7.993× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
ISPA/2_MT_NF: 98.300 - 0.695× SI30-8.114× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
STEMS,
SI30
ISPA/4_NT_F: 98.300 - 0.616× SI30-7.993× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
ISPA/4_NT_NF: 98.300 - 0.616× SI30-8.114× Y_total + 0.082 SI30×Y_total
ISPA_RT_F:
1.707 - 0.0122×STEMS +0.2894× SI30
ISPA_RT_NF: 1.707 - 0.0122× STEMS +0.2682× SI30
ISPA/2_MT_F : 1.707 - 0.0122× STEMS +0.3524× SI30
ISPA/2_MT_NF : 1.707 - 0.0122× STEMS +0.3310× SI30
ISPA/4_NT_F : 1.707 - 0.0122× STEMS +0.4233× SI30
ISPA/4_NT_NF : 1.707 - 0.0122× STEMS +0.4019× SI_p
10
Abstr
acts and Pub
lications
Abstracts
Publications
Deal, Robert L.; Harrington, Constance A. Red alder: A state of knowledge, 2006, Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-669. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research. Online access: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/22325.
ABSTRA
CT
ABSTRACT
CT: In March 23-25, 2005, an international symposium on red alder was held at the University
of Washington Center for Urban Horticulture in Seattle, WA. The symposium was entitled “Red alder: A
State of Knowledge” and brought together regional experts to critically examine the economic, ecological
and social values of red alder. The primary goal of the symposium was to discuss new advances in the
understanding of red alder biology and silviculture, changing market and nonmarket values, and the
current regulatory climate for management of alder. This proceedings includes 14 papers based on oral
presentations given at the symposium. These papers highlight some of the key findings from the history,
ecology, biology, silviculture and economics sessions presented at the red alder symposium.
Non-destructive methods and process capability analysis to assess conformance of Douglas fir stands
to customer quality specifications. Briggs, David G.; Turnblom, Eric; and Bare, Bruce B. New Zealand
Journal of Forestry Science 35(2/3): 170–188 (2005). Online.
ABSTRA
CT
CT: Largest branch diameter in the breast-height region (LLBH) and acoustic velocity on lower
ABSTRACT
bole were measured on trees in a 20-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco) experiment comparing seven density management/fertiliser regimes. The less dense regimes tended to have
larger mean branch diameter at breast height, with fertiliser increasing the mean even further. However,
except for the densest regimes, the difference between a density regime and its counterpart with fertiliser
was not statistically significant. The densest regime had significantly higher mean acoustic velocity than the
other regimes, which were all the same except for one with very low velocity attributed to abnormal
wood formed after damage by black bears. Although statistical significance may be lacking with respect to
mean properties, subtle differences in their distributions may be important to timber sellers where
purchasers often pay premiums for stands with higher percentages of trees that meet their process and
customer needs. A statistical quality control procedure, process capability analysis, was used to assess the
conformance of each regime to specifications for largest branch diameter at breast height and acoustic
velocity. Conformance of largest branch diameter to a 35-mm maximum ranged from 84% to 100%, with
fertiliser reducing conformance by 10–15%. Conformance of acoustic velocity to a 3.5 km/sec minimum
ranged from 15% to 85%, with negligible difference between a thinned regime and its counterpart with
fertiliser. Joint conformance ranged from 10% to 85%, with generally lower conformance associated with
fertiliser. There is potential for using statistical quality control techniques to assist with timber marketing,
harvest planning, and monitoring stand development.
Maurico A. Acuna and Glen E. Murphy. Optimal bucking of Douglas fir taking into consideration
external properties and wood density. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 35(2): 139–152
(2005)
ABSTRA
CT
ABSTRACT
CT:: During recent years niche markets have begun to demand forest products with specific
characteristics. Traditionally markets required products with particular external log properties such as a
specific diameter, length, and knot size. However, today’s log markets are beginning to include new wood
properties, such as basic density and stiffness. Although markets have not accompanied these new
requirements with price incentives for producers to meet such demands, the new characteristics are
nevertheless valued by these markets. An optimal bucking procedure, which included wood density, was
developed. Four hypothetical market scenarios, covering a range of density specifications and price
incentives, were evaluated, and results showed that in a density-constrained scenario the total revenue
could be substantially less than in a scenario which did not specify density.
11
Upcoming Meetings and Ev
ents
Events
Jul
national Conf
erence Soil and Water Conser
vation Sociey Ann
ual Meeting
Julyy 22-26, 2006 Inter
International
Conference
Conservation
Annual
Meeting. Keystone Resort in
Keystone, Colorado. For more information visit: www.swcs.org/index.cfm.
Jul
els of Gro
wing Stock) Ann
ual Meeting and Field Tr ip
Julyy 10-12, 2006 LOGS (Lev
(Levels
Growing
Annual
ip. Days Inn - Victoria Waterway Hotel &
Conference Centre, Vancouver Island, BC. For more information visit the SMC web site: www.cfr.washington.edu/
research.smc/main/events.htm or contact Norm Andersen at a2atlow8@comcast.net.
October 25-29, 2006 SAF 2006 National Con
Convvention. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. For more information visit:
www.safnet.org/natcon-06/index.cfm.
September 11-13, 2006 SMC Ann
ual Fall Meeting
Annual
Meeting, Loon Lake Camp, University of British Columbia Research Forest,
Hanley, BC. For more information visit: www.standmgt.org.
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Box 352100
Seattle, WA 98195
9